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Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements Form 4 Revision Module . WKP.

2014

Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing of ……………. …………….
1. Group 18 (Noble Gas)
Physical properties  Colourless gas, low b.p & m.p.

Chemical properties  exist as monoatomic & chemically unreactive


Reason: its outermost shell fully occupied by electrons //
achieve duplet / octet electron arrangement //
does not release, gain or share electron with other element or itself
Uses  Helium (fill airships and weather balloons) ;
 Argon (fills the light bulb) ;
 Neon (used in advertising signs)

2. Group 1 (Alkali Metal) [ Lithium , sodium, potassium : 1 valence e-]


Physical properties shinny grey solid, soft and easily cut , low b.p & m.p , good conductor of electricity
Chemical properties reacts with water, oxygen, chlorine gas
Examples of equation:
with water: 2K + 2 H2O  2 KOH + H2 [turns red litmus blue]
with oxygen:4K + O2  2 K2O
with chlorine:2K + Cl2  2 KCl
Reactivity trend Reactivity increases when going down the Group 1
Reason:
Reactivity of Group 1 element is base on the tendency to release the valence electron
P1: when going down the Group 1, atomic size becomes bigger,
P2: the attraction force of nucleus towards valence electron becomes weaker
P3: easier to release the valence electron
Precaution Steps  Group 1 elements must be stored in paraffin oil in bottles
 use forceps to handle them
 Wear safety goggles & gloves
 Use a small piece of alkali metal when conducting experiments

3. Group 17 (Halogen) [ chlorine gas, bromine water, iodine crystal: 7 valence e-]
Physical properties low b.p & m.p , cannot conduct of heat & electricity (non-metal)
Chemical properties reacts with H2O, Fe and NaOH solution & exist as diatomic molecules
Examples of equation:
Cl2 + H2O  HCl + HOCl [turns blue litmus red]
3Cl2 + 2 Fe  2 FeCl3
Cl2 + 2 Na OH  NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
Reactivity trend Reactivity decreases when going down the Group 17
Reason:
Reactivity of Group 17 element is base on the tendency to attract one electron
P1: when going down the Group 17, atomic size becomes bigger,
P2: the attraction force of nucleus towards valence electron becomes weaker
P3: harder to attract electron towards itself
Precaution Steps  handled inside a fume chamber
 Wear safety goggles & gloves

4. Period 3

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 ELEMENTS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
PROTON NUMBER 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
ELECTRON 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
ARRANGEMENT
RADIUS 0.156 0.136 0.125 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.009 0.001
Physical properties: atomic size ……………………. when acrossing the period from left to right
Reason:
When across the period from left to right,
The number of protons increases
So the attraction force of nucleus towards electron shells becomes stronger

 Chemical properties : electronegativity ……………, oxides: Basic oxide  amphoteric oxide  acidic oxide
 Basic oxide : oxide that soluble in nitric acid
 Acidic oxide : oxide that soluble in sodium hydroxide solution
 Amphoteric oxide : oxide that can soluble in both sodium hydroxide solution and nitric acid

5. Semi conductors
 Silicon, germanium
 used in the making of microchips

6. Transition Metals
 Physical properties: high b.p & m.p , cannot conduct of heat & electricity (non-metal)
 Special characteristics:
1.They have various oxidation state ; Iron (Fe) appear as Fe2+ or Fe3+
2. They form coloured ions / compounds ; Cu2+ ions is blue, Fe2+ ions is green
3. They act as catalyst ; Haber process (Iron) , contact process () ;hydrogenation ()

Process Catalyst Product Chemical Equation


Haber Iron fillings Ammonia N2 + 3H2  2NH3
Contact Vanadium(V) oxide Sulphuric acid 2SO2 + O2  2SO3
Ostwald platinnum Nitric acid 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
Hydrogenation nickel Alkane /margerine CnH2n + H2  CnH2n+2
Displacement Copper(II) sulphate H2 gas Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
Decomposition Manganese (IV) oxide O2 gas 2H2O2  2H2O + O2

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonds Form 4 Revision Module . WKP

Ionic compound Properties Covalent compound

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Covalent bond
(single, double, triple)
*1 pair e- forms 1 bond
Ionic bond Type of bonds

Transfer e- (gain / release) How bond form? Share e-


Involved
Metal & non metal non metal & non metal
element
strong electrostatic forces between the
Force exist Van der Waals force between molecules
opposite-charged ions
solid Physical states Solid, liquid or gas
Higher Lower
[Strong attraction forces between ions] Melting point & [ weak van der Waal’s forces between the molecules]
[more heat energy required to overcome the Boiling points [Less heat energy required to overcome the attraction
attraction forces] forces]
Conduct in molten / aqueous solution Do not conduct electricity in all states
[contains freely moving ions in molten / aqueous Electrical [consists of neutral molecules // do not have freely
state only ] Conductivity moving ions]

Soluble in water Insoluble in water


Solubility
Insoluble in organic solvent Soluble in organic solvent
Formation of ionic compound magnesium Formation of methane molecules, CH4 :
chloride, MgO .  carbon atom has an e- arrangement of 2.4
 e - arrangement of magnesium atom is 2.8.2  It needs to gain 4 more electrons to achieve
 A magnesium atom donates two electrons the octet e- n arrangement
to achieve the octet e- arrangement
 Magnesium ion, Mg 2+ is formed  A hydrogen atom has an e- arrangement of 1
 e - arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6  It needs to gain 1 more electrons to achieve
Explain the duplet e- n arrangement
 Oxygen atom gains electron from formation of
magnesium atom to achieve the octet e- bond
arrangement  1 carbon atom share 4 e- with 4 hydrogen atoms
 Oxide ion, O 2- is formed and form a covalent compound CH4

 1 magnesium ion,Mg2+ and 1 oxide ion, O2-


formed are attracted to one another to form
an ionic compound magnesium chloride,
MgO 2
-

Diagram of
electron
arrangement

cation anion
molecule
Type of
particles in
compound

Section A
1. Sulphide and chloride ions have the same number of

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[Proton number: S, 16; Cl, 17]
A charge C neutrons
B electrons D protons
[22/2003]

2. The electron arrangement of atom E is 2.8.7 and atom G has four valence electrons. What is the
formula of the compound formed between E and G?
A GE2 C G2E
B GE4 D G4E
[40/2003]
3. The diagram shows the electron arrangement of a compound formed between atoms P and Q.

Which of the following statements is true about the compound?


A It is an ionic compound
B The compound is formed by covalent bonds
C The compound has a high boiling point
D The compound is formed by electron transfer [25/2004]

4 Which of the following pairs of physical properties of sodium chloride is true?

Solubility in water Electrical conductivity when molten


A Soluble Conducting
B Soluble Not conducting
C Insoluble Conducting
D Insoluble Not conducting

5. An atom of element X has 4 shells containing electrons.When element X reacts with chlorine, a compound
with formula XCl is formed. Which of the following is element X? Given that the atomic number of Na=11, Si=14,
K=19, Ca=20.
A Calcium C Sodium
B Potassium D Silicon

6 Which of the following represents the electron arrangement for the compound sodium chloride, NaCl?

[8/2006]

7. Element X and carbon combine to form compound CX4. Element X and calcium combine to
form compound CaX2. The letter X is not the actual symbol of the element. Which of the

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following represents the electron arrangement for a compound formed between magnesium and
element X?

[24/2006]

8. Diagram 4 shows a snail.


The snail shell contains a natural ionic compound.

Other than oxygen, what elements are contained in the ionic compound?
A. Calcium and carbon C. Sodium and carbon
B. Calcium and hydrogen D. sodium and hydrogen
[7/2007]
9. Diagram 6 shows the electron arrangement for J3+ ion.An atom of element J contains 12 neutrons.

What is the nucleon number of element J?


A. 10 B. 12 C. 22 D. 25 [21/2007]

10. The electron arrangement of an atom of M is 2.8.1 and the electron arrangement of an atom of X is 2.6.
Elements M and X react to form a compound.
Which of the following is true about the reaction?
A Atom X donates 2 electrons
B Atom M receives 1 electron
C An ionic compound is formed
D The compound formed has chemical formula MX2. [26/2007]

11. What is the meaning of covelant bond?


A A bond formed when metal atoms contribute electrons to each to achieve a stable electron
arrangement.
B A bond formed when non- metal atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron arrangement.
C A bond formed by weak Van der Waals forces between the non- metal atoms.
D A bond formed when a metal atom transfers an electron to a non- metal atom.

12. Which substances is an ionic compound?


A Ethanol, C2H5OH B Sulphur dioxide, SO2
C Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 D Magnesium oxide, MgO

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13. Which of the following is a property of potassium fluoride?
A Volatile C Has a low melting point
B Insoluble in water D Conducts electricity in the molten state [20/2008]

14. Diagram 1 shows the formation of bonds in a carbon dioxide molecule.

× × ● × ×
● ●
O × C × O
× ● ● ● ×
×× ××
Diagram 1
Which statement is not true?
A The oxygen atoms have six valence electrons
B The carbon atom has a stable octet electron arrangement in the molecule
C Each oxygen atom accepts two electrons from the carbon atom
D The carbon atom forms a double covalent bond with each oxygen atom [40/2008]

PAPER 2 (STRUCTURE)

1. (a) (i) The electron arrangement for argon is 2.8.8. Why is this element very stable and not
reactive?
_______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(ii) Name one other element that has the same stability as argon.
_______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(b) Atoms of both sodium and chlorine are unstable. They react to form an ionic compound which is more
stable. Diagram 3.1 shows a sodium chloride compound, NaCl, that is produced by the formation of an
ionic bond between a sodium ion, Na+, and a chloride ion, Cl-.

(i) How are a sodium ion and a chloride ion formed from their respective atoms?
Sodium ion: _______________________________________________________________
Chloride ion: ______________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) Name the force that exists between these ions in the compound.
_______________________________________________________________________ [1
mark]

(iii)The melting point of sodium chloride, NaCl, is 801°C and its boiling point is 1413°C. What will
happen to the ions in this compound at 900°C?
_______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(iv) Give one reason for your answer in 3(b)(iii).
_______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(c) Diagram 3.2 shows the proton number and the nucleon number for two elements, X and Y. The letters
used do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
9
XX Y 16
4 8

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Diagram 3.2
Draw a diagram to show the bonding formed between elements X and Y.

[3 marks]
( 2006)

2. Table 4 shows the electrical conductivity and melting points of substance P, Q and R.
Substance Electrical conductivity in the state of Melting point/
Solid Liquid Aqueous °C
P No No No < –110
Q No No No 80 – 90
R No Yes Yes > 800
Table 4
(a) (i) State the types of structure and bonding of substance P.
Structure: ________________________________________________________________
Bonding : ________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) Explain why substance P has a low melting point.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(b) State how the bonds are formed in:
(i) Substance Q
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
[1 mark]

(ii) Substance R:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(c) State why the electrical conductivity of substance R is different in solid state compared to the molten and
aqueous state.
Solid state:
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Molten and aqueous states:
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(d) Based on the information in Table 4, fill in the following blanks.
Substance ____________________ is soluble in water.
Substance ____________________ and substance ____________________ are insoluble in water.
[3 marks]
( 2007)

3. Table 1 below shows 3 halogens with their respective proton number.


Halogen Proton Number
P 9

7
Q 17
R 35
Table 1

(a) State the group for the halogens in the Periodic Table.

[1 mark]
(b) Write the electron arrangement for
(i)
Atom P:

(ii) Atom Q:

[2 marks]
(c) Based on your answer in (b), state the period in the Periodic Table the following elements are
located.
(i) element P

(ii) element Q:

[2 marks]
(d) The number of neutrons for atom Q is 18. Write the symbol for atom Q in the form of .

[1 mark]
(e) As going down the group for halogens from P to R, state the change in properties with respect to
(i) the size of the atom:

(ii)
electronegativity:

(iii) melting points and boiling points:

[3 marks]
(f) Iron glows brightly when reacting with element Q. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

[2 marks]

4. Diagram 1 shows the symbols of the atom of element X and element Y. The letters used are not the
actual symbols of the elements.

Diagram 1
(a) State the proton number of an atom of element Y.

[1 mark]
(b) (i) Identify the position of element X in the periodic table of elements.

[1 mark]

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(ii) Explain why element X is placed at the position identified in 2(b)(i).

[1 mark]
(c) The reaction between element Y and chlorine is less reactive than the reaction between element
Z and oxygen. Explain this using idea about valence electron.

[3 marks]
(d) (i) When a small piece of element Z is put into water, a colourless solution is formed. State whether
the solution formed is acidic or alkaline.

[1 mark]
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between element Z and water.

[2 marks]

5. Table 2 shows all the elements in a period in the Periodic Table of Elements.

Element Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon


Electron 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
arrangement
Table 2
(a) Which period do the above elements belong to?

[1 mark]
(b) State the change of the following across the period from sodium to argon.
(i) Physical state:

(ii) Electronegativity:

[2 marks]

(c) A sodium atom and a chlorine atom have three shells occupied with electrons.

(i) Which atom has a smaller atomic size?

[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why.

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[2 marks]
(d) (i) What is meant by amphoteric oxide?

[1 mark]

(ii) Name an element from Period 3 which forms an oxide which is :


Amphoteric:
Acidic :
Basic:
[3 marks]

6.
24 16
P Q
12 8

The diagram above shows two symbols of atoms represented by the letter P and Q.
(a) State the groups in which the elements P and Q are located in the Periodic Table. (2m)

(i) Name the type of chemical bond formed when element P combines with element Q. (1m)

(ii) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed in 1(b)(i). (2m)

(b) Write the electron arrangement of the ions formed by the atoms of P and Q. (2m)

(c) State two physical properties of the compound formed between P and Q. (2m)

[Total: 9m]

7. The diagram below show the electron arrangement of a molecule, XY3.

x X x
Y Y
x

a) Name the chemical bond formed in the compound. (1m)

b) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between X and Y to form XY3. (2m)

c) Compound XY3 has low melting andr boiling points.


Give a reason for this statement. (2m)

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d) Carbon (proton number:6) and fluorine (proton number:9) atoms react to form a molecule.
(i) Draw the electron arrangement of this compound. (2m)

(ii) Explain how the chemical bond in this compound is formed. (4m)
[Total: 10m]

8. The table below shows the number of protons and electrons of 3 elements R, S and T.

Element Number of Number of


protons electrons
R 11 10
S 6 6
T 16 18

a) State the charge of particle T. (1m)

b) R combines with T to form a compound.


(i) State the chemical bond formed in this compound. (1m)
(ii) Write the chemical formula of this compound. (1m)

(iii) Write the chemical equation for the formation of this compound. (1m)

c) R and S can react with oxygen respectively. Write the chemical equation for reaction between
(i) R and oxygen (2m)

(ii) S and oxygen (2m)

d) Compare two physical properties of R oxide and S oxide other than melting and boiling points.
(2m)

[Total: 10m]

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9. The table below shows the melting and boiling points of substance X and Y.

Substance Melting point Boiling point


X -117 78
Y 2580 2850

a) Based on the information in the table above, identify


(i) an ionic compound (1m)

(ii) a covalent molecule (1m)

b) (i) Predict the substance that cannot conduct electricity in solid but can conduct electricity in
molten and aqueous states. (1m)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in 4(b)(i). (2m)

c) Explain why X has a low melting point. (2m)

d) State briefly one difference between the type of particles in substance X and Y.
Give one example for substance X and Y. (3m)

[Total: 10m]

PAPER 3 (WRITTEN PRACTICAL TEST)

1. A group of students is given unknown compound X and Y. An experiment is set up and the observation to
compare the electrical conductivity is written in the table below.

Ammeter reading (A)


Compound
Solid Molten Aqueous
X 0.00 0.00 0.00
Y 0.00 0.41 0.45

a) What is the relationship between ammeter reading and electrical conductivity of the compound?
(3m)

b) State the hypothesis of this experiment. (3m)

c) State the variables in this experiment.


(i) Manipulated variable

(ii) Responding variable

(iii) Fixed variable (3m)

d) Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up of apparatus for the experiment. (3m)

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e) Classify compounds X and Y into ionic and covalent compound. (3m)

2. Diagram 4.1 shows three sets, Set I, Set II and Set III, of the apparatus set-up for an experiment to
compare the reactivity of alkali metals towards oxygen.

Set Set-up of apparatus Observation

I
White fume
Lithium burns slowly and produces white

fumes
Lithium

II
White fume Sodium burns vigorously and produces
whites fumes.
Sodium

III ……………………………………………..
White fume

Metal X ………………………………………………

……………………………………………..

Diagram 4.1

(a) State one hypothesis for this experiment. [3M]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) Record the observation for Set III in Diagram 4.1 in the space provided in Table 3. [3M]

(ii) Based on the observation in (b) (i), state the inference. [3M]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) State the operational definition for the reactivity of alkali metals in this experiment. [3M]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Based on the observation in Set III, suggest a possible identity for metal X. [3M]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Diagram 4.2 shows the pH meter readings when the metal oxides formed in Set I, Set II and Set III were dissolved in
water.
Set Set up of apparatus

pH meter

Lithium hydroxide solution

II

pH meter

Sodium hydroxide solution

X hydroxide solution
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III
pH meter

Diagram 4.2

(f) Construct a table to record the pH values to one decimal place for Set I, Set II and Set III. [3M]

(g) Based on Diagram 4.2, state the: [3M]

(i) manipulated variable: …………………………………………………………………………………...

(ii) responding variable: ……………………………………………………………………………………...

(iii) fixed variable: ………………………………………………………………………………………………

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