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Introduction
So far, we have encountered two very different types of solution to the time
independent Schrödinger equation. In the case of the infinite square well the Schrödinger
equation
s <8 ÐBÑ œ I8 <8 ÐBÑ
L (5.1)
gives us a set of normalizable, orthogonal wave functions (or eigenfunctions) <8 ÐBÑ, each
associated with a specific, discrete energy value (or eigenvalue) I8 . The most general
time-dependent solution to the Schrödinger equation in this case is a linear combination
of these eigenfunctions of the form
where =8 œ I8 Îh , and where the expansion coefficients, -8 , are determined from the
wave function at time > œ ! from the equation
s œ l-8 l# I8
ØLÙ (5.5)
8
È#1 (∞
9Ð5Ñ/35B=> .5
∞
"
GÐBß >Ñ œ (5.6)
where
È#1 (∞
∞
"
9Ð5Ñ œ GÐBß !Ñ/35B .B (5.7)
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 2
V(x)
Ι ΙΙ ΙΙΙ
−ε +ε
We must now find the solution to Schrödinger's equation in regions I and III. In each of
these regions we must consider two different cases, one where I ! and one where
I !. We will first examine the case where I !.
5œÊ Ê
#7I #7lIl
œ œ 3, (5.15)
h# h#
and the solution becomes
<M ÐBÑ œ E/,B F/,B for B ! (5.16)
( .B ( Z B<ÐBÑ .B œ I (
h # Bo % ` 2 <ÐBÑ Bo % Bo %
<ÐBÑ .B (5.23)
#7 Bo % `B# Bo % Bo %
In the limit as ?% p ! the integral over the wave function must go to zero, since it is a
continuous, single-valued function. The integral of the second derivative of the wave
function is just the first derivative, so that we are left with
º œ lim # ( Z B<ÐBÑ .B
` <ÐBÑ Bo % #7 Bo %
lim (5.24)
?%Ä! `B Bo % ?%Ä! h Bo %
As pointed out in the last chapter, the integral of the product of the potential energy
continuous potential energy functions i.e., those having a finite number of finite steps.
function and the wave function can be represented by the diagram shown for piecewise-
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 5
V(x) ψ(X)
x
∆ε
However, for potential energy functions which have infinite steps, such as the
infinite square well and the delta-function potential, the first derivative of the wave
function may not be continuous at a boundary. In fact, using the definition of the delta-
function, we can evaluate the integral of the product of the wave function and the
potential energy function to obtain
º (
%
` <ÐBÑ #7 % #7α
lim œ lim α$ ÐBÑ < ÐBÑ .B œ <Ð!Ñ (5.25)
?%Ä! `B % ?%Ä! h # % h#
which we write as
lim Œ º º œ # <Ð!Ñ œ # E
` <ÐBÑ ` <ÐBÑ #7α #7α
(5.26)
?%Ä! `B % `B % h h
Now the first partial derivative is evaluated in the region B !, while the second partial
is evaluated in the region B !, giving
lim #,E/,% œ
#7α
E (5.28)
?%Ä! h#
which in the limit as % p 0 fixes the value of , (and therefore the energy I ) according to
the equation
œÊ
7α #7lIl
,œ #
(5.29)
h h#
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 6
where α is the “depth” of the delta-function potential. We see from this equation that
there is only one allowed energy for I ! given by
7 # α# h # 7 α#
Iœ % † œ # (5.30)
h #7 #h
The only thing remaining for the case where I ! is to normalize the wave function and
determine E
( E# /#,B .B (
! ∞
E# /#,B .B œ " (5.31)
∞ !
º º
E# /#,B ! E# /#,B ∞
œ" (5.32)
#, ∞ #, !
– º /#,B º — œ "
! ∞
E# #,B
/ (5.33)
#, ∞ !
c " ! ! " d œ
E# E#
œ" (5.34)
#, ,
Ê E œ È, (5.35)
Thus, for the delta-function potential, we have only one eigenstate corresponding to an
energy I ! given by
________________________________________________________________________
Problem 5.1 The Double Delta Function Potential
Consider the double delta function potential energy function given by
Z ÐBÑ œ αc$ ÐB +Ñ $ ÐB +Ñd
(a) Sketch this potential energy function.
(b) Show that there are at most two possible bound state energies (i.e., energies where
I !) allowed. Skematically plot the wave function corresponding to each of
these two possible solutions. Do both solutions always exist?
(c) In particular, find the allowed energies for the two cases α œ h # Î7+ and
α œ h # Î%7+, and sketch the corresponding wave functions.
________________________________________________________________________
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 7
5œÊ
#7I
(5.41)
h#
and the solution becomes
<M ÐBÑ œ E/35B F/35B for B ! (5.42)
Since the wave function must be continuous, these two equations must be equal at
B œ !, giving the condition
EF œJ (5.46)
The second condition on the wave function solution to Schrödinger's equation is
that the first derivative of the wave function must also be continuous for piecewise-
continuous potentials. But again, the potential in not piecewise continuous - it is infinite.
As before, we integrate the Schrödinger equation with respect to B over a small interval
?%
( ( (
h # Bo % ` 2 <ÐBÑ Bo % Bo %
.B Z B < ÐBÑ .B œ I <ÐBÑ .B (5.47)
#7 Bo % `B# Bo % Bo %
Again, in the limit as ?% p ! the integral over the wave function must go to zero, the
integral of the second derivative of the wave function is just the first derivative, and so
we are left with
º œ lim # ( Z B<ÐBÑ .B
` <ÐBÑ Bo % #7 Bo %
lim (5.48)
?%Ä! `B Bo % ?%Ä! h Bo %
Using the definition of the delta-function, we can evaluate the integral of the product of
the wave function and the potential energy function to obtain
which we write as
lim Œ º º œ # E F
` <ÐBÑ ` <ÐBÑ #7α
(5.50)
?%Ä! `B % `B % h
Now the first partial derivative is evaluated in the region B !, while the second partial
is evaluated in the region B !, giving
E F œ #3" E F
3#7α
J FEœ (5.52)
h#5
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 9
where " œ 7αÎh # 5 . But from the condition on the continuity of the wave function we
know that J œ E F , so this last equation reduces to
F œ 3"E F (5.53)
or
3"
Fœ E (5.54)
" 3"
Solving for J gives, since J œ E F ,
"
J œ E (5.55)
" 3"
It should be obvious that the amplitude E is related to the probability of measuring
an incoming particle, while the amplitude F is related to the probability of measuring a
reflected particle and the amplitude J to measuring a transmitted particle. To determine
a precise relationship between these quantities we return to the concept of the probability
current density defined by the equation
” •
3h * ` GÐBß >Ñ ` G* ÐBß >Ñ
4ÐBß >Ñ œ G ÐBß >Ñ G ÐBß >Ñ (5.56)
#7 `B `B
As you will recall, this equation has the form
( .@ œ ( ft † t4 .@ œ * t4 † 8
`3 ^ .= (5.59)
Z `> Z W
where the last integral is due to Stokes' theorem. Thus, if the probability of finding a
particle within an enclosed volume decreases in time, this corresponds to a probability
flux, the sum of all probability currents flowing out of an enclosed volume. Thus in
three-dimensions t4 corresponds to the relative number of particles per unit volume
flowing outward through the enclosing surface W , times the speed at which the particles
leave. This has units of the number of particles passing through a given cross-sectional
area per unit time. Thus, if we consider a stream of particles leaving an enclosed volume
and incident upon some surface area .W , we would designate 438-3./8> as the relative
number of particles per unit volume that were approaching the surface, 4</06/->/. as the
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 10
relative number of particles per unit volume that were reflected from that surface and
4><+8=73>>/. as the relative number of particles per unit volume that were passing through
the surface. We define the transmission and reflection coefficients in terms of these
current densities according to the equations
V´º º X ´º º
4</06/->/. 4><+8=73>>/.
and (5.60)
438-3./8> 438-3./8>
The solutions we have obtained for our delta function potential are traveling plane
waves of the form GÐBß >Ñ œ E/35B=> . The probability current density for a plane wave
is given by
t4 œ 3h ”G* ÐBß >Ñ ` G ÐBß >Ñ G ÐBß >Ñ ` G* ÐBß >Ñ• (5.61)
#7 `B `B
or
t4 œ 3h ”E* /35B=> ` E/35B=> E/35B=> ` E* /35B=> • (5.62)
#7 `B `B
t4 œ 3h E* /35B=> 35E/35B=> E/35B=> 35 E* /35B=> ‘ (5.63)
#7
t4 œ 3h #35lEl# ‘ (5.65)
#7
t4 œ h5 lEl# (5.66)
7
This has the form
t4 œ : |E|# œ @|E|# (5.67)
7
and will be positive or negative depending upon the sign of 5 .
This means that the incident, reflected and transmitted probability current densities
for plane waves are givenß respectively, by
t4</06 œ h5 |F |# (5.69)
7
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 11
t4><+8= œ h5 |J |# (5.70)
7
Thus, the reflection coefficient for our delta function potential is given by
lFl# "# "
Vœ #
œ #
œ (5.71)
lEl "" " "Î" #
You should notice that the sum of the reflection and transmission probabilities equal
unity as it must. Now using the definition of " and 5 , we find that
7 # α# 7 # α# 7 α#
h % #7IÎh #
"# œ œ œ (5.73)
h % 5# #h # I
So we can express the reflection and transmission coefficients for the delta-function
potential well in terms of the energy and mass of the incident particle:
"
#h # IÎ7α#
Vœ (5.74)
"
"
" 7α# Î#h # I
X œ (5.75)
Thus, for situations where the energy of the incident particle is small, there is a relatively
high probability for reflection at B œ !, but as the energy of the incident particle
increases, the probability for reflection goes down.
However, there is one small problem we have not yet addressed. Plane wave
solutions for the free particle are not normalizable, so are not really acceptable solutions!
At first glance, this might seem a bit problematic, but we have shown that an acceptable
solution can be formed from a combination of plane wave solutions using a Fourier
integral. This means that each component of the Fourier integral will be transmitted or
reflected with different probability, because each component has a slightly different
energy. We can, however, obtain an estimate of the approximate transmission or
reflection coefficient based upon the more prevalent component of the wave packet.
One-Dimensional Potential Wells and Barriers 12