KEEP YOUR EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLES NEARBY AT ALL TIMES!

7. 11.
Which type of land surface would An air mass originating over north
1. 4.
probably reflect the most incoming solar central Canada would most likely be
When minerals are dissolved, how are The explosion associated with the Big
radiation? A. warm and dry C. cold and dry
the resulting ions carried by rivers? Bang theory and the formation of the
universe is inferred to have occurred A. light colored and B. warm and D. cold and moist
A. by precipitation
how many billion years ago? smooth moist
B. by tumbling and
A. less than 1 C. 4.6 B. light colored and rough
rolling 12.
B. 2.5 D. over 10 C. dark colored and
C. in suspension The size of the mineral crystals found in
smooth
D. in solution an igneous rock is directly related to the
5. D. dark colored and rough
Which group of elements is listed in A. density of the minerals
2.
increasing order based on the percent by 8. B. color of the minerals
One reason Tetragraptus is considered a Which object in our solar system has the
good index fossil is that Tetragraptus mass in Earth’s crust? C. cooling time of the molten rock
greatest density?
A. existed during a large part of the A. aluminum, iron, calcium D. amount of sediments cemented
A. Jupiter C. the Moon
Paleozoic Era B. aluminum, silicon, magnesium together
B. Earth D. the Sun
B. has no living relatives found on C. magnesium, iron, aluminum 13.
Earth today D. magnesium, silicon, calcium 9. A layer of volcanic ash may serve as a
C. existed over a wide geographic area The primary method of energy transfer time marker because the ash is
6. by which Earth loses energy to outer
D. has been found in New York State Which is a cyclic change? A. generally deposited only on land
space is
3. A. the decay of a radioactive substance B. composed of index fossils
A. transpiration C. convection
What is the origin of fine-grained B. the extinction of a species C. deposited rapidly over a large
B. radiation D. conduction
igneous rock? area
C. the movement of Earth’s crust during
10. D. often a distinct color
A. lava that cooled slowly on Earth’s an earthquake.
Most rock gypsum is formed by the
surface D. Earth’s daily rotation 14.
A. heating of previously existing
B. lava that cooled quickly on Earth’s Which mineral is the major component
foliated bedrock
surface of drywall?
B. cooling and solidification of lava
C. silt that settled slowly in ocean water A. talc C. muscovite mica
C. compaction and cementation of
D. silt that settled quickly in ocean water B. calcite D. selenite gypsum
shells and skeletal remains
D. chemical precipitation of minerals
from seawater
15. 18. 21. 23.
The apparent change in direction of a Where is precipitation most likely to The apparent rising and setting of the The cyclic rise and fall of ocean tides on
swinging Foucault pendulum is the occur? Sun, as viewed from Earth, is caused by Earth is primarily caused by Earth’s
result of the A. near the frontal surface between two A. Earth’s rotation rotation and the
A. rotation of Earth air masses. B. Earth’s revolution A. temperature differences in ocean
B. revolution of Earth B. in descending air currents C. the Sun’s rotation currents
C. tilt of Earth’s axis C. on the leeward slopes of mountains D. the Sun’s revolution B. revolution of Earth around the Sun
D. shape of Earth’s orbit D. near the center of a high-pressure C. direction of Earth’s planetary winds
22.
system A prediction about an event that is D. gravitational attraction of the Moon
16.
changing Earth’s surface can best be and the Sun
The Milky Way galaxy is best described 19.
as Compared to an inland location, a made if 24.
A. a type of solar system location on an ocean shore at the same A. an instrument is used in making one A map of the large-scale features of the
elevation and latitude is likely to have observation entire continent of North America could
B. a constellation visible to everyone on
A. cooler winters and cooler summers B. the event is noncyclic best be obtained by using
Earth
C. a region in space between the orbits B. cooler winters and warmer summers C. observations have been made over a A. a telescope in Ohio
of Mars and Jupiter C. warmer winters and cooler summers long period of time B. a satellite image
D. a spiral-shaped formation composed D. warmer winters and warmer summers D. the event has not occurred in the past C. a photograph from an airplane
of billions of stars D. land-based surveying
20.
instruments
17. Approximately how many hours of
Near the end of which era did the daylight are received at the North Pole 25.
dinosaurs become extinct? on June 21? The best evidence that a sedimentary
A. Precambrian C. Mesozoic A. 0 C. 18 rock found on the eastern shore of Lake
Erie is the same age as a rock found 500
B. Paleozoic D. Cenozoic B. 12 D. 24
miles east of Lake Erie would be their
similarity in
A. mineral
composition
B. index fossil content
C. color
D. grain size
26. 28. 31. 35.
Which of the following sediment sizes Under which set of atmospheric Most water vapor enters Earth’s Which of these characteristics identify
can a stream flowing at a velocity of 5 conditions does water usually evaporate atmosphere by the processes of an Earth surface that is likely to be the
centimeters per second transport? at the fastest rate? A. condensation and best absorber of insolation?
A. clay, only A. warm temperatures, calm winds, and precipitation A. light colored and
B. silt and clay, only high humidity B. radiation and cementation smooth
C. sand, silt, and clay, only B. warm temperatures, high winds, and C. conduction and convection B. light colored and rough
D. pebbles, sand, silt, and clay low humidity D. evaporation and transpiration C. dark colored and
C. cold temperatures, calm winds, and smooth
27. low humidity 32.
D. dark colored and rough
Which features are commonly formed at D. cold temperatures, high winds, and What is Earth’s inferred interior
the plate boundaries where continental high humidity pressure, in millions of atmospheres, at a 36.
crust converges with oceanic crust? depth of 3500 kilometers? Earth’s troposphere, hydrosphere, and
A. large volcanic mountain ranges 29. A. 1.9 C. 5500 lithosphere contain relatively large
parallel to the coast at the center of Which two gases in Earth’s atmosphere amounts of which element?
B. 2.8 D. 6500
the continents are believed by scientists to be A. iron C. hydrogen
greenhouse gases that are major 33. B. oxygen D. potassium
B. a deep ocean trench and a
contributors to global warming? Oxygen is the most abundant element by
continental volcanic mountain range 37.
A. carbon dioxide and methane volume in Earth’s
near the coast Convection currents in the plastic mantle
B. oxygen and nitrogen A. inner core C. hydrosphere
C. an underwater volcanic mountain are believed to cause divergence of
range and rift valley on the ocean C. hydrogen and helium B. troposphere D. crust lithospheric plates at the
ridge near the coast D. ozone and chlorine A. Peru-Chile C. Canary
34.
D. long chains of mid-ocean volcanic 30. Based on the theory of plate tectonics, it Trench Islands Hot
islands perpendicular to the coast On which date does the maximum is inferred that over the past 250 million Spot
duration of insolation occur in the years North America has moved toward B. Mariana Trench D. Iceland Hot
Northern Hemisphere? the Spot
A. March C. September A. northwest C. southeast
21 23 B. southwest D. northeast
B. June 21 D. December 21
38. 40. 42. 45.
The relative hardness of a mineral can Which statement best describes the age The particles in a sand dune deposit are Most New York State sandstone bedrock
best be tested by of our solar system and the universe? small and very well-sorted and have was formed
A. scratching the mineral across a glass A. The universe is at least twice as old surface pits that give them a frosted A. in Earth’s interior where
plate as our solar system. appearance. This deposit most likely temperatures exceeded the melting
B. squeezing the mineral with B. Our solar system is at least twice as was transported by point of quartz
calibrated pliers old as the universe. A. ocean C. gravity B. on Earth’s surface from the cooling
C. determining the density of the C. Our solar system and the universe currents of molten lava
mineral are estimated to be 5 billion years old. B. glacial ice D. wind C. in a delta from sand grains deposited,
D. breaking the mineral with a hammer D. Our solar system and the universe buried, and cemented together by
43.
are estimated to be 10 billion years minerals
39. How many days are required for the
old. D. in a desert when heat and
Which ocean current transports warm Moon to go from one full-Moon phase
metamorphic pressure caused quartz
water away from Earth’s equatorial 41. to the next full-Moon phase when
crystals to fuse together
region? Which event is the best example of viewed from Earth?
erosion? A. 24 C. 29.5 46.
A. Brazil C. Falkland Current
A. breaking apart of shale as a result of B. 27.3 D. 365 A soil sample with a large amount of
Current
water freezing in a crack space between the particles will have a
B. Guinea D. California 44.
B. dissolving of rock particles on a A. low C. high porosity
Current Current Which characteristic exists at an
limestone gravestone by acid rain permeability rate
erosional-depositional interface in a B. low infiltration D. high
C. the deepening of a stream bed by
stream where equilibrium occurs? rate capillarity
pebbles rolling along the bottom of
the stream A. The downstream profile is the same
D. crumbling of bedrock in one area to as the across stream profile.
form soil B. The rate of deposition equals the rate
of erosion.
C. The composition of the sediments
deposited is the same as the
composition of the sediments eroded.
D. The volume of streamflow equals the
volume of deposition.
47.
Which factor has the least effect on the
weathering of a rock?
A. climate conditions
B. composition of the rock
C. exposure of the rock to the
atmosphere
D. the number of fossils found in the
rock
48.
The best evidence that Earth spins on its
axis is provided by
A. variations in atmospheric density
B. apparent shifts in the swing of a
Foucault pendulum
C. changes in the position of sunspots
on the Sun
D. eclipses of the Moon
49. 52. 55.
Which conclusion based on the analysis Which is true about isolines on a Which process led to the formation of
of seismic data supports the inference weather map? thick salt deposits found in the bedrock
that Earth’s outer core is liquid? A. They are of equal length. at some locations in New York State?
A. S-waves are not transmitted through B. They are evenly spaced. A. melting C. condensation
the outer core. C. They connect points with equal B. runoff D. evaporation
B. S-waves are transmitted through the readings. 56.
outer core. D. They are constant for 24 hours. Which event occurred earliest in
C. P-waves are not transmitted through
53. geologic history?
the outer core.
The upward movement of air in the A. appearance of the earliest
D. P-waves are transmitted through the
atmosphere generally causes the grasses
outer core.
temperature of that air to B. appearance of the earliest birds
50. A. decrease and become closer to the C. the Grenville Orogeny
During which phase change of water is dewpoint
D. the intrusion of the Palisades Sill
the most energy released into the B. decrease and become farther from
environment? the dewpoint 57.
A. water C. water evaporating C. increase and become closer to the What elevation and bedrock structure are
freezing dewpoint generally found in the Catskills?
B. ice melting D. water vapor D. increase and become farther from the A. low elevation and horizontal
condensing dewpoint sedimentary bedrock structure
51. B. high elevation and horizontal
54.
Some nonsedimentary rocks are formed sedimentary bedrock structure
The general direction of continental
as a result of C. low elevation and folded
glacial advance in the United States was
A. solidification of molten metamorphic bedrock structure
generally from
material D. high elevation and folded
A. south to C. west to
metamorphic bedrock structure
B. evaporation and precipitation north east
C. cementation of particles B. north to D. east to west
D. deposition of particles south
58.
Which process requires water to gain
heat energy from the environment?
A. evaporation C. infiltration
B. condensation D. precipitation
59.
A gradual increase in atmospheric
carbon dioxide would warm Earth’s
atmosphere because carbon dioxide is a
A. poor reflector of ultraviolet
radiation
B. good reflector of ultraviolet
radiation
C. poor absorber of infrared radiation
D. good absorber of infrared radiation
60.
The long, sandy islands along the south cities at the same elevation and latitude
shore of Long Island are composed
mostly of sand and rounded pebbles
arranged in sorted layers. The agent of
erosion that most likely shaped and
sorted the sand and pebbles while
transporting them to their island location D. direction of prevailing winds
was
A. glaciers C. wind
B. landslides D. ocean waves
61.
A strong west wind steadily blew over
Lake Ontario picking up moisture. As
this moist air flowed over the Tug Hill
Plateau, the plateau received a 36-inch
snowfall. This snow fell from clouds that
formed when rising air was
A. cooled by expansion, causing water
vapor to condense
B. cooled by compression, causing
water vapor to condense
C. warmed by expansion, causing water
vapor to evaporate
D. warmed by compression, causing
water vapor to evaporate
62.
Which factor most likely causes two
to have different yearly average
temperature ranges?
A. rotation of Earth
B. duration of insolation
C. distance from a large body of water
63.
Which two gases have been added to
Earth’s atmosphere in large amounts and
are believed to have increased global
warming by absorbing infrared radiation?
A. neon and argon
B. chlorine and nitrogen
C. hydrogen and helium
D. methane and carbon dioxide
64.
If wastewater from a nuclear power
plant raises the temperature of a nearby
body of water, the concentration of
biologic pollutants in the water will most C. varieties of vegetation
likely
A. decrease
B. increase
C. remain the same
65.
According to tectonic plate maps, New
York State is presently located
A. at a convergent plate boundary
B. above a mantle hot spot
C. above a mid-ocean ridge
D. near the center of a large plate
66.
Which component of Earth’s atmosphere
is classified as a greenhouse gas?
A. oxygen C. helium
B. carbon D. hydrogen
dioxide
67.
The well-defined boundaries of New
York State’s several distinct landscape
regions are based on
A. differences in bedrock composition
and structure
B. extreme differences in climate
D. rate of sediment deposition
68.
Active volcanoes are most abundant
along the
A. edges of tectonic plates
B. eastern coastline of continents
C. 23.5° N and 23.5° S parallels of
latitude
D. equatorial ocean floor
69. 73. 76. 80.
Which characteristic is most common in Compared to the surface temperature Which gas in the atmosphere has the Characteristics such as composition,
sedimentary rocks? and luminosity of massive stars in the most influence on day-to-day weather porosity, permeability, and particle size
A. foliation Main Sequence, the smaller stars in the changes? are used to describe different types of
Main Sequence are A. ozone C. water vapor A. hillslopes
B. layering
A. hotter and less C. cooler and less B. oxygen D. carbon dioxide B. stream drainage
C. intergrown
luminous luminous patterns
crystals 77.
B. hotter and D. cooler and C. soils
D. glassy texture more luminous more luminous Daily weather forecasts are based
primarily on D. landscapes
70.
74.
Surface ocean currents located at 40° A. ocean currents 81.
The best evidence of crustal movement
south latitude, 90° west longitude B. seismic data Which statement most accurately
would be provided by
generally flow toward the C. phases of the moon describes Earth’s atmosphere?
A. dinosaur tracks found in the surface
A. northeast C. southwest bedrock D. air-mass movements A. The atmosphere is layered, with each
B. southeast D. west layer possessing distinct
B. marine fossils found on a 78. characteristics.
71. mountaintop Which group of organisms, some of B. The atmosphere is a shell of gases
The path of a Foucault pendulum C. weathered bedrock found at the which were preserved as fossils in early surrounding most of Earth.
provides evidence that Earth bottom of a cliff Paleozoic rocks, is still in existence
C. The atmosphere’s altitude is less than
A. rotates on its C. is tilted on its D. ripple marks found in sandy sediment today?
the depth of the ocean.
axis axis 75. A. brachiopods C. graptolites
D. The atmosphere is more dense than
B. revolves in its D. has an A Foucault pendulum appears to change B. eurypterids D. trilobites the hydrosphere but less dense than
orbit elliptical orbit its direction of swing over a period of the lithosphere.
79.
72. several hours because of Earth’s
Which evidence could be used to help 82.
Which rock is sedimentary in origin and A. rotation C. tilted axis classify a landscape region as a plateau? The primary source of most of the
formed as a result of chemical processes? B. revolution D. gravity A. rounded peaks moisture for the Earth’s atmosphere is
A. granite C. breccia B. trellis drainage pattern A. soil-moisture
B. shale D. dolostone C. V-shaped river valleys storage
D. horizontal rock structure B. rivers and lakes
C. melting glaciers
D. oceans
83.
Most of the Gulf Stream Ocean Current
is
A. warm water that flows southwestward
B. warm water that flows northeastward
C. cool water that flows southwestward
D. cool water that flows northeastward
84.
An object that is a good radiator of
electromagnetic waves is also a good
A. insulator from heat
B. reflector of heat
C. absorber of electromagnetic
energy
D. refractor of electromagnetic energy
85.
Which element is most abundant in
Earth’s lithosphere?
A. oxygen C. hydrogen
B. silicon D. nitrogen
86.
Which statement best describes the
general relationship between stream
velocity and the size of the sediment
particles transported by the stream?
A. As the stream velocity decreases, the
diameter of the sediments
transported increases.
B. As the stream velocity decreases, the
diameter of the sediments
transported remains the same.
C. As the stream velocity increases, the
diameter of the sediments being
transported decreases
D. As the stream velocity increases, the
diameter of the sediments being
transported increases.
87.
Which planet has vast amounts of liquid
water at its surface?
A. Venus C. Jupiter
B. Mars D. Earth
88. 90.
As viewed from Earth, most stars appear With respect to one another, galaxies
to move across the sky each night have been found to be
because A. moving closer together
A. Earth revolves around the Sun B. moving farther apart
B. Earth rotates on its axis C. moving in random
C. stars orbit around Earth directions
D. stars revolve around the center of the D. stationary
galaxy
91.
89. A stream with a velocity of 100
Which observation provides the best centimeters per second flows into a lake.
evidence that Earth revolves around the Which sediment-size particles would the
Sun? stream most likely deposit first as it
A. The constellation Orion is only enters the lake?
visible in the night sky for part of the A. boulders C. pebbles
year. B. cobbles D. sand
B. The North Star, Polaris, is located
92.
above the North Pole for the entire
year. Most water vapor enters the atmosphere
by the processes of
C. The Sun appears to move across
Earth’s sky at a rate of 15°/hr. A. convection and radiation
D. The Coriolis effect causes Northern B. condensation and precipitation
Hemisphere winds to curve to the C. evaporation and transpiration
right. D. erosion and conduction
93.
Scientists have inferred the structure of
Earth’s interior mainly by analyzing
A. the Moon’s interior
B. the Moon’s composition
C. Earth’s surface features
D. Earth’s seismic data
94.
A high air-pressure, dry-climate belt is
located at which Earth latitude?
A. 0° C. 30° N
B. 15° D. 60° N
N rocks near the continents.
95.
The largest particles that a stream
deposits as it enters a pond are 8
centimeters in diameter. The minimum
velocity of the stream needed to
transport these particles is approximately
A. 100 cm/s C. 300 cm/s
B. 200 cm/s D. 400 cm/s
96.
Water will infiltrate surface material if present environment in
the material is
A. impermeable and
unsaturated
B. impermeable and saturated
C. permeable and unsaturated
D. permeable and saturated
97. 100.
Which mineral has a metallic luster, a The Coriolis effect provides evidence that Earth
black streak, and is an ore of iron? A. rotates on its axis
A. galena C. pyroxene
B. revolves around the Sun
B. magnetite D. graphite
C. undergoes cyclic tidal changes
98. D. has a slightly eccentric orbit
Which evidence supports the theory of
seafloor spreading?
A. The rocks of the ocean floor and the
continents have similar origins.
B. In the ocean floor, rocks near the
mid-ocean ridge are cooler than
C. The pattern of magnetic orientation
of rocks is similar on both sides of
the mid-ocean ridge.
D. The density of oceanic crust is
greater than the density of
continental crust.
99.
At the end of the last period of
glaciation, the natural environment of
New York State probably looked like the
A. Alaska C. Texas
B. North D. Ohio
Carolina
 Answer Key for 100 Review Questions

1. D 21. A 41. C 61. A 81. A

2. C 22. C 42. D 62. C 82. D
3. B 23. D 43. C 63. D 83. B
4. D 24. B 44. B 64. B 84. C
5. C 25. B 45. C 65. D 85. A

6. D 26. C 46. C 66. B 86. D

7. A 27. B 47. D 67. A 87. D
8. B 28. B 48. B 68. A 88. B
9. B 29. A 49. A 69. B 89. A
10. D 30. B 50. D 70. A 90. B

11. C 31. D 51. A 71. A 91. C

12. C 32. A 52. C 72. D 92. C
13. C 33. D 53. A 73. C 93. D
14. D 34. A 54. B 74. B 94. C
15. A 35. D 55. D 75. A 95. B

16. D 36. B 56. C 76. C 96. C

17. C 37. D 57. B 77. D 97. B
18. A 38. A 58. A 78. A 98. C
19. C 39. A 59. D 79. D 99. A
20. D 40. A 60. D 80. C 100. A

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