Application of Mathematics in

Design and Analysis of

Dynamic Riser Systems
By
Engr. Adeshina Adegoke
Presented
@
The Covenant University Mathematics department’s
Town/Gown Interactive session

16/02/2018
 Profile
Qualifications:
• B.Eng. in Mechanical Engineering – FUT Minna, Nigeria
• MSc in Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering – EC Nantes, France
• PhD in Mechanical Engineering (In progress) – Unilag, Nigeria
Experience:
• Piping design and stress analysis engineering – 3 years
• Riser system, marine hydrodynamics and installation analysis engineering – 7 years
Research Interest:
• Flow induced vibration
• Nonlinear dynamics
• Marine hydrodynamics
• Offshore mechanics
Affiliations:
• Member Nigeria Society of Engineers (MNSE)
• Member American Society of Engineers (MASME)
• COREN Registered Engineer
Current Employer
• Nigerstar7; the operating entity of Subsea7 in Nigeria.
• A Seabed to Surface EPCI company (www.subsea7.com)
 Mathematicians vs Engineers!!!

The math folks cared about properties of solutions, scientists/engineers about solutions.
“I guess I wanted to change the world not study it”. (Allan Steinhardt, PhD EE)

“Mathematics is a tool and the engineer is a user”. (Brian Ellul University of Malta)

“Mathematics is the Queen of Science and Engineering”. (SIMON RAJ Hindustan

University)

“You need math for engineering but not the other way round”. (Issam Sinjab Alumni
University of Leicester & University of Sussex)
 The science of Modelling
• Theoretical Model:
This is where new ideas are
created. Often these ideas can
be expressed as an equation -
but they don't have to be that
way.

• Experimental data:
Clearly, this is where there
are experiments. Scientists
collect data and compare it to
the theoretical models.
• Computational Methods:

Generally misconceived as
another modelling technique.
but it is deeply embedded in
both theory and experiment.
models.
Introduction
 Riser Systems
• Oil and gas production
advancing to deeper
waters
• Use of tension-leg and
floating units is increasing

Floating Units

Risers

Seabed facilities
Riser classification
based on
architecture
➢Top tension risers
(TTRs)
➢Flexible risers
➢Steel catenary
risers (SCRs)
➢Hybrid risers
➢Single Hybrid Riser (SHR)
➢Bundle Hybrid Riser (BHR)
➢Buoyancy Supported Risers
(BSR)
Typical deep-water configuration
Tall Structures in the World
Tall structures in Nigeria
 Deepwater Riser Systems
Riser Concept Portfolio
Coupled Risers

Decoupled Risers
 Flexibles
• Single-riser, Coupled system
• Simple riser system
• Many different configurations
SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) – SLWR (Steel Lazy Wave
Riser)
• Single-riser, Coupled system
• Simple riser system with few components
• Cost effective riser solutions
• Fatigue can be critical, improved by lazy wave
shape

Erha SCRs, Nigeria, 1200m WD

BC-10 Lazy wave SCR, Brazil, 1800m WD
 SHR (Single Hybrid Riser)

• Decoupled system
• Single-riser

Soyo
 HRT (Hybrid Riser Tower)
• Decoupled system
• Multi-riser (4-10 risers)
• Fully fabricated onshore
BSR (Buoyancy Supported Riser)
• Decoupled
• Multi-riser (10-25 risers per buoy)

Flexible and Umbilical

Jumpers
FPSO Buoy Risers

Steel Catenary Risers

Tethers
PLETs

Foundations

FPSO Mooring
Lines
 New Concept - TCR (Tethered Catenary Riser)

• Decoupled
• Multiple riser
(4-6 risers)

Advantages:
Multiple riser system featuring:
• Access to risers in-place
• No need for specific fab yard
• Cost effective
The design process
Typical engineering design process
• Conceptual design (System selection)
• Type of flow
• Field configuration
• Environment
• Floater type
• Duration of service etc
• Detail design
• Mechanical design
• Strength design
• Fatigue design
• Design for Installation
Design Flowchart
 Design Codes and standards
• API
• RP 2RD (Design of Risers for Floating Production Systems (FPSs) and Tension-Leg
Platforms (TLPs)), 1111 (Recommended Practice for the Design, Construction, Operation,
and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design)), 5L
(Specification for Line Pipe), 1104 (Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities)
• 49 CFR
• Part 192 (gas) (Transportation of Natural And Other Gas By Pipeline: Minimum Federal
Safety Standards), Part 195 (liquids) (Transportation Of Hazardous Liquids By Pipeline)
• ASME
• B31.4 (oil)( Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids); B31.8 (gas)( Gas Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems)
• DNV
• OS F201 (Riser) (Dynamic Risers); OS F101 (Pipeline) (Submarine Pipeline Systems); RP
B401 (CP) (Cathodic Protection Design)
• BS
• 7910 (ECA) (Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures);
7608 (fatigue) (Code of practice for fatigue design and assessment of steel structures);
8010 (pipeline)(Code of Practice For Pipelines Subsea: Design, Construction and Installation);
5500 (pressure) (Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels)
• ABS
• Pipeline & riser (2001), Subsea riser system (2006)
Riser analyses and
Mathematical challenges
Analyses and Software's
Riser Analyses
➢ SCR Mechanical Design
➢ SCR Extreme Analysis
➢ SCR Interference Analysis
➢ SCR Fatigue Analysis
➢ Cathodic Protection
➢ ECA (Engineering Critical Assessment)
Software’s:
➢ Orcaflex: (https://www.orcina.com/SoftwareProducts/OrcaFlex/)
➢ Deeplines: (http://www.principia-group.com/blog/product/produit-deeplines/)
➢ Flexcom: (https://www.woodgroup.com/what-we-do/view-by-products-and-
services/digital-solutions/flexcom)
➢ Riflex: (https://www.dnvgl.com/services/riser-analysis-riflex-2312)
➢ Shear 7: (https://shear7.com/)
➢ VIVANA: (http://www.marintek.sintef.no/)
➢ CrackWISE: (http://www.twisoftware.com/software-support/crackwise/)
Dynamics of Risers Systems

A whole lot of Nonlinear fluid/Soil-structure Interactions

Wind Floater Excitation

Wave

Static deformation

Thermal loads
Current
Out of plane motions
Internal Flow
Drag force

Modal deformation

Soil Interactions
 Interactions with the wind
• Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale. On the surface of
the Earth, wind consists of the bulk movement of air. In outer
space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged
particles from the Sun through space, while planetary wind is
the outgassing of light chemical elements from a planet's
atmosphere into space.
Interactions with the wind contd.
• Winds can be in form of Normal wind, storm, gust and squalls.
• Often times the riser do not interact directly with the wind.
• Wind loads are mostly imposed on the floater resulting to
offsets.
• Important for the extreme assessment of riser systems
• Mathematical challenges (Aerodynamic problems)
– Wind loads on the floater
– Flow past a circular cylinder
– Boundary layer problems
– Wake behaviour
– Vortex shedding problems
– Galloping
– Turbulence
– Resolution of the floaters equation of motion with the time varying
wind loadings (If data is available)
– etc
 Interaction with the current
• An ocean current is a seasonal directed movement
of seawater generated by forces acting upon this
mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, the
Coriolis effect, cabbeling, temperature and salinity
differences.
Interaction with the current contd.
• Current and wind are mathematically similar (Re)
• In West Africa, surface current are predominant but in
some other locations we can have currents at the
seabed (Gulf of Mexico)
• Important for the extreme and interference analyses of
riser systems
• Mathematical challenges (Hydrodynamic problems)
– Current loads on the floater
– Flow past a circular cylinder
– Boundary layer problems
– Wake problems (Riser Interference)
– Vortex induce vibrations
– Galloping
– Turbulence
– etc
 Interactions with the waves
• Water waves are surface waves, a mixture of longitudinal and
transverse waves. Surface waves in oceanography are
deformations of the sea surface. The deformations propagate
with the wave speed, while the water molecules remain at the
same positions on average. Energy, however, moves towards
the shore.
• Ocean waves are produce by a variety of forces.
o Meteorological forces (wind, air pressure) produce seas and swells.
o Astronomical forces produce the tides.
o Earthquakes produce tsunamis.
Interaction with the waves contd.
• Waves interactions with the riser system is both directly
and indirectly
• Depending of the frequencies, waves and be classified
as wind sea, secondary swell and main swell.
• Important for the extreme and fatigue analyses of riser
systems.
• Mathematical challenges (Hydrodynamic problems)
– Wave modelling (a huge mathematical endeavor).
– Mathematically modelled as regular waves
– Statistically modelled as irregular waves (random waves).
– Wave Induced motion (Response)
– Linear theory for wave induced motions and loads estimation
– Nonlinear Second order theory for severe sea states and in estimating
horizontal motions of moored structure
– Waves loads/forces on structures
– Modelling of rogue waves, tsunami etc
– Parametric resonance effects
– etc
 Interactions with the soil
• This is soil-structure interaction problem: The process in which the
response of the soil influences the motion of the structure and the
motion of the structure influences the response of the soil is termed as
soil-structure interaction (SSI).

• Pipeline embedment influences:

o Axial resistance
o Lateral resistance
o Lateral buckling behaviour
o Thermal performance
 Interaction with the soil contd.
• Mathematical challenges (Soil-Structure Interaction Problem)
• Traditionally estimated using bearing capacity theory, but tends to
significantly under-predict embedment.
• Numerous methods to be developed to reflect more complex
mechanisms:
• Increased contact stresses at touchdown
• Dynamic effects (vertical and lateral)
• Important for the extreme and fatigue analyses of riser systems
mostly for SCRs.
 Interactions with the conveyed
fluids
• The primary function of riser system is to convey fluids.
• Depending on pressure, temperature and the composition of
the mixture, hydrocarbon compounds exist as:

• A single phase liquid,

• A single phase gas,

• A multiple–phase mixture

• Injection lines (Gas/Water) and lines after the separator

conveys single phase flow while Pipelines between the well
and the separator conveys multiphase flow.
 Interaction with the conveyed
fluids contd.
• Instability of pipes conveying fluid are mainly of two different cases
• Instability as a result of flow velocity surpassing a critical value.
• Vibration due to pulsating fluid flow.
• Important for the extreme and fatigue analyses of riser systems
mostly for SCRs.
• Mathematical challenges (Flow induced vibration problem)
➢ Modelling of the coupled fluid and pipe mechanics.
➢ Modelling of the Nonlinear dynamics and stability of the pipe.
➢ Study of thermal and pressurization effects on the instability of the pipe.
➢ Effects of cracks on the instability of the pipes.
➢ Effect of multiphase flow on the dynamics of the pipes.
➢ Dynamics of pipes conveying fluid subjected to external flow.
➢ Dynamics of pipes conveying pulsating flow.
➢ Thermal and transient problems.
➢ etc
 Research Topic

Nonlinear Vibration of Single Hybrid Riser Pipe

Conveying Pressurized Two-phase Flow under
Thermal Loadings.

Supervisors:
Dr. Fashanu (Systems engineering department)
and
Prof. A.A Oyediran (Mechanical engineering department)
Flow Assurance Issues in Field
Development
Emulsion
Erosion
Viscosity

Asphaltene Corrosion

ISSUES
Paraffin
Slugging
/wax

Scales/
Hydrates
Salts

Intermittent two phase flow pattern in conduits

Conduits (Horizontal and Vertical)
Two phase flow patterns in
vertical pipes
 Statement of Problem

➢The Slug flow induces time varying forces, that can result to
structural vibrations of the riser pipe, these vibrations can
produce large deflections and stresses, which can results to
fatigue failure or excessive bending.
 Aim and Objectives
Aim:
• To develop a mathematical model of the coupled axial and
transverse vibrations of single hybrid riser pipe conveying two-
phase flow, considering the influence of temperature,
pressurization and environmental loads.

Objectives:
• Develop the governing nonlinear equations for the coupled axial
and transverse vibration of the Single hybrid riser pipe.
• Develop a viable solution method for the nonlinear governing
equations.
• Study the nonlinear dynamics of the pipe.
• Study the effect of pulsating flow on the instability of the pipe.
• Study the effect of environmental loads on the dynamics of the
pipe.
System’s Model
Top Tension (T) modeling the
pull effect from the buoyancy
Tank
EQUATION OF MOTION BASED ON THE ENERGY METHOD

(1)

(2)
NONLINEAR COUPLED EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR CANTILEVER PIPE CONVEYING
MULTIPHASE FLOW

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DIMENSIONLESS FORM

(7)

(8)

(9)
Method of Resolution:
• Multi-Scale Perturbation technique.

Progress:
• Completed:
o Study of the dynamics of the pipe under thermal loading
conveying pressurized steady two phase flow studied without
environmental load and external flow.
o Results and findings published in:
• Adegoke, A.S.; Oyediran, A.A. The Analysis of Nonlinear Vibrations of Top-
Tensioned Cantilever Pipes Conveying Pressurized Steady Two-Phase Flow
under Thermal Loading. Math. Comput. Appl. 2017, 22, 44

• Ongoing
o Study on the parametric resonance due to pulsating flow.
o Study on the effect of external flow and environmental
loadings on the Nonlinear dynamics of the pipe.
 Engineers are great with mathematics but are not

Mathematicians!!!
To understand the use of mathematics in an industrial setting, we need to understand
the personalities of the people involved; the mathematicians and engineers.

•Mathematicians are great at abstraction

•Engineers are trained to understand implementations, not abstractions

• We need the abstractions of you mathematics folks to solve real life riser systems problems.
• Mathematical models need to be developed and validated by experiments.
• Its time to have a synergy between the engineers, mathematicians and programing experts to
develop our own indigenous riser analysis software's.
• A good mathematical understanding of the dynamics of the riser system will give solid foundation for
optimization and integrity monitoring.
 How a graduate of Mathematics can become a
Risers and Hydrodynamics engineer
• A mathematics graduate might not be able to start his/her
career in this field with a bachelor’s degree!!!
• Pursuing a Master’s degree in the following courses will pave
the way:
o Theoretical and Applied mechanics
o Fluid mechanics
o Applied mechanics
o Hydrodynamics
o Aerodynamics
o Solid mechanics
o Computational Mechanics
o Computational Fluid Dynamics
o Oceanography
o Structural Engineering
o Ocean engineering
Thank you for your attention!

QUESTIONS