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*OEFY

A Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), heart failure, 311 Achondroplasia, 454


A-a gradient 618, 619 hypertension, 319 chromosome disorder, 64
in elderly, 654 adenomyosis, 634 naming convention for, 253 endochondral ossification in, 450
with hypoxemia, 654, 655 anemia with, 410 preload/afterload effects, 282 inheritance, 60
restrictive lung disease, 661 Asherman syndrome, 634 teratogenicity, 600 AChR (acetylcholine receptor), 229
Abacavir, 201, 203 leiomyoma (fibroid), 634 Acetaldehyde, 72 Acid-base physiology, 580
Abciximab, 122 polyps (endometrial), 634 Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 70, 72 Acidemia, 580
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, thecoma, 632 Acetaminophen, 474 diuretic effect on, 595
429 ABO blood classification, 397 vs. aspirin for pediatric patients, 474 Acid-fast oocysts, 177
thrombogenesis and, 403 newborn hemolysis, 397 free radical injury and, 210 Acid-fast organisms, 125, 140, 155
Abdominal aorta, 357 Abruptio placentae, 626 hepatic necrosis from, 249 Acidic amino acids, 81
atherosclerosis in, 305, 687 cocaine use, 600 N-acetylcysteine for overdose, 671 Acid maltase, 86
bifurcation of, 649 preeclampsia, 629 for osteoarthritis, 458 Acidosis, 578, 580
Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 306 Abscess, 470 toxicity effects, 474 contractility in, 282
Abdominal colic acute inflammation and, 215 toxicity treatment for, 247 hyperkalemia with, 578
lead poisoning, 411 lung, 670 Acetazolamide, 252, 539, 594 Acid phosphatase in neutrophils, 398
Abdominal pain Absence seizures idiopathic intracranial Acid reflux
bacterial peritonitis, 384 characteristics of, 505 hypertension, 509 H2 blockers for, 392
Budd-Chiari syndrome, 386, 676 drug therapy for, 532 metabolic acidosis, 580 proton pump inhibitors for, 392
cilostazol/dipyridamole, 429 treatment, 685 in nephron physiology, 573 Acid suppression therapy, 392
Clostridium difficile, 675 Absolute risk reduction (ARR), 258, pseudotumor cerebri, 509 Acinetobacter baumannii
diabetic ketoacidosis and, 346 691 site of action, 593 highly resistant bacteria, 198
ectopic pregnancy, 627 Absorption disorders and anemia, 410 Acetoacetate metabolism, 90 Acinetobacter spp.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 318, AB toxin, 132 Acetone breath, 346 nosocomial infections, 185
676 Abuse. See also Child abuse Acetylation Acne, 466, 468
hypercalcemia, 579 dependent personality disorder chromatin, 34 danazol, 643
hyperparathyroidism, 342 and, 553 posttranslation, 45 PCOS, 631
intussussception, 379 intimate partner violence, 267 Acetylcholine (ACh) tetracyclines for, 192
irritable bowel syndrome, 376, 377 Acalculia, 499 anticholinesterase effect on, 240 Acquired hydrocele (scrotal), 638
McBurney sign, 676 Acalculous cholecystitis, 390 change with disease, 483 Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 71
Meckel diverticulum, 604 Acamprosate opioid analgesics, 538 Acromegaly, 343
pancreas divisum, 354 alcoholism, 559, 685 pacemaker action potential and, carpal tunnel syndrome, 451
pancreatic cancer, 391 Acanthocytes, 406 295 GH, 327
panic disorder, 551 Acanthocytosis Acetylcholine (ACh) receptor octreotide for, 393
periumbilical, 377 in vitamin E deficiency, 70 agonists, 229, 237, 538 somatostatin analogs for, 325
polyarteritis nodosa, 317 in abetalipoproteinemia, 94 autonomic drugs and, 239 somatostatin for, 350
porphyria, 417 Acantholysis, 466 Acetylcholinesterase Acromion, 438
postprandial, 357 Acanthosis, 466 in amniotic fluid, 479 Actin
RLQ pain, 378 psoriasis, 468 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cytoskeleton, 48
Rovsing sign, 676 Acanthosis nigricans, 229, 466, 472, malathion, 200 muscular dystrophies, 61
RUQ, 390 631 neural tube defects and, 479 Actin filaments
Abdominal striae, 333 stomach cancer, 373 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) epithelial cells, 465
Abdominal wall Acarbose, 349 inhibitors Acting out, 542
inguinal hernias, 362, 363 Accessory nerve (CN XI), 494 cholinergic drugs and, 239 Actinic keratosis, 472
ventral defects, 352, 354 arm abduction, 438 naming convention for, 253 associations of, 689
Abducens nerve (CN VI), 494 functions of, 494 for neuromuscular junction squamous cell carcinoma, 473
function of, 494 lesion of, 520 disease, 463 Actinomyces israelii
location, 492 location, 492 toxicity treatment for, 247 labs/findings, 679
ocular motility, 528 pathway for, 493 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase oral infections, 186
palsy, 529 Accessory pancreatic duct, 354, 362 fatty acid synthesis, 73 pigment production, 128
pathway for, 493 Accountable care organization, 269 vitamin B7 and, 68 Actinomyces spp.
Abduction Accuracy vs. precision, 259 Achalasia, 370 anaerobic organism, 127
arm, 438 Acebutolol, 245 esophageal cancer and, 372 Gram-positive algorithm, 134
hand, 438 ACE inhibitors, 596 LES tone in, 365 Nocardia spp. vs., 139
hip, 445 acute coronary syndromes, 310 Achilles reflex, 498 penicillin G/V for, 187
Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 439 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, Achilles tendon xanthomas, 304, 674 Action potentials
Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 439 107 Achlorhydria axonal, 482
Abetalipoproteinemia, 94, 406 dilated cardiomyopathy, 311 stomach cancer, 373 motor neurons, 295
Abnormal passive adduction, 443 dry cough, 251 VIPomas, 365 muscle contraction, 448
732 INDEX

Action potentials (continued) Adaptive immune system Adjustment disorder, 552 local anesthetics, 537
myocardial, 294 dendritic cells in, 400 Adnexal (ovarian) torsion, 611 loop diuretics, 594
pacemaker, 295 Adaptive immunity, 99 Adoption studies, 256 opioid analgesics, 538
ventricular, 295 lymphocytes in, 401 ADPKD (Autosomal dominant osteonecrosis of jaw, 475
Action/willpower, 556 Addiction, 556 polycystic kidney disease) ototoxicity, 433, 594
Activated carriers, 75 Addison disease, 334 saccular aneurysms and, 504 proton pump inhibitors, 392
Active errors, 272 metabolic acidosis in, 580 ADP receptor inhibitors, 429 restrictive lung disease, 661
Active immunity, 110 presentation, 676 ADP ribosyltransferases, 132 Reye syndrome as, 475
Acute chest syndrome, 414 Additive drug interactions, 233 adrenal, 616 spironolactone endocrine effects,
Acute cholestatic hepatitis Adduction Adrenal adenomas 595
drug reactions and, 248 arm (rotator cuff), 438 Cushing syndrome, 333 tardive dyskinesia, 394
macrolides, 193 hand, 439 hyperaldosteronism, 334 teratogenicity, 428, 432, 475
Acute coronary syndrome hip, 445, 446 Adrenal carcinomas thromboembolic events, 435
ADP receptor inhibitors for, 429 thigh, 444 Cushing syndrome, 333 toxicities and side effects,
heparin for, 427 Adductor brevis, 444 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 225 247–251
treatments for, 310 Adductor longus, 444, 446 P-glycoprotein in, 228 Aedes mosquitoes
Acute cystitis, 582 Adductor longus muscle, 362 Adrenal cortex, 322 yellow fever transmission, 168
Acute disseminated (postinfectious) Adductor magnus, 444 embryologic derivatives, 599 Aerobic metabolism
encephalomyelitis, 512 Adenine progesterone production, 616 ATP production, 74
Acute dystonia, 557 methylation of, 34 Adrenal enzyme deficiencies fed state, 91
treatment of, 241 Shiga/Shiga-like toxins and, 132 (congenital), 328 vitamin B1 (thiamine), 66
Acute gastritis, 373 Adenocarcinoma Adrenal gland Aerobic organisms
Acute hemolytic transfusion lungs, 669 cortical development of, 599 culture requirements, 126
reactions, 114 vaginal, 630 Adrenal hemorrhage, 675 Afferent arteriole, 568
Acute hemorrhagic cystitis, 164 Adenocarcinomas Waterhouse-Friderichsen ANP/BNP effect on, 576
Acute inflammation carcinogens causing, 226 syndrome, 334 constriction of, 571
characteristics of, 215 esophagus, 372 Adrenal hyperplasia dopamine effects, 577
Acute inflammatory demyelinating gastric, 217, 226 Cushing syndrome, 333 filtration, 571
polyradiculopathy, 512 lung, 225 hyperaldosteronism and, 334 Afferent nerves, 299
Acute intermittent porphyria, 417 nomenclature for, 221 Adrenal insufficiency, 334 Aflatoxins, 153
Acute interstitial nephritis, 591 nonbacterial thrombotic adrenoleukodystrophy, 47 as carcinogen, 226
Acute kidney injury, 590 endocarditis and, 229 anovulation with, 631 hepatocellular carcinoma, 386
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), pancreas, 362, 391 fludrocortisone for, 350 African sleeping sickness, 156
424 pancreatic, 227 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67 Afterload
associations with, 689 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 Adrenal medulla, 322
auscultation and, 293
methotrexate for, 432 pectinate line, 360 neuroblastomas of, 335
cardiac output, 282
oncogenes and, 225 prostatic, 640 pheochromocytomas in, 336
in shock, 312
Acute mesenteric ischemia, 380 stomach, 373, 688 tumors, 688
Agammaglobulinemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), Adenohypophysis, 323 Adrenal steroids, 328
chromosome affected, 64
424 embryologic derivation, 599 Adrenal zona fasciculata, 329
Agars (bacterial culture), 126
chromosomal translocations, 426 hypothalamus and, 486 Adrenocortical adenomas, 688
Agenesis, 599
cytarabine for, 432 Adenomas Adrenocortical atrophy
Müllerian, 608
myelodysplastic syndromes, 423 bone, 456 Addison disease, 334
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exogeneous corticosteroids, 333 uterovaginal, 625
colorectal, 383
associations with, 689 nomenclature for, 221 Adrenocortical insufficiency Age-related amyloidosis, 212
Acute pancreatitis, 391 primary hyperparathyroidism, 341 drug reaction and, 248 Age-related macular degeneration,
associations, 689 salivary gland, 370 presentation, 676 524
DIC and, 689 thyroid, 340 Adrenocorticotropic hormone Aging changes, 268
hyperparathyroidism, 342 Adenomatous colonic polyps, 381 (ACTH) Agnosia, 499
necrosis and, 209 Adenomyosis (endometrial), 634 adrenal cortex regulation of, 322 Agonist
Acute pericarditis, 314 uterine bleeding from, 619 in Cushing syndrome, 229, 333 cholinergic, 231
Acute-phase proteins, 108, 213 Adenopathy secretion of, 323 competitive, 231
Acute phase reactants, 213, 108 Kawasaki disease, 316 signaling pathways of, 332 indirect cholinomimetic, 234
Acute poststreptococcal Whipple disease, 676 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 47, 512 indirect general, 243
glomerulonephritis, 585 Adenosine Adrenoreceptors, 239 indirect sympathomimetics, 242
Acute promyelocytic leukemia blood flow regulation, 300 Adult T cell leukemia, 226 potency and efficacy, 231, 234
treatment, 684 deaminase deficiency, 37, 117 Adult T-cell lymphoma, 422 Agoraphobia, 551
vitamin A for, 66 pacemaker action potential and, 295 Advance directives, 265 Agranulocytosis, 561
Acute pulmonary edema Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adverse effects/events. See clozapine, 561
opiod analgesics, 538 electron transport chain, 78 also Teratogens drug reaction, 249
Acute pyelonephritis, 589 in glycogen regulation, 85 ACE inhibitors, 596 sulfa drug allergies, 252
labs/findings, 682 nephron physiology, 573 acetazolamide, 592 thionamides, 349
renal papillary necrosis and, 591 production of, 74, 78 antacids, 392, 393 Agraphia, 499
WBC casts in, 582 in TCA cycle, 77 antidepressant drugs, 563–564 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
Acute renal failure, 590 in urea cycle, 82 antipsychotic drugs, 561 syndrome)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome synthase inhibitors, 78 atropine, 241, 242 bacillary angiomatosis, 469
(ARDS), 664 Adenoviruses β-blockers, 246 brain abscess, 180
acute pancreatitis, 391 characteristics of, 164 cardiotoxicity, 435 Candida albicans, 153
eclampsia and, 629 conjunctivitis, 522 cardiovascular, 248 cryptococcal meningitis, 199
inhalational injury, 662 pneumonia, 668 cimetidine, 392 Cryptosporidium, 155
Acute stress disorder, 552 viral envelope, 163 CNS toxicity, 433 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 165
Acute transplant rejection, 119 Adherens junctions, 465 femoral stress fracture, 475 human herpesvirus 8, 165
Acute tubular necrosis, 591 Adhesions, 380 from lithium, 562 labs/findings, 679
Acyclovir, 201 Adipose stores, 91 in geriatric patients, 247 marijuana for, 559
Adalimumab, 122, 476 Adipose tissue herpes zoster reactivation, 435 mycobacteria, 140
for Crohn disease, 376 estrogen production, 616 leukoencephalopathy, 433 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154
INDEX 733
primary central nervous system vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 All-or-none effect (organogenesis), Alternative hypothesis, 261
lymphoma (PCL), 422 wet beriberi, 674 600 Alternative medical therapy, 267
retinitis, 165 Alcohol-related disorders Alopecia Altitude sickness, 656
retroviruses, 167 readmissions with, 270 doxorubicin, 431 acetazolamide for, 594
time couse (untreated), 176 Alcohol use etoposide/teniposide, 434 Altruism, 543
timecouse (untreated), 176 essential tremor, 507 minoxidil for, 644 Aluminum hydroxide, 393
AIDS retinitis, 165 gout and, 459 syphilis, 147 Alveolar cell types, 647
Air emboli, 658 head and neck cancer, 657 tinea capitis, 152 Alveolar dead space, 650
Airways (conducting zone), 648 intoxication and withdrawal, 558 vitamin A toxicity, 66 Alveolar gas equation, 654, 692
Akathisia, 487, 507 loss of orientation, 545 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67 Alveolar macrophages, 647, 648
antipsychotic drugs and, 561 sexual dysfunction, 555 vitamin B7 deficiency, 68 Alveolar PO2, 654
Akinesia, 508 sleep, 485 α-1,4-glucosidase Alveolar sacs, 648
Akinesia in Parkinson disease, suicide and, 550 glycogen metabolism, 86 Alveolar stage (development), 646
678 teratogenic effects, 600 α1-antagonists Alveolar ventilation, 650
ALA dehydratase, 411, 417 Alcohol withdrawal benign prostatic hyperplasia, 685 Alveoli, 646
Alanine benzodiazepines, 546 BPH treatment, 639, 644 cell types, 647
ammonia transport, 82 drug therapy, 560 α1-antitrypsin deficiency development of, 646
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex hallucinations in, 547 emphysema, 660 macrophages, 647
deficiency, 77 Aldesleukin, 121 α1-antitrypsin, 52 pneumocytes, 647
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 77, Aldolase B, 80 α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 51, 386 Alzheimer disease, 508
384 Aldose reductase, 81 α1 selective blockers, 244 amyloidosis, 212
Alar plate, 478 Aldosterone, 576 α2-agonists, 244 Down syndrome and, 63
Albendazole adrenal cortex secretion of, 322 α2-antagonists, 564 drug therapy for, 240
cestodes, 160 kidney effects, 578 α2 selective blockers, 244 labs/findings, 681, 690
Albinism, 467 nephron physiology, 573 α-adrenergic agonists, 671 medications for, 536
catecholamine synthesis, 83 primary adrenal insufficiency, 334 α-agonists neurotransmitters for, 483
locus heterogeneity, 57 SIADH, 344 glaucoma treatment, 538, 539 ventriculomegaly with, 508, 510
ocular, 61 signaling pathways for, 332 α-amanitin Amanita phalloides, 42, 249
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, Aldosterone antagonists, 319 RNA polymerase inhibition, 42 Amantadine, 201, 535
341 Aldosterone synthase, 328 α-amylase, 367 Ambiguous genitalia
Albumin, 213 Alemtuzumab, 122 α-antagonists 46,XY DSD, 625
calcium and, 329 Alendronate, 475. See for pheochromocytomas, 336, 684 ovotesticular disorder of sex
as liver marker, 384 also Bisphosphonates α-blockers development, 624
plasma volume and, 569 Aliskiren, 596 Beers criteria, 247 placental aromatase deficiency,
Albuminocytologic dissociation for cocaine overdose, 558 625
Alkalemia, 580
(CSF), 512 nonselective, 244 Amenorrhea
diuretic effects, 595
Albuminuria α cells, 323 antiandrogens, 644
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 384, 455
glomerular filtration barrier, 569 glucagonomas in, 336 cirrhosis, 383
bone disorder lab values, 456
Albuterol, 242 glucagon production by, 325 Cushing syndrome, 333
hyperparathyroidism and, 342
asthma, 672 α-dystroglycan cystic fibrosis, 60
Paget disease of bone, 455
Alcohol dehydrogenase, 70, 72 muscular dystrophy, 61 ectopic pregnancy and, 627
in thyroid storm, 339
Alcohol exposure α-fetoprotein imperforate hymen, 630
as tumor marker, 227
in utero, 303 anencephaly, 677 Kallmann syndrome, 625
Alcoholic cirrhosis, 71, 385 Alkalosis, 578, 580 ataxia-telangiectasia, 116, 117 menopause, 622
cholelithiasis and, 390 bulimia nervosa, 555 in hepatocellular carcinoma, 386 Müllerian agenesis, 608
Alcoholic hallucinosis, 558 hypokalemia with, 578 neural tube defects, 479 PCOS, 631
Alcoholic hepatitis, 385 metabolic, 334 spina bifida, 677 pituitary adenoma and, 514
Alcoholic liver disease, 385 Alkaptonuria, 83, 84 as tumor marker, 227 pituitary prolactinomas, 325
Alcoholism, 559 ALK gene, 225, 669 yolk sac tumors, 638 Turner syndrome, 624
anemia, 412 lung cancer, 669 α-galactosidase A Amide local anesthetics, 537
in anemia taxonomy, 409 Alkylating agents, 433 Fabry disease, 88 Amifostine, 433
cardiomyopathy, 311 as carcinogens, 226 α-glucosidase inhibitors, 349 Amikacin, 187, 191
cataracts and, 523 in cell cycle, 430 α-hemolytic bacteria, 135 Amiloride, 595
cirrhosis and, 383 targets of, 430 α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase for diabetes insipidus, 344
common organisms affecting, 179 teratogenicity of, 600 metabolic pathways, 74 nephron physiology, 573
esophageal cancer, 372 Allantois, 604 TCA cycle, 77 Amine precursor uptake
ethanol metabolism and, 71, 72 Allelic heterogeneity, 57 vitamin B1 and, 66 decarboxylase (APUD), 335
folate deficiency, 412 Allergic bronchopulmonary α-ketoglutarate Amines
gastritis in, 373 aspergillosis, 153 hyperammonemia and, 82 MAO inhibitors, 560, 563
hepatitis, 361 Allergic contact dermatitis, 468 α-methyldopa, 240, 244 Amine whiff test, 148
hypertension and, 303 Allergic reaction gestational hypertension, 629 Amino acids
ketone bodies in, 90 basopil mediation of, 400 α-oxidation, 47 blood-brain barrier and, 484
Klebsiella in, 145 blood transfusion, 114 Alpha rhythm (EEG), 485 branched, 84
Korsakoff syndrome, 546 loop diuretics (sulfa), 594 α-synuclein, 508 classification of, 81
liver serum markers in, 384 mast cells in, 400 α-thalassemia, 410 derivatives of, 83
lung abscesses and, 670 Allergic rhinitis, 468 α toxin, 133, 138 genetic code for, 37
magnesium levels in, 330 Allergies, 112 α (type I) error, 262 in histones, 34
Mallory-Weiss syndrome in, 371 All-trans retinoic acid Alport syndrome, 585 metabolism, 90
osteonecrosis in, 455 for acute promyelocytic leukemia, cataracts and, 523 purine synthesis, 35
osteoporosis and, 454 66, 424, 685 collagen deficiency in, 50 tRNA, 44
pancreatitis, 249, 391 Allopurinol inheritance of, 59 urea cycle, 81, 82
porphyria, 417 for gout, 459, 476, 685 presentation, 678 Aminoaciduria
sideroblastic anemia, 411 kidney stones, 586 ALT (alanine transaminase) normal pregnancy, 572
subdural hematomas, 501 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 hepatitis viruses, 172 Aminoacyl-tRNA, 45
treatment, 685 rash with, 250 toxic shock syndrome, 135 Aminocaproic acid
vitamin B1 deficiency, 66 tumor lysis syndrome, 426 Alteplase (tPA), 404, 429 for thrombolytic toxicity, 429
734 INDEX

Aminoglycosides, 191 Amyloid angiopathy Androgen receptor defect, 625 intravenous, 537
acute tubular necrosis, 591 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 501 Androgens, 622 local, 537
magnesium levels and, 330 Amyloidosis, 212 adrenal cortex secretion, 322 Aneuploidy, 624
mechanism (diagram), 187 cardiomyopathy with, 311 adrenal steroids and, 328 Aneurysms, 504
pregnancy use, 204 carpal tunnel syndrome, 451 PCOS and, 631 atherosclerosis, 305
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143, 683 chronic inflammation and, 217 Androstenedione, 328, 622 coarctation of aorta, 302
teratogenicity, 600 classification, 212 pharmacologic control, 640 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and, 51
toxicity of, 251 kidney deposition in, 584 Anemia superior vena cava syndrome, 670
Aminopenicillins multiple myeloma, 423 amphotericin B, 199 ventricular, 308, 310
mechanism and use, 188 with rheumatoid arthritis, 458 Ancylostoma, 161 Angelman syndrome
Amiodarone Amyloid precursor protein (APP), azathioprine, 120 chromosome association, 64
hypothyroidism, 248 508 babesiosis, 157 imprinting, 58
hypothyroidism with, 338 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) bacterial endocarditis, 313 Angina
photosensitivity, 250 medications for, 536 blood oxygen content, 653 aortic stenosis, 293
pulmonary fibrosis, 251 spinal cord lesions, 513, 518 blood viscosity in, 284 atherosclerosis, 305
restrictive lung disease, 661 Anabolic steroids cephalosporins, 189 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 429
Amitriptyline, 563 hepatic adenomas and, 386 chloramphenicol, 192 cocaine causing, 558
migraine headaches, 506 Anaerobic metabolism cirrhosis, 383 drug therapy for, 319
Amlodipine, 319 glycolysis, 74 cold agglutinin disease, 677 glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitors for,
Ammonia pyruvate metabolism, 77 colorectal cancer, 382 429
Ornithine transcarbamylase Anaerobic organisms dapsone, 194 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors
deficiency, 83 aspiration and, 179 Diphyllobothrium latum, 160 for, 429
Ammonium chloride clindamycin, 192 drug reaction, 249 ischemic disease and, 306
overdose treatment, 235 Clostridia (with exotoxins), 138 Escherichia coli, 145 presentation, 675
Ammonium magnesium phosphate culture requirements, 127 ESR in, 214 unstable/NSTEMI treatment, 310
(kideny stones), 586 glycyclines, 192 fibroid tumors, 634 Angina, intestinal, 380
Amnesia Nocardia vs. Actinomyces, 139 G6PD deficiency, 79 Angina pectoris
brain lesions, 499 metronidazole, 195 hookworms, 159 β-blockers for, 245
classification of, 546 overgrowth in vagina, 148 in hypertensive emergency, 303 Angiodysplasia, 380
clinical drug-induced, 533 pneumonia caused by, 179 isoniazid, 197 Angioedema, 596
electroconvulsive therapy, 546 Anal atresia, 600 kwashiorkor, 71 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency,
Amnionitis, 139 Anal cancer malaria, 157 107
Amniotic fluid abnormalities, 627 HIV and, 177 nonhomologous end joining, 40 scombroid poisoning, 246
Amniotic fluid emboli, 658 oncogenic microbes and, 226 NRTIs, 203 Angiofibromas (nasal), 657
acute respiratory distress syndrome Anal fissures, 360 penicillin G, V, 189 Angiogenesis
as cause, 664 Anal wink reflex, 498 pernicious anemia, 366, 373 bevacizumab and, 434
Amniotic fluid tests Anaphase, 46 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 371 in cancer, 222
AChE in, 479 Anaphylaxis, 112 pregnancy and, 619 wound healing and, 217
with neural tube defects, 479 blood transfusion, 114 pure red cell aplasia, 229 Angiokeratomas, 88
Amoxapine, 563 complement and, 106 recombinant cytokines for, 121 Angiomatosis
Amoxicillin epinephrine for, 242 renal failure, 590 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 678
clinical use, 188 IgA-containing products, 116 sideroblastic, 67 Angiosarcomas, 386, 469
Haemophilus influenzae, 142 shock with, 312 sirolimus, 120 carcinogens causing, 226
Helicobacter pylori, 146 Anaplasia (tumor), 221 in sulfa drug allergies, 252 nomenclature for, 221
Lyme disease, 146 Anaplasma spp. thionamides causing, 349 Angiotensin II, 328, 576
mechanism (diagram), 187 anaplasmosis, 150 trimethroprim, 194 ACE inhibitor effects on, 596
prophylaxis, 198 transmission, 146, 149 tropical sprue, 375 kidney effects, 578
Amphetamines, 243 Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, 340 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 nephron physiology, 573
intoxication and withdrawal, 558 Anastrozole, 642 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 signaling pathways for, 332
narcolepsy treatment, 556 reproductive hormones and, 640 Weil disease, 147 Angiotensin II receptor blockers, 596
noradrenergic activity of, 239 Anatomic dead space, 650 Wilson disease, 389 heart failure, 311
norepinephrine and, 239 Anatomic snuff box, 439 Anemia of chronic disease, 413 hypertension, 319
pulmonary arterial hypertension, Anatomy inflammation and, 213 naming convention for, 253
665 endocrinal, 322–323 rheumatoid arthritis, 458 preload/afterload effects, 282
as weak bases, 235 gastrointestinal, 354–363 Anemias, 408–413, 409–414 Angiotensinogen, 576
Amphotericin B, 198 heart, 274, 281 blood transfusion therapy, 421 Angry patients, 266
Candida albicans, 153, 683 hematologic/oncologic, 398–401 cytarabine and, 432 Anhedonia, 549
clinical use, 199 musculoskeletal, 438–446 extrinsic hemolytic, 415 Anhidrosis
Naegleria fowleri, 156 nervous system, 481–498 intrinsic hemolytic, 414 Horner syndrome, 528, 678
opportunistic fungal infections, 153 renal, 568 lab values, 416 Pancoast tumor, 670
systemic mycoses, 151 reproductive, 610–613 macrocytic, 411 Anidulafungin, 198, 200
toxicity, 581 respiratory, 648–649 macro-ovalocytes in, 406 Aniline dyes, 588
Ampicillin Ancylostoma duodenale, 159 microcytic, hypochromic, 410, 411 transitional cell carcinoma and,
Clostridium difficile, 138 Ancylostoma spp. multiple myeloma, 423 588
endometritis, 634 diseases associated with, 161 nonhemolytic, normocytic, 413 Anion gap
Listeria monocytogenes, 139 infection routes, 158 normocytic, normochromic, 413 renal tubular acidosis, 581
mechanism and use, 188 microcytic anemia, 161 ringed sideroblasts in, 407 Anisocytosis, 399
mechanism (diagram), 187 transmission and treatment, 159 spherocytes in, 407 Anitschkow cells, 314
meningitis, 180 Androblastomas, 639 taxonomy, 409 Ankle sprains, 446
prophylaxis, 198 Androgen-binding protein Anencephaly, 479 Ankylosing spondylitis, 461
Ampulla of Vater, 362 Sertoli cell secretion, 614 labs/findings, 677 HLA-B27 and, 100
Amygdala Androgenetic alopecia, 644 polyhydramnios and, 627 labs/findings, 681
lesions of, 499 Androgenic steroid abuse, 622 Anergy, 110 therapeutic antibodies for, 122
limbic system, 487 Androgen insensitivity syndrome, 625 Anesthetics TNF-α inhibitors for, 476
Amylase in pancreatitis, 391 Androgen-receptor complex general principles, 536 Annular pancreas, 354
Amylin analog, 348 pharmacologic control, 640 inhaled, 537 Anopheles mosquito, 157
INDEX 735
Anopia Antiapoptotic molecule pituitary gland and, 323 Antimicrobial drugs, 187–204
visual field defects, 530 oncogene product, 225 SIADH and, 344 naming conventions for, 252
Anorectal varices Antiarrhythmic drug, 317–319 signaling pathways of, 332 pregnancy contraindications, 204
cirrhosis as cause, 383 adenosine, 319 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prophylaxis, 198
portal circulation, 359 Class I, 247, 292, 317–319 antagonists, 350 Antimicrosomal autoantibody, 115
Anorexia Class II, 318 Anti-DNA topoisomerase I Antimitochrondrial antibodies, 115,
amphetamines and, 557, 558 Class III, 247, 292, 318 autoantibody, 115 680
hypothalamus and, 486 Ivabradine, 319 Anti-dsDNA antibody, 115 Antimuscarinic drugs
liver cancer/tumors, 386 torsades de pointes, 248 Antiemetic drugs, 394 Parkinson disease, 535
pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 391 Antiarryhthmic drug aprepitant, 394 toxicity treatment for, 247
Anorexia nervosa Mg2, 319 long QT interval with, 296 Antimuscarinic reaction, 251
anovulation with, 631 Antibiotics marijuana as, 559 Antimycin A
treatment, 685 acne treatment, 468 metoclopramide, 394 electron transport chain, 78
Anorexia (symptom) Candida albicans and, 153 torsades de pointes, 248 Antimycobacterial drugs, 196
renal failure, 590 Clostridium difficile with, 675 Anti-endomysial antibodies, 680 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic
Anosmia Jarsich-Herxheimer reaction, 148 Antiepileptic drugs antibodies, 680
zinc deficiency, 71 long QT interval, 296 Cytochrome P-450 interactions, Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis,
ANOVA tests, 263 selective growth media, 126 252 229
Anovulation. See also Amenorrhea torsades de pointes, 248 rash from, 250 Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), 115,
common causes, 631 Antibodies teratogenicity, 600 681
endometrial hyperplasia, 633, in adaptive immunity, 99 Antifungal drugs, 48 Sjögren syndrome, 460
634 antibody diversity generation, 104 mechanism and use, 198–200 Antioxidants
Antacids, 392, 393 antibody specificity generation, 104 seborrheic dermatitis, 467 free radical elimination by, 210
metabolic alkalosis with, 580 exo- and endotoxins, 131, 133 tinea versicolor, 152 Antiparasitic drugs
Antagonists hepatitis viruses, 174 Antigenic shift/drift, 169 naming convention for, 252
ADH, 253 structure and function, 104 Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) Antiparietal cell autoantibody, 115
endothelin receptor, 253 therapeutic, 122 B cells as, 401 Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor
H2, 253 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated CD28, 110 autoantibody, 115
muscarinic, 231 cytotoxicity, 101 dendritic cells, 400 Antiphospholipid syndrome, 462
nonselective, 246 Anticancer drugs, 48 macrophages as, 399 autoantibody in, 115
Anterior cerebral artery, 490 Anticardiolipin MHC I and II and, 100 Antiplatelet antibodies, 680
cavernous sinus, 530 antiphospholipid syndrome, 462 naive T-cell activation, 103 abciximab as, 122
cingulate herniation, 517 Anticardiolipin antibody, 115 in spleen, 98 Antiplatelet drugs
circle of Willis, 491 anti-CCP antibody, 115 Antigens for acute coronary syndromes, 310
stroke, 502 Anti-centromere antibodies, 677 active immunity, 110 Anti-presynaptic voltage-gated
Anterior chamber (eye), 522 scleroderma, 464 antibody structure and function, calcium channel
Anterior circulation strokes, 502 Anticentromere autoantibody, 115 104 autoantibodies, 115
Anterior communicating artery Anticholinergic drugs chronic mucocutaneous Antiprogestin drugs, 642
circle of Willis, 491 delirium with, 546 candidiasis, 116 Antiprotozoan drugs, 200
saccular aneurysm, 501, 504 toxicity treatment for, 247 diversity of, 112 Antipseudomonal drugs, 187
Anterior corticospinal tract, 496 Anticholinesterase drugs, 240 for self, 101 cephalosporins, 189
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Anticipation (genetics), 56 HLA I and II, 100 fluoroquinolones, 195
injury Anticoagulant drugs, 404 lymphocyte recognition of, 98 penicillins, 188
anterior drawer sign in, 443 acute coronary syndromes, 310 type and memory, 105 Antipsychotic drugs, 561
presentation, 677 antiphospholipid syndrome, 462 Anti-gliadin antibodies, 680 antimuscarinic reaction, 251
“unhappy triad”, 452 atrial fibrillation, 297 Anti-glomerular basement membrane dopaminergic pathways, 487
Anterior drawer sign, 443, 677 osteoporosis and, 454 antibodies, 115, 682 galactorrhea with, 325
Anterior hypothalamus, 486 warfarin as, 428 Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase long QT interval with, 296
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, Anticoagulation autoantibody, 115 Parkinson-like syndrome, 250
491, 502 coagulation cascade and, 405 Antigout drugs, 48 PCP overdose, 559
Anterior inferior tibiofibular Anticonvulsant drugs Anti-growth signal insensitivity, 222 prolactin and, 326
ligament, 446 for fibromyalgia, 463 Anti-HBc, 174 tardive dyskinesia, 250
Anterior perforated substance, 492 osteoporosis and, 454 Anti-HBe, 174 torsades de pointes, 248
Anterior pituitary gland, 323 Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide Anti-HBs, 174 Tourette syndrome, 545, 560
Anterior spinal artery antibody, 458 anti- helicase autoantibody, 115 Antiretroviral therapy (ART), 203
complete occlusion, 518 Antidepressant discontinuation Antihelminthic drugs, 48, 200 Antiribonucleoprotein antibodies
stroke, 502 syndrome, 564 naming convention, 252 Sjögren syndrome, 460
Anterior spinothalamic tract, 496 Antidepressant drugs, 562–563 Anti-hemidesmosome autoantibody, Anti-Ro/SSA autoantibody, 115
Anterior superior for bulimia nervosa, 555 115 Anti-Scl-70 autoantibody, 115
pancreaticoduodenal artery, for fibromyalgia, 463 Antihistamines, 671 Anti-Smith autoantibody, 115
358 long QT interval with, 296 for scombroid poisoning, 246 Anti-smooth muscle autoantibody, 115
Anterior talofigular ligament, 446 torsades de pointes, 248 Anti-histone antibody, 115, 681 Antisocial personality disorder, 553
Anterior white commissure, 496 Anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome) Antihypertensive drugs early-onset disorder, 545
Anterograde amnesia, 546 autoantibody, 115, 677 hypertension in pregnancy, 629 Anti-SRP autoantibody, 115
benzodiazepines, 537 Anti-diabetic drugs sexual dysfunction, 555 Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titers, 314
brain lesions, 499 naming conventions for, 253 Anti-IgE monoclonal therapy, 672 Antisynthetase autoantibody, 115
Anthracosis, 663 Anti-digoxin Fab fragments, 247 Anti-IgG antibodies, 681 Antithrombin
restrictive disease, 661 Antidiuretic hormone Anti-inflammatory drugs, 474 coagulation cascade and, 405
Anthracyclines antagonist naming conventions, Anti-intrinsic factor autoantibody, 115 Antithrombin deficiency, 420
cardiomyopathy from, 248 253 Anti-La/SSB autoantibody, 115 Antithyroglobulin autoantibody, 115
Anthrax, 128, 132, 137 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 325, Antileukotrienes Antithyroid peroxidase autoantibody,
Anthrax toxin 576 for asthma, 672 115
Bacillus anthracis and, 137 in diabetes insipidus, 344 Antimalarial drugs Anti-topoisomerase antibodies, 681
Anti-ACh receptor antibody, 115 hypothalamus synthesis, 486 G6PD deficiency, 414 Antitoxins
Antiandrogen drugs, 643 kidney effects, 578 Antimetabolites, 432 as passive immunity, 110
Antianginal therapy, 310, 319 nephron physiology, 573 in cell cycle, 430 Anti-transglutaminase antibodies, 680
736 INDEX

Anti-TSH receptor autoantibody, systolic murmur in, 292 Arginine celecoxib for, 475
115 Williams syndrome, 303 classification, 81 chlamydiae, 148, 184
Antitumor antibiotics, 431 Aortic valve cystinuria, 85 Crohn disease, 376
Anti-U1 RNP antibodies, 115, 462 cardiac cycle, 290 derivatives of, 83 gonococcal, 460
Antiviral therapy, 201 embryological development, 278 kidney stones and, 586 gonorrhea, 142, 180, 184
hepatitis C, 204 sclerosis, 292 Argininosuccinate, 82 immunosuppressants, 120
interferons, 203 Aortitis Argyll Robertson pupils inflammatory bowel disease, 100
Anti-β2 glycoprotein antibodies, 115 syphilis, 147, 184 presentation, 675 LMN facial nerve palsy, 677
antiphospholipid syndrome, 462 APC gene, 225 syphilis, 147, 184 lupus, 462
Anuria adenomatous colonic polyps and, tabes dorsalis, 518 Lyme disease, 146
acute kidney injury, 590 381 Aripiprazole, 561 Paget disease of bone, 677
Anxiety colorectal cancer and, 383 Arm abduction, 438 psoriatic, 461
benzodiazepine withdrawal, 555, familial adenomatous polyposis Armadillos (disease vectors), 149 reactive arthritis, 461
558 and, 381 Aromatase, 622 septic, 460
drug therapy, 533 Ape hand, 442 Aromatase inhibitors, 642 Sjögren syndrome, 677
hypercalcemia and, 579 Apgar score, 620 breast cancer, 686 Staphylococcus aureus, 135
LSD, 559 Aphasia Aromatic amines Takayasu arteritis, 316
MAO inhibitors for, 563 MCA stroke, 502 as carcinogens, 226 therapeutic antibodies, 122
MDMA withdrawal, 559 types of, 504 Arrhythmia ulcerative colitis, 376
neurotransmitters, 483 Aphthous stomatitis amphotericin B, 199 Whipple disease, 676
nicotine withdrawal, 558 Crohn disease, 376 associations of, 687 Arthropathy
from pseudoephedrine, 671 Apixaban diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 hemochromatosis, 389
Anxiety disorder as anticoagulant, 404 diphtheria, 139 iron poisoning, 418
atypical antipsychotics for, 561 factor Xa inhibitors, 429 hypokalemia and, 579 with sarcoidosis, 662
diagnostic criteria/treatment, 550 Aplasia, 599 local anesthetics and, 537 Arthus reaction, 113
generalized, 551 Aplasia cutis macrolides, 193 Arylsulfatase A
generalized (GAD), 550, 551 methimazole, 349, 600 McArdle disease, 87 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88
Aorta fetal methimazole, 600 MI, 308, 309 Asbestos
aneurysm of, 305 Aplastic anemia, 413 muscular dystrophy, 61 carcinogenicity, 226
coarctation of, 302, 303 in anemia taxonomy, 409 shock caused by, 312 lung cancer and, 669
congenital heart disease, 301 chloramphenicol, 192 sleep apnea and, 665 Asbestosis
diaphragm, 649 drug reaction, 249 stimulants and, 558 characteristics, 663
ECG and, 296 Fanconi anemia, 677 thyroid hormones and, 349 restrictive disease, 661
embryonic development, 278–279 neutropenia with, 416 treatment, 684 Ascaris spp., 158
fetal circulation, 280 thionamides, 349 Arrhythmias Ascaris lumbricoides, 159
gastrointestinal blood supply, 357 Aplastic crisis drug reactions and, 248 Ascending aorta
horseshoe kidney and, 567 hereditary spherocytosis, 414 psychoactive drug intoxication/ embryological development of, 278
retroperitoneal, 354 sickle cell anemia, 414 withdrawal, 558 Ascending cholangitis, 390
in syphilitic heart disease, 315 Apolipoproteins, 93 TCA toxicity, 557 Ascending colon, 354
traumatic rupture of, 306 function, 93 Arsenic Aschoff bodies, 314
“tree bark” appearance, 315 Apoptosis, 208 angiosarcomas, 386, 469 Ascites
Aortic aneurysm, 305 B- and T-cell induction of, 401 angiosarcomas c, 386 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 386, 676
associations, 687 corticosteroids, 416 as carcinogen, 226 cirrhosis, 383
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 51 evasion of, 222 glycolysis and, 74 hepatocellular carcinoma, 386
hypertension, 304 Appendages (appendages), 124 inhalational injury, 662 Meigs syndrome, 632
Marfan syndrome, 52, 303 Appendicitis, 377 toxicity symptoms, 76 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,
syphilitic heart disease, 315 mittelschmerz vs., 617 toxicity treatment for, 247 383, 384
Aortic arch derivatives, 605 Appetite regulation, 327 Artemether, 200 Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C
Aortic arch receptors, 299 “Apple core” lesion (X-ray), 382, 680 Arterial oxygen saturation, 653 (ascorbic acid)
Aortic coarctation Aprepitant, 394 Arterial PCO2, 650, 654 Asenapine, 561
labs/findings, 680 APUD tumor, 335 Arteries, anatomy of, 281 Aseptic meningitis
Aortic dissection, 306 Aquaporin Arteriolosclerosis, 345 mumps, 170
associations with, 687 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Arteriosclerosis, 304 picornaviruses, 167
hypertension, 304 system, 576 pulmonary hypertension, 665 Asherman syndrome, 634, 642
Marfan syndrome, 674 Aqueous humor pathway, 523 Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) Ashkenazi Jews
Marfan syndrome as cause, 303 Arabinofuranosyl cytidine, 432 hereditary hemorrhagic disease incidence, 88
Aortic insufficiency Arabinoglycan synthesis, 196 telangectasia, 319 ASO titer, 136
syphilitic heart disease, 315 Arabinosyltransferase, 197 hereditary hemorrhagic Aspartame, 84
Aorticopulmonary septum, 279 Arachidonic acid pathway, 474 telangiectasia, 319 Aspartate
embryologic derivatives, 599 Arachnodactyly, 52 Arteriovenous shunts, 455 urea cycle, 82
Aortic regurgitation Marfan syndrome, 674 Arteritis Aspartate aminotransferase (AST),
diastolic murmur in, 292 Arachnoid granulations, 491, 492, headaches, 506 384
heart murmurs with, 294 510 Artesunate hepatitis, 172
Marfan syndrome, 303 Arachnoid mater malaria, 157, 200 toxic shock syndrome, 135
physiologic changes with, 291 meninges, 484 Arthralgias Aspartic acid, 81
presentation, 675 meningioma, 514 alkaptonuria, 84 Aspart insulin. See also Insulin
Aortic root dilation ventricular system, 492 coccidioidomycosis, 151 Aspergillosis
heart murmur with, 294 Arcuate artery, 568 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 318 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153
Aortic stenosis Arcuate fasciculus hepatitis viruses, 172 bronchiectasis, 660, 661
ejection click and, 687 aphasia and, 504 rubella, 169, 182 echinocandins, 200
heart murmurs, 293 diagram, 489 serum sickness, 113 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153
macroangiopathic anemia, 415 Area postrema, 484, 486 vitamin A toxicity, 66 HIV-positive adults, 177
paradoxical splitting in, 292 blood brain barrier and, 484 Arthritis, 458 Aspergillus spp.
physiology changes with, 291 vomiting and, 484, 486 azathioprine for, 432 as catalase-positive organism, 128
presentation, 675 Arenaviruses Campylobacter jejuni, 145 chronic granulomatous disease,
S4 heart sound and, 687 characteristics of, 167, 168 carpal tunnel syndrome and, 451 109
INDEX 737
Aspiration Ataxia-telangiectasia, 40, 117 Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), Autoimmune lymphoproliferative
ARDS and, 664 Atazanavir, 201, 203 63 syndrome, 208
in utero “breathing”, 646 Atelectasis Atrioventricular valves Autoimmune regulator (AIRE), 101
lung abscess, 670 etiology of, 666 embryological development of, 278 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, 121
reflux-related, 353, 371 intrapleural pressures, 651 Atrophic gastritis Autonomic drugs, 237–246
V/Q mismatch, 655 Atenolol, 245 associations with, 688 naming conventions for, 253
Zenker diverticulum, 378 Atherosclerosis, 305 gastrin in, 365 Autonomic insufficiency, 242
Aspiration pneumonia abdominal aortic aneurysms and, Atrophy, 206 Autonomic nervous system
alcoholics, 179 306 cerebral, 501 male sexual response, 613
clindamycin, 192 aortic aneurysms, 687 motor neuron signs, 517, 519 receptors in, 237
Klebsiella, 145 diabetes mellitus and, 345 neurodegenerative disorders, 508 delirium tremens, 557
nosocomial infections, 185 familial dyslipidemias, 94 optic disc/nerve, 524 limbic system in, 487
Aspirin, 475 homocystinuria as cause, 84 ventriculomegaly, 510 in serotonin syndrome, 557
acute coronary syndromes, 310 sites of, 687 Atropine, 241 Autonomy (ethics), 264
arachidonic acid pathway and, 474 stable angina with, 306 antimuscarinic reaction, 251 Autoregulation of blood flow, 300
cyclooxygenase, 403 transplant rejection, 119 for β-blocker overdose, 247 Autosomal dominant disease
hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 Athetosis, 499, 507 Attack rate, 258 ADPKD, 504, 592
for ischemic stroke, 500 Atomoxetine, 545, 685 Attention deficit disorder (ADD) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 512
Kawasaki disease, 316, 684 Atonic seizures, 505 amphetamines for, 243 Huntington disease, 508
polycythemia vera, 425 Atopic dermatitis (eczema), 468 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Liddle syndrome, 574
uncoupling agent, 78 Atopic reactions, 112 (ADHD), 545 malignant hyperthermia
as weak acid, 235 Atorvastatin, 315 drug therapy for, 560 susceptibility, 537
zero-order elimination of, 234 Atovaquone smoking and, 600 neurofibromatosis, 513
Asplenia babesiosis, 157 sympatholytic drugs for, 244 tuberous sclerosis, 513
Howell-Jolly bodies, 408 malaria, 157 Tourette syndrome, 545 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 508, 513
target cells, 407 P. falciparum, 200 treatment, 685 Autosomal dominant diseases, 60
Asterixis, 507 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 Attributable risk (AR), 258, 691 Autosomal dominant disorder
cirrhosis, 383 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Attrition bias, 260 hereditary hemorrhagic
hepatic encephalopathy, 385 ATPase, 389 ATTR mutation, 212 telangiectas, 319
renal failure, 590 Atresia Atypical antidepressants, 564 Autosomal dominant disorders
Asteroid bodies, 662 anal, 600 Atypical antipsychotic drugs, 561 Brugada syndrome, 299
Asthma, 660 duodenal, 353 bipolar disorder, 685 hyper-IgE syndrome, 116
albuterol for, 242 esophageal, 353 postpartum psychosis, 550 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 311
β-blockers and, 246 intestinal, 353 porphyrias, 417
Atypical depression, 563
breast milk and, 622 jejunal/ileal, 353 Romano-Ward syndrome, 297
Atypical lymphocytes, 679
cromolyn sodium for, 400 Atria Autosomal dominant hyper-IgE
Atypical pneumonias
drug therapy, 672 cardiac tumors, 318 syndrome
chlamydiae, 148
eczema and, 468 embryological development, 278 presentation, 116, 675
macrolides, 193
epinephrine for, 242 P wave on ECG, 296 Autosomal dominant inheritance, 59
typical organisms, 668
gastroesophageal reflux disease, 371 Atrial amyloidosis, isolated, 212 diseases, 60
Auditory cortex
hypertension treatment with, 319 Atrial fibrillation Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
diagram, 489
immunosuppressants, 120 in amyloidosis, 212 disease (ADPKD), 592
thalamic relay, 486
muscarinic antagonists for, 241 ECG tracing of, 297 chromosome association, 64
omalizumab for, 122 embolic risk with, 687 Auditory hallucinations, 547 Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial
pulsus paradoxus in, 315 embolic stroke, 500 Auditory physiology, 521 kidney disease, 592
salmeterol for, 242 hypertension as cause, 304 Auerbach plexus, 370, 378 Autosomal recessive disease
type I hypersensitivity, 112 jugular venous pulse in, 290 Auer rods, 681 adenosine deaminase deficiency,
Astigmatism, 523 sleep apnea, 665 in AML, 424 117
Astrocytes, 481 Atrial flutter Auramine-rhodamine stain, 125 ARPKD, 592
foot processes, 484 ECG tracing of, 297 Auscultation Bartter syndrome, 574
origin of, 478 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 298, breath sounds, 666 5α-reductase deficiency, 625
Astrocytomas, 690 576 heart, 292 Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 117
Ataxia in amyloidosis, 212 Auspitz sign, 468 cystic fibrosis, 60
abetalipoproteinemia, 94 blood volume and, 298 Autism spectrum disorder, 545, 624 Friedreich ataxia, 519
Angelman syndrome, 58 kidney effects, 578 double Y males and, 624 Gitelman syndrome, 574
ataxia-telangiectasia, 40 in SIADH, 344 fragile X syndrome, 62 hemochromatosis, 389
cerebellar hemisphere lesions, 499 signaling pathways for, 332 Autoantibodies, 115 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 388
Friedreich, 60, 62, 64, 519 Atrial septa Autoclaves IL-12 receptor deficiency, 116
hypnotics, 533 embryological development of, 278 disinfection/sterilization, 204 Kartagener syndrome, 49
lithium toxicity, 557 Atrial septal defect (ASD), 302 Autodigestion, 391 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 117
metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 congenital rubella, 303 Autoimmune anemia, 409 pyruvate kinase defect, 414
normal pressure hydrocephalus, 510 diastolic murmur in, 292 Autoimmune diseases SAME, 574
opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, Down syndrome, 303 acute pericarditis, 314 severe combined
229 fetal alcohol syndrome, 303 collagen and, 50 immunodeficiency, 117
prion disease, 178 Atrioventricular (AV) node Dressler syndrome, 310 spinal muscular atrophy, 518
psychoactive drug intoxication, 558 blood supply to, 281, 296 myocarditis, 315 Wilson disease, 389
streptomycin, 197 conduction pathway, 296 preeclampsia and, 629 Autosomal recessive inheritance, 59
syphillis, 147 pacemaker action potentials, 295 self-antigen in, 101 diseases, 60
tabes dorsalis, 518 Atrioventricular block seminiferous tubules, 639 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney
trinucleotide repeat expansion β-blockers as cause, 246 Autoimmune gastritis, 373 disease (ARPKD), 566, 592
disease, 62 ECG tracings, 297 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, 112, Potter sequence caused by, 566
truncal, 499 Lyme disease, 146 415 Autosomal trisomies, 63
vitamin B12 deficiency, 518 Atrioventricular canals, 279 cephalosporins, 189 Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 63
vitamin E deficiency, 70 Atrioventricular node Autoimmune hepatitis type 1 Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), 63
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 66, conduction pathway, 296 autoantibody, 115 karyotyping for, 55
499, 559 ECG and, 296 Autoimmune hypothyroidism, 173 Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), 63
738 INDEX

Autosplenectomy Bacteremia Bartter syndrome, 574 Bell palsy


associations with, 689 brain abscesses, 180 markers in, 579 sarcoidosis and, 662
sickle cell anemia, 414 cutaneous anthrax, 137 Basal cell carcinomas, 473 Bell-shaped distribution, 261
Avascular necrosis, 455 daptomycin, 195 5-fluorouracil for, 432 Bence Jones protein, 423
femoral head, 453 Staphylococcus gallolyticus, Basal electric rhythm (GI), 356 Bendazoles, 159
scaphoid bone, 439 137 Basal ganglia, 488 the bends, 455
sickle cell anemia, 414 Streptococcus bovis, 137 in holoprosencephaly, 479 Beneficence (ethics), 264
Aversive stimulus (positive tuberculosis, 140 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 501 Benign breast disease, 635
punishment), 542 Bacteria lesions in, 499 Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
AV node, 295 biofilm-producing, 128 microaneurysms, 504 (BPPV), 522
Avoidant personality disorder, 553 culture requirements, 126 movement disorders, 507 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH),
Axillary nerve, 440 encapsulated, 127 thalamic connections, 486 639, 690
arm abduction, 438 genetics, 130, 131 Basal lamina, 50 α1-blockers for, 244
injury presentation, 440 hemolytic, 135 Basal nucleus of Meynert, 483 hydronephrosis and, 587
neurovascular pairing, 447 highly resistant, 198 Basal plate, 478 incontinence with, 588
Axonal injury, 483 infections in immunodeficiency, Base excision repair, 40 postrenal azotemia, 590
diffuse, 535, 538 118 Basement membrane tamsulosin for, 644
Axonal trafficking, 48 normal flora, 178 barrel hoop, 98 treatment, 685
Axonemal dynein, 49 pigment-producing, 128 blood-brain barrier, 484 Benign tumors, 221
Azathioprine secretion systems, 129 collagen in, 50 Benign tumors (breast), 635
antimetabolites, 432 spore-forming, 128 filtration, 571 Benzathine pencillin G, 198
in cell cycle, 430 stains for, 125 glomerular filtration barrier, 569 Benzene
for Crohn disease, 376 structures of, 124 in glomerulus, 568 aplastic anemia, 249, 413
immunosuppressant, 120 virulence factors, 127, 129, 135, Basic amino acids, 81 myelodysplastic syndromes, 423
pancreatitis caused by, 249 143, 144, 145 Basilar artery Benzidine as carcinogen, 226
targets of, 121 zoonotic, 149 circle of Willis, 491 Benznidazole, 158
Azithromycin Bacterial capsules, 124 herniation syndromes, 517 Benzocaine, 537
babesiosis, 157 Bacterial endocarditis, 313 stroke efects, 503 Benzodiazepines
chlamydiae, 148 daptomycin, 195 Basilar membrane (cochlea), 521 addictive risk, 533
prophylaxis in HIV, 198 presentation, 676 Basiliximab alcohol withdrawal, 560, 685
in cystic fibrosis, 60 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 immunosuppressant, 120 Beers criteria, 247
macrolides, 193 Bacterial infections targets of, 121 clinical use and adverse effects, 533
mechanism (diagram), 187 with immunodeficiency, 118 Basophilia, 400 cocaine overdose, 558
Mycobacterium avium- Bacterial meningitis, 686 Basophilic stippling, 408, 680 epilepsy treatment, 532
intracellulare, 140, 196 Bacterial peritonitis (spontaneeous), lead poisoning, 411 intoxication and withdrawal, 557,
Azoles, 199 383, 384 sideroblastic anemia, 411 558
mechanism (diagram), 198 Bacterial toxins Basophils, 400 naming convention for, 253
opportunistic fungal infections, 153 neutralization of, 105 CML, 424 panic disorder, 551
vaginal infections, 181 Bacterial vaginosis IgE antibody, 105 PCP overdose, 559
Azotemia characteristics of, 158, 181 BAX protein, 208 phobias, 551
acute interstitial nephritis, 591 Gardnerella vaginalis, 148 B-cell lymphomas, 689 sleep effects, 485
differential diagnosis of, 590 Bacteroides, 670 HIV-positive adults, 177 toxicity treatment for, 247
nephritic syndrome and, 585 Bacteroides fragilis, 178 B cells, 401 Benzoyl peroxide for acne, 468
Aztreonam, 187, 190 Bacteroides spp. activation, 103, 105 Benztropine, 535
alcoholism, 179 adaptive immunity, 99 for acute dystonia, 241
B anaerobic organism, 127 anergy, 110 Beriberi
Babesia spp., 146, 157 clindamycin, 192 cell surface proteins, 110 cardiomyopathy, 311
anemia, 415 metronidazole, 195 class switching, 103 vitamin B1 deficiency, 66
Babesiosis, 157 nosocomial infections, 185 disorders of, 116, 117 Berkson bias, 260
Babinski reflex, 621 “Bag of worms”, 637 function of, 101, 401 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 403, 419,
motor neuron signs, 517 Baker cyst, 452 glucocorticoid effects, 120 689
primitive reflexs, 498 tibial nerve injury, 445 immunodeficiency infections, 118 Berry aneurysms. See Saccular
Bachmann bundle, 296 BAK protein, 208 in lymph node, 96 aneurysms
Bacillary angiomatosis, 469 Balancing (quality measurement), neoplasms, 422 Berylliosis, 218, 663
animal transmission, 149 271 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 421 β1-blockade, 282
HIV-positive adults, 177 Ball valve obstruction (heart), 318 sirolimus effect, 120 β2-agonists
Bacilli “Bamboo spine” (X-ray), 461, 681 spleen, 98 asthma, 672
Gram stain identification of, 134 Band cells (left shift), 398 BCG vaccination, 140 insulin and, 324
Bacillus anthracis, 137 Barbiturates BCG vaccine naming convention for, 253
capsule composition, 124 intoxication and withdrawal, 558 IL-12 receptor deficiency and, 116 tocolytic action of, 643
exotoxin production, 132 intravenous anesthetics, 537 BCL-2 gene, 225 β2-microglobulin
spore formation, 128 mechanism and use, 533 Bcl-2 protein, 208 MHC I and II and, 100
Bacillus cereus, 138 naming convention for, 253 BCR-ABL gene, 225 β2-microglobulin, 212
food poisoning, 178, 686 sleep alterations, 485 Bead-like costochondral junctions, β-amyloid protein, 212
spore formation, 128 Barlow maneuver, 453 455 β-blockers, 245
Bacillus spp. Baroreceptors, 299 Becker muscular dystrophy, 61 acute coronary syndromes, 310
Gram-positive algorithm, 134 Barr bodies, 34 presentation, 674 aortic dissections, 306
Bacitracin Barrett esophagus, 372 Beck triad (cardiac tamponade), 315, cocaine overdose, 243, 558
Gram-positive antibiotic test, 134 Bartholin cyst/abscess, 630 676 diabetes and, 246
mechanism, 187 Bartonella henselae Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, dilated cardiomyopathy, 311
sensitivity to, 134, 136 bacillary angiomatosis, 469 352, 588 essential tremor, 507
Bacitracin response, 679 granulomatous inflammation, Beers criteria, 246, 247 glaucoma treatment, 538, 539
Back pain 218 Behavior modulation heart failure, 311
G6PD deficiency and, 414 Bartonella quintana, 161 frontal lobe lesions and, 499 hyperkalemia, 578
Baclofen Bartonella spp. limbic system and, 487 hypertension, 319
multiple sclerosis, 511 animal transmission, 149 Behçet syndrome, 317 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 311
INDEX 739
juxtaglomerular apparatus effects, Bile acids Birds (disease vectors), 148, 149 Blood
577 lipid transport, 92 Bismuth, 393 chocolate-colored, 653
migraine headaches, 506 synthesis of, 47 Bisoprolol, 245 coagulation and kinin pathways,
naming convention for, 253 Bile canaliculus, 361 Bisphosphonates, 475 404
for pheochromocytomas, 336 Bile duct, 362 esophagitis with, 249 embryologic derivatives, 599
phobias, 551 Bile ductule, 361 naming convention for, 253 hCG detection in, 619
selectivity, 246 Bile salts, 368 osteogenesis imperfecta treatment, metrorrhagia, 618
for thyroid storm, 339 in cholelithiasis, 390 51 oxygen content, 653
toxicity treatment for, 247 Biliary atresia, 387 for osteoporosis, 454 in placenta, 603
β cells, 323, 324 Biliary cholangitis (primary) “Bite cells”, 406 umbilical cord, 604
diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, 346 autoantibody, 115 Bitemporal hemianopia, 530 viscosity of, 654
insulinomas of, 336 Biliary cirrhosis, 383, 387 craniopharyngioma, 516 Blood-brain barrier
insulin secretion by, 324 cystic fibrosis, 60 hypopituitarism as cause, 343 anesthetics, 536
β-dystroglycan, 61 labs/findings, 680 optic chiasm compression, 504 astrocytes, 481
β-endorphin, 323 Biliary cirrhosis (primary) visual field defects, 530 function and mechanism, 484
β-galactosidase, 144 autoantibody, 115 Bitot spots, 66 at hypothalamus, 486
β-glucan, 200 Biliary colic, 390 Bivalirudin, 427 L-DOPA, 536
β-glucoronidase, 398 Biliary structures, 362 BK virus, 164 Blood flow autoregulation, 300
β-hCG Biliary tract disease, 389 Black box warning, 256 Blood flow exercise response, 656
with choriocarcinoma, 628 Clonorchis sinensis, 161 Black eschar, 137 Blood groups, 397
as tumor marker, 227 gallstones, 362 Blackflies (disease vectors), 159 Blood-nerve permeability barrier,
β-hemolysis, 133 hyperbilrubinemia with, 387 Black liver, 688 483
β-hemolytic bacteria, 135 Biliary tract infections Black lung disease, 663 Blood pH
β-hydroxybutyrate, 90 Enterococci, 137 Bladder, 611 diuretic effects on, 595
β-interferon Bilious vomiting, 378 bethanechol effect on, 240 Blood pressure
multiple sclerosis, 511 Bilirubin, 369 BPH and, 639 angiotensin II effects, 576, 578
β-lactam antibiotics, 187 bile, 368 development of, 604 antidiuretic hormone regulation
β-lactamase inhibitors, 189 cholelithiasis, 390 exstrophy, 610 of, 327
β-lactams, 471 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, outlet obstruction, 567, 588 cortisol effect on, 329
Betamethasone, 474 388 placenta percreta invasion, 626 renal disorders and, 579
β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty liver marker, 384 spasm treatment, 241 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
acids (VLCFA), 47 toxic shock syndrome, 135 transitional cell carcinoma, 588 system, 576
β-pleated sheet, 212 Bimatoprost, 539 urachus, 604 sympathomimetic effect on, 243
Beta rhythm (EEG), 485 Bimodal distribution, 261 urgency in cystitis, 241 Blood-testis barrier, 484, 614
β-thalassemia, 410 Binge-eating/purging eating disorder, Bladder cancer Blood transfusions, 421
allelic heterogeneity, 57 555 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 433 reactions, 114
intron/exon splicing variants, 43 Bioavailability, 233 hematuria with, 582 Blood urea nitrogen. See BUN (blood
β (type II) error, 262 Biochemistry, 34–91 hypercalcemia and, 229 urea nitrogen)
Betaxolol, 245 cellular, 46, 46–52, 46–52 Schistosoma haematobium, 160, Blood vessels
Bethanechol, 240 genetics, 56, 56–65, 56–65, 56–65 161 collagen in, 50
Bevacizumab, 122, 434 laboratory techniques, 52–94 Blast crisis, 424, 689 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 50
Bias and study errors, 260–261 metabolism, 72–94 Blastocyst implantation, 598 hereditary hemorrhagic
Bicarbonate molecular, 34, 34–43 Blastomyces spp. telangiectasia, 319
carbon dioxide transport, 656 nutrition, 65, 65–72, 65–72, 65–72 amphotericin B, 199 Blood volume
drug overdoses, 235 Biochemistry laboratory techniques itraconazole, 199 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),
GI secretion, 366 blotting procedures, 53 Blastomycosis, 151 298
pancreatic insufficiency, 375 Cre-lox system, 56 Bleeding regulation, 576
salicylate toxicity, 247 CRISPR/Cas9, 53 adenomatous polyps, 381 Bloody diarrhea, 179
TCA toxicity, 247 enzyme-linked immunosorbent control of, 355 Campylobacter jejuni, 145, 149
Biceps brachii muscle assay, 54 direct factor Xa inhibitors, 429 Shigella, 144
Erb palsy, 441 flow cytometry, 54 direct thrombin inhibitors, 427 ulcerative colitis, 376
Biceps femoris, 444, 445 fluorescence in situ hybridization, diverticulosis, 377 Bloody stool, 360
Biceps reflex, 498 55 essential thrombocythemia, 425 Blotting procedures, 53
Biceps tendon, 438 gene expression modifications, 56 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, Blowing murmur, 293
Bicornuate uterus, 609 karyotyping, 55 429 Blown pupil, 529
Bicuspid aortic valve microarrays, 54 heparin, 427 CN III damage, 529
aortic dissection and, 306 molecular cloning, 55 inflammatory bowel disease, 376 saccular aneurysms, 504
coarctation of aorta and, 302 polymerase chain reaction, 52 peptic ulcer disease, 374 “Blue babies”, 296
heart murmur with, 294 reverse transcriptase polymerase thrombolytics, 429 Blueberry muffin rash
thoracic aortic aneurysms and, chain reaction, 52 variceal, 365 cytomegalovirus, 182
306 RNA interference, 56 warfarin, 428 rubella, 169, 182
Turner syndrome, 303, 624 Biofilm-producing bacteria, 128 Bleeding time, 418 Toxoplasma gondii, 182
Bifid ureter, 567 Biologic agents Bleomycin, 431 Blue sclerae, 51
Bifurcation external landmarks, 649 naming conventions for, 253 in cell cycle, 430 osteogenesis imperfecta, 674
Biguanide drugs, 348 Biomarkers pulmonary fibrosis, 251 Blumer shelf, 373
Bilaminar disc, 598 AFP, 479 targets of, 430 BMPR2 gene, 665
Bilateral adenopathy, 662 astrocytes, 481 Bleomycin toxicity, 436, 661 Body dysmorphic disorder, 551
Bilateral renal agenesis Biostatistics/epidemiology, 256–262 Blepharospasm, 507 Boerhaave syndrome, 371, 659
oligohydramnios and, 627 Bipolar disorder Blindness. See also Vision loss Bohr effect, 656
Potter sequence, 566 drug therapy for, 560, 561 Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 Bombesin, 335
pulmonary hypoplasia and, 646 lithium for, 562 conversion disorder, 554 Bone cancer, 456
Bile, 368 postpartum psychosis, 550 giant cell arteritis, 315 primary bone tumors, 456
hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, treatment, 685 neonatal, 142 tumor nomenclature, 221
388 Birbeck granules, 681 Onchocerca volvulus, 159 Bone cell biology, 450
secretin effect on, 365 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 426 temporal arteritis, 687 Bone crises, 88
Bile acid resins, 315 “Bird’s beak” sign (X-ray), 370 Toxocara canis, 159 Bone disorder lab values, 456
740 INDEX

Bone disorders Brachial artery, 447 Branching gram-positive rods/sulfur Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing
“brown” tumor, 681 Brachial plexus granules, 679 pneumonia (BOOP, 668
osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 Pancoast tumor, 670 BRCA1/BRCA2 genes, 225 Bronchitis
pain, 677 Brachial plexus lesions, 441 breast cancer and, 636, 636–644 cystic fibrosis, 60
raised periosteum, 681 Brachiocephalic artery, 491 DNA repair protein, 225 Haemophilus influenzae, 142
“soap bubble” (x-ray), 681 Brachiocephalic syndrome, 670 Breast cancer Bronchoconstriction, 672
Bone formation, 450 Brachiocephalic vein, 670 breastfeeding, growth signals in, Bronchodilation, 672
Bone fractures Brachioradialis reflex, 498 222 sympathetic receptors and, 238
fat emboli from, 658 Bradycardia growth signals in, 222 Bronchogenic apical lung tumor, 683
Bone-in-bone (x-ray), 455 atropine for, 241 hypercalcemia and, 229 Bronchogenic carcinoma
Bone lesions β-blockers and, 246 incidence/mortality of, 223 asbestosis and, 663
adult T-cell lymphoma, 422 dopamine for, 242 key associations, 690 carcinogens causing, 226
Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 426 on ECG, 296 oncogenes and, 225 Bronchogenic cysts, 646
lytic, 426 hypermagnesemia, 579 paclitaxel for, 433 Bronchopneumonia, 668
multiple myeloma, 423 reflex, 576 paraneoplastic cerebellar Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 210
Bone marrow sympatholytic drugs and, 244 degeneration and, 229 free radical injury, 210
phagocytosis of, 427 Bradykinesia postmenopausal women, 686 neonatal respiratory distress
procarbazine suppression of, 433 with antipsychotic drugs, 561 tamoxifen for, 435 syndrome, 647
suppression, 433 Bradykinin, 596 trastuzumab for, 435 Bronze diabetes, 389.
transplant in osteopetrosis, 455 ACE inhibitors and, 596 tumor suppressor genes and, See Hemochromatosis
Bone marrow stimulation, 121 breakdown of, 576 225 “Brown” bone tumor, 681
Bone marrow suppression, 199 C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, Breast disorders Brown-Séquard syndrome, 519
Bone marrow transplant 107 benign, 635 Horner syndrome, 519
osteopetrosis, 455 BRAF gene, 225, 381 Breastfeeding, 622 Brown tumors, 456
severe combined melanomas and, 473 ovarian neoplasm risk, 632 Brucella spp.
immunodeficiency, 117 papillary thyroid carcinoma and, Breast milk Gram-negative algorithm, 141
Bone mineral density scan, 454 340 IgA antibodies in, 105 intracellular organism, 127
Bones vemurafenib and, 435 prolactin and, 326 transmission, 149
collagen in, 50 Brain Breast/ovarian cancer Brucellosis, 149
cortisol effect on, 329 blood flow autoregulation, 300 BRCA1 mutation, 64 Brugada syndrome, 297, 307
lytic/blastic metastases, 224 choriocarcinoma and, 638 BRCA2 mutation, 64 Bruising
PTH effect on, 330 embryologic derivatives, 599 incomplete penetrance, 56 scurvy, 69
renal osteodystrophy, 590 embryology of, 478 Breast pathology, 635 Brunner glands
Bone tumors, 456–457 duodenum, 356
glucose usage by, 324 benign disorders, 635
“Boot-shaped” heart (X-ray), 679 ulcers and, 374
infarcts, 209 cancer, 636
Borderline personality disorder, 553 Brushfield spots, 63
ischemia in, 210 fibrocystic change, 635
dissociative identity disorder, 546 Bruton agammaglobulinemia, 61,
macrophages in, 399 gynecomastia, 635
Bordetella pertussis, 143 116
metastasis to, 224 inflammatory process, 635
culture requirements, 126 Bruxism, 485
ring-enhancing lesions, 679 invasive carcinomas, 636
exotoxin production, 132 BTK gene, 116
Brain abscesses Breast tumors (malignant)
Gram-negative algorithm, 141 B-type natriuretic peptide, 298, 299
HIV-positive adults, 180 aromatase inhibitors for, 642
macrolides, 193 Buckle (torus fracture), 454
Toxoplasma gondii, 177 breastfeeding and, 622
vaccines, 143 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 386, 414
Bordet-Gengou agar, 126 Brain cysts, 161 hormonal contraception labs/findings, 680
Borrelia spp., 146 Brain death, 267, 489, 490 contraindication, 643 portal hypertension, 383
Borrelia burgdorferi Brain injury Breathing presentation, 676
animal transmission, 149 gastritis with, 373 mechanics of, 661 Budesonide, 672
coinfection with, 157 hypopituitarism from, 343 with pneumothorax, 667 Buerger disease, 316
facial nerve palsy, 186 Brain lesions (common), 499 Breath sounds, 666 associations with, 687
Lyme disease, 146 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 299, bronchial, 666, 667 treatment, 684
tetracyclines, 192 576 diminished, 667 Buffalo hump, 333
Borrelia recurrentis in SIADH, 344 Brenner tumor, 632 Bulbar (spongy) urethra injury, 613
animal transmission, 149 signaling pathways for, 332 Brittle bone disease, 51. Bulbus cordis, 278
vectors, 161 Brain stem See Osteogenesis Bulimia nervosa, 555
Bortezomib, 435 dorsal view, 492 imperfecta anovulation and, 631
Bosentan, 671 ventral view, 492 Brittle hair, 51 drug therapy for, 560
Botulinum, 239 Brain tumors Broad-base budding, 151 laxative abuse by, 394
Botulinum toxin adult primary, 514–515, 515–516 Broad ligament, 611 Mallory-Weiss syndrome and,
lysogenic transduction, 130 associations with, 690 Broca aphasia (expressive), 504 371
passive antibodies for, 110 biopsy findings, 681 Broca area, 489 SSRIs for, 563
toxin effects, 132 childhood primary, 515, 516 aphasia, 504 treatment, 685
Botulism hallucinations with, 547 MCA stroke, 502 Bulk-forming laxatives, 394
Clostridium botulinum, 138 incidence and mortality, 223 Bromocriptine, 535 Bullae, 466
exotoxin, 128 metastatic source, 224 prolactin and, 326 dermatitis herpetiformis, 471
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy nitrosureas for, 433 Bronchi, 648 impetigo, 470
(BSE), 178 procarbazine for, 433 Bronchial carcinoid tumor, 669 necrotizing fasciitis, 470
Bowel smooth muscle activation, 240 Branched-chain ketoacid Bronchial challenge test, 672 pemphigus vulgaris, 471
Bowel stenosis, 377 dehydrogenase, 66 Bronchiectasis Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 471
Bowen disease, 637 Branchial apparatus, 605 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 Bull neck, 132
Bowenoid papulosis, 637 Branchial arch derivatives, 605–606 cystic fibrosis, 60 Bullous impetigo, 470
Bow legs (genu varum), 455 Branchial cleft derivatives, 605 Kartagener syndrome, 49, 674 Bullous pemphigoid, 466
Bowman capsule, 571 Branchial pouch derivatives, 607 Bronchioalveolar cell carcinomas, autoantibody, 115
Boxer’s fracture, 451 Branching enzyme (glycogen 669 skin lesions in, 466
BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) metabolism), 86 Bronchioles, 648 type II hypersensitivity, 112
azotemia with, 590 Branching filamentous bacteria histamine receptors and, 238 Bulls-eye erythema, 146
hydronephrosis in, 587 Gram stain identification, 134 Bronchiolitis obliterans, 119 Bumetanide, 594
INDEX 741
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Calcitonin, 331 deaths from, 270 Carbon tetrachloride
nephritic syndrome, 583 medullary thyroid carcinoma ESR in, 214 free radical injury and, 210
ornithine transcarbamylase production, 212, 340 hallmarks of, 222 Carboplatin
deficiency, 83 osteoporosis, 454 immune evasion in, 223 toxicities of, 436
renal failure consequences, 590 production of, 322 intron/exon splicing variants and, Carboxylases, 73
BUN/creatinine ratio, 590 signaling pathways of, 332 43 Carboxypeptidase, 367
Bundled payment, 269 tumor marker, 227 microRNAs and, 43 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Bundle of His, 295, 296 Calcitriol, 577. See Vitamin D mortality of, 223 (tumor marker), 227
Bundle of Kent, 297 Calcium pneumoconioses, 662, 663 Carcinogens, 226
Bunyaviruses in bone disorders, 456 splice site mutations as cause, 39 griseofulvin, 200
characteristics of, 167, 168 calcitonin and, 331 Cancer drugs Carcinoid syndrome, 335
Bupivacaine, 537 in cardiac muscle, 295 cell cycle, 430 bronchial carcinoid tumors, 669
Buprenorphine in osteomalacia/rickets, 455 targets, 430 somatostatin for, 350
heroin detoxification, 564 in Paget disease of bone, 455 Cancer epidemiology, 223 treatment, 684
morphine and, 234 PTH and, 330 Candesartan, 596 Carcinoid tumor, 228
opioid withdrawal, 558 rhomboid crystals, 681 Candida albicans, 153 octreotide for, 393
Bupropion, 564 Vitamin D and, 332 HIV-positive adults, 177 stomach, 373
major depressive disorder, 549 Calcium carbonate, 393 T cell dysfunction, 116 Carcinoma in situ, 220
mechanism, 562 Calcium channel blockers, 319 treatment, 685 Carcinoma in situ (cervical), 631
nicotine withdrawal, 558 angina, 319 Candida spp. Carcinomas
seizures with, 250 contractility in, 282 amphotericin B, 199 bone, 456
Burkholderia cepacia cutaneous flushing, 248 azoles, 199 colorectal, 383
characteristics of, 128 gingival hyperplasia, 249, 250 catalase-positive organism, 128 invasive, 220
cystic fibrosis, 179 hypertension, 319 echinocandins, 200 metastases of, 220, 224
Burkitt lymphoma, 422 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 311 esophagitis, 371 nomenclature of, 221
chromosomal translocations and, migraine headaches, 506 immunodeficiency infections, 118 primary hyperparathyroidism, 341
426 Raynaud phenomenon, 464 osteomyelitis, 180 thyroid, 340
EBV, 165 Calcium channels tricuspid valve endocarditis and, Cardiac arrest
labs/findings, 680, 689 ethosuximide effect on, 532 313 hypermagnesemia, 579
oncogenes and, 225 glucose and, 324 vulvovaginitis, 181 Cardiac arrhythmia. See Arrhythmia
oncogenic microbes and, 226 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic Candidiasis Cardiac cycle, 290
Burns syndrome, 229 Candida albicans, 153 Cardiac function curves, 284
acute gastric ulcer, 688 myocardial action potential, 295 chronic mucocutaneous, 116 Cardiac glycosides
inhalational injuries and, 662 opioid effect on, 538 cortisol and, 329 sodium-potassium pump
Burr cells, 406 pacemaker action potential, 295 nystatin, 199 inhibition, 49
Bursitis smooth muscle contraction, 449 Cannibalism, 178 Cardiac looping, 278
prepatellar, 452 Calcium homeostasis, 329 “Cannonball” metastases, 628 Cardiac output (CO)
Burton line Calcium (kidney stones), 69, 586 Capillary fluid exchange, 300, 692 equations for, 283
lead poisoning, 411 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition Capitate bone, 439 exercise and, 656
presentation, 677 disease, 459 Capitation, 269 in pregnancy, 619
Buspirone, 562 Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), Caplan syndrome, 458, 663 variables in, 282
Busulfan, 433 350 Capsid (viral), 162 V/Q mismatch and, 655
pulmonary fibrosis and, 251 Calculous cholecystitis, 390 Capsules (bacterial), 124 Cardiac pressures (normal), 300
Busulfan toxicity, 436 Calf pseudohypertrophy, 674 Captain’s wheel, 151 Cardiac tamponade, 315
restrictive lung disease, 661 Caliciviruses Captopril, 596 aortic dissection and, 306
Butorphanol, 539 characteristics of, 163, 167 Caput medusae, 359 jugular venous pulse in, 290
Butterfly facial rash, 677 California encephalitis, 167 Carbachol, 240 MI, 308, 310
Call-Exner bodies, 633 glaucoma, 539 shock, 312
C Calluses (dermatology), 466 Carbamazepine Cardiac troponin I, 309
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, 107 Calretinin agranulocytosis, 249 Cardiac tumors, 318
C3 deficiency, 107 in mesotheliomas, 664 aplastic anemia, 249 Cardinal ligament, 611
C5a receptor, 398 cAMP (cyclic adenosine bipolar disorder, 685 Cardinal veins, 278
C5-C9 deficiencies, 107 monophosphate) cytochrome P-450 and, 251 Cardiogenic shock, 312
CA 15-3/CA27-29 (tumor markers), cilostazol/dipyridamole effect on, epilepsy, 532 MI, 307
227 429 SIADH and, 248 Cardiomegaly
CA 19-9 (tumor marker), 227, 391 endocrine hormone messenger, 332 teratogenicity, 600 Pompe disease, 87
CA 125 (tumor marker), 227, 632 exotoxin effects, 132 tonic-clonic seizures, 685 Cardiomegaly with apical trophy,
Cachexia, 228 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 76 trigeminal neuralgia, 685 679
TNF-α and, 108 glycogen regulation, 85 Carbamoyl phosphate, 82 Cardiomyopathy, 310
Café-au-lait spots heat-labile/heat-stable toxin effects, Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, 73 auscultation changes with, 293
aplastic anemia and, 413 132 Carbapenems Chagas disease, 158
causes of, 678 hyperparathyroidism, 342 mechanism and use, 187, 190 drug reaction and, 248
McCune-Albright syndrome, 57 PTH effect on, 330 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 familial amyloid, 212
Caffeine intoxication and withdrawal, Vibrio cholerae, 146 Carbidopa, 536 heart failure with, 311
558 CAMP factor, 137 Carbohydrate absorption, 367 hematochromatosis and, 389
Cahill cycle, 82 Campylobacter spp. Carbon dioxide retention, 660, 665 iron poisoning, 418
Caisson disease, 658 animal transmission, 149 Carbon dioxide transport, 655, 656 Kussmaul sign in, 319
Calcarine sulcus bloody diarrhea, 179 Carbonic anhydrase, 656 S4 heart sound and, 687
thalamic relay to, 486 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 Carbon monoxide (CO) Starling curves, 284
Calciferol (vitamin D), 577 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 477, 512 electron transport inhibition, 78 sudden cardiac death, 307
Calcification, 211 reactive arthritis and, 461 inhalational injuries, 662 Cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic)
dystrophic, 228 Canagliflozin, 349 poisoning, 653 β-blockers, 245
microcalcifications in breast, 636 Canalicular stage (development), 646 teratogenicity, 600 Cardiotoxicity
Calcineurin, 120 Cancer toxicity treatment, 247 doxorubicin, 431
Calcineurin inhibitors bacteremia with, 679 Carbon monoxide/cyanide poisoning, drugs causing, 436
naming conventions for, 253 common metastases, 224 652 methylxanthines, 672
742 INDEX

Cardiotoxicity (continued) pacemaker action potential and, Cefuroxime Centriacinar emphysema, 660
TCA adverse effects, 557, 563 295 mechanism and use, 189 Cephalexin
trastuzumab, 435 pheochromocytoma and, 336 Celecoxib, 252, 475 mechanism and use, 189
Cardiovascular disease. See Heart synthesis of, 83 arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Cephalosporins
disease Cat scratch disease, 149 Celiac artery disulfram-like reaction, 251
Cardiovascular drugs Cats (disease vectors) mesenteric ischemia, 380 mechanism and use, 189
naming conventions for, 253 Campylobacter jejuni, 145 structures supplied, 357 mechanism (diagram), 187
reactions to, 248 Pasteurella multocida, 149, 186 Celiac disease, 375 pseudomembranous colitis, 249
Cardiovascular system, 278–320 Tinea corporis, 152 antibodies in, 680 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143
anatomy, 281 Toxoplasma gondii, 156, 182 autoantibody, 115 Cephazolin, 187
embryology, 278–280 Cauda equina, 495 biliary cirrhosis and, 389 Ceramide, 88
embryonic structures, 278 Cauda equina syndrome, 518 dermatitis herpetiformis, 471 Ceramide trihexoside, 88
pathology, 301–316 Caudal fold closure defects, 352 HLA genes and, 100 Cerebellar degeneration
pharmacology, 319–325 Caudal regression syndrome, 600 IgA deficiency, 116 paraneoplastic, 229
physiology, 282–297 Caudate Celiac trunk, 357, 358 with small cell carcinoma, 669
sclerosis of, 464 basal ganglia, 488 Cell cycle phases, 46 Cerebellar lesions
Carditis Huntington disease, 508 Cell death (programed), 208 hemisphere, 499
Lyme disease, 146 Caustic ingestion, 371 Cell envelope (bacterial), 124 lateral, 487
rheumatic fever, 314 Cavernous hemangiomas Cell lysis, 578 medial, 487
Carfilzomib, 435 liver, 386 Cell membrane vermis lesions, 499
Carina (trachea), 649 Cavernous sinus, 530 apoptosis and, 208 Cerebellum
Carmustine, 433 dural venous sinuses, 491 Cell surface proteins development of, 478
in cell cycle, 430 Cavernous sinus syndrome, 530, 657 association and functions, 110 input/output of, 487
pulmonary fibrosis, 251 C cells (parafollicular cells), 322 leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 117 tonsils, 480
Carnitine, 89 CCR5 protein T cells and, 101 Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, 492
Carnitine acyltransferase I, 73 HIV and, 175 Cell trafficking, 47 Cerebral arteries
Carotid artery maraviroc, 203 Cell types cavernous sinus, 530
atherosclerosis in, 305, 687 viral receptor, 166 labile, 46 cortical distribution, 490
bifurcation landmark, 649 CD4 protein, 101 permanent, 46 Cerebral cortex
embryonic development, 605 viral receptor, 166 stable (quiescent), 46 arterial distribution, 490
giant cell arteritis and, 315 CD4+ T cells (HIV), 176 Cellular biochemistry, 46–52 functional areas of, 489
Carotid artery (internal) CD5 protein, 424 Cellular changes Cerebral edema
cavernous sinus, 530 CD8 protein, 101 adaptations, 206 diabetic ketoacidosis and, 346
CD16 protein, 101 apoptosis, 208 therapeutic hyperventilation, 489
circle of Willis, 490, 491
CD20 protein, 110 with injury, 207 Cerebral hemispheres, 478
emboli from, 526
in CLL, 424 necrosis, 209 Cerebral peduncle, 492
Carotid massage, 299
CD21 protein, 110 neoplastic progression and, 220 Cerebral perfusion, 489
Carotid sinus, 299
viral receptor, 166 Cellular injury Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP),
Carpal bones, 439
CD25 protein adaptations, 206 489
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 451
cell surface protein, 110 Cellulitis, 470 “Cerebriform” nuclei, 422
lunate disclocation, 439
regulatory T cells and, 102 Pasteurella multocida, 149 Cerebrospial fluid (CSF)
rheumatoid arthritis, 458
CD28 protein, 110 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 albuminocytologic dissociation,
Car seats for children, 268
CD34 protein, 110 Cell walls 512
Cartilage leukocyte extravasation and, 216 bacterial, 124 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
collagen in, 50 CD40 protein, 110 Central canal of spinal cord, 496 absorption of, 492
fluoroquinolone damage to, 250 CDKN2A gene, 225 Central clearing (nuclei), 340 blood-brain barrier and, 484
Carvedilol, 245 CEA tumor marker, 382 Central diabetes insipidus, 344 circulation of, 484, 491
Casal necklace, 67 Cefaclor, 189 Central nervous system (CNS) Guillain-Barré syndrome, 477,
Caseating granulomas, 140 Cefazolin, 187 anesthetic principles for, 536 512
Case-control studies, 256 mechanism and use, 189 cell types in, 398–399, 402–403, hydrocephalus, 510
Case fatality rate, 258 prophylaxis, 198 481–482 multiple sclerosis, 509, 511
Caseous necrosis, 209 Cefepime depression, 533 neurodegenerative disorders, 509
Caspases, 208 mechanism and use, 189 drug name conventions, 253 origins, 478
Caspofungin mechanism (diagram), 187 nitrosoureas effect on, 433 poliomyelitis, 519
Candida albicans, 153, 683 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 nitrosoureas toxicity, 433 production, 481
echinocandins, 200 Cefotaxime, 189 origins of, 478 spinal cord, 495
mechanism (diagram), 198 Cefoxitin posterior fossa malformations, 479, ventricular system, 492
Casts in urine, 582 mechanism and use, 189 480 Cerebrovascular disease
Catabolism mechanism (diagram), 187 pseudoephedrine stimulation of, diabetes mellitus, 345
amino acids, 82 Ceftaroline 671 Cereulide, 138
tyrosine, 83 mechanism and use, 189 regional specification of, 494 Certolizumab, 122
Catalase, 210 mechanism (diagram), 187 shock from injury, 312 Ceruloplasmin
Catalase-positive organisms, 128 MRSA, 198 Central nervous system stimulants, free radical elimination by, 210
Cataplexy, 556 Ceftazidime 560 Cervical cancer, 631
Cataracts, 523 mechanism and use, 189 Central nervous system tumors carcinogens causing, 226
corticosteroid toxicity, 120 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 Turcot syndrome, 381 epidemiology of, 629
diabetes mellitus and, 345 Ceftriaxone Central post-stroke pain syndrome, epithelial histology, 612
galactosemia, 80 Chlamydia spp., 148 503 HIV-positive adults, 177
muscular dystrophy, 61 Chlamydia trachomatis, 683 Central retinal artery occlusion, hydronephrosis with, 587
rubella, 182 for gonococci, 142 526 oncogenic microbes and, 226
sorbitol, 81 for Haemophilus influenzae, 142 “cherry-red” macular spot, 674 papillomaviruses, 164
Catecholamines mechanism and use, 189 Central sleep apnea, 665 Cervical dysplasia, 631
adrenal medulla secretion, 322 mechanism (diagram), 187 Central sulcus, 489 Cervical lymphadenopathy, 676
amphetamines and, 243 meningitis, 180 Central tendency measures, 261 Cervical rib, 441
contractility effects of, 282 meningococci, 142 Central tendon (diaphragm), 649 Cervicitis
ephedrine and, 243 typhoid fever, 144 Central vertigo, 522 sexually transmited infections, 184
INDEX 743
Cervix eggshell calcification, 663 Chloroquine, 200 Chorionic villi
anatomy of, 611 notched ribs on, 302 malaria, 157 hydatidiform moles, 628
epithelial histology, 612 Wegener granulomatosis on, 317 Chlorpheniramine, 671 placenta, 603
lymphatic drainage of, 610 Cheyne-Stokes respirations, 665 Chlorpromazine, 561 Chorioretinitis
pathology of, 631 Chiari malformations, 480 Chlorpropamide, 348 congenital toxoplasmosis, 182
Cestodes, 160 Chickenpox Chlorthalidone, 595 Choristomas, 221
Cetirizine, 671 rash, 183 Chocolate agar Choroid layer (ophthalmology)
Cetuximab, 434 VZV, 165 Haemophilus influenzae, 126, inflammation, 524
CFTR gene Chief cells (parathyroid), 330 142 neovascularization, 524
chronic pancreatitis and, 391 Chief cells (stomach), 366 Chocolate-colored blood, 653 normal eye, 522
cGMP (cyclic guanosine Child abuse, 544 Chocolate cysts, 634 Choroid plexus (CNS), 492
monophosphate) confidentiality in, 267 Cholangiocarcinomas Christmas tree distribution, 472
atrial natriuretic peptide and, 298 osteogenesis imperfecta and, 51 Clonorchis sinensis, 160, 161 Chromaffin cells
endocrine hormone messenger, 332 reporting requirements, 267 hyperbilirubinemia, 387 diagram, 322
male sexual response, 613 Childbirth. See also Pregnancy oncogenic microbes and, 226 pheochromocytomas, 336
PDE-5 inhibitors, effect on, 644 brachial plexus injury in, 441 sclerosing cholangitis, 389 Chromatin structure, 34
smooth muscle contraction, 449 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 386 Cholangitis, 362, 376, 387, 390 Chromatolysis, 483
Chagas disease, 158 endometritis after, 634 Cholecalciferol. See Vitamin D; See Chromogranin, 227, 669
achalasia in, 370 Graves disease and, 339 also Vitamin D Chromosomal abnormalities
cardiomyopathy in, 311 low birth weight, 621 Cholecystectomy, 390 aneuploidy syndromes, 567
labs/findings, 679 misoprostol induction, 393 Cholecystitis, 390 anovulation, 631
Chalk-stick fractures, 455 neonatal flora, 178 Cholecystokinin (CCK) premature ovarian failure, 631
Chancroids, 184 oxytocin for induction of, 350, 622 functions, 365 renal cell carcinoma, 587
Chaperone protein, 45 postpartum mood disturbances, 550 secretory cell location, 367 translocations, 426
Charcoal yeast extract culture preterm, as common cause of Choledocholithiasis, 390 Chromosomal disorders, 64
Legionella pneumophila, 126, 143 death, 270 Cholelithiasis, 390 congenital deletion, 64
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm, progesterone levels after, 616 acute pancreatitis, 391 congenital microdeletion, 64
504 Sheehan syndrome after, 343 bile ducts and, 362 karyotyping for, 55
characteristics of, 504 stress incontinence and, 588 biliary cirrhosis and, 389 nondisjunction (meiosis), 63
intracranial hemorrhage, 501 Childhood disorders, 545 Crohn disease, 376 Robertsonian translocation, 64
Charcot joints Childhood orthopedic conditions, 453 hyperbilirubinemia and, 387 Chromosomal translocations, 426
syphilis, 147 Child neglect, 544 octreotide and, 393 Chromosome abnormalities
tabes dorsalis and, 518 Children. See Pediatric patients; somatostatinomas, 336 hemochromatosis, 389
Charcot-Leyden crystals, 660 See Neonates Cholera toxin omphaloceles, 352
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 512 car seats for, 268 lysogenic phage infection, 130 polyposis syndrome, 381
Charcot triad, 390, 511 causes of death, 270 mechanism, 132
renal cell carcinoma, 587
Charging, tRNA, 44 Chipmunk facies, 410 Cholestasis serum markers, 384
Wilson disease, 389
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 117 Chi-square tests, 263 Cholesteatomas, 521
Chronic bronchitis, 660
Cheilosis, 67 Chlamydia, 184 Cholesterol
Chronic gastritis, 373
Chelation neonatal conjunctivitis, 183 atherosclerosis, 305
Chronic gout
hemochromatosis, 389 Chlamydia spp., 148 in bile, 368
treatment, 685
lead poisoning, 411 atypical infections, 179 cholelithiasis and, 390
Chronic granulomatous disease
Chemical tracheobronchitis, 662 Giemsa stain, 125 excretion of, 368
Chemokines, 108 (CGD)
intracellular organism, 127 functions, 50
delayed hypersensitivity, 112 macrolides, 193 synthesis of, 47, 72, 73, 79 catalase-positive microbes, 186
Chemoreceptors, 299 pneumonia, 668 vitamin B3 effects, 67 immunodeficiencies and, 117
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), reactive arthritis, 461 Cholesterol desmolase, 328 recombinant cytokines for, 121
484 sulfonamides for, 194 Choline, 239 respiratory burst in, 109
Chemotactic factors, 216 tetracyclines, 192 Cholinergic agonists, 253 Chronic inflammation, 216, 217
Chemotherapeutic agents Chlamydia trachomatis, 148 Cholinergic drugs, 239 Chronic ischemic heart disease, 307
MDR1 and responsiveness to, 228 eosinophilia, 149 Cholinesterase inhibitors Chronic kidney disease
Chemotherapy orhitis, 639 diarrhea with, 248, 249 in anemia taxonomy, 409
AML and, 424 prostatis, 639 Cholinomimetic agents, 240 erythropoietin in, 577
myelodysplastic syndromes, 423 pelvic inflammatory disease, 149 glaucoma treatment, 538, 539 hypertension and, 304
neutropenia with, 416 pneumonia, 179 Chondrocalcinosis, 459 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
ondansetron, 394 serotypes, 148, 149 Chondrocytes (CLL), 424
pancreatic cancer, 391 treatment, 683 achondroplasia, 454 age ranges, 689
readmissions with, 270 UTIs, 589 bone formation and, 450 immunosuppressants, 120
Chemotoxicities, 436 Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 148 osteoarthritis, 458 lab findings, 677, 681
Cherry hemangiomas, 469 pneumonia, 179 Chondroma, 456 presentation, 677
“Cherry red” epiglottis, 186 Chlamydophila psittaci, 148 Chordae rupture, 294 rituximab for, 435
Cherry-red spot (macula), 526 transmission, 149 Chorea Chronic mesenteric ischemia, 380
diagnoses with, 674 Chlamydophila spp. brain lesions, 499 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis,
lysosomal storage disease, 88 interstitial pneumonia, 668 Huntington disease, 508 116
Chest pain Chloasma (melasma), 467 movement disorders, 507 Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Dressler syndrome, 675 Chloramphenicol, 192 Choriocarcinoma, 628 (CML), 424
on exertion, 675 aplastic anemia, 249, 413 hCG in, 619 age ranges, 689
panic disorder, 551 gray baby syndrome, 249 hydatidiform mole, 628 basophilia caused by, 400
pneumothorax, 667 mechanism (diagram), 187 methotrexate for, 432 busulfan for, 433
Chest wall pregnancy, 204 testicular tumors, 638 chromosomal translocations and,
elastic properties, 651 protein synthesis inhibition, 191 theca-lutein cysts and, 632 426
Chest wall compliance Chlordiazepoxide Choriocarcinomas and imatinib for, 434
in elderly, 651 alcohol withdrawal, 560 cytotrophoblast, 628 oncogenes and, 225
Chest X-rays Chlorhexidine, 204 Chorionic plate, 603 Philadelphia chromosome, 689
aortic dissections on, 306 Chloride channels Chorionic somatomammotropin, Chronic myeloproliferative disorders,
balloon heart on, 311 cystic fibrosis, 60 619, 620 425
744 INDEX

Chronic obstructive pulmonary encephalopathy with, 385 metronidazole vs., 192 Cluster C personality disorder
disease (COPD) esophageal varices and, 371 protein synthesis inhibition, 191 dependent, 553
albuterol for, 242 fructose intolerance, 80 pseudomembranous colitis with, obsessive-compulsive, 553
β-blockers and, 246 gynecomastia, 635 249 Cluster headaches, 506, 534
muscarinic antagonists for, 241 hemochromatosis, 389 Clinical reflexes, 495, 498 Clusters of grapes (ultrasound), 628
salmeterol for, 242 hepatocellular carcinomas, 386 Clinical trials, 256 c-MYC gene, 225
Chronic pancreatitis, 391 hyperbilirubinemia in, 387 Clitoris CNS (central nervous system)
pancreatic insufficiency from, 375 iron poisoning, 418 genital homologs, 609 cancer epidemiology, 223
Chronic placental insufficiency, 566 loop diuretics for, 594 “Clock-face” chromatin, 401, 423 CNS lymphomas
Chronic pyelonephritis, 589 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Clofazimine HIV-positive adults, 177
labs/findings, 682 385 Hansen disease, 141 oncogenic microbes and, 226
Chronic renal disease, 629 pleural effusion, 666 Mycobacterium leprae, 196 Coagulation, 71
Chronic renal failure, 341, 590 portal hypertension, 383 Clomiphene Coagulation disorders, 418
hyperphosphatemia with, 342 serum markers for, 384 estrogen receptor modulators, 642 hemophilia, 418
hypherphosphatemia with, 342 Wilson disease, 389 hot flashes with, 248 hereditary thrombosis syndromes,
Chronic respiratory disease, as Cisplatin PCOS, 631 420
common cause of death, acute tubular necrosis, 591 reproductive hormones and, 640 mixed platelet/coagulation, 419,
270 in cell cycle, 430 Clomipramine, 563 420
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary targets of, 430 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 551 Coagulation pathways, 404
hypertension, 665 toxicity of, 250, 436 Clonidine, 240, 244 Coagulative necrosis, 209
Chronic transplant rejection, 119 Citalopram, 563 Tourette syndrome, 545 MI, 308
Churg-Strauss syndrome, 218, 317 Citrate synthase, 74 Cloning methods (laboratory Coagulopathy
autoantibody, 115 Citrobacter spp. technique), 55 postpartum hemorrhage, 627
labs/findings, 680 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 Clonorchis sinensis preeclampsia, 629
Chvostek sign, 579 lactose fermentation, 144 cholangiocarcinoma, 226 uterine bleeding with, 619
hypoparathyroidism, 341 Citrulline, 82 diseases association, 161 Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis,
Chylomicrons, 92, 94 c-KIT gene, 225 trematodes, 160 663
Chylothorax, 666 CKK hormone, 335 Clopidogrel, 429 CoA production, 67
Chymotrypsin, 367 CK-MB, 307, 309 acute coronary syndromes, 310 Coarctation of aorta, 302, 303
Cicatrization (atelectasis), 666 Cladribine, 432 for ischemic stroke, 500 Turner syndrome, 624
Cidofovir, 202 in cell cycle, 430 thrombogenesis and, 403 Cobblestone mucosa, 376
Cigarette smoke (carcinogen), 226 for hairy cell leukemia, 424 Closed-angle glaucoma, 524 Cocaine, 537
Ciguatoxin, 246 Clara cells, 647, 648 pilocarpine for, 240 β-blockers and, 246
Cilastatin Clarithromycin Clostridium spp., 138 cardiomyopathy, 311
imipenem and, 190 Helicobacter pylori, 146 anaerobic organism, 127 coronary vasospasm, 248
seizures with, 250 HIV prophylaxis, 198 exotoxins, 138 intoxication and withdrawal, 558
Ciliary body, 522 macrolides, 193 Gram-positive algorithm, 134 liver processing of, 361
Ciliary dyskinesia. See Kartagener mechanism (diagram), 187 Clostridium botulinum, 138 as noradrenergic drug, 239
syndrome Mycobacterium avium- exotoxin production, 132 placental abruption, 626
Ciliary ganglia, 527 intracellulare, 196 food poisoning, 178 pulmonary arterial hypertension,
Cilia structure, 49 pregnancy use, 204 spore formation, 128 665
Ciliated cells, 648 Clasp knife spasticity, 517 therapeutic uses, 138 sympathomimetic action, 243
Cimetidine, 392 Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning, Clostridium difficile, 138 teratogenicity, 600
cytochrome P-450 and, 252 542 antibiotic use, 138, 185 Coccidioides spp.
gynecomastia from, 635 Class switching metronidazole, 195 silver stain, 125
Cinacalcet, 350 CD40, 103 nosocomial infection, 185 treatment, 199
Cinchonism thymus-dependent antigens, 105 presentation of, 675 Coccidioidomycosis, 151
neurologic drug reaction, 250 Clathrin, 47 proton pump inhibitor use, 392 erythema nodosum and, 472
Cingulate gyrus Claudication spore formation, 128 HIV-positive adults, 177
limbic system, 487 atherosclerosis, 305 vancomycin, 190 Coccobacilli, 141
Ciprofloxacin Buerger disease, 316 watery diarrhea, 179 Coccus bacteria
for Crohn disease, 376 cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 429 Clostridium perfringens, 138 antibiotic tests, 134
cytochrome P-450 and, 252 giant cell arteritis, 315 clindamycin, 192 Gram stain identification, 134
fluoroquinolnes, 195 Clavulanate exotoxin production, 133 Cochlea
mechanism (diagram), 187 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 food poisoning, 178 CN VIII, 494
meningococci, 142 Clavulanic acid, 189 spore-formation, 128 inner ear, 521
Mycobacterium avium- Clawing (hand), 442 traumatic open wound, 186 presbycusis, 521
intracellulare, 196 Klumpke palsy, 441 watery diarrhea, 179 Codeine, 538
prophylaxis, 198 Clearance (CL) of drugs, 233 Clostridium tetani, 138 Codman triangle, 457, 681
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 Clear cell adenocarcinoma, 630 exotoxin production, 132 Codominance, 56
Circadian rhythm DES and, 642 spore formation, 128 Codons
hypothalamic control, 486 Cleft lip and palate, 607 Clotrimazole, 198, 199 genetic code features, 37
sleep physiology, 485 Pierre Robin sequence, 606 Clotting factors, 71 start and stop, 40
Circle of Willis, 491 teratogens for, 600 Clozapine, 561 Coefficient of determination, 263
saccular aneurysms, 504 Cleft palate, 607 agranulocytosis with, 249 Cofactors
Circulatory system Patau syndrome, 63 Club cells, 647 apolipoproteins, 93
kidneys and, 568 Pierre Robin sequence, 606 Clubbing, 661, 669 biotin, 68, 73
Circulatory system (fetal), 280 teratogens for, 600 cystic fibrosis, 60 cobalamin, 68, 69
Circumflex femoral artery, 455 Clevidipine, 319 Eisenmenger syndrome, 302 copper, 51
Cirrhosis, 383 Clindamycin Clue cells, 679 Menkes disease, 51
alcoholic, 71, 385 bacterial vaginosis, 148 bacterial vaginosis, 148, 181 pantothenic acid, 67
α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 386 endometritis, 634 Cluster A personality disorders phenylketonuria, 84
bacterial peritonitis (spontaneous), Clostridium difficile and, 138 schizotypal, 553 pyridoxine, 67
384 lung abscesses, 670 Cluster B personality disorders pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,
cholelithiasis and, 390 mechanism and use, 192 borderline, 553 76
cystic fibrosis, 60 mechanism (diagram), 187 narcissistic, 553 riboflavin, 67
INDEX 745
TCA cycle, 76, 77 Colorado tick fever, 167 Condylomata lata ondansetron, 394
thiamine, 74 Color blindness, 197 syphilis, 147, 184 vincristine, 433
vitamin K, 71 Colorectal cancer, 382 Confidence intervals, 262 Constrictive pericarditis
“Coffee bean” nuclei, 632 adenomatous polyposis and, 381 Confidentiality, 268 jugular venous pulse in, 290
Coffee bean sign (x-ray), 380 bevacizumab for, 434 in abuse, 267 Kussmaul sign, 319
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), cetuximab for, 434 behavioral science ethics, 264 Contact activation pathway
545 incidence/mortality in, 223 exceptions to, 268 (coagulation), 404
ADHD, 545, 685 labs/findings, 680 Confluence of the sinuses, 491 Contact dermatitis, 113
for anxiety disorders, 550 Lynch syndrome, 40 Confounding bias, 260 Contemplation stage, 556
for atypical depression, 549 molecular pathogenesis of, 383 Congenital adrenal enzyme Continuous heart murmurs, 294
body dysmorphic disorder, 551 tumor suppressor genes and, 225 deficiencies, 328 Contraception
conduct disorder, 545 Colovesical fistulas, 377 Congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 328 emergency, 642
major depressive disorder, 549 Coltivirus, 167 Congenital heart disease, 301–303 isotretinoin teratogenicity, 600
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 551 Coma autosomal trisomies, 63 methods for, 643
oppositional defiant disorder, 545 benzodiazepine adverse effect, 533 defect associations, 303 parental consent for minors and,
panic disorder, 551 hepatic encephalopathy, 385 maternal phenylketonuria, 84 264
phobias, 551 herniation syndromes, 517 pulmonary arterial hypertension, progestins for, 643
postpartum depression, 550 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia 665 Contractility (cardiac output), 282
PTSD, 552 nonketotic syndrome, 346 rubella, 182 Contraction alkalosis, 60, 572, 575,
Cohort studies, 256 hyponatremia, 579 teratogens, 600 576, 595
Coin lesion (x-ray), 669 rabies, 171 Turner syndrome, 678 Convulsions. See Seizures
Cola-colored urine, 585 reticular activating system, 499 Congenital hydrocele (scortal), 638 Coombs hemolysis, 244
Colchicine thyroid storm, 339 Congenital hypothyroidism, 338 Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia,
acute gout attack, 685 Toxocara canis, 159 Congenital long QT syndrome, 297 414
agranulocytosis, 249 Trypanosoma brucei, 156 Congenital lung malformations, 646 Coombs-positive hemolysis, 415
calcium pyrophosphate deposition Combined pathway for coagulation, Congenital malformation mortality, α-methyldopa, 244
disease, 459 404 270 anemia with, 249
diarrhea with, 249 Comedones, 468 Congenital nevus, 466 Coombs test, 112, 415
gout, 459, 476 Commaless genetic code, 37 Congenital rubella Cooperative kinetics, 232
microtubules and, 48 Comma-shaped rods, 141 cardiac defect associations, 303 COPI/COPII, 47
myopathy with, 250 Common bile duct, 355, 362 heart murmur, 294 Copper deficiency, 411
Cold agglutinin disease, 677 Common chemotoxicities, 436 Congenital solitary functioning Copper intrauterine device, 643
Cold agglutinins, 150 Common cold, 168 kidney, 567 Copper metabolism
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Common iliac artery, 357 Congenital syphilis, 147 Wilson disease, 389
415 Common peroneal nerve, 444 Congestion (respiratory) Copper toxicity, 247
Colectomy Common variable immunodeficiency inhalation injury, 662 Coprolalia, 545
adenomatous polyposis, 381 (CVID), 116 with lobar pneumonia, 668 Copy number variations (CNV), 54
inflammatory bowel disease, 376 Communicating hydrocephalus, 510 Congo red stain, 212, 584 Cord factor, 140
Colistin, 143 Communication with patient, 266 Conivaptan Cori cycle, 82
Colitis Compartment syndrome, 453 ADH antagonists, 344 Cori disease, 87
Clostridium difficile, 138 Competence (bacterial genetics), SIADH, 350 Corkscrew fibers, 516
HIV-positive adults, 177 130 Conjoined tendon, 363 “Corkscrew” hair, 69
oral vancomycin, 190 Competitive agonists, 234 Conjugate vaccines, 127 Cornea, 522
pseudomembranous, 128, 179, Competitive inhibitors, 232 Conjugation (bacterial genetics), 130 collagen in, 50
188, 192 Complement, 106 Conjunctival infections Corneal arcus
Collagen, 50 activation inhibition, 135 Kawasaki disease, 316 familial hypercholesterolemia, 94
decreased/faulty production, 51 binding of, 104 Conjunctivitis, 522 hyperlipidemia, 304
osteoblasts and, 450 disorders of, 107 adenoviridae, 164 Corneal degeneration.
scar formation, 219 eculizumab, 122 chlamydia, 148, 184 See Keratomalacia
synthesis and structure, 50 endotoxin activation, 133 gonococcal prophylaxis, 198 Corneal reflex, 495
types of, 50 immunodeficiency infections, 118 gonococci, 142 Corneal vascularization, 67
vitamin C, 69 immunoglobulin isotypes, 105 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 Corniculate cartilage, 606
wound healing, 217 innate immunity, 99 reactive arthritis, 461 Coronary aneurysms, 676
Collagenase in neutrophils, 398 splenic dysfunction, 98 rubeola, 170, 183, 186 Coronary arteries
Collapsing pressure (alveoli), 647 transplant rejection, 119 urethritis and, 677 anatomy of, 281
Collecting tubules, 574 Complement activation pathways, Zika virus, 171 atherosclerosis in, 305, 687
diuretics and, 593 106 Connective tissue Coronary artery disease
nephron physiology, 573 Complementation (viral), 162 tumor nomenclature, 221 atrial fibrillation and, 297
potassium-sparing diuretics and, Complete mole (hydatidiform), 628 Connective tissue diseases diabetes mellitus and, 345
595 Complete (third-degree) AV block, aortic dissection and, 306 hormonal contraception with,
Colles fracture, 454 298 pulmonary arterial hypertension, 643
Colliculi, 492 Complex partial seizures, 505 665 hypertension and, 304
Colon Complex renal cysts, 592 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 306 menopause and, 622
histology of, 356 Compliance (lungs), 651 Connective tissue drug reactions, 249 sudden cardiac death, 307
ischemia in, 210 Complications of pregnancy, 626–627 Conn syndrome, 334, 579 Coronary blood supply, 281
Colon cancer COMT inhibitors, 535 Consensual light reflex, 527 Coronary sinus
5-fluorouracil for, 432 Conditioning (psychological), 542 Consent anomalous pulmonary return, 301
irinotecan/topotecan for, 434 Conduct disorder, 545 healthcare proxy, 267 development, 278
labs/findings, 679 Conducting zone (respiratory tree), minors, 264, 266 Coronary steal syndrome, 307
oncogenes and, 225 648 Consolidation (lung finding), 666 Coronary vasospasm, 248
Staphylococcus gallolyticus and, Conduction aphasia, 504 lobar pneumonia, 668 Coronaviruses
137 Conductive hearing loss, 521. Constipation, 538 characteristics of, 167
tumor suppressor genes and, 225 See Hearing loss: anal fissures, 360 genomes of, 163
Colonic ischemia, 380 conductive Hirschsprung disease, 378 Cor pulmonale, 311, 654, 690
Colonic polyps, 381 Condylomata acuminata, 468 irritable bowel syndrome, 377 from obstructive lung disease, 660
Colony stimulating factor, 121 sexual transmission, 184 loperamide, 393 pneumonoconioses, 663
746 INDEX

Cor pulmonale (continued) Coxiella spp., 127 spondyloarthritis and, 461 CXCR4
pulmonary hypertension, 665 Coxiella burnetii sulfasalazine for, 393 viral receptor, 166
right ventricular failure, 654 animal transmission, 149 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 CXCR4/CCR5 protein
Corpus albicans, 618 Q fever, 150 Cromolyn, 672 presence on cells, 110
Corpus cavernosum spore formation, 128 Cross-dressing, 555 Cyanide
female homolog of, 609 Coxsackievirus Crossover studies, 256, 260 electron transport chain, 78
lymphatic drainage of, 610 acute pericarditis, 314 Cross-sectional studies, 256 Cyanide/carbon monoxide poisoning,
Corpus luteum, 618 picornavirus, 168 Croup, 170 652
hCG and, 619 presentation, 167 labs/findings, 679 Cyanide poisoning
progesterone production, 616 type A, rash, 183 paramyxoviruses, 167, 170 induced methemoglobinemia, 653
Corpus spongiosum, 609 Coxsackievirus type B pulsus paradoxus in, 315 inhalation injury, 662
Correlation coefficient, 263 cardiomyopathy, 311 CRP and ESR, 214 treatment for, 247
Corticopapillary osmotic gradient, C-peptide Crust (skin), 466 Cyanopia, 644
576 insulin and, 324 basal cell carcinoma, 473 Cyanosis
Corticosteroid-binding globulin, 329 in insulinomas, 336 impetigo, 470 “blue babies”, 301
Corticosteroids Crackles (physical findings), 660, 666 varicella zoster virus, 470 “blue kids”, 302
asthma, 672 Cranial nerve palsies Cryoglobulins, 318 bronchitis, 660
cataracts, 523 osteopetrosis, 455 Cryoprecipitate, 421 Eisenmenger syndrome, 302
Crohn disease, 376 Cranial nerves (CN), 299 Crypt hyperplasia, 375 esophageal atresia, 353
Cushing syndrome, 333 branchial arch derivation, 606 Cryptococcal meningitis, 199 methemoglobinemia, 653
fetal surfactant production, 647 common lesions, 520 Cryptococcosis, 153 patent ductus arteriosus, 302
giant cell arteritis, 315 functions of, 494 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 pulmonary hypertension, 665
hyperglycemia with, 248 location of nuclei of, 493 HIV-positive adults, 177 tetralogy of Fallot as cause, 301
hypopituitarism, 343 locations of, 492 stains for, 125 Cyclin-CDK complexes, 46
lymphopenia with, 416 nerve and vessel pathways, 493 Cryptococcus spp. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs),
microscopic polyangiitis, 318 nuclei of, 493 meningitis, 180 46, 222
neutrophilia from, 416 reflexes of, 495 treatment, 199 Cyclins, 46, 222
osteonecrosis, 455 Craniopharyngioma, 516, 599 urease-positive, 127 Cyclooxygenase
osteoporosis with, 250 Craniopharyngiomas Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, aspirin effect on, 403
pancreatitis with, 249 hypopituitarism with, 343 668 Cyclooxygenase inhibition
polyarteritis nodosa, 317 Craniotabes, 455 Cryptorchidism, 637 reversible, 474, 475
for polymyalgia rheumatica, 462 C-reactive protein (CRP) Sertoli cells and, 614 selective, 475
Takayasu arteritis, 316 in inflammation, 213 testicular tumors, 638 Cyclophilin targets, 121
targets of, 121 innate immunity and, 99 Cryptosporidium spp., 155 Cyclophosphamide, 433
thyroid storm, 339 Creatine, 83 HIV-positive adults, 177 hemorrhagic cystitis with, 248
Wegener granulomatosis, 317 Creatine kinase, 203 watery diarrhea, 179 microscopic polyangiitis, 318
Corticotropin-releasing hormone Creatinine Crypts of Lieberkühn, 356 polyarteritis nodosa, 317
(CRH), 325 ACE inhibitor effects, 596 C-section deliveries renal/genitourinary drug reactions,
adrenal cortex regulation of, 322 acute renal failure, 590 neonatal flora, 178 250
cortisol regulation, 329 glomerular filtration rate and, 570 neonatal respiratory distress SIADH caused by, 344
Cushing syndrome and, 333 nephritic syndrome, 583 syndrome, 647 SIADH with, 248
signaling pathways of, 332 proximal convoluted tubules, 575 Culture requirements toxicities of, 436
Cortisol, 329 Creatinine clearance, 570 bacteria, 126 transitional cell carcinoma and,
adrenal cortex secretion, 322 Cre-lox system, 56 Cuneiform cartilage, 606 588
congenital adrenal hyperplasias, Cremaster, 444 Curling ulcers Wegener granulomatosis, 317
328 Cremasteric muscle and fascia gastritis, 373 Cycloplegia
in Cushing syndrome, 333 inguinal canal and, 363 Currant jelly sputum, 145, 186 atropine, 242
primary adrenal insufficiency, 334 Cremasteric reflex, 444, 498 Klebsiella pneumonia, 675 muscarinic antagonists for, 241
signaling pathways for, 332 Crepitus in necrotizing fasciitis, 470 “Currant jelly” stools, 379, 380 Cyclosporine
Cortisone, 474 Crescendo-decrescendo systolic Curschmann spirals, 660 gingival hyperplasia, 250
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139 ejection murm, 293 Cushing disease, 333 gout, 250
culture requirements for, 126 Crescentic glomerulonephritis, 585 Cushing-like symptoms immunosuppressant, 120
exotoxin production, 132 CREST syndrome, 464 protease inhibitors, 203 targets of, 121
unvaccinated children, 186 autoantibody (limited Cushing reflex, 299 Cyclothymic disorder, 548, 549
Corynebacterium spp. scleroderma), 115 Cushing syndrome, 333 Cyproterone, 640
Gram-positive algorithm, 134 biliary cirrhosis and, 389 acanthosis nigricans and, 472 Cystathionine, 67
Costovertebral angle tenderness, 591 calcification with, 211 anovulation with, 631 Cystathionine synthase deficiency, 84
Cough, 538 Cretinism, 338 corticosteroids, 120 Cysteine, 85
ACE inhibitors, 251, 596 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 178, 509 hirsutism, 333 Cystic disorders
asthma, 660 “Crew cut” (skull X-ray), 410, 414 paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 renal, 592
chronic bronchitis, 660 Cribriform plate, 493 small cell lung cancer, 669 Cystic duct, 362
gastroesophageal reflux disease, 371 Cricoid cartilage, 606 Cushing ulcers Cystic fibrosis, 60
guaifenesin, 671 Cricothyroid muscle, 606 gastritis, 373 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153
hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 661 Cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 Cutaneous anthrax, 137 bronchiectasis, 661
lung cancer, 669 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 387, 388 edema toxin, 132 chromosome association, 64
nonproductive, 140 presentation, 676 Cutaneous flushing common organisms, 179
staccato, 149 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, carcinoid syndrome, 335 N-acetylcysteine, 671
Wegener granulomatosis, 317 167 drugs causing, 248 pancreatic insufficiency, 375
whooping, 132, 143 CRISPR/Cas9, 53 Cutaneous larva migrans, 159 vitamin deficiencies and, 65
Councilman bodies Crohn disease, 376 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 158 Cystic hygromas, 437
yellow fever, 168 azathioprine, 120 Cutaneous mycoses, 152 Turner syndrome, 624
Countertransference, 542 B12 deficiency, 412 Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes, Cystine (kidney stones), 586
Courvoisier sign cholelithiasis and, 390 229 Cystinuria, 85
pancreatic cancer, 391 granulomatous inflammation, 218 Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis, 317 Cystitis
Cowper gland, 612 lesions in, 688 Cutis aplasia acute bacterial, 582
Cowpox, 164 natalizumab, 122 Patau syndrome, 63 squamous cell carcinoma risk, 588
INDEX 747
Cytarabine, 432 “Dancing eyes, dancing feet”, 229 Dehydration De novo mutations
in cell cycle, 430 Dandy-Walker syndrome, 480 diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 Rett syndrome, 62
Cytochrome C, 208 Dantrolene, 537 filtration changes and, 571 De novo pyrimidine and purine
Cytochrome p-450 Dapagliflozin, 349 gout exacerbation, 459 synthesis, 36
drug metabolism, 235 Dapsone, 194 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, rate-determining enzyme, 73
Cytochrome P-450 dermatitis herpetiformis, 471 346 Dense deposit disease, 585
azoles, 199 Hansen disease, 141 loop diuretics and, 594 Dental plaque
barbiturates and, 533 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 mannitol and, 594 normal flora, 178
cimetidine and, 392 Mycobacterium leprae, 196 osmotic laxatives, 394 viridans streptococci, 128
griseofulvin, 200 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 relative polycythemia with, 425 Dentate nucleus, 487
interactions with, 251 Daptomycin, 195 salivary stones with, 370 Dentin
macrolides, 193 MRSA, 198 shock, 312 collagen in, 50
phenobarbital effect on, 532 Dark-field microscopy, 146 in sickle cell anemia, 407 osteogenesis imperfecta, 51
porphyria, 417 Darunavir Dehydrogenases, 73 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 51
rifamycins, 196 HIV therapy, 203 Deiverticula Denys-Drash syndrome, 588
ritonavir, 203 mechanism, 201 Meckel, 378 Dependent personality disorder, 553
Cytokeratin, 228 Datura, 242 Delavirdine Depersonalization/derealization
cytoskeletal element, 48 Daunorubicin, 431 HIV therapy, 203 disorder, 546
in epithelial cells, 465 dilated cardiomyopathy, 248 mechanism, 201 panic disorder, 551
Cytokines, 101, 108 DCC gene, 225 Delirium, 546 Depression
corticosteroids and, 120 D-dimer lab test, 657 barbiturate withdrawal, 557, 558 atypical antipsychotics for, 561
Graves disease and, 339 Dead space (lung), 650 diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 atypical features in, 549
rejection reactions, 119 Deafness. See also Hearing loss PCP, 559 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 555,
type IV hypersensitivity, 113 Alport syndrome, 585 thyroid storm, 339 558
Cytokinesis, 46 congenital long QT syndrome, 297 Delirium tremens (DTs), 557, 558, dissociative identity disorder, 546
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital syphilis, 147 559 drug therapy, 560
AIDS retinitis, 165 rubella, 182 δ cells electroconvulsive therapy, 550
cholecystitis and, 390 syphilis, 182 endocrine pancreas, 323 glucagonomas, 336
clinical significance, 165 Deamination somatostatinomas of, 336 hyperparathyroidism, 342
esophagitis and, 371 base excision repair, 40 somatostatin production, 365 marijuana withdrawal, 559
HIV-positive adults, 177 Death Delta rhythm (EEG), 485 MDMA withdrawal, 559
hyper-IgM syndrome and, 117 aortic dissection in, 306 Delta virus, 167 metoclopramide, 394
immunodeficient patients, 118 children, explaining to, 267 Deltoid muscle mirtazapine for, 244
pneumonia, 668 common causes, 270 axillary nerve injury, 440 neurotransmitters for, 483
ToRCHeS infection, 182 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Erb palsy, 441 postpartum, 550
treatment, 202 nonketotic syndrome, 346 Delusional disorder, 546, 548 seasonal pattern with, 549
viral receptor, 166 sudden cardiac death, 307 Delusions, 547 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake
Cytoplasm thyroid storm, 339 mesolimbic pathway, 487 inhibitors (SNRIs) for, 563
cell cycle phase, 46 Death receptor pathway, 207, 208 Demeclocycline, 350 sexual dysfunction caused by, 555
cytoskeletal elements, 48 Debranching enzyme diabetes insipidus and, 248, 344 SSRIs for, 563
glycolysis, 76 Cori disease, 87 for SIADH, 344 stimulant withdrawal, 558
HMP shunt, 79 glycogen metabolism, 86 Dementia suicide and, 550
metabolism in, 72 Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), 106 common brain lesions, 499 Deprivation effects (infants), 544
Cytoplasmic membrane (bacterial), 124 Deceleration injury, 306 frontotemporal, 499 de Quervain (granulomatous)
Cytoplasmic processing bodies Decidua basalis, 603 HIV-positive adults, 177 thyroiditis, 218
(P-bodies), 41 Decision-making capacity, 265 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 De Quervain tenosynovitis, 452, 453
Cytosine methylation, 34 Decompression sickness, 658 neurodegenerative disorders, De Quervain thyroiditis, 338
Cytoskeletal elements, 48 Decorticate posturing, 499 508–509 Dermacentor tick (disease vector), 149
Cytosol, 448 Decussation Pick disease, 681 Dermatitis
Cytotoxic T cells, 102 in spinal tracts, 497 prion disease, 178 B-complex deficiency, 65
cell surface proteins, 110 Deep brachial artery, 447 splice site mutations, 39 drug reactions and, 249
MHC I and II, 100 Deep inguinal lymph nodes, 610 vitamin B3 deficiency, 67 glucagonomas, 336
Cytotrophoblast, 603, 628 Deep inguinal ring, 363 Demyelinating/dysmyelinating IPEX syndrome, 102
choriocarcinomas and, 628 Deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 657 disorders, 512 type IV hypersensitivity reaction,
direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 429 Demyelination 113
D embolic stroke and, 500 lead poisoning (adult), 417 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67
Daclizumab glucagonomas and, 336 metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 vitamin B7 deficiency, 68
immunosuppression, 120 heparin for, 427 Demyelination/dysmyelination Dermatitis herpetiformis, 471
targets of, 121 labs/findings, 680 progressive multifocal autoimmune disorder, 471
Dacrocytes, 406 tamoxifen/raloxifen and, 435 leukoencephalopath, 512 celiac disease and, 375
Dactinomycin, 431 Deer flies (disease vectors), 159 vitamin B12 deficiency, 518 Dermatologic lesion terms, 466
RNA polymerase inhibition, 42 Defense mechanisms Demyelination/dysmyelination Dermatomes
targets of, 430 immature, 542–543 disorders, 512 landmarks, 498
Dactylitis mature, 543 progressive multifocal Dermatomyositis, 229
seronegative spondyloarthritis, 461 Defensins, 99 leukoencephalopathy, 512 autoantibody, 115
sickle cell anemia, 414 Deferasirox vitamin B12 deficiency, 518 Dermatomyositis/polymyositis, 463
Dalfopristin for iron poisoning, 247 Dendritic cells, 400 Dermatophytes, 152
mechanism (diagram), 187 Deferiprone IL-10, 108 Dermatophytoses, 199
VRE, 198 for iron poisoning, 247 innate immunity, 99 Dermis, 465
Dalteparin, 427 Deferoxamine Langerhans cell histiocytosis and, Dermoid cyst, 632
Danazol, 643 for iron poisoning, 247 426 Descending colon, 354
endometriosis, 634 Deformation, 599 T- and B-cell activation, 101, 103 Desert bumps, 151
Idiopathic intracranial Degenerate/redundant genetic code, Dengue, 167 Desflurane, 537
hypertension, 509 37 Denial, 542 Desipramine, 563
pseudotumor cerebri, 509 Degmacytes, 406 Denosumab, 122 Desloratadine, 671
reproductive hormones and, 640 G6PD deficiency, 79 for osteoporosis, 454 Desmin, 48, 228
748 INDEX

Desmoplakin, 465 urinary tract infections, 181 magnesium deficiency from, 330 Digoxin
Desmopressin UTIs and, 589 magnesium hydroxide, 393 contractility effects of, 284
for hemophilia, 418 Diabetes mellitus management, malabsorption syndromes, 375 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 311
Desmopressin acetate 344–345, 348–349 metabolic acidosis from, 580 sodium-potassium pump
central DI, 327, 350 Diabetes mellitus type 1, 346 metoclopramide, 394 inhibition, 49
DI treatment, 344 autoantibody, 115 misoprostol, 393 therapeutic index of, 236
Desmosome, 465 HLA subtypes with, 100 opioids for, 538 visual distrubance with, 250
Desquamation, 135 Diabetes mellitus type 2, 346 opioid withdrawal, 558 Dihydroergotamine, 506
Desvenlafaxine, 563 amyloidosis, 212 organisms causing, 179 Dihydrofolate reductase, 36
Detached retina, 525 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia pellagra, 67 Dihydrofolic acid, 194
Detemir insulin. See also Insulin nonketotic syndrome, 346 rotavirus, 168 Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
Detrusor instability, 588 Diabetic glomerulonephropathy, 584 Salmonella, 144 leflunomide effect on, 36, 475
Developmental delay Diabetic ketoacidosis SCID, 117 Dihydropyridine calcium channel
fetal alcohol syndrome, 601 black eschar, 675 secretory, 337 blockers, 253
renal failure and, 590 DM type 1 and, 345 Shigella, 144 Dihydropyridine receptor, 448
Developmental milestones, 621 ketone bodies, 90 thyroid storm and, 339 Dihydrorhodamine test, 117
Dexamethasone metabolic acidosis, 580 Vibrio cholerae, 146 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Diabetic nephropathy VIPomas, 365 finasteride, 643
Cushing syndrom diagnosis, 333 ACE inhibitors for, 596 vitamin C toxicity, 69 5α-reductase deficiency, 625
Dexlansoprazole, 392 angiotensin II receptor blockers Whipple disease, 676 function, 622
Dexrazoxane, 431 for, 596 Yersinia enterocolitica, 144 genital development, 609
Dextroamphetamine, 560 Diabetic neuropathy, 563 Diastole pharmacologic control of, 640
Dextrocardia, 49, 278 Diabetic retinopathy, 525 cardiac cycle, 290 sexual determination, 608
Dextromethorphan, 538, 671 Diagnosis errors, 272 heart failure and, 311 Dihydroxyacetone-P, 80
DHT (dihydrotestosterone), 608, Diagnostic criteria heart murmurs of, 292, 294 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 311, 315
622, 625 grief, 550 heart sounds of, 290, 293 doxorubicin, 431
Diabetes insipidus, 344 major depressive disorder, 549 Diazepam drug reaction, 248
antidiuretic hormone in, 327 panic disorder, 551 alcohol withdrawal, 560 hemochromatosis, 389
demeclocycline and, 350 symptom duration and, 552 flumazenil and, 234 muscular dystrophy, 61
desmopressin acetate for, 350 Diagnostic maneuvers/signs tetanus, 138 wet beriberi, 66
drug reaction and, 248 Gower sign, 61 Diclofenac, 475 Diltiazem, 319
lithium, 562 for hearing loss, 521 arachidonic acid pathway and, Dimenhydrinate, 671
lithium toxicty, 557 Diagnostic test evaluation, 257 474 Dimercaprol
potassium-sparing diuretics for, 595 Diagnostic tests/maneuver Dicloxacillin for arsenic toxicity, 247
thiazides for, 595 hip instability, 453 mechanism and use, 188 for lead poisoning, 247, 411
Diabetes mellitus, 345–346. See Diagnostic tests/maneuvers mechanism (diagram), 187 for mercury poisoning, 247
also Hyperglycemia bedside cardiac exam, 293 Dicrotic notch, 290 Dinitrophenol, 78
acanthosis nigricans, 472 laboratory tests in bone disorders, Dicyclomine, 241 Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
atherosclerosis and, 305 456 Didanosine (DPPC), 647
atypical antipsychotics, 561 lower extremity, 479 HIV therapy, 203 Diphenhydramine, 671
β-blockers and, 246 Prehn sign, 639 mechanism, 201 Diphenoxylate, 538
carpal tunnel syndrome, 451 Weber/Rinne tests, 521 pancreatitis, 249 Diphtheria
cataracts and, 523 wrist and hand injury, 451 Diencephalon, 478 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139
chronic renal failure and, 590 Dialectical behavior therapy, 553 Diethylcarbamazine Corynebacterium diptheriae, 139
CN III damage, 529 Dialysis-related amyloidosis, 212 antihelminthic, 200 exotoxins, 130, 131, 132
diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 412 nematode infections, 159 unvaccinated children, 186
diabetic retinopathy, 525 Diapedesis, 216 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 641 vaccine for, 139
Friedreich ataxia, 519 Diaper rash teratogenicity, 600 Diphyllobothrium latum
fungal infections, 186 Candida albicans, 153 vaginal tumors, 630 B12 deficiency, 412
glaucoma and, 524 nystatin, 199 Differential media, 126 disease association, 161
glucagonomas, 336 Diaphoresis, 307 Differentiation (tumor), 221 presentation, 160
glucosuria in, 572 acromegaly, 343 Diffuse cortical necrosis, 591 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69
hemochromatosis, 389 Diaphragmatic hernias, 364 Diffuse glomerular disorders, 582 Diplococci, 141
hepatitis C, 173 Diaphragm structures, 649 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Diplopia
hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Diaphysis, 457 (DLBCL), 422, 424 central vertigo, 522
nonketotic syndrome, 346 Diarrhea Diffuse proliferative drug toxicity, 532
hypertension and, 303, 319 Bacillus cereus, 138 glomerulonephritis intracranial hypertension, 509
iron poisoning, 418 B-complex deficiency, 65 (DPGN), 585, 682 myasthenia gravis, 463
Klebsiella, 145 bismuth/sucralfate for, 393 Diffuse scleroderma, 464 osmotic demyelination syndrome,
neonatal respiratory distress bronchial carcinoid tumor, 669 Diffuse stomach cancer, 373 512
syndrome, 647 Campylobacter jejuni, 145 Diffuse systemic scleroderma, 681 Dipyridamole
nephropathy with, 582, 584 Celiac disease, 680 Diffusion-limited gas exchange, 654 for coronary steal syndrome, 307
neural tube defect association, 479 cholera toxin, 132 Digestion stroke/TIA prevention, 429
opportunistic infections, 153 clindamycin, 192 malabsorption syndromes, 375 Direct bilirubin, 369
pancreatic cancer, 391 Clostridium difficile, 138, 675 secretory products for, 366–368 Direct cholinomimetic agonists, 240
polyhydramnios and, 627 Cryptosporidium, 155 ulcerative colitis and, 376 Direct Coombs test, 112
preeclampsia and, 629 drug reaction, 249 Digestive tract Direct factor Xa inhibitors, 429
in pregnancy, 303 giardiasis, 155 anatomy and histology, 356 Direct hernias, 363
pyelonephritis and, 589 graft-versus-host disease, 119 ligaments of, 366 Direct inguinal hernias, 364
readmissions with, 270 HIV-positive adults, 177 Digitalis Direct light reflex, 527
renal papillary necrosis and, 591 inflammatory bowel diseases, 376 contractility effects, 282 Direct sympathomimetics, 242
sexual dysfunction, 555 irritable bowel syndrome, 377 hyperkalemia and, 578 Direct thrombin inhibitors, 427
tacrolimus and, 120 lactase deficiency, 81 toxicity treatment for, 247 Discharge planning, 270
teratogenic potential, 600 lactose intolerance, 375 Digitoxin Disc herniation, 446
type 1 vs. type 2, 346 leflunomide, 475 sodium-potassium pump Discounted fee-for-service, 269
urinary incontinence with, 588 loperamide for, 393 inhibition, 49 Disease prevention, 269
INDEX 749
Disease vectors Diverticula, 377, 688 Dorsiflexion Dry mouth
Aedes mosquitoes, 168 intussusception with, 379 common peroneal nerve injury, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic
Anopheles mosquito, 157 Zenker, 378 444 syndrome, 463
armadillos, 149 Diverticulitis, 377 Dosage calculations, 233 tricyclic antidepressants, 563
birds, 148, 149 Diverticulosis, 377 Double-blinded studies, 256 Dry skin, 66
black flies, 159 Diverticulum, 377 Double bubble (x-ray), 353 Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 387, 388
cats, 149 Dizygotic (“fraternal”) twins, 602 Double stranded viruses, 163 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 61
dogs, 145, 149 Dizziness, 522 Double Y males, 624 frameshift mutation, 39
fleas, 149, 150 cholesteatoma, 522 Down syndrome, 63 inheritance, 61
flies, 144, 149 drug side effects, 534 ALL and AML in, 424 Ductal adenocarcinomas, 362
horse flies, 159 DMD gene. See Dystrophin gene Alzheimer disease risk, 508 Ductal carcinomas
Ixodes ticks, 146 DMPK gene, 61 cardiac defect association, 303 in situ (DCIS), 636
rodents, 167 DNA cataracts and, 523 terminal lobular unit, 635
ticks, 146, 150 cloning methods, 55 chromosome associated with, 64 Ductal carcinomas (invasive), 636
zoonotic bacteria, 149 free radical effect on, 210 hCG in, 619 Ductus arteriosus, 280, 605
Disinfection/sterilization methods, introns vs. exons, 43 Hirschsprung disease and, 378 Ductus deferens
204 ligase, 38 horseshoe kidney and, 567 embryology, 608
Disinhibited social engagement, 544 laddering in apoptosis, 208 presentation, 674 ureter and, 569
Disorganized thought, 547 methylation of, 34 Doxazosin, 244 Ductus venosus, 280
Dispersion measures, 261 mutations in, 39, 222 Doxepin, 563 Duloxetine, 563
Displacement, 542 polymerase inhibitors, 252 Doxorubicin, 431 Duodenal atresia, 63, 353
Disruption (morphogenesis), 599 polymerases, 38 cardiomyopathy from, 311 Duodenal ulcers, 374
Disruptive mood dysregulation repair of, 40 dilated cardiomyopathy, 248 Duodenum
disorder, 545 replication of, 38 targets, 430 basal electric rhythm, 356
Disseminated candidiasis, 153 topoisomerases, 38 toxicities, 436 biliary structures and, 362
Disseminated intravascular DNAse. See Dornase alfa (DNAse) Doxycycline histology of, 356
coagulation (DIC), 420 DNA transcription chlamydiae, 148 location, 354
acute myelogenous leukemia, 424 deacetylation, 34 Chlamydia trachomatis, 683 secretory cells, 367
amniotic fluid emboli, 658 DNA viruses, 164 lymphogranuloma venereum, 149 Duplex collecting system, 567
Ebola, 171 characteristics, 163 mechanism (diagram), 187 Dural venous sinuses, 491
endotoxins, 131, 133 genomes, 163 MRSA, 198 Dura mater, 484
meningococci, 142 Dobutamine, 242 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150 Duret hemorrhage, 517
microangiopathic anemia, 415 Dogs (disease vectors), 145, 149, 152, rickettsial/vector-borne disease, Dwarfism, 343
placental abruption, 626 160, 186 150 achondroplasia, 454
schistocytes in, 407 Dolutegravir, 203 tetracyclines, 192 D-xylose test, 375
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Dominant inheritance, 59 Doxylamine, 671 Dynein, 48
syndrome, 334, 675 Dominant negative mutations, 56 DPP-4 inhibitors, 349 Dynein motors, 171
Dissociation, 542 Donepezil, 240, 536 Dressler syndrome, 308, 310, 314 Dysarthria, 504
Dissociative amnesia, 546 Do not resuscitate (DNR) order, 265 presentation, 675 Friedreich ataxia as, 519
Dissociative disorders, 546 Donovan bodies, 184 Drooling treatment, 241 osmotic demyelination syndrome,
Dissociative fugue, 546 Donovanosis, 184 Drop metastases, 516 512
Dissociative identity disorder, 546 DOPA Drop seizures, 505 Dysbetalipoproteinemia, 94
Distal convoluted tubules, 568 tyrosine catabolism, 83 Drug clearance, 691 Dyschezia, 634
diuretics and, 593 Dopamine, 242, 325 Drug dosages, 236 Dysentery
filtration, 571 agonists, 535 calculations, 233 Entamoeba histolytica, 179
nephron physiology, 573 basal ganglia, 488 lethal median, 236 Escherichia coli, 145
Distal humerus, 447 bupropion effect, 564 liver disease, 233 Shigella spp., 132, 144, 179
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints, changes with disease, 483 loading, 233 Dysgerminomas, 633
442 derivation of, 83 maintenance dose, 233 Dysgeusia, 71
Distal renal tubular acidosis Huntington disease, 508 metabolism in geriatric patients, Dyskinesia
(type 1), 581 kidney functions and, 577 235 tardive, 250
Distention, 670 lactation and, 326 renal disease, 233 Dyslipidemia
Distortions of hand, 442 l-DOPA, 535, 536 toxic dose, 236 β-blockers, 246
Distribution, statistical, 261 MAO inhibition, 536 Drug-induced lupus, 249 familial, 94
Distributive shock, 312 MAO inhibitor effectS, 560, 563 Drug name conventions, 252–253, renal failure and, 590
Disulfiram in noradrenergic drugs, 239 253–254 vitamin B3 for, 67
alcoholism, 685 Parkinson disease, 535 Drug reaction with eosinophilia Dysmenorrhea
alcoholism treatment, 559 PCT secretion of, 577 and systemic symptoms adenomyosis, 634
ethanol metabolism and, 72 pheochromocytoma secretion, 336 (DRESS), 249 copper IUD, 643
procarbazine reaction, 433 receptors, 488 Drugs defined, 618
Disulfiram-like reaction, 251 vitamin B6 and, 67 autonomic, 239 endometriosis, 634
Diuresis Dopamine agonists cholinomimetic agents, 240 primary, 633
atrial naturiuretic peptide, 298 prolactin and, 326 efficacy vs. potency, 236 Dysmetria
for shock, 312 Dopamine antagonists, 326 elimination of, 234, 235 central vertigo, 522
Diuretics Dopamine receptors, 238 errors in, 272 stroke and, 502
acute interstitial nephritis with, 591 Dopaminergic pathways, 487 interactions, 233 Dyspareunia, 555
dilated cardiomyopathy, 311 Doripenem metabolism phases, 235 endometriosis, 634
electrolyte changes, 595 mechanism (diagram), 187 patient difficulty with, 266 Dyspepsia, 644
glaucoma treatment, 538, 539 Dornase alfa (DNAse), 60 reactions to, 248–251 Dysphagia
in gout, 476 Dorsal columns (spinal cord), 496, therapeutic index, 236 achalasia, 370
heart failure, 311 497 toxicities, 247 esophageal pathologies and, 371–372
hypertension treatment, 319 thalamic relay for, 486 Drug trials, 256 osmotic demyelination syndrome,
magnesium levels and, 330 Dorsal interossei muscle, 439 Drunken sailor gait, 499 512
pancreatitis, 249 Dorsal motor nucleus, 494 Drusen, 524 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 410
for SIADH, 344 Dorsal optic radiation, 530 Dry beriberi, 66 stroke effects, 502
site of action, 593 Dorsal pancreatic bud, 354 Dry cough with ACE inhibitors, 251 Zenker diverticulum, 378
750 INDEX

Dysplasia, 206, 210, 220 Kartagener syndrome, 49 Efficacy vs. potency of drugs, 236 Emboli
cellular change/injury, 206 methotrexate for, 432 EGFR gene, 669 atherosclerosis, 305
free radical injury, 210 salpingitis and, 185 “Eggshell” calcification, 663 atrial fibrillation, 297
neoplastic progression, 220 Eculizumab, 122, 414 Ego defenses, 542, 543 atrial septal defect, 302
Dysplastic kidney Eczema Ego-dystonic behavior, 551 patent foramen ovale, 278
multicystic, 566, 567 hyper-IgE syndrome, 116, 675 Egophony, 666 pulmonary, 312
Dyspnea phenylketonuria, 84 Ego-syntonic behavior, 551, 552, 553 Embolic stroke, 500
α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 386 type I hypersensitivity, 112 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 51 Emboliform nucleus, 487
aortic stenosis, 293 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117, 679 aneurysm association with, 504 Embolism
asthma, 660 Eczema (atopic dermatitis) collagen deficiency in, 50 pulmonary, 580
emphysema, 679 atopic dermatitis, 468 heart murmur with, 294 Embryogenesis
heart failure, 311 skin scales in, 466 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 149 genes involved in, 598
hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 661 Eczematous dermatitis, 466 Ehrlichiosis intrinsic pathway and, 208
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 311 Edema, 596. See also Cerebral edema animal transmission, 149 Embryologic derivatives, 598, 599
late-onset, 660 in acute inflammation, 215 rickettsial/vector-borne, 150 Embryology
Wegener granulomatosis, 317 acute poststreptococcal Eisenmenger syndrome, 302 cardiovascular, 278–280
Dystonia glomerulonephritis, 585 Ejaculation derivatives, 599
acute, 241 Arthus reaction, 113 innervation of, 613 erythropoiesis, 396
antipsychotics/anticonvulsants, 557 capillary fluid exchange and, 300 sperm pathway in, 612 gastrointestinal, 352–353
benztropine for, 241 danazol, 643 Ejaculatory ducts, 612 genital, 608
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 embryology of, 608 gland derivations in, 607
movement disorders, 507 endotoxins, 133 Ejection fraction, 283, 692 neurological, 478–480
nigrostriatal pathway and, 487 fludrocortisone, 350 Ejection murmur, 675 pancreas and spleen, 353, 354
treatment of, 241 glomerular filtration barrier and, Elastase, 367 renal, 566–567
Dystrophic calcification, 211, 228 569 activity in emphysema, 660 reproductive, 598–609
Dystrophin gene, 61 heart failure and, 311 Elastic recoil, 651 respiratory, 646–647
Dysuria, 639 with hyperaldosteronism, 334 Elastin, 52 thyroid development, 322
cystitis, 181 hyperammonia, 82 Elbow injuries, 450 USMLE Step 1 preparation, 274
urinary catheterization, 185 immunosuppressants, 120 Electrocardiogram (ECG), 296 Embryonal carcinoma, 638
UTIs causing, 589 inhalational injury, 662 acute pericarditis on, 314 Embryonic age calculation, 619
Kawasaki disease and, 316 cardiac tamponade on, 315 Embryonic development, 598
E kwashiorkor, 71 low-voltage, 311, 315 Embryonic morphogenic errors, 599
Ear loop diuretics for, 594 MI diagnosis with, 309 Embryonic stage (development), 646
branchial pouch derivation, 607 nephrotic syndrome, 584, 678 tracings of, 297 Emergent care proxy, 267
development of, 599 pepripheral, 312 with pulmonary embolism, 658 Emesis. See Vomiting
Eardrum, 521 periorbital, 159, 161 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Emission
Early-onset Alzheimer disease, 63 pitting, 311 adverse effects, 550 innervation of, 613
Eating disorders pseudoepherine/phenylephrine, 671 major depressive disorder, 549 Emollient laxatives, 394
amenorrhea with, 631 pulmonary, 114 postpartum psychosis, 550 Emotion
anovulation in, 631 superior vena cava syndrome, 668 Electroencephalogram (EEG) neural structures and, 487
binge eating disorder, 555 Trichinella spiralis, 159, 161 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 509 Emotionally distraught patients, 266
bulimia nervosa, 555 trichinosis, 159 in dilirum, 546 Emotional/social development
characteristics of, 555 upper extremity, 670 sleep spindles/K complexes, 485 neglect and deprivation effects, 544
pica, 555 wet beriberi, 66 sleep stages, 485 Empagliflozin, 349
Eaton agar Edema (generalized) wake and sleep rhythms, 485 Emphysema, 660
culture requirements, 126 cirrhosis, 383 Electrolytes α1-antitrypsin deficiency, 386
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150 Edema (peripheral), 596 disturbances in, 579 compliance in, 651
Ebola virus, 167, 171 acute poststreptococcal diuretic effects on, 595 diffusion in, 654
Ebstein anomaly, 279, 301, 303 glomerulonephritis, 585 Electron acceptors (universal), 75 diffusion-limited gas exchange, 654
fetal lithium exposure, 600 glomerular filtration barrier and, Electron transport chain, 78 elastin in, 52
lithium, 562 569 Electron transport inhibitors, 78 panacinar, 386
E-cadherin, 465 loop diuretics for, 594 Electrophoresis presentation, 679
expression, 636 nephrotic syndrome, 584 hemoglobin, 402 Empty/full can test, 438
loss of inhibition, 222 superior vena cava syndrome, 670 Elek test, 139 Empty sella syndrome, 343
in neoplastic progression, 220 Edema toxin, 132 Elementary bodies (chlamydiae), Emtricitabine
Echinocandins, 198, 200 Edema (vasogenic), 484 148 HIV-positive adults, 203
Echinococcus granulosus Edinger-Westphal nuclei, 527 Elephantiasis, 159 mechanism, 201
cestodes, 160 Edrophonium, 240 11β-hydroxylase, 328 Enalapril, 596
disease association, 161 myasthenia gravis diagnosis, 463 11-deoxycorticosterone, 328 Encapsulated bacteria, 127
Echinocytes, 406 Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), 63 11-deoxycortisol, 328 Encephalitis
Echothiophate cataracts and, 523 t(11;22) translocation, 457 anti-NMDA receptor, 229
glaucoma, 539 chromosome association, 64 Elfin facies, 64 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153
Echovirus horseshoe kidney and, 567 Elimination of drugs, 234 cytomegalovirus, 177
picornavirus, 167, 168 Efavirenz urine pH and, 235 guanosine analogs, 201
Eclampsia, 303, 629 HIV-positive adults, 203 ELISA (enzyme-linked herpesviruses, 165, 180
Ecthyma gangrenosum, 143 mechanism, 201 immunosorbent assay), 54 HIV-positive adults, 177
Ectocervix, 612 Effective refractory period Elliptocytes, 406 HSV identification, 166
Ectoderm myocardial action potential, 295 Elliptocytosis, 406 Lassa fever, 167
branchial clefts, 605 Effective renal plasma flow, 570, 692 eltrombopag (TPO receptor agonist), neonatal, 182
derivatives of, 599 Efferent/afferent nerves, 299 121 small cell lung cancer, 669
Ectoparasites, 161 Efferent arteriole, 568 Elvitegravir, 203 West Nile virus, 180
Ectopic pregnancy, 627 angiotensin II, 578 Emancipated minors, 264 Encephalomyelitis
appendicitis differential diagnosis, ANP/BNP, 576 EMB agar paraneoplastic syndrome, 229
377 constriction of, 571 Escherichia coli, 181 Encephalopathy
Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 dopamine and, 577 lactose-fermenting enterics, 144 hepatic, 359, 385
hCG in, 619 filtration, 571 special culture, 126 hypertensive emergency, 303
INDEX 751
lead poisoning, 411 Endothelial cells Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Epiphysis
Lyme disease, 146 filtration and, 571 See ELISA (enzyme-linked estrogen effects on, 450
prion disease, 178 glomerulus, 568 immunosorbent assay) slipped capital femoral, 453, 455
renal failure, 590 leukocyte extravasation and, 216 Enzymes tumors in, 456
Reye syndrome, 384 in wound healing, 217 glycolysis regulation, 75, 76 widening of, 455
Wernicke, 66 Endothelin, 665 lipid transport, 91, 92 Epiploic foramen of Winslow, 355
Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, Endothelin receptor antagonists, 671 rate-determining, 73 Episcleritis
513 naming conventions for, 253 terminology for, 73 inflammatory bowel disease, 376
Endemic typhus, 149 pulmonary hypertension, 671 Eosinopenias, 416 Epispadias, 610
Endocannabinoids, 327 Endothelium-derived relaxing factor Eosinophilia Epistaxis, 657
Endocardial cushion, 278 (EDRF), 332 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153 hereditary hemorrhagic
Endocardial fibroelastosis, 311 Endotoxins, 131, 133 Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 telangiectasia, 319
Endocarditis End-stage renal disease findings, 682 drug reaction and, 249 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome,
bacterial, 313 Enflurane, 537 macrolides, 193 676
Candida albicans, 153 seizures with, 250 Eosinophilic casts (urine), 589 Epithelial cell junctions, 465
coarctation of aorta, 302 Enfuvirtide, 203 Eosinophilic esophagitis, 371 Epithelial cells
Coxiella burnetii, 150 Eosinophilic granuloma, 661 tumor nomenclature of, 221
HIV-positive adults, 203
daptomycin, 195 Eosinophilic granulomatosis, 317 Epithelial histology (female), 612
mechanism (diagram), 201
enterococci, 137 autoantibody, 115 Epithelial hyperplasia, 635
Enhancers (gene expression), 41
heart murmurs, 294 Eosinophils, 400 Epithelium, 356
Enoxacin, 195
heroin addiction and, 564 corticosteroid effects, 416 Eplerenone, 595
Löffler, 311 Enoxaparin, 427 Epley maneuver, 522
in esophagus, 371
nonbacterial thrombotic, 229 Entacapone, 535 Ependymal cells, 481 Epoetin alfa (EPO analog), 121
prophylaxis, 198 Entamoeba histolytica Ependymoma, 516 Epoprostenol
Staphylococcus aureus, 135 amebiasis, 155 Ephedrine, 243 for pulmonary hypertension, 671
Streptococcus bovis, 137 bloody diarrhea, 179 as noradrenergic drug, 239 pulmonary hypertension, 671
viridans streptococci, 128 metronidazole, 195 Epicanthal folds Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 165
Endocervix, 612 Enteric nerves, 356, 394 cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 aplastic anemia, 413
Endochondrial ossification, 450 Enteritis Down syndrome, 63 Burkitt lymphoma, 422
Endocrine disorders vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 Epidemics, 169 false-positive VDRL, 148
paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 vitamin B5 deficiency, 67 Epidemic typhus, 149 hairy leukoplakia and, 470
Endocrine functions vitamin B7 deficiency, 68 Epidemiology/biostatistics, head and neck cancer, 657
kidney, 577 Enterobacter aerogenes, 189 256–262 HIV-positive adults, 177
Endocrine hormone signaling Enterobacter spp. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) Hodgkin lymphoma, 421
pathways, 332 lactose fermentation, 144 signaling pathways for, 332 in immunodeficient patients, 118
Endocrine pancreas cell types, 323 nosocomial infection, 185 in wound healing, 217 labs/findings, 679, 680
Endocrine system, 322–352 Enterobius spp. Epidermis, 465 oncogenesis of, 226
anatomy, 322–323 diseases association, 161 embryologic derivatives, 599 receptors for, 166
embryology, 322 infection routes, 158 Epidermophyton, 152 Eptifibatide, 429
hormones acting on kidney, 577, 578 Enterobius vermicularis, 159 Epididymis, 612 thrombogenesis and, 403
kidney function in, 577 Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, anatomy, 612 Erb palsy, 441
pathology, 333–349 335, 367 embryology of, 608 Erectile dysfunction, 555
pharmacology, 344–346, 348–350 Enterococci, 137 Epididymitis, 184, 639 β-blockers and, 246
physiology, 324–332 penicillins for, 188 Epididymo-orchitis, 639 cimetidine, 392
Endoderm vancomycin, 190 Epidural hematomas, 501 endothelin receptor antagonists,
branchial pouch derivation, 605 vancomycin-resistant (VRE), 137 Epidural space, 484 671
derivatives of, 599 Enterococcus faecalis, 137 Epigastric pain Lambert-Eaton myasthenic
Endodermal tubules, 646 Enterococcus faecium, 137 chronic mesenteric ischemia, 380 syndrome, 463
Endometrial abnormal uterine Enterococcus spp. Ménétrier disease, 373 PDE-5 inhibitors for, 644
bleeding, 619 Gram-positive algorithm, 134 pancreatitis, 391 Peyronie disease, 637
Endometrial artery, 603 UTIs, 181 Epigastric veins, 359 sildenafil, 671
Endometrial carcinoma/cancer, 634 Enterocolitis Epiglottitis Erection
epidemiology of, 629 vitamin E excess, 70 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 autonomic innervation, 613
estrogens and, 642 Enterocolitis (necrotizing), 380 labs/findings, 679 ischemic priapism, 637
hormone replacement therapy unvaccinated children, 186 Ergocalciferol. See Vitamin D
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
and, 642 Epilepsy Ergosterol synthesis, 198
(EHEC), 132, 145, 179
Lynch syndrome and, 382 drug therapy, 532–533 Ergosterol synthesis inhibitors, 252
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli
PCOS and, 631 gustatory hallucinations in, 547 Ergot alkaloids
(EIEC), 145, 179
progestins for, 642 hallucinations in, 547 coronary vasospasm, 248
tamoxifen and, 435 Enterokinase/enteropeptidase, 367 Erlotinib, 434
lung abscesses, 670
tumor suppressor genes and, 225 Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli seizures, 505 Erosions (gastrointestinal), 356, 373
Endometrial conditions, 634–635 (EPEC), 145 splice site mutations, 39 Errors (medical), 272
Endometrial hyperplasia, 634 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Epileptic patients Ertapenem, 187
follicular cysts, 632 (ETEC), 132, 179 confidentiality exceptions, 268 Erysipelas, 470
Endometrial vein, 603 Enterovirus meningitis, 180 Epinephrine, 242. See Streptococcus pyogenes, 136
Endometrioid hyperplasia, 634 Entorhinal cortex, 487 also Catecholamines Erythema
Endometriosis, 634 Enuresis adrenal medulla secretion, 322 complicated hernias, 364
danazol for, 643 characteristics/treatment, 556 for anaphylactic reaction, 114 Kawasaki disease, 316
ovarian neoplasms and, 632 sleep stages and, 485 glycogen regulation and, 85 palmar, 383
Endometritis, 634 TCA use for, 563 pheochromocytoma secretion, Erythema marginatum, 314
Endometrium, 611 Enveloped viruses, 162 336 Erythema migrans, 146
Endoneurium, 483 Envelopes (viral), 163 tyrosine catabolism, 83 Erythema multiforme, 151, 471
Endoplasmic reticulum, 46, 47 env gene, 175 unopposed secretion of, 345 Erythema nodosum, 151, 472, 662
rough, 46 Enzyme kinetics, 232 vitamin B6 and, 67 inflammatory bowel disease, 376
smooth, 46 antagonists, 234 Epineurium, 483 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 397
Endosomes, 47 partial agonists, 234 Epiphyseal tumors, 457 type II hypersensitivity, 112
752 INDEX

Erythrocytes, 399 Esophageal atresia, 353 Ethanol metabolism Extracellular fluid (ECF), 569
basophilic stippling in, 411 Esophageal cancer, 372 zero-order elimination, 234 volume measurement, 569
blood types, 397 achalasia and, 370, 372 Ethics, 264–267 volume regulation, 576
casts in urine, 582 squamous cell carcinomas, 371 confidentiality, 268 Extragonadal germ cell tumors, 638
Coombs test, 415 Esophageal disorders consent, 264 Extramammary Paget disease, 630
DAF deficiency and, 107 atresia, 353 core principles of, 264–266 Extraperitoneal tissue, 363
erythropoietin and, 577 in atopic patients, 371 directives, 265 Extravascular hemolysis, 413
glucose usage by, 324 metaplasia of, 372 religious beliefs and, 267 Extrinsic hemolytic anemia, 415
hereditary spherocytosis, 414 reflux disease, 371 situations in, 266–267, 267–268 Extrinsic pathway, 208
inclusions in, 408 spasm, 371 Ethinyl estradiol, 641, 643 coagulation, 404
macrophages and, 399 strictures, 371 Ethosuxamide, 532, 685 warfarin and, 428
multiple myeloma, 423 varices, 359, 371 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), Exudate
myeloproliferative disorders, 425 webs, 371 247, 411 with lobar pneumonia, 668
pathologic forms of, 406–407 Esophageal dysmotility Ethylene glycol pleural effusion, 666
polychromasia in, 399 CREST syndrome, 464 metabolic acidosis, 580 Exudate, vs. transudate, 214
transfusion of, 421 Esophageal squamous cell toxicity treatment, 247 Ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 508, 510
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate carcinomas, 371 Etonogestrel, 642 Eye abnormalities
(ESR), 214 Esophageal strictures, 371 Etoposide, 434 blue sclerae, 51
subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, Esophageal varices, 359, 371 in cell cycle, 430 Eye disorders
338 Esophageal veins, 359 targets of, 430 AIDS retinitis, 165
Erythrocytosis, 399 Esophageal webs, 371, 410 Etoposide/teniposide, 38 aniridia, 588
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation Esophagitis, 371 Euchromatin, 34 cataracts, 523
curve, 653 bisphosphonates, 475 Eukaryotes conjunctivitis, 461, 522
Erythrogenic toxin, 136 drug reaction, 249 DNA replication, 38 corneal ulcers/keratitis, 143
Erythromelalgia, 425 HIV-positive adults, 177 functional gene organization, 41 with diabetes mellitus, 345
Erythromycin Esophagus mRNA start codons, 40 episcleritis, 376
macrolides, 193 blood supply and innervation, 357 ribosomes in, 45 glaucoma, 524
mechanism (diagram), 187 diaphragm, 649 RNA processing, 41 keratoconjunctivitis, 164
prophylaxis, 198 histology of, 356 Eukaryotic initiation factors, 45 keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 460
protein synthesis inhibition, 191 pathologies of, 371 Eukaryotic release factors, 45 red-green color blindness, 197
reactions to, 248 portosystemic anastomosis, 359 Eustachian tubes retinal hemorrhage, 303
Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 637 veins of, 359 embryonic derivation, 607 retinoblastoma, 225
Erythropoiesis, 665 Essential amino acids, 81 Eversion, 444 retinopathy, 200, 210
fetal, 396 Essential fructosuria, 80 Ewing sarcoma, 457 retinopathy of prematurity, 210,
with sleep apnea, 665 Essential hypertension, 319 dactinomycin for, 431 647
Erythropoietin, 121 Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, labs/findings, 681 scleritis, 458
high altitude, 656 173 Exanthem subitum, 165 uveitis, 376, 461
with pheochromacytoma, 336 Essential thrombocythemia, 425 “Excision” event, 130 Eye disorders/diseases
polycythemia and, 229, 678 Essential tremor, 507 Excitatory pathway, 488 Alport syndrome, 585
release of, 577 Esters (local anesthetics), 537 Exclusive provider organization plan, Eye movements, 528
in renal failure, 590 Estradiol, 640 269 bilateral movement of, 531
signaling pathways for, 332 Estriol Executioner caspases, 208 cranial nerve palsies, 529
Erythropoietin (EPO) pharmacologic control, 640 Exemestane, 642 with stroke, 503
anemia of chronic disease, 413 Estrogen, 616, 641 Exenatide, 348 Eyes. See also lens; sclerae
aplastic anemia, 413 androgen insensitivity syndrome, 625 Exercise anatomy of, 522
with polycythemias, 425 androgen coverstion to, 622 blood flow autoregulation, 300 aqueous humor pathway, 523
Eschar, 132, 137, 153 benign breast tumors, 635, 636 peripheral resistance, 285 cherry-red macular spot, 88
Escherichia coli bone formation, 450 respiratory response, 656 corneal arcus, 304
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, epiphyseal plate closure, 622 syncope with, 311 drugs affecting pupil size, 251
384 in genital development, 609 Tetralogy of Fallot, 301 night blindness (nyctalopia), 66
Escherichia coli, 145 granulosa cell tumors, 633 Exercise-induced amenorrhea, 631 optic atrophy, 88
bacterial cystitis, 589 gynecomastia, 635 Exocrine glands, 237 optic neuropathy, 59
catalase-positive organism, 128 Klinefelter syndrome, 624 Exogenous corticosteroids, 329 periorbital edema, 337
cephalosporins, 189 lactation and, 622 Exons, vs. introns, 43 scleral arcus, 94
culture requirements, 126 leiomyomata, 634 Exotoxin A subluxation of lens, 52
EMB agar, 144 menopause, 622 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 132 tearing stimulation, 240
encapsulation, 127 menstrual cycle, 618 Streptococcus pyogenes, 133 Ezetimibe
galactosemia as cause, 80 osteoporosis, 454 Exotoxins diarrhea, 249
Gram-negative algorithm, 141 ovulation, 617 features of, 131
lac operon, 39 pregnancy, 619 organisms with, 132–133 F
lactose fermentation, 144 premature ovarian failure, 622, 631 Expectorants, 671 Fab region of antibodies, 104
meningitis, 180, 686 prolactin suppression of, 326 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 650 Fabry disease, 61, 88
neonatal illness, 182 signaling pathways for, 332 Expressive aphasia, 504 Facial dysmorphism, 600
nosocomial infection, 185 thecoma, 632 Extension Facial nerve (CN VII)
orchitis, 639 Turner syndrome, 624 hip, 445, 446 branchial arch derivation, 606
penicillins for, 188 Estrogen receptor modulators External hemorrhoids, 360 functions of, 494
pneumonia, 179 (selective), 642 External iliac arteries, 357 inflammatory demyelinating
prostatitis, 639 Estrone, 640 External iliac lymph nodes, 610 polyradiculpathy, 512
type III secretion system, 129 Eszopiclone, 533 External inguinal ring, 364 lesions of, 520
urinary tract infections, 589, 686 Etanercept, 476 External oblique muscle location of, 492
UTIs, 181 Ethacrynic acid, 594 inguinal canal and, 363 palsy with sarcoidosis, 662
Escherichia coli O157-H7, 132, 145, Ethambutol, 196, 197 External rotation pathway for, 493
178, 179 visual disturbance with, 250 arm (rotator cuff), 438 thalamic relay for, 486
E-selectin, 216 Ethanol hip, 446 in tongue, 481
Esmolol, 245 as carcinogen, 226 External spermatic fascia, 363 Facial nerve palsy
Esomeprazole, 392 metabolism, 70, 72 Extinction (conditioning), 542 Lyme disease, 146, 186
INDEX 753
Facies Fanconi syndrome, 574 Fenestrated capillaries, 484, 569 Waterhouse-Friderichsen
coarsening of features, 343 cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, Fenoldopam, 242 syndrome, 142
congenital syphilis, 147 433 Fentanyl, 538 Weil disease, 147
dysmorphism, 599 drug reaction and, 250 Ferritin, 213 Fexofenadine, 671
elfin, 64 ifosfamide, 433 anemia, 416 FGF gene, 598
epicanthal folds, 63, 64 presentation, 678 anemia of chronic disease, 413 Fibrates
“facial plethora”, 670 renal tubular acidosis, 581 in hemophagocytic hepatitis and, 249
in fetal alcohol syndrome, 601 Wilson disease, 389 lyphohistiocytosis, 427 myopathy and, 250
flat, 63 Fascia iron deficiency anemia, 410 Fibrinogen, 213
flattened nose, 566 collagen in, 50 lab values in anemia, 416 in cryoprecipitate, 421
leonine (lion-like), 141 Fascia of Buck, 613 sideroblastic anemia, 411 ESR and, 214
low-set ears, 566 Fasciculations, 517 Ferrochelatase, 417 platelet plug formation, 403
moon, 333 Fastigial nucleus, 487 Fertility. See also Infertility receptor for, 399
retrognathia, 566 Fasting plasma glucose test, 345 double Y males, 624 thrombocytes, 399
saddle nose, 343 Fasting state, 76, 91 GnRH and, 325 thrombogenesis, 403
twisted face, 566 Fast twitch muscle fibers, 449 menstrual cycle, 618 Fibrinoid necrosis, 209
Factitious disorder Fat Fertilization, 617, 619 Fibrinolysis, 405
characteristics of, 554 tumor nomenclature, 221 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 303, 600, Fibrinolytic system, 404
on another, 554 Fat emboli, 658 601 Fibrinous pericarditis, 308
on self, 554 Fatigue holoprosencephaly in, 479 Fibroadenoma, 635
Factor IX concentrate, 418 adrenal insufficiency, 334 Fetal circulation, 280 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Factor VIII concentrate, 418 adrenocortical insufficiency, 676 postnatal derivatives, 280 signaling pathways for, 332
Factor V Leiden, 405, 420 heart failure and, 311 pulmonary artery resistance, 280 in wound healing, 217
venous sinus thrombosis and, 491 MI signs, 307 Fetal development, 598 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) gene,
Factor Xa Fat necrosis, 209, 635 early, 598 598
direct inhibitors of, 429 Fat redistribution, 249 erythropoiesis sites, 396 Fibroblast growth factor receptor
heparin effect on, 427 Fat-soluble vitamins, 65 placental component, 603 (FGFR3), 454
inhibitors, 404, 429 Fatty acids Fetal distress Fibroblasts
Factor XI concentrate, 418 gluconeogenesis, 78 placental abruption, 626 cortisol and, 329
Facultative anaerobes metabolism of, 47, 72, 89, 90 vasa previa, 627 Graves disease, 339
culture requirements, 127 oxidation of, 72, 73 Fetal erythropoiesis, 396 in wound healing, 217
Facultative intracellular organisms, synthesis, 73 Fetal hemoglobin, 651 Fibrocystic breast disease, 635
127 Fatty acid synthase, 67 Fetal hemorrhage, 600 Fibro fog, 463
FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide), Fatty casts, 582, 584 Fetal hypothyroidism, 338 Fibroid (leiomyoma), 634
77 Fatty liver Fetal lung maturity, 647 leuprolide for, 641
Failure mode and effects analysis, hepatocellular carcinoma and, 386 Fetal movement, 598 Fibroma, 632
272 labs/findings, 680 Fetal-postnatal derivatives, 280 nomenclature for, 221
Failure to thrive, 544 nonalcoholic, 384, 385 Fetal respiration, 646 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 303
galactosemia, 80 Fava beans and G6PD deficiency, 414 Fetal tissue Fibromyalgia, 462, 463
orotic aciduria, 412 Fc region of antibodies, 104 collagen in, 50 Fibronectin
SCID, 117 Fear, 550, 551 Fetor hepaticus, 383 cryoprecipitate, 421
Falciform ligament, 355 Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion Fever thrombocytes, 399
Fallopian tubes reaction, 114 amphotericin B, 199 Fibrosarcomas, 221
anatomy, 611 Febrile pharyngitis, 164 childhood rashes, 183 Fibrosis
epithelial histology, 611, 612 Febrile seizures, 505 clindamycin, 192 diffusion-limited gas exchange, 654
fertilization, 619 Febuxostat complicated hernias, 364 silicosis, 663
False-negative gout, 459, 476, 685 endotoxins, 131 Fibrous plaque in atherosclerosis, 305
errors, 262 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 epiglottitis, 186 Fick principle, 283
rates, 257 Fecal elastase, 375 exotoxins, 133 Fidaxomicin, 138
False-positive Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), following MI, 675 Field cancerization, 657
errors, 262 382 genital herpes, 184 Fifth disease
rates, 257 Fecalith obstruction, 377 high, 165, 168, 171, 183 rash, 183
Falx cerebri, 517 Fecal microbiota transplant, 138 with inflammation, 213 50S inhibitors, 191
Famciclovir, 201 Fecal occult blood testing, 382 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, Filgrastim (G-CSF), 121
Familial adenomatous polyposis, 381 Fecal retention, 546 148 Filoviruses
APC gene and, 383 Feces Legionnaires’ disease, 143 characteristics of, 167
chromosome association, 64 bilirubin excretion, 369 low-grade, 143, 171, 421 Ebola, 171
labs/findings, 680 explosive expulsion of, 378 malaria, 157 negative-stranded, 168
Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy, Fed state, 76, 91 mononucleosis, 165 Filtration, 571
212 Fee for service, 269 neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Filtration fraction, 692
Familial amyloid polyneuropathies, Felty syndrome, 458 557 glomerular dynamics, 571
212 Female genital embryology, 608 with pertussis, 186 Fimbria, 124, 611
Familial dyslipidemias, 94 Female/male genital homologs, 609 pulmonary anthrax, 137 Financial considerations in treatment,
Familial hypercholesterolemia, Female reproductive anatomy, 611 recurring, 156 266
60, 94 Female reproductive epithelial Rickettsia rickettsii, 150 Finasteride, 643
presentation, 674 histology, 612 Salmonella spp., 149 reproductive hormones and, 622,
Familial hypocalciuric Femoral artery, 362 Salmonella typhi, 144 640
hypercalcemia, 342 Femoral head seizures with, 165 Finger agnosia, 499
Family discussions, 266 osteonecrosis, 455 spiking, 158 Finger drop, 440
Family therapy Femoral hernias, 364 Tetralogy of Fallot, 301 Finger movements, 439
separation anxiety, 545 Femoral nerve, 362, 444 thyroid storm causing, 339 upper extrmity nerve injury, 440
Famotidine, 392 Femoral region, 362 toxic shock syndrome, 135 Fingernails, 469. See also nails
Fanconi anemia, 413 Femoral ring, 362 Trichinella spiralis, 159 Finkelstein test, 453
nonhomologous end joining and, Femoral sheath, 362 tuberculosis, 140 1st branchial arch, 606
40 Femoral triangle, 362 vasculitides, 316 1st branchial pouch, 607
presentation, 677 Femoral vein, 362 vs. heat stroke, 505 First-degree AV block, 297, 298
754 INDEX

First-order elimination, 234 pregnancy contraindication, 204 Foramen ovale Frontal bossing, 343
Fish oil, 315 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 atrial septal defect, 302 Frontal eye fields
Fishy smell, 148 tendon/cartilage damage with, 250 embryology, 278 cortical functions, 489
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 142, typhoid fever, 144 fetal circulation, 280 lesions in, 499
185 Fluoxetine, 563 retained patency of, 301 Frontal lobe
5α-reductase Fluphenazine, 561 Foramen ovale (skull), 493 lesions in, 499
inhibitors for BPH, 639 Tourette syndrome, 545, 560 Foramen primum, 278 stroke effects, 502
deficiency, 608, 625 Flutamide, 643 Foramen rotundum, 493 Frontotemporal dementia, 508, 510
testosterone conversion, 622 reproductive hormones and, 640 Foramen secundum, 278 Frosted glass cytoplasm, 399
5α-reductase inhibitors Fluticasone, 672 Foramen spinosum, 493 Fructokinase, 80
benign prostatic hyperplasia, 685 FMR1 gene, 62 Foramina of Luschka, 492 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 73
5-aminosalicylic drugs, 376, 393 Foam cells Forced expiratory volume (FEV) gluconeogenesis, 78
5-fluorouracil, 432 in atherosclerosis, 305 in elderly, 651 in metabolic pathways, 74
in cell cycle, 430 Niemann-Pick disease, 88 flow volume loops, 658 Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, 76
photosensitivity, 250 Focal glomerular disorders, 582 obstructive lung disease, 660 Fructose intolerance, 80
pyrimidine synthesis, 36 Focal hepatic necrosis, 249 restrictive lung disease, 660, 661 Fructose metabolism
targets of, 430 Focal necrotizing vasculitis, 317 Forced vital capacity (FVC) disorders, 80
toxicities of, 436 Focal neurological deficits in elderly, 651 pathways, 74
5-HT hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Forebrain, 478 Fructosuria, 80
MAO inhibitor effect on, 560, 563 nonketotic syndrome as Foregut FTA-ABS test, 147
mechanism of, 562 cause, 346 blood supply/innervation of, 357 Fumarate, 82
opioid effects, 538 pituitary apoplexy, 343 development, 352 Functional hypothalamic
trazodone effects, 564 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Foreign body inhalation, 649 amenorrhea, 631
5-HT1B/1D agonists 584 Formoterol, 672 Functional neurologic symptom
naming convention for, 253 Focal seizures, 505 Fornix, 487 disorder, 554
5-HT agonists, 534 Folate antagonist Fornix (uterus), 611 Functional residual capacity (FRC),
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) teratogenicity, 600 45,XO, 624 650
in carcinoid syndrome, 335 Folate synthesis 47,XXY, 624 chest wall and, 651
neuroendocrine tumors, 335 inhibition/block, 187, 194 46,XX/46,XY DSD, 625 Fundus, 611
Fixation, 543 Folic acid Fosamprenavir Fungal infections
Fixed splitting, 292 antimicrobials and, 187 HIV-positive adults, 203 IL-12 receptor deficiency, 116
Flaccid paralysis in pregnancy, 68 mechanism, 201 infections with
botulinum toxin, 138 neural tube defects and, 479 Foscarnet, 202 immunodeficiencies, 118
LMN lesion, 519 Folic acid synthesis/reduction, 187 Fosphenytoin, 532 Fungi
motor neuron signs, 517 Follicles (lymph), 96 Fossa ovalis, 280 culture requirements, 126
Flagellin, 99 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4th--6th branchial arches, 606 immunocompromised patients,
Flagellum, 124 clomiphene effect, 642 4th branchial pouch, 607 179
Flat affect, 487 cryptorchidism, 637 Fovea, 522 necrosis and, 209
Flat facies, 63 hCG and, 619 cherry-red spot, 526 opportunistic infections, 153
Flavin adenine dinucleotide. Kallmann syndrome, 625 FOXP3 protein, 102 silver stain, 125
See FADH (flavin adenine Klinefelter syndrome, 624 Fractures topical infections, 199
dinucleotide) leuprolide, 641 chalk-stick, 455 Funny current, 295
Flavin nucleotides, 75 menopause, 622 common pediatric, 453 Furosemide, 252, 594
Flaviviruses, 163, 167 ovulation/spermatogenesis and, 326 compartment syndrome with, 453 gout with, 250
Fleas (disease vectors), 149, 150 PCOS, 631 humerus, 440 pancreatitis, 249
Flexion pharmacologic control of, 640 in child abuse, 544 Fusion inhibitors, 203
foot, 445 premature ovarian failure, 622, 631 pathologic, 457 Fusion protein EWS-FLI1, 457
hand, 439 secretion of, 323 scaphoid, 439 Fusobacterium spp.
hip, 446 signaling pathways of, 332 vertebral compression, 454 alcoholism, 179
Flexor digiti minimi muscle, 439 spermatogenesis, 614 Fragile X syndrome, 62 anaerobic metabolism, 127
Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 439 Turner syndrome, 624 chromosome association, 64 lung abscesses, 670
Flies (disease vectors), 144, 159 Follicular conjunctivitis, 148 dominant inheritance of, 59
Floppy baby syndrome Follicular cysts, 632 Frameshift mutations, 39 G
Clostridium botulinum as cause, 138 Follicular lymphoma, 208, 422, 426, muscular dystrophy and, 61 G6PD
spinal cord lesions, 518 689 Francisella spp. in anemia taxonomy, 409
Flow cytometry, 54 chromosomal translocations and, intracellular organism, 127 deficiency, 61, 79, 414
Flow volume loops, 658 426 Francisella tularensis degmacytes in, 406
Fluconazole Follicular phase (menstrual cycle), 618 animal transmission, 149 Heinz bodies in, 408
Candida albicans, 683 Follicular thyroid carcinomas, 340 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 HMP shunt and, 73
mechanism and use, 199 Fomepizole Frataxin, 519 in respiratory burst, 109
mechanism (diagram), 198 ethanol metabolism and, 72 Free fatty acids GABA, 483
opportunistic fungal infections, 153 toxicity treatment with, 247 diabetic ketoacidosis and, 346 barbiturate effects, 533
systemic mycoses, 151 Fondaparinux, 404, 427 fast/starvation states, 91 basal ganglia and, 488
Flucytosine, 199 Food allergies and eczema, 468 lipid transport and, 92 changes with disease, 483
Fludrocortisone, 350 Food poisoning Free nerve endings, 482 derivation of, 83
Fluid compartments, 569 Bacillus cereus, 138 Free radical injury, 210 epilepsy drugs, 532
Flumazenil causes of, 128, 178 Fremitus (tactile), 666, 667 Huntington disease, 508
benzodiazepine overdose, 247, Staphylococcus aureus, 135 Fresh frozen plasma, 421 vitamin B6 and, 67
555, 558 toxic shock syndrome toxin, 133 warfarin reversal, 685 GABA channels, 200
diazepam and, 234 Food toxins, 246 Fried egg appearance, 482 Gabapentin, 532
nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 533 Foot drop, 444 “Fried egg” plasma cells, 423, 514, 633 GABAB receptor agonists, 511
Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 55 lead poisoning, 411 Friedreich ataxia, 519 gag gene, 175
Fluorescent antibody stain, 125 Foramen cecum, 322 chromosome association, 64 Gag reflex, 495
Fluoroquinolones, 38 Foramen magnum, 493 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 311 Gait disorders
mechanism and use, 187, 195 Foramen of Magendie, 492 inheritance of, 60 “steppage”, 444
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150 Foramen of Monro, 492 mechanism of, 62 Trendelenburg sign/gait, 445
INDEX 755
Gait disturbance trastuzumab for, 435 Selective serotonin reuptake GFAP (glial fibrillary acid proteins),
cerebellar lesions and, 487 types of, 373 inhibitors (SSRIs) for, 563 48, 228
Friedreich ataxia, 519 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), 365 Generalized seizures, 505 astrocyte marker, 481
Parkinson disease, 508, 678 Gastric outlet obstruction, 353, 374 Genes immunohistochemical stains, 228
vitamin B12 deficiency, 518 Gastric sclerosis, 464 introns vs exons, 42, 43 Ghon complex
waddling, 61 Gastric ulcers, 374 Genetic anticipation, 62 tuberculosis, 140
Galactocerebrosidase, 88 NSAID toxicity, 475 Genetics, 56–65 Ghon focus, 140
Galactokinase, 74 Gastric vessels, 355 autosomal dominant diseases, 60 Ghrelin, 327, 365
Galactokinase deficiency, 80 Gastrin, 365, 367 autosomal recessive diseases, 60 Giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 315,
cataracts and, 523 signaling pathways for, 332 autosomal trisomies, 63 506
Galactorrhea somatostatinomas and, 336 bacterial, 130, 131 ESR in, 214
antipsychotic drugs and, 325 Gastrinoma, 365 chromosome disorders, 64 granulomatous inflammation, 218
pituitary prolactinomas, 325 Gastrinomas, 350 code features, 37 Giant cell tumor, 456
tuberoinfundibular pathway, 487 Gastritis, 373 genetic terms, 56–57 Giant cell tumors of bone, 681
Galactose-1-phosphate, 74 associations, 686 inheritance modes, 59 Giardia lamblia, 155
uridyltransferase, 80 gastrin in, 365 muscular dystrophies, 61 Giardiasis, 155
Galactose metabolism H2 blockers for, 392 terminology, 56 Giardia spp.
disorders of, 80 Helicobacter pylori, 146 trinucleotide repeat expansion watery diarrhea, 179
Galactosemia, 80 proton pump inhibitors for, 392 diseases, 62 Giemsa stain, 125
cataracts and, 523 stomach cancer and, 373 viral, 162–163 Borrelia, 146
Galantamine, 240, 536 Gastrocolic ligament, 355 X-linked recessive disorders, 61 chlamydiae, 148
for Alzheimer disease, 536 Gastroduodenal artery, 358 Genetic shift/drift, 169 Gigantism, 327, 343
Galant reflex, 498 Gastroenteritis Genetic terms, 56–94 Gilbert syndrome, 387, 388
Gallbladder calciviruses, 167 Geniculate nuclei (thalamus), 486 Gingival blue line, 677
biliary structures, 362 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 Genital herpes, 184 Gingival hyperplasia
blood supply and innervation, 357 rotavirus, 168 Genitalia cyclosporine, 120
blood supply and innervation of, Salmonella spp., 144 ambiguous, 608, 624, 625 drug reaction, 250
357 Gastroepiploic arteries, 355, 358 embryology of, 598, 608 Gingivostomatitis, 164
regulatory substances, 365 Gastroesophageal reflux disease estrogen and, 616 Gitelman syndrome, 574
Gallbladder cancer (GERD) male/female homologs, 609 markers in, 579
porcelain gallbladder and, 390 esophageal cancer and, 372 Genital tubercles, 609 Glans penis, 612
sclerosing cholangitis and, 389 presentation, 371 Genital ulcers, 184 cancer of, 637
Gallstone ileus, 390 treatment of, 394 Genital warts, 184 lymphatic drainage of, 610
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), 384 Gastrohepatic ligament, 355
Genitofemoral nerve, 444 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 403,
γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) Genitourinary/renal drug reactions, 419
Gastrointestinal bleeding
alcohol use, 558 250 Glargine insulin. See also Insulin
hereditary hemorrhagic
γ-interferon, 399 Genome editing Glaucoma, 242
telangiectasia, 319
macrophage activation, 399 reverse transcriptase polymerase acetazolamide for, 594
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 676
Ganciclovir, 202 chain reaction, 52 atropine, 242
Gastrointestinal drug reactions, 248
agranulocytosis, 249 Genotyping microarrays, 54 β-blockers for, 245
Gastrointestinal ligaments, 355
Ganglion cyst, 453 Gentamicin, 187, 191 carbachol for, 240
Gastrointestinal regulatory
Ganglioneuromatosis, 676 endometritis, 634 closed-angle, 240
substances, 365
oral/intestinal, 347 Genu varum (bow legs), 455 diabetes mellitus and, 345
Gangrene Gastrointestinal secretory cells, 367 Geriatric patients diagnosis of, 240
Buerger disease, 316 Gastrointestinal secretory products, atropine in, 242 drug therapy for, 539
diabetes mellitus, 345 366 Beers criteria in, 247 epinephrine for, 242
Gangrenous necrosis, 209 Gastrointestinal stromal tumors changes in, 268 open-angle, 240, 242
Gap junctions, 465 (GISTs), 225 colonic ischemia and, 380 pilocarpine for, 240
Gardener’s pupil, 242 Gastrointestinal system, 352–391 colorectal cancer, 382 types of, 524
Gardnerella vaginalis, 148 anatomy, 354–363 common cause of death, 270 Glial fibrillary acid proteins.
labs/findings, 679 blood supply to, 357 drug metabolism in, 235 See GFAP (glial fibrillary
Gardner syndrome, 381 embryology, 352–353 drug-related delirium in, 546, 559, acid proteins)
Gargoylism, 88 innervation of, 357 563 Glimepiride, 348
Gartner duct, 608 pathology, 370–391 lipofuscin in, 211 Glioblastoma multiforme, 514
Gas gangrene pharmacology, 392–394 Medicare for, 270 associations, 690
alpha toxin, 133 physiology, 365–369 nosocomial infections, 185 labs/findings, 681
Clostridium perfringens, 128, 138, Gastroparesis, 394 orchitis in, 639 nitrosoureas for, 433
179 Gastroschisis, 352 osteoporosis, 454 Glipizide, 348
Gastrectomy, 412 Gastrosplenic ligament, 355 PPI adverse effects, 392 Glitazones/thiazolidinediones, 349
Gastric acid, 366 Gastrulation, 598 prostatitis in, 639 Global aphasia, 504
histamine receptors and, 238 Gaucher disease, 88 respiratory system changes in, 651 Global payment, 269
regulatory substances and, 365 osteonecrosis, 455 vascular skin tumors, 469 Globoid cells
Gastric adenocarcinomas osteonecrosis in, 455 Zenker diverticulum, 378 Krabbe disease, 88
acanthosis nigricans and, 472 Gaussian distribution, 261 Germ cell tumors Globose nucleus, 487
Helicobacter pylori, 146 G cells, 365 benign, 632 Globus pallidus externus, 488
Gastric arteries Gemifloxacin, 195 cryptorchidism risk for, 637 Glomerular disorders/disease, 582,
celiac trunk, 358 Gender dysphoria, 555 cystic teratoma, 632 583
intraligmental, 355 Gender identity, 621 malignant, 633 nomenclature, 582
Gastric bypass surgery Gene expression ovarian, 632, 633 Glomerular filtration barrier, 569
ghrelin and, 365 modifications, 56 testicular, 638 Glomerular filtration parameters, 571
vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 regulation, 41 Germinal centers of lymph nodes, 96 Glomerular filtration rate, 570, 692
Gastric cancer, 373 Gene inheritance modes, 59 Germinal center (spleen), 98 ACE inhibitor effects, 596
carcinogens causing, 226 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), Gerstmann syndrome, 499 ANP effect on, 578
oncogenes and, 225 551 Gestational age calculation, 619 glomerular dynamics in, 571
oncogenic microbes and, 226 buspirone, 562 Gestational diabetes, 620 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 577
sign of Leser-Trélat and, 229 drug therapy for, 560 Gestational hypertension, 629 prerenal azotemia, 590
756 INDEX

Glomerulonephritis for porphyria, 417 Golfer’s elbow, 450 Granulomas, 140, 147, 151
azathioprine for, 120 transporters, 324 Golgi apparatus, 47 caseating, 218
bacterial endocarditis, 313 Glucose-6-phosphatase in plasma cells, 401 etiologies, 218
labs/findings, 682 gluconeogenesis, 78 Golgi tendon organ, 450 in inflammation, 218
RBC casts in, 582 HMP shunt, 79 Gonadal drainage, 610 macrophages and, 399
Streptococcus pyogenes, 133, 136 Von Gierke disease, 87 Gonadal mosaicism, 57 TNF-α and, 110
Wegener granulomatosis, 317 Glucose-6-phosphatase Gonadotropin, 632 Granulomatosis infantiseptica, 218
Glomerulus dehydrogenase (G6PD). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Listeria monocytogenes, 139
anatomy of, 568 See G6PD (GnRH) Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
differentiation of, 566 Glucose clearance, 572 agonists, 634, 640 (Wegener), 317, 585, 661
dynamics of, 571 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic antagonists, 640 restrictive lung disease and, 661
Glomus tumors, 469 polypeptide (GIP), 324, 365 estrogen and, 616 Granulomatous disease
Glossitis Glucosuria hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, excess vitamin D, 70, 456
B-complex deficiency, 65 glucose clearance, 572 325 Granulomatous inflammation, 218
megaloblastic anemia, 412 in pregnancy, 572 Kallmann syndrome, 625 excess Vitamin D, 70, 456
Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 371 threshold for, 572 menopause, 622 Granulosa cells, 616
vitamin B3 deficiency, 67 Glulisine insulin. See also Insulin menstrual cycle, 618 tumors of, 632, 633, 634
vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 Glutamate ovulation, 617 Granzyme B
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), 494 ammonia transport, 82 prolactin and, 326 cytotoxic T cells, 101, 102
blood flow regulation, 299 derivatives of, 83 signaling pathways for, 332 extrinsic pathway and, 208
brainstem location, 492 opioid effects, 538 spermatogenesis, 614 Grapefruit juice and cytochrome
branchial arch derivative, 606 Glutamic acid, 81 Gonoccal arthritis, 460 P-450, 252
functions of, 494 Glutathione, 83 Gonococci, vs. meningococci, 142 Graves disease
pathway for, 493 acetaminophen and, 474 Gonorrhea autoantibody, 115
tongue, 481 in G6PD deficiency, 414 ceftriaxone, 189 goiter caused by, 339
Glossoptosis, 606 Glutathione peroxidase, 109 gonococci, 142 HLA-DR3 and, 100
Glucagon, 325 free radical elimination by, 210 neonatal conjunctivitis, 183 hyperthyroidism, 339
fructose bisphosphatase-2, 76 Glutathione reductase, 109 STI, 184 type II hypersensitivity, 112
glucagonomas and, 336 NADPH and, 75 Goodpasture syndrome, 50, 585, 661 Graves orbitopathy (Orbital
glycogen regulation, 85 Gluteus minimus muscle, 445 autoantibody, 115 fibroblasts), 339
insulin and, 324, 325 GLUT transporters, 324 HLA-DR2, 100 Gray baby syndrome
production of, 323 Glyburide, 348 labs/findings, 682 chloramphenicol, 192, 204, 249
signaling pathways of, 332 Glyceraldehyde, 80 restrictive lung disease, 661 Gray hepatization, 668
somatostatin and, 365 Glycerol, 80 type II hypersensitivity reactions, Greater omental sac, 355
somatostatinomas and, 336 Glycine 112 Great vein of Galen, 491
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), 324 derivatives of, 83 Good syndrome, 229 Green twig (greenstick) fracture, 454
analog for DM, 348 Glycogen, 86 Gottron papules, 229, 463 Grief, 550
Glucagonomas, 336 insulin and, 324 Gout, 459 Griseofulvin, 200
MEN 1 syndrome, 347 periodic acid-Schiff stain, 125 drug reaction and, 250 cytochrome P-450 interaction,
somatostatin for, 350 regulation of, 85 drug therapy, 476 252
Glucocerebrosidase Glycogenesis kidney stones and, 586 microtubules and, 48
Gaucher disease, 88 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 lab findings, 681 pregnancy contraindication, 204
Glucocerebroside, 88 Glycogenolysis Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 Ground-glass appearance (x-ray),
Glucocorticoids in insulin deficiency, 345 loop diuretics and, 594 177, 647
acute gout attack, 685 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 presentation, 677 Growth hormone (GH), 350
adrenal insufficiency, 334 Glycogen phosphorylase treatment, 685 acromegaly, 327
adrenal steroids and, 328 glycogen metabolism, 86 Von Gierke disease, 87 diabetes mellitus, 345
arachidonic acid pathway, 474 glycogenolysis, 73 Gower maneuver/sign, 61 gigantism, 327
calcium pyrophosphate deposition Glycogen phosphorylase kinase, 85 Gp41, 203 ghrelin and, 327
disease, 459 Glycogen storage diseases, 87 G-protein-linked 2nd messengers, 238 for hypopituitarism, 343
diabetes mellitus, 345 Glycogen synthase, 73 Gracilis, 444 insulin resistance and, 324, 327
fat redistribution with, 249 glycogen metabolism, 86 Graft-versus-host disease, 119 Laron syndrome, 343
gout, 459, 476 glycogen regulation, 85 type IV hypersensitivity, 113 secretion of, 323
immunosuppression, 120 Glycolysis Gram-negative lab algorithm, 141 signaling pathways for, 332
myopathy, 250 arsenic and, 74 Gram-negative organisms somatostatin, 343
rheumatoid arthritis, 458 hexokinase/glucokinase in, 75 cell wall structure, 124 Growth hormone (GH) deficiency,
Glucokinase metabolic site, 72 cephalosporins, 189 350
hexokinase vs., 75 pyruvate metabolism and, 77 lab algorithm, 141 Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
metabolic pathways, 74 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 Gram-positive cocci antibiotic tests, (GHRH)
Gluconeogenesis, 78 regulation of, 76 134 GH and, 327
cortisol and, 329 type 2 muscle fibers, 449 Gram-positive lab algorithm, 134 hypothalamo-pituitary hormones,
ethanol metabolism and, 71, 72 Glycopeptides Gram-positive organisms 325
in insulin deficiency, 345 mechanism (diagram), 187 cell wall structure, 124 signaling pathways of, 332
metabolic site, 72 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, 429 cephalosporins, 189 Growth media properties, 126
pyruvate metabolism and, 77 Glycoproteins lab algorithm, 134 Growth retardation
rate-determining enzyme for, 73 bacterial pilus/fimbria, 124 vancomycin, 190 with renal failure, 590
Glucose HIV, 175 Gram stain identification, 125 Growth signal self-sufficiency, 222
ATP production, 74 Glycopyrrolate, 240, 241 Granular casts, 582 GTPase, 225
blood-brain barrier and, 484 Glycosylation, 45 acute tubular necrosis, 591 GTP (guanosine triphosphate), 77
clearance, 572 GNAQ gene, 513 Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor smooth muscle contraction, 449
diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 Goblet cells, 356, 648 (G-CSF), 332 Guaifenesin, 671
GH secretion and, 327 Goiter Granulocytes, 401 Guanfacine, 240, 244
glycogen metabolism, 86 maternal hypothyroidism from, 338 morulae, 150 Guanosine analogs
insulin and, 324 maternal iodine deficiency, 600 Granulocytopenia mechanism and use, 201
metabolism of, 39 in Riedel thyroiditis, 338 trimethoprim, 194 Guanosine triphosphate. See GTP
Neisseria fermentation, 142 types and causes of, 339 Granuloma inguinale, 184 (guanosine triphosphate)
INDEX 757
Gubernaculum, 608, 610, 611 Hallucinations, 547 poliomyelitis, 519 contractility in, 282
Guillain-Barré syndrome cocaine, 558 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 501, diabetic ketoacidosis, 346
Campylobacter jejuni, 145 delirium, 546 504 dobutamine for, 242
endoneurium in, 483 mesolimbic pathway, 487 triptans for, 534 dopamine for, 242
presentation, 678 pellagra, 67 venous sinus thrombosis and, 491 Ebstein anomaly, 301
restrictive lung disease, 661 postpartum psychosis, 550 Headaches ESR in, 214
Schwann cell injury, 482 tricyclic antidepressants, 563 α-blockers, 244 fludrocortisone and, 350
Gummas Hallucinogen intoxication and bupropion toxicity, 564 hypertension, 304
syphilis, 147, 184 withdrawal, 559 caffeine withdrawal, 558 hypertension treatment in, 319
Gustatory hallucinations, 547 Haloperidol, 561 cilostazol/dipyridamole, 429 hypertensive emergency and, 303
Gustatory pathway delirium, 546 cimetidine, 392 jugular venous pulse in, 290
cranial nerves in, 520 torsades de pointes, 248 drug adverse effects, 195, 199, 200 loop diuretics for, 594
thalamic relay for, 486 Halothane, 537 electroconvulsive therapy, 550 MI, 307
Guyon canal syndrome, 451 hepatic necrosis, 249 genital herpes, 184 Paget disease of bone, 455
Gynecologic procedures Hamartin protein, 225 hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 661 pleural effusion, 666
ureteric damage in, 569 Hamartomas, 221, 513 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 148 potassium-sparing diuretics, 595
Gynecologic tumor epidemiology, Hamartomatous colonic polyps, 381 lead poisoning, 417 pulmonary hypertension, 665
629 Hamate bone, 439 malaria, 157 readmissions with, 270
Gynecomastia, 635 fracture of hook, 440 Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp, 153 shock caused by, 313
antiandrogens for, 644 Hamman sign, 659 nitrates, 313 in sleep apnea, 665
antipsychotic drugs and, 561 Hammer toes, 519 ondansetron, 394 thiazides for, 595
azoles, 199 Hand PDE-5 inhibitors, 644 ventricular septal defect, 302
choriocarcinomas, 638 distortions of, 442 pituitary apoplexy, 343 with renal failure, 590
cimetidine, 392 gonoccal arthritis triad, 460 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 150 Heart murmurs, 293
cirrhosis, 383 muscles of, 439 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 678 aortic regurgitation, 675
Klinefelter syndrome, 624 squamous cell carcinoma, 473 vasculitides, 315 aortic stenosis, 675
Leydig cells, 639 Hand-foot-mouth disease, 183 Head and neck cancer, 657 auscultation of, 292
potassium-sparing diuretics, 595 Hand grip in auscultation, 293 cetuximab for, 434 cardiomyopathies, 311
SHBG and, 332 Hansen disease, 141 Head size patent ductus arteriosus, 302
spironolactone, 644 animal transmission, 149 Padget disease of bone, 455 Heart rate, 243
tuberoinfundibular pathway, dapsone, 194 Head trauma, 545 Heart sounds, 290, 291, 543
487 erythema nodosum, 472 Healing, wound, 217 associations, 687
Gyrase, 187 Hantavirus, 167 Healthcare delivery, 269–272 auscultation of, 292
Happy puppet symptoms, 58 Healthcare payment models, 269 cardiac cycle, 290
H Haptens Healthcare proxy, 267 cardiac tamponade, 315, 676
H1 blockers, 251, 671 acute interstitial nephritis, 591 Health maintenance organization splitting in, 291
H2 blockers, 392 Haptoglobin, 413 plan, 269 Heart transplant
H2-antagonist Hardy-Weinberg population genetics, Hearing loss, 521 dilated cardiomyopathy, 311
naming conventions for, 253 57 conductive, 49 Heart valve development, 279
Haemophilus influenzae, 142 Hartnup disease, 67 cytomegalovirus, 182 Heat-labile toxin, 132
biofilm production, 128 vitamin B3 deficiency, 67 osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 Heat shock proteins, 45
cephalosporins, 189 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 338 Paget disease of bone, 455 Heat-stable toxin, 132
chloramphenicol, 192 autoantibody, 115 sensorineural deafness, 585 Heat stroke, 505
culture requirements, 126 cholangitis association, 389 Heart Heavy menstrual bleeding (AUB/
Gram-negative algorithm, 141 goiter causes, 339 autoregulation of, 300 HMB), 619
influenza, 169 HLA subtypes with, 100 electrocardiograms, 296 Heel pain, 453
penicillins for, 188 Hassall corpuscles, 98 embryology, 278 Heinz bodies, 79, 408, 414
pneumonia, 179 Hawthorne effect, 260 embryonic structures, 278 Helicase, 38
postviral infection, 179 Hay fever fetal development, 598 Helicobacter pylori, 146
vaccine, 180 HLA-DR2 and, 100 ischemia in, 210 associations, 686
Haemophilus ducreyi type I hypersensitivity, 112 morphogenesis of, 278–279 catalase-positive organism, 128
sexual transmission, 184 HbA1c test, 345 normal pressures in, 300 disease association, 373
Haemophilus influenzae HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen), 174 sclerosis of, 464 Gram-negative algorithm, 141
bronchopneumonia, 668 HbC disease, 414 Heart auscultation, 292 metronidazole, 195
rhinosinusitis, 657 anemia taxonomy, 409 bedside maneuvers for, 292 as oncogenic microbe, 226
Haemophilus influenzae type B target cells in, 407 Hamman sign, 659 penicillins for, 188
chloramphenicol, 192 HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), heart sounds, 293 silver stain, 125
encapsulation, 127 174 murmurs, 292, 293 ulcers and, 374
IgA protease, 129 hCG (human chorionic Heartburn, 371 urease-positive organism, 127
meningitis, 180 gonadotropin), 619 Heart disease Heliotrope rash, 229, 463
rifamycins, 196 choriocarcinomas, 628, 638 common cause of death, 270 HELLP syndrome, 629
splenic dysfunction, 98 ectopic pregnancy, 627 congenital, 63, 301–302 schistocytes in, 407
transformation, 130 embryonal carcinomas, 638 Fabry disease, 88 Helmet cells, 407
unvaccinated children, 186 hydatidiform moles, 628 ischemic, 306 Helminthic infections
vaccine, 142 pregnancy, 619 Heart failure, 311 eosinophils and, 400
Hair secretion of, 598, 619 ACE inhibitors for, 596 Helminths. See also Antihelminthic
Menkes disease, 51 signaling pathways, 332 acromegaly, 343 drugs
vitamin C deficiency, 69 source and function of, 619 acute tubular necrosis with, 591 Helper T cells
Hairy cell leukemia, 228, 424 HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 94 amiodarone, 318 cell surface proteins, 110
cladribine for, 432 Headache, 506 angiotensin II receptor blockers, cytokine secretion, 108
Hairy leukoplakia, 470 Chiari I malformation, 480 596 secretions of, 102
HIV-positive adults, 177 drug adverse effects, 532, 533 associations, 690 Hemagglutinin
Half-life equation, 233, 691 giant cell (temporal) arteritis, 506 atrial septal defect, 302 influenza viruses, 169
Halitosis glaucoma, 524 β-blockers for, 246 parainfluenza viruses, 170
fetor hepaticus, 383 increased intracranial pressure, B-type natriuretic peptide in, 299 Hemangioblastomas, 514
Zenker diverticulum, 378 491, 509 chronic ischemic heart disease, 307 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 678
758 INDEX

Hemangiomas, 221 Hemoglobin, 651 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 500, Hepatitis C (HCV)


cavernous (liver), 386 carbon dioxide transport, 656 501, 504 characteristics of, 172
cherry, 469 development of, 396 ulcers, 374 extrahepatic manifestations, 173
pyogenic granuloma, 469 kinetics of, 232 Weil disease, 147 flaviviruses, 167
strawberry, 469 Hemoglobin electrophoresis, 402 Hemorrhagic cystitis hepatocellular carcinoma and, 386
Hemarthrosis, 69, 418 Hemoglobinuria adenoviridae, 164 lichen planus, 472
Hematemesis, 371 acute tubular necrosis and, 591 cyclophosphamide, 433 as oncogenic microbe, 226
Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 676 G6PD deficiency, 414 drug reaction, 250 therapy for, 204
Hematin, 126, 142 intravascular hemolysis, 413 Hemorrhagic fever Hepatitis D (HDV), 172
Hematochezia paroxysmal nocturnal, 122 bunyavirus, 167 Hepatitis E (HEV), 172
diverticulosis, 377, 378 transfusion reaction, 114 filovirus, 167 hepevirus, 167
intestinal disorders, 380 Hemolysis Hemorrhagic stroke, 501 Hepatocellular carcinomas, 386
Meckel diverticulum, 604 alpha toxin as cause, 133 Hemorrhoids, 360 Aspergillus fumigatus, 153
Hematocolpos, 630 Clostridium perfringens as cause, Hemosiderinuria, 413 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 386
Hematocrit 138 Hemostasis, 399 carcinogens causing, 226
high altitude and, 656 complement-mediated platelet plug formation, 402, 403 cirrhosis and, 383
polycythemia vera, 425 intravascular, 414 thrombocytes in, 399 hemochromatosis, 389
Hematologic disorders HELLP syndrome, 629 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,
paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 intravascular vs extravascular, 413 580, 692 385
Hematologic drug reactions, 249 intrinsic vs extrinsic, 413 Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 318 oncogenic microbes, 226
Hematology/oncology, 398–435 mechanical, 413, 415 presentation, 676 Hepatocytes, 86
anatomy, 398–401 sulfonamides as cause, 194 Hepadnaviruses Hepatoduodenal ligament, 355
pathology, 396–416, 406–426 transfusion reactions, 114 characteristics of, 163, 164 Hepatolenticular degeneration.
pharmacology, 427–435 Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 genome, 163 See Wilson disease
Hematopoiesis, 398, 423 Hemolytic anemia, 413 Heparin, 427 Hepatomas, 386
extramedullary, 455 autoimmune, 112, 189 acute coronary syndromes, 310 Hepatomegaly
Hematopoietic stem cells, 110 babesiosis, 157 for anticoagulation, 404 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 386, 676
Hematuria, 582, 583 cephalosporins, 189 in basophils, 400 galactosemia, 80
bladder cancer, 588 cold agglutinin disease, 677 in coagulation cascade, 405 hepatocellular carcinoma, 386
hereditary hemorrhagic direct Coombs-positive, 249 mast cells and, 400 pulmonary hypertension, 654
telangiectasia, 319, 676 extrinsic, 414, 415 osteoporosis, 250 right heart failure, 312
IgA nephropathy, 585 folate deficiency and, 412 reversal of, 428 Von Gierke disease, 87
IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein thrombocytopenia, 249 Zellweger syndrome, 47
G6PD deficiency, 79
purpura), 676 toxicity treatment, 247 Hepatosplenomegaly
in taxonomy, 409
interstitial nephritis, 591 warfarin vs., 428 β-thalassemia and, 410
intrinsic, 413, 414
kidney stones, 586 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia biliary tract disease, 389
penicillin G, V, 187
nephritic syndrome, 585 (HIT), 427 graft-versus-host disease, 119
pyruvate kinase deficiency and, 414
nephroblastoma, 588 Hepatic adenomas, 386 hyperchylomicronemia, 94
spherocytes in, 407
protease inhibitors, 203 Hepatic arteries, 358, 361 leishmaniasis, 158
sulfa drug allergies, 252
renal cyst disorders, 592 Hepatic ascites, 595 lysosomal storage diseases, 88
Wilson disease, 389
renal oncocytomas, 587 Hepatic cirrhosis, 666 mononucleosis, 165
Schistosoma haematobium, 161 Hemolytic disease of newborn, 112,
Hepatic ducts, 362 ToRCHeS infections, 182
transitional cell carcinoma, 587, 397 Hepatosteatosis, 72
Hepatic encephalopathy, 385
588 Hemolytic reactions cirrhosis, 383 Hepatotoxicity
UTIs, 181 blood groups and, 397 lactulose for, 394 amiodarone, 318
Wegener granulomatosis, 317 in newborns, 397 Hepatic necrosis, 249, 474 bosentan, 671
Wilms tumor, 588 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) Hepatic steatosis, 385 danazol, 643
Heme Escherichia coli, 145, 179 Hepatitis inhaled anesthetics, 537
bilirubin and, 369 exotoxins, 132 alcoholic, 385, 559 isoniazid, 197
chloroquine, 200 platelet disorders, 419 aplastic anemia and, 413 leflunomide, 475
porphyria and, 417 schistocytes in, 407 cirrhosis, 383 methotrexate, 432
sideroblastic anemia and, 411 Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, drug reaction, 249 pyrazinamide, 197
synthesis of, 72, 417 427 heroin addiction and, 564 rifamycins, 196
vitamin B6 and, 67 Hemophilia, 418 hyperbilirubinemia, 387 terbinafine, 199
Hemianopia, 503, 530 deficiencies causing, 404 serologic markers for, 174 thionamides, 349
Hemianopia with macular sparing, X-linked recessive disorder, 61 Wilson disease, 389 valproic acid, 532
530 Hemoptysis Hepatitis A (HAV) zileuton, 672
Hemiballismus, 507 Aspergillus fumigatus, 177 characteristics of, 172 Hepcidin, 213
brain lesions and, 499 bronchiectases, 661 picornavirus, 167, 168 in anemia of chronic disease, 413
Hemidesmosome, 465 choriocarcinomas, 628 serologic markers, 174 with inflammation, 213
Hemineglect, 502 lung cancer, 669 Hepatitis antigens, 174 Hepeviruses
Hemiparesis, 511 tuberculosis, 140 Hepatitis B (HBV) characteristics, 167
saccular aneurysms, 504 Wegener granulomatosis, 317 characteristics of, 172 genomes, 163
Hemispatial neglect syndrome, Hemorrhage extrahepatic manifestations, 173 naked viruses, 163
499 acute pancreatitis, 391 hepatocellular carcinomas and, HER2/neu (c-erbB2), 205, 225, 636
Hemochromatosis, 389 acute tubular necrosis, 591 386 Herald patch (pityriasis rosea), 472
calcium pyrophosphate deposition AIDS retinitis, 165 medical importance, 164 Herceptin (trastuzumab), 435
disease, 459 baroreceptors and, 299 nosocomial infection, 185 Hereditary amyloidosis, 212
cardiomyopathy with, 311 bevacizumab, 434 as oncogenic microbe, 226 Hereditary angioedema, 643
chromosome association, 64 delirium caused by, 546 passive antibodies for, 110 complement disorder and, 107
free radical injury, 210 Ebola virus, 171 polyarteritis nodosa and, 317 Hereditary elliptocytosis, 406
hepatocellular carcinoma and, intracranial, 501 serologic markers, 174 Hereditary hemorrhagic
386 pulmonary, 137 sexually transmitted infection, telangiectasia, 319
HLA-A3 and, 100 shock from, 312 184 autosomal dominance of, 60
transfusion and, 421 sphenopalatine artery, 657 treatment, 684 Hereditary hyperbilirubinemias, 388
INDEX 759
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal Hip dislocation non-Hodgkin lymphoma and, 421 Hormone effects on kidney, 578
cancer (HNPCC). nerve injury with, 445 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 Hormone replacement therapy, 642
See Lynch syndrome Hip injuries/conditions primary central nervous system endometrial hyperplasia, 633, 634
Hereditary spherocytosis, 414 developmental dysplasia, 453 lymphoma (PCL) and, 422 estrogens for, 642
in anemia taxonomy, 409 trochanteric bursitis, 451 prophylaxis for HIV patients, 198 for hypopituitarism, 343
spherocytes in, 407 Hip muscles, 445 pulmonary arterial hypertension, thrombotic complications, 249
Hereditary thrombosis syndromes, Hippocampus 665 Hormones acting on kidney, 577
420 lesions in, 499 retrovirus, 167 Hormones (reproductive), 640
Hermaphrodites, 625 limbic system, 487 rifamycins in, 196 Horn cysts, 468
Hernias, 364 pyramidal cells, 210 STI, 184 Horner syndrome, 502, 506, 528
site of, 363 Hippurate test, for Streptococcus T cells and, 401 labs/findings, 683
Herniation syndromes, 517 agalactiae, 137 therapy for, 201, 203 lung cancer, 669
Heroin Hirschsprung disease, 378 ToRCHeS infection, 182 Pancoast tumor, 670
addiction to, 564 Down syndrome, 63 untreated time course, 176 presentation, 678
detoxification medications, 564 Hirsutism viral receptor, 166 Horner-Wright rosettes, 335
intoxication and withdrawal, 558 cyclosporine, 120 Western blot diagnosis, 53 Horse flies (disease vector), 159
opioids for withdrawal, 538 danazol, 643 HLA-DR4, 458 Horseshoe kidney, 567
Herpes genitalis, 164 menopause, 622 HLA genes Turner syndrome, 678
Herpes labialis, 164 PCOS, 631 associations, 677, 681 Hospice care, 270
Herpes simplex virus, 164 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, 632 celiac disease and, 375 Hospital readmission causes, 270
cidofovir, 202 SHBG and, 332 disease associations, 100, 338 Hot flashes
erythema multiforme, 471 Hirudin, 427 DM type 1 association, 346 drug raction and, 248
esophagitis, 371 Histaminase, 400 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 461 menopause, 622
foscarnet for, 202 Histamine blockers, 392 uveitis, 524 “Hourglass stomach”, 364
guanosine analogs, 201 Histamine receptors, 238 HMG-CoA reductase Howell-Jolly bodies, 408, 680
identification, 166 Histamines cholesterol synthesis, 73 postsplenectomy, 98
meningitis caused by, 180 in basophils, 400 metabolic pathways, 74 Hu antigens, 229
neonatal conjunctivitis, 183 cortisol effect on, 329 HMG-CoA synthase, 73 Human chorionic gonadotropin
STI, 184 derivatives of, 83 HMP shunt, 79 (hCG)
skin infection, 470 location of, 367 diagram, 74 signaling pathways, 332
ToRCHeS, 182 mast cells and, 400 metabolic site, 72 Human factors design, 271
Herpesviruses, 164–166, 470 seafood toxins, 246 NADPH production, 75, 78, 79 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), 165,
clinical significance, 164 signaling pathways for, 332 rate-determining enzyme, 73 183
envelope, 163 vitamin B6 and, 67 vitamin B1 deficiency, 66 Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), 165
Herpes zoster Histidine, 81 Hoarseness Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), 165,
dorsal root latency, 165 derivatives of, 83 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 371 177
famciclovir, 201 Histiocytes, 399 lung cancer, 669 Kaposi sarcoma, 469
reactivation, 435 Histiocytosis (Langerhans cell), 426 Pancoast tumor, 670 as oncogenic microbe, 226
Herpetic whitlow, 164 Histocompatibility complex I and “Hobnail” liver in alcoholic cirrhosis, Human immunodeficiency
Hesselbach triangle, 364 II, 100 385 virus. See HIV (human
Heterochromatin, 34 Histology Hodgkin lymphoma immunodeficiency virus)
Heterodimer, 48 digestive tract, 356 bleomycin for, 431 Humanized monoclonal antibodies,
Heterodisomy, 57 female reproductive epithelial, 612 non-Hodgkin vs., 421 110
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA granulomatous inflammation, 218 oncogenic microbes and, 226 Human papillomavirus 6 (HPV-6),
(hnRNA), 41 hydatidiform mole, 628 paraneoplastic cerebellar 184
Heteroplasmy, 57 liver tissue, 361 degeneration and, 229 Human papillomavirus 11 (HPV-11),
Heterozygosity loss, 56 necrosis, 209 procarbazine for, 433 184
Hexokinase Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, 632 types of, 689 Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16),
glucokinase vs., 75 Histone vinca alkaloids for, 433 657
metabolic pathways, 74 acetylation, 34 Holistic medical therapy, 267 Human papillomavirus (HPV)
HFE gene amino acids in, 81 Holoprosencephaly, 479 cervical pathology, 631
hemochromatosis and, 389 deacetylation, 34 Patau syndrome, 63 HIV-positive adults, 177
HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine methylation, 34 Sonic hedgehog gene and, 598 as oncogenic microbe, 226
phosphoribosyltransferase), Histoplasma capsulatum Homatropine, 241 penile cancer, 637
37, 432 HIV-positive adults, 177 Homeobox (Hox) genes, 598 tumor epidemiology, 629
HHNS, 346 necrosis and, 209 Homer-Wright rosettes, 516 verrucae, 468
Hiatal hernias, 364 Histoplasmosis, 151 Homicide, 270 warts, 164
Hiccups, 507 erythema nodosum, 472 Homocysteine Human placental lactogen, 619, 620
High altitude respiratory response, 656 treatment, 199 B12 deficiency, 412 Humerus fracture
High-frequency recombination (Hfr) Histrionic personality disorder, 553 folate deficiency, 412 axillary nerve and, 440
cells, 130 HIV (human immunodeficiency vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 radial nerve with, 440
Highly active antiretroviral therapy virus), 175 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 Humor, 543
(HAART), 203 aplastic anemia in, 413 Homocysteine methyltransferase Humoral immune response, 401
High-riding prostate, 613 cervical cancer and, 631 deficiency in, 84 Hunger/satiety regulation, 486
Hilar lymphadenopathy, 661, 679 diagnosis, 175 vitamin B12 and, 69 Hunter syndrome, 61, 88
Hilar lymph nodes disease associations, 177 Homocystinuria, 84 Huntington disease
calcification of, 663 ex vacuo ventriculomegaly, 508, Homologous recombination repair, basal ganglia lesions, 499
Hilar mass, 669 510 40 medications for, 536
Hilar nodes, 140 flow cytometry diagnosis, 54 Homovanillic acid (HVA) neurodegenerative disorder, 508
Hilum (lung), 649 hairy leukoplakia, 470 in neuroblastomas, 335 neurotransmitters for, 483
lymphadenopathy, 661 heroin addiction and, 564 tyrosine catabolism, 83 trinucleotide repeat expansion
Hindbrain, 478 Kaposi sarcoma, 165, 469 Homunculus, 490 diseases, 62
Hindgut lymphopenia, 416 Honeycombed uterus, 628 ventromegaly, 510
blood supply/innervation of, 357 meningitis, 180 Honeycomb lung, 661 Hurler syndrome, 88
development of, 352 microglia in, 481 Hookworms, 159 Hürthle cells, 338
760 INDEX

Hutchinson teeth, 147 teriparatide, 476 calcium pyrophosphate deposition aortic dissection and, 306, 687
Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, 304 thiazides as cause, 595 disease, 459 atherosclerosis and, 305
Hyaline casts (urine), 582 Williams syndrome, 64 cinacalcet for, 350 atrial fibrillation and, 297
Hyaline membrane disease, 661 Hypercalciuria lab findings, 681 autosomal recessive polycystic
Hydatid cysts, 161 hyperparathyroidism, 342 lab values in, 456 kidney disease, 592
Hydatidiform mole, 628 thiazides for, 595 osteoporosis, 454 β-blockers for, 245
hCG in, 619 Hypercapnia renal osteodystrophy and, 590 Charcot-Bouchard
ovarian cyst association, 632 contractility in, 282 Hyperphagia microaneurysms, 504
theca-lutein cysts and, 632 Hypercholesterolemia, 94 depression with, 549 Cushing syndrome, 333
Hydralazine familial, 60 hypothalamus and, 486 ecstasy intoxication, 559
gestational hypertension, 319, 629 nephrotic syndrome, 678 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 499 episodic, 336
heart failure, 311 presentation, 674 Prader-Willi syndrome, 58 from renovascular disease, 592
Hydrocele (scrotal), 638 Hyperchylomicronemia, 94 Hyperphosphatemia Guillain-Barré syndrome, 512
Hydrocephalus, 510 Hypercoagulability, 657 hyperparathyroidism (secondary), heart failure, 319
childhood tumors, 510, 516 hereditary syndromes, 420 342 hyperaldosteronism, 334
headaches with, 506 in pregnancy, 619 hypoparathyroidism, 341 immunosuppressants, 120
posterior fossa malformations, 480 warfarin adverse effect, 428 renal osteodystrophy and, 590 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 501
risk for developing, 501 Hypercoagulable state tumor lysis syndrome, 426 leflunomide, 475
Toxoplasma gondii, 182 venous sinus thrombosis with, 491 Hyperpigmentation. See also Skin local anesthetics, 537
vertical gaze paralysis, 499 Hyperemesis gravidarum, 628 lesions loop diuretics for, 594
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 595 Hyperemia adrenocortical insufficiency, 676 MDMA, 559
for diabetes insipidus, 344 pseudoepherine/phenylephrine, bleomycin, 431 microangiopathic anemia, 415
hyperglycemia, 248 671 busulfan, 433 minoxidil, 644
pancreatitis, 249 Hypereosinophilic syndrome, 311 fludrocortisone, 350 nephritic syndrome and, 585
Hydrocortisone Hyperestrogenism, 632 hemochromatosis, 389 PCP, 559
arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Hyperglycemia Peutz-Jeghers syndrome as cause, pheochromocytomas, 336
Hydrogen peroxide, 204 Cushing syndrome, 333 381 placental abruption, 626
Hydronephrosis, 587 diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 primary adrenal insufficiency, 334 polyarteritis nodosa, 317
BPH, 639 diabetic retinopathy, 525 Hyperplasia, 206, 220 preeclampsia, 629
horseshoe kidney, 567 drug reaction, 248 adrenal, 333, 334 in pregnancy, 244, 629
kidney stones, 586 glucagon and, 325 parathyroid, 341, 342, 347 renal cyst disorders, 592
posterior urethral valves, 567 hyperkalemia, 578 Hyperplasia/malignancy renal failure, 590
Hydrophobia, 171 immunosuppressants, 120 uterine bleeding with, 619 sleep apnea, 665
Hydrops fetalis pancreatic cell tumors, 336 Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, 304 thiazides for, 595
parvovirus B19, 182, 183 protease inhibitors, 203 Hyperplastic polyps, 381 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 306
syphilis, 182 thiazides, 595 Hyperprolactinemia, 248, 325, 514 treatment for, 319
Hydrothorax, 632 vitamin B3 toxicity, 67 anovulation, 631 tyramine, 244, 563
Hydroxocobalamin, 652 Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, risperidone and, 561 Hypertensive crisis, 557
Hydroxychloroquine 625 Hyperpyrexia MAO inhibitors as cause, 563
myopathy, 250 Hypergranulosis, 466 with TCAs, 563 phenoxybenzamine for, 244
rheumatoid arthritis, 458 Hyper-IgE syndrome tricyclic antidepressants, 563 pheochromocytoma, 336
Hydroxylases, 73 presentation, 675 Hyperresonance (chest percussion), Hypertensive emergency, 303, 585
Hydroxylation, 45 Hyper-IgM syndrome, 117 667 RBC casts in, 582
Hydroxyurea, 434 Hyperinsulinemia, 631 pneumothorax, 666, 667 Hypertensive nephropathy, 304
in cell cycle, 430 Hyperkalemia, 578 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 218, Hypertensive retinopathy, 525
polycythemia vera, 425 aldosterone in, 576 661 Hypertensive urgency, 303, 319
pruine synthesis, 36 aliskiren, 596 Hypersensitivity reactions, 112–113 Hyperthermia
sickle cell anemia, 414 angiotensin II receptor blockers, acute interstitial nephritis, 591 atropine causing, 242
targets of, 430 596 blood transfusions, 114 ecstasy intoxication, 559
Hyoid artery, 605 causes of, 578 C3 deficiency, 107 MDMA, 559
Hyoscyamine, 240, 241 diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 cephalosporins, 189 Hyperthyroidism, 337, 338, 339, 632
Hyperacute transplant rejection, 119 potassium-sparing diuretics, 595 Graves disease, 339 amiodarone, 248
Hyperaldosteronism, 334 primary adrenal insufficiency, 334 IgE antibodies, 105 β-blockers in, 245
hypertension with, 303 renal failure, 590 mast cells and, 400 choriocarcinomas, 638
metabolic alkalosis, 580 transfusions and, 421 organ transplants, 119 drug reactions, 248
potassium-sparing diuretics for, 595 tumor lysis syndrome, 426 penicillins, 187, 188 hCG elevation and, 619
Hyperammonemia, 82 Hyperkalemic tubular acidosis (type rheumatic fever, 314 hydatidiform moles, 628
Hyperbilirubinemia 4, 581 sulfonamides, 194 mature cystic teratoma, 632
cirrhosis and, 383 Hyperkeratosis, 466, 468 Hypersensitivity reaction type II osteoporosis, 454
hereditary, 388 Hyperlipidemia, 304 rapidly progressive thionamides for, 347
jaundice with, 387 atherosclerosis and, 305 glomerulonephritis, 585 Hypertriglyceridemia, 94
Hypercalcemia atypical antipsychotics, 561 Hypersensitivity reaction type III acute pancreatitis and, 391
acute pancreatitis and, 391 glomerular filtration barrier and, 569 acute poststreptococcal Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 311,
adult T-cell lymphoma, 422 immunosuppressants, 120 glomerulonephritis, 585 519
bisphosphonates for, 475 nephrotic syndrome, 584 Hypersensitivity reaction type IV Pompe disease, 87
calcium carbonate in, 393 thiazides, 595 contact dermatitis, 468 systolic murmur in, 292
diabetes insipidus, 344 Hyperopia, 523 Hypersexuality Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 669
granulomatous inflammation and, Hyperorality Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 499 cancer association, 229
218 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 499 Hypersomnia, 549 Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 353
hyperparathyroidism, 342 Hyperosmolar coma Hypertension, 303 Hypertrophic scar formation, 219
loop diuretics for, 594 DM type 2, 345 ACE inhibitors for, 596 Hypertrophy, 206
lung cancer, 669 Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, alcohol withdrawal, 559 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 519
paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 346 aliskiren for, 596 Hyperuricemia
PTH-independent, 341 Hyperosmolarity, 578 α-blockers for, 244 drug reaction, 250
sarcoidosis and, 662 Hyperparathyroidism, 342 angiotensin II receptor blockers kidney stones and, 586
succinylcholine, 538 associations, 688 for, 596 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37
INDEX 761
pyrazinamide, 197 loop diuretics, 594 Hypoxanthine, 476 IFN-γ (Interferon-γ), 102, 108, 116
thiazides, 595 nephrogenic DI, 344 Hypoxanthine guanine cachexia and, 228
tumor lysis syndrome, 426 VIPomas and, 365 phosphoribosyltransferase chronic inflammation, 217
vitamin B3 toxicity, 67 Hypomanic episodes, 549 (HGPRT), 37 clinical uses, 121
Hyperventilation Hyponatremia Hypoxemia Graves disease and, 339
emphysema, 679 cirrhosis and, 383 alveolar gas equation, 654 Ifosfamide, 433
metabolic acidosis, 580 MDMA as cause, 559 obstructive lung disease, 660 hemorrhagic cystitis, 250
in pregnancy, 619 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 oxygen deprivation, 655 IgA and IgG deamidated gliadin
Hyperventilation (therapeutic), 489 thiazides, 595 pulmonary emboli, 658 peptide autoantibody, 115
Hyperviscosity syndrome, 423 Hypoparathyroidism, 341 respiratory alkalosis and, 580 IgA antibodies, 105
Hypervitaminosis D, 456 Hypophosphatemia Hypoxemic vasoconstriction, 665 ataxia-telangiectasia, 116, 117
Hypnagogic hallucination, 547 hyperparathyroidism, 342 Hypoxia breast milk, 622
narcolepsy, 556 Hypophosphatemic rickets, 59 apoptosis caused by, 208 in celiac disease, 375
Hypnopompic hallucinations, 547 Hypopituitarism, 343 contractility in, 282 deficiency in, 116, 674
narcolepsy, 556 Hypoplasia, 599 cyanide/carbon monoxide hyper-IgM syndrome, 117
Hypoalbuminemia pulmonary, 646 poisoning, 652 multiple myeloma production of,
alcoholic cirrhosis as cause, 385 Hypoproteinemia, 569 erythropoietin and, 577 423
nephrotic syndrome, 583, 584, 678 Hyporeflexia hemoglobin modifications, 653 passive immunity, 110
Hypocalcemia, 329 LMN lesions, 519 lung diseases, 665 Peyer patches and, 368
acute pancreatitis and, 391 magnesium hydroxide and, 393 nocturnal, 665 IgA anti-endomysial autoantibody, 115
cinacalcet causing, 350 Hypospadias, 610 oxygen deprivation, 655 IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase
hypermagnesemia and, 579 Hyposplenia, 408 regions susceptible to, 210 autoantibody, 115
hyperparathyroidism, 342 Hypotension renal, 653 IgA nephropathy, 585
hypoparathyroidism, 341 acute tubular necrosis with, 591 susceptible regions for, 210 Henoch-Schönlein purpura and,
pseudohypoparathyroidism, 341 adrenal insufficiency, 334 vasoconstriction/vasodilation and, 318
renal osteodystrophy, 590 adrenocortical insufficiency, 676 300 IgA protease, 129
thyroidectomy, 340 aliskiren, 596 Hypoxia-inducible factor 1a, 225 IgD antibodies, 105
transfusion and, 421 amphotericin B, 199 Hypoxic stroke, 500 IgE antibodies, 105
tumor lysis syndrome, 426 angiotensin II receptor blockers, Hypoxic vasoconstriction ataxia-telangiectasia, 116, 117
Hypochondriasis, 554 596 (pulmonary), 654 eczema, 468
Hypocitraturia, 586 baroreceptors in, 299 high altitude, 656 hyper-IgM syndrome, 117
Hypocretin, 556 cardiac tamponade, 315 Hysterectomy mast cells and, 400
Hypodermis, 465 cilostazol/dipyridamole, 429 adenomyosis, 634 type I hypersensitivity, 112
Hypofibrinogenemia, 214 endotoxins, 131 cardinal ligament in, 611 IgG antibodies, 105
Hypogammaglobulinemia, 229 ephedrine for, 243 Hysteresis (lung and chest wall), 651 anemia and, 415
Hypoglossal canal, 493 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 512 Hysteria ataxia-telangiectasia, 116, 117
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), 494 hypermagnesemia, 579 respiratory alkalosis from, 580 complement activation and, 106
brainstem location, 492 local anesthetics, 537 hepatitis A (HAV), 174
function of, 494 magnesium hydroxide and, 393 I hyper-IgM syndrome, 117
lesion in, 517, 520 metronidazole, 195 Iatrogenic abnormal uterine bleeding, multiple myeloma production of,
location, 492 midodrine for, 242 619 423
pathway, 493 norepinephrine for, 242 Ibandronate, 475. See multiple sclerosis, 511
with stroke, 502 orthostatic, 334 also Bisphosphonates as passive immunity, 110
tongue, 481 phenylephrine for, 242 Ibuprofen, 475 type III hypersensitivity reactions,
Hypoglycemia scombroid poisoning, 246 arachidonic acid pathway and, 474 113
carnitine deficiency, 89 sympatholytic drugs and, 244 hemolysis in G6PD deficienc, 249 IgM antibodies, 105
fructose intolerance, 80 Waterhouse-Friderichsen Ibutilide, 318 anemia and, 415
GH secretion in, 327 syndrome, 675 ICAM-1 protein in biliary cirrhosis, 389
glucagon production with, 325 Hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 350 in leukocyte extravasation, 216 complement activation and, 106
gluconeogenesis and, 78 Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, 325 viral receptor, 166 hepatitis A (HAV), 174
insulinomas, 336 Hypothalamus I-cell disease, 47 hyper-IgM syndrome, 117
loss of orientation, 545 ADH secretion, 327 I cells, 365 in sclerosing cholangitis, 389
low birth weight and, 621 amenorrhea and, 631 Icosahedral viruses, 163 splenic dysfunction, 98
neonatal, 600 anovulation and, 631 Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis, 147 IL-1 (Interleukin 1), 108
somatostatinomas, 336 homeostasis and, 486 Idealization, 543 cachexia and, 228
Von Gierke disease, 87 hormonal feedback in PCOS, 631 Identification, 543 endotoxins, 133
Hypogonadism nuclei of, 486 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, with inflammation, 213
diagnosis of, 625 reproductive hormone control, 640 509 IL-2 (Interleukin 2), 108
estrogens for, 642 sleep physiology, 485 acetazolamide for, 594 cyclosporine and, 120
gynecomastia, 635 Hypothenar muscles, 439 empty sella syndrome, 343 natural killer cells and, 101
hemochromatosis, 389 Klumpke palsy, 441 vitamin A toxicity, 66 sirolimus and, 120
iron poisoning, 418 Hypotheses (statistical), 261 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 661 tacrolimus and, 120
Kallmann syndrome, 625 Hypothyroidism, 337, 338 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura IL-2R (Interleukin 2 receptor), 120
Klinefelter syndrome, 624 anemia, 409, 412 (ITP) IL-3 (Interleukin 3), 108
pituitary prolactinomas, 325 carpal tunnel syndrome with, 451 labs/findings, 680 IL-4 (Interleukin 4), 108
Prader-Willi syndrome, 58 drug reaction and, 248 rituximab for, 435 IL-5 (Interleukin 5), 108
testosterone/methyltestosterone, hormone replacement, 349 type II hypersensitivity reactions, 112 IL-6 (Interleukin 6), 108
643 lithium, 562 IDL (intermediate-density cachexia and, 228
zinc deficiency, 71 Hypotonia lipoprotein), 94 endotoxins, 133
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, carnitine deficiency, 89 IFN-α (Interferon-α) IL-8 (Interleukin 8), 108
625 Menkes disease, 51 clinical uses, 121 neutrophils and, 398
Hypokalemia, 578 Prader-Willi syndrome, 58 hepatitis, 684 IL-10 (Interleukin 10), 108
antacid use, 393 Zellweger syndrome, 47 natural killer cells, 101 acute inflammation and, 215
causes of, 578 Hypoventilation, 580 IFN-β (Interferon-β) IL-12 (Interleukin 12), 108
cystic fibrosis, 60 Hypovolemia, 327, 345 clinical uses, 121 natural killer cells and, 101
on ECG, 296 Hypovolemic shock, 312 natural killer cells, 101 receptor deficiency, 116
762 INDEX

Ileum, 356 Immunophenotype assessment, 54 Inferior rectal vein, 359 Inhibin


basal electric rhythm, 356 Immunosuppressants Inferior rectus muscle, 528 cryptorchidism, 637
Ileus, 380 for aplastic anemia, 413 Inferior sagittal sinus, 491 Klinefelter syndrome, 624
bacterial peritonitis (spontaneous), targets (diagram), 121 Inferior vena cava (IVC), 354 Sertoli cell secretion of, 614
384 transplant rejection, 120 diaphragm, 649 Inhibin B
gallstone, 390 Immunosuppression embryological development, 278 cryptorchidism, 637
Iliacus, 444 squamous cell carcinoma, 473 gonadal drainage and, 610 Klinefelter syndrome, 624
Iliohypogastric nerve, 444 vitamin A deficiency, 66 Infertility Sertoli cell secretion of, 614
Iliotibial band syndrome, 453 vitamin C deficiency, 69 clomiphene, 642 Inhibitors of complement activation,
Illness anxiety disorder, 554 Immunotherapy, 121 cystic fibrosis, 60 106
Iloperidone, 561 Impaired colleague, 267 ectopic pregnancy, 627 Inhibitory pathway, 488
Iloprost Imperforate hymen, 630 endometriosis, 634 Injury (unintentional), 270
for pulmonary hypertension, 671 Impetigo, 466 impaired sperm mobility, 615 Innate immune response
Imatinib, 434 crusts with, 470 Kallmann syndrome, 625 in acute inflammation, 215
Imipenem, 187 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 Kartagener syndrome, 49, 674 dendritic cells in, 400
seizures with, 250 Implied consent (emergency), 264 Klinefelter syndrome, 624 NK cells in, 401
Imipramine, 563 Inactivated (killed) vaccine, 111 leuprolide for, 641 Innate immune system
Immature ego defenses, 543 Incidence vs. prevalence, 259 mumps, 170 in acute inflammation, 215
Immature teratoma, 633 in medical error corrections, 259 ovarian neoplasms, 632 Innate immunity, 99
Immune checkpoint interactions, 223 Inclusion cell disease. See I-cell PCOS, 631 Inositol trisphosphate (IP3), 332
Immune complex, 113 disease salpingitis, 185 Inotropes, 312
Immune evasion (cancer), 223 Inclusions septate uterus, 609 Inotropy, 284
Immune responses, 104–117 Cowdry A, 166 varicoceles, 637 INR (international normalized ratio),
acute-phase reactants, 101 mulberry-like (morulae), 150 Infiltrative cardiomyopathy, 311 418
Bordetella pertussis, 143 Negri bodies, 171 Inflammasome, 215 Insomnia
cell surface proteins, 109 “owl eye”, 165 Inflammation barbiturates for, 533
complement, 106 reticulate bodies, 148 acute, 215 marijuana withdrawal, 559
cytokines, 108 Incomplete penetrance, 56 in atherosclerosis, 305 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 533
hypersensitivity types, 114–115 Incontinence (fecal/urinary), 445 cardinal signs, 213 stimulants causing, 558
immunodeficiencies, 115–117, Incretins, 324 chronic, 213, 217 Inspiration effect on auscultation, 293
116–118 Incus (ossicles) ESR in, 214 Inspiratory capacity (IC), 650
passive vs. active, 110 branchial arch derivative, 521, 606 extrinsic (death receptor) pathway, Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 650
Salmonella/Shigella spp., 144 India ink stain, 125 207, 208 Insulin, 324
respiratory burst, 109 Indicator media, 126 granulomatous, 218 anabolic effects of, 324
transfusion reactions, 114 Indinavir IL-1 in, 108 deficiency in, 345
Immune thrombocytopenia, 419 HIV therapy, 203 intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, diabetic ketoacidosis, 346
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura mechanism, 201 208 for HHNS, 346
hepatitis C, 173 Indirect bilirubin, 369 systemic manifestations, 213 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 76
Immunocompromised patients Indirect cholinomimetic agonists, 240 wound healing, 217 GIP effect on, 365
acyclovir/famciclovir/valacyclovir, Indirect Coombs test, 112 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), glucagon and, 325
201 Indirect inguinal hernias, 364 376 glycogen regulation, 73, 85
Candida albicans in, 153 Indirect sympathomimetics, 242 azathioprine for, 432 hypokalemia from, 578
common organisms affecting, 179 Indomethacin, 475 colorectal cancer and, 382 in pregnancy, 324
Cryptococcus neoformans, 153 arachidonic acid pathway, 474 erythema nodosum, 472 production of, 323
Cryptosporidium, 155 for diabetes insipidus, 344 infliximab/adalimumab for, 476 secretion of, 324
esophagitis in, 371 gout, 459 methotrexate for, 432 signaling pathways for, 332
fungal infections, 186 for PDA closure, 280 sclerosing cholangitis and, 389 somatostatin and, 365
Listeria monocytogens, 139 tocolytic action of, 643 spondyloarthritis, 461 somatostatinomas and, 336
Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 Infant/child development, 621 therapeutic antibodies, 122 Insulin-dependent glucose
Immunodeficiency Infants. See Neonates Inflammatory breast disease, 635 transporters, 324
infections in, 118 Infarction Inflammatory diseases Insulin-independent transporters, 324
syndromes, 116–117 atherosclerosis, 305 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
Immunodeficiency syndromes blood-brain barrier effects, 484 Inflammatory pseudopolyps, 381 acromegaly, 343
flow cytometry diagnosis, 54 of bone, 455 Infliximab, 122, 476 Laron syndrome, 343
Immunoglobulin A vasculitis, 318 calcification in, 211 for Crohn disease, 376 signaling pathways for, 332
Immunoglobulin light chain pituitary, 343 for ulcerative colitis, 376, 684 Insulinomas
amyloidosis, 212 regions susceptible to, 210 Influenza, 169 insulin and C-peptide in, 324
Immunoglobulins types of, 210 orthomyxovirus, 167 MEN 1 syndrome, 347
adaptive immunity and, 99 Infarcts pneumonia, 668 pancreatic cell tumor, 336
anti-D IgG prophylaxis in atherosclerosis, 305 treatment/prevention, 201 Insulin preparations, 348
pregnancy, 397 calcification in, 211 Informed consent, 264 Insulin resistance
breast milk and, 622 pituitary, 343 Infraspinatus muscle acanthosis nigricans and, 472
for Kawasaki disease, 316 regions susceptible to, 210 Erb palsy, 441 acromegaly, 343
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 512 types of, 210 rotator cuff, 438 cortisol, 329
IgA immune complex deposition, Infections Infundibulopelvic ligament, 611 Cushing syndrome, 333
318 caseating granulomas with, 218 Infundibulum, 492 DM type 2, 346
isotypes of, 105 ESR in, 214 INF-α (Interferon-α) during pregnancy, 619
Immunohistochemical stains, 228 in immunodeficiency, 118 myopathy, 250 GH, 324, 327
Immunology, 96–122 Inferior colliculi, 492 Ingested seafood toxins, 246 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,
cellular components, 98 Inferior gluteal nerve, 445 Inguinal canal, 363 385
immune responses, 104–117 Inferior mesenteric artery, 357 Inguinal hernia, 364 PCOS, 631
immunosuppressants, 120–122 horseshoe kidney, 567 Inguinal (Hesselbach) triangle, 364 Insurance
lymphoid structures, 96–98 Inferior mesenteric vein, 359 Inguinal ligament, 362, 363 disregarding in treatment, 266
pathogen recognition in, 99 Inferior oblique muscle, 528 Inhalational injury, 649, 662 Medicare/Medicaid as, 270
Immunomodulator signaling Inferior phrenic arteries, 357 Inhaled anesthetics, 537 types of plans, 269
pathways, 332 Inferior rectal artery, 360 Inheritance modes, 59 Integrase inhibitors, 203
INDEX 763
Integrins Intracranial hypertension (idiopathic), Iron deficiency anemia, 410 cirrhosis, 383
epithelial cells, 465 509 in anemia taxonomy, 409 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 676
viral receptor, 166 Intracranial pressure, 489 colorectal cancer, 382 drug reaction, 248
Intellectual disability, 545 hydrocephalus, 510 fibroid tumors, 634 fructose intolerance, 80
autism and, 545 papilledema, 526 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 371 galactosemia, 80
Intellectualization, 543 superior vena cava syndrome, 670 Iron poisoning, 418 graft-versus-host disease, 119
Intention tremor, 507 Intraductal papilloma, 635 Irreversible cell injury, 207 hepatitis B, 184
cerebellar lesions, 499 Intraocular pressure, 524 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 377 hepatocellular carcinoma, 386
multiple sclerosis, 511, 678 Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 501 antispasmodic drugs, 241 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias,
Interactions, drug, 233 Intrauterine device (IUD) Ischemia, 210, 655 388
Intercostobrachial nerve, 440 copper, 643 acute tubular necrosis from, 591 leptospirosis, 147
Interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), 140 endometritis, 634 atherosclerosis, 305 newborn hemolytic disease, 397
Interlobar artery, 568 Intrauterine growth restriction digital, 464 painless, 676
Interlobular artery, 568 (IUGR) Fanconi syndrome, 574 pancreatic cancer, 391
Intermediate filaments low birth weight, 621 in gastrointestinal tract, 380 persistent neonatal, 387
cytoskeletal element, 48 substance abuse, 600 necrosis and, 209 ToRCHeS infections, 182
Intermediate lobe of pituitary, 323 Intravascular hemolysis, 413 in renal medulla, 568 transfusion reaction, 114
Intermenstrual bleeding (AUB/IMB)., paroxysmal nocturnal Ischemic brain disease, 500 yellow fever, 168
619 hemoglobinuria, 107 Ischemic heart disease Jaw jerk reflex, 495
Internal auditory meatus, 493 Intravenous anesthetics, 537 heart murmurs in, 293 JC virus (John Cunningham virus)
Internal capsule Intraventricular hemorrhage, 500 manifestations of, 306 HIV-positive adults, 177
intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 501 low birth weight, 621 Ischemic priapism, 637 immunocompromised patients, 118
stroke effects, 502 neonatal respiratory distress Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), 212 polyomaviruses, 164
Internal carotid artery syndrome as cause, 647 Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies, 115 Jejunal and ileal atresia, 353
cavernous sinus, 530 in neonatal respiratory distress Islets of Langerhans, 323 Jejunum, 356
circle of Willis, 491 syndrome, 647 Isocarboxazid, 563 Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome,
Internal hemorrhoids, 360 Intrinsic factor, 366, 367 Isocitrate dehydrogenase 297
Internal iliac artery, 280, 357 Intrinsic hemolytic anemia, 414 metabolic pathways, 74 Jimson weed, 242
Internal iliac lymph nodes, 610 Intrinsic pathway, 208 rate determining enzyme, 73 Job syndrome, 116
Internal inguinal ring, 364 for coagulation, 404 Isodisomy, 57 Jod-Basedow phenomenon, 339
Internal jugular vein, 491 coagulation defects of, 418 Isoflurane, 537 Joint abnormalities
Internal oblique muscle, 363 heparin and, 428 Isolation of affect, 543 hypermobility, 51
Intrinsic renal failure, 590 Isoleucine J point in ECG, 296
Internal rotation
Introns vs exons, 42, 43 classification of, 81 Jugular foramen, 491, 493
arm (rotator cuff), 438
Intussusception, 379 maple syrup urine disease and, 84 Jugular venous distention (JVD),
hip, 446
Meckel diverticulum as cause, Isoniazid, 197 312, 670
Internal spermatic fascia, 363
378 cytochrome P-450, 252 Justice (ethics), 264
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 499,
Inulin drug-induced SLE, 681 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 524
531
extracellular volume and, 569 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 Juvenile polyposis, 381
multiple sclerosis, 678
glomerular filtration rate and, 570 hepatitis, 249 Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), 577
Interossei muscles, 439
in proximal convoluted tubules, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 196 filtration, 571
Klumpke palsy, 441 seizures, 250 juxtaglomerular cells, 568
575
ulnar nerve, 440 sideroblastic anemia, 411 renin secretion, 576
Invariant chain, 100
Interpreting study results, 260 Invasive carcinoma, 220 visual distrubance with, 250 Juxtaglomerular cells
Intersex, 625 Invasive carcinoma (cervical), 631 Isoproterenol tumors in, 334
Interstitial fluid, 300 Invasive lobular carcinoma (breast), norepinephrine vs., 243
Interstitial lung disease, 458, 661 636 sympathomimetic action, 242 K
Interstitial nephritis Inversion, 445 Isosorbide dinitrate, 313 Kala-azar, 158
acute, 590, 591 In vivo biofilm-producing bacteria, Isosorbide mononitrate, 313 Kallikrein
as drug reaction, 250, 251 128 Isotretinoin C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency,
NSAID toxicity, 475 Involuntary treatment, 268 cystic acne, 66 107
penicillins, 188 Iodine teratogenicity, 600 neutrophils and, 398
Interstitial pneumonia, 668 deficiency in, 338, 339 Isovolumetric contraction, 290 Kallmann syndrome, 486, 625
Interstitium infection control, 204 Isovolumetric relaxation, 290 Kaposi sarcoma, 469
leukocyte extravasation and, 216 teratogenicity, 600 Itraconazole AIDS and, 184
Interventricular foramen, 279 thionamide effect on, 347 azoles, 199 bacillary angiomatosis vs., 469
Interventricular septal rupture, 309, Iodophors, 204 mechanism (diagram), 198 HHV-8, 165
310 IPEX syndrome, 102 Sporothrix schenckii, 154 HIV-positive adults, 177
Intestinal angina, 380 Ipratropium, 241, 672 systemic mycoses, 151 oncogenic microbes and, 226
Intestinal atresia, 353 Irinotecan, 434 IV drug use Kartagener syndrome, 49, 278
Intestinal obstruction in cell cycle, 430 common organisms, 179 infertility with, 615
hernias, 364 targets of, 430 Ivermectin, 200 obstructive lung disease, 661
superior mesenteric artery Irinotecan/topotecan, 38 Ivory white plaques, 663 presentation, 674
syndrome, 357 Iris, 522 IV phlebitis, 199 Karyolysis, 207
Intestinal villi, 356 Iritis, 524 Ixodes ticks, 146, 149, 157 Karyorrhexis, 207
Intimate partner violence, 267 Iron Karyotyping, 55
Intoxication (psychoactive drugs), 558 absorption of, 69, 368 J Kawasaki disease, 316
Intracellular fluid (ICF), 569 anemia, 416 JAK2 gene, 225 presentation, 675, 676
Intracellular organisms, 127 anemia of chronic disease, 413 mutation in myeloproliferative Kayser-Fleischer rings
Intracellular pathogens excess, 67 disorders, 425 Wilson disease as cause, 389
NK cells and, 401 in hemochromatosis, 389 Janeway lesions, 313, 675 K cells, 365
Intracellular receptors lab values in anemia, 416 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 148 K complexes/sleep spindles, 485
endocrine hormone messengers, metabolic acidosis, 580 Jaundice, 387 Kegel exercises, 588
332 sideroblastic anemia, 411 alcoholic cirrhosis and, 385 Keloid scars, 219
Intracranial hemorrhage, 501 toxicity of, 69 biliary tract disease, 389 Keratinocytes
eclampsia, 629 toxicity treatment, 247 cholangitis, 362, 390 in wound healing, 217
764 INDEX

Keratin pearls, 669 presentation, 675 MELAS syndrome, 59 Lateral spinothalamic tract, 496
Keratoconjunctivitis, 164 UTIs caused by, 181 metabolic acidosis, 580 Lateral thoracic artery, 447
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 460 Klebsiella spp., 145 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Lateral ventricles
Keratomalacia, 66 alcoholism, 179 deficiency, 77 herniation syndromes, 517
Keratosis bronchopneumonia, 668 Lactiferous sinus, 635 optic radiation, 530
actinic, 472 currant jelly sputum, 145, 186 Lactoferrin ventricular system, 492
hyperkeratosis, 466 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 in neutrophils, 398 Laxatives, 394
parakeratosis, 466 kidney stones, 586 in respiratory burst, 109 LDH
seborrheic, 468 lactose fermentation, 144 Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria, exudates, 214
Kernicterus, 194, 204 nosocomial infections, 185 126, 144 tumor burden indicator, 227
Kernohan notch, 517 pneumonia, 668 Lactose intolerance, 375 LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
Ketamine, 537 urease-positive, 127 Lactose metabolism, 39 receptor binding, 93
Ketoacidosis, 72, 90 urinary tract infections, 589 Lactulose Leaden paralysis, 549
Ketoconazole, 198, 199, 644 Klinefelter syndrome, 624 for hepatic encephalopathy, 385, Lead poisoning, 411, 417
cytochrome P-450, 252 chromosome association, 64 394 acute tubular necrosis, 591
gynecomastia from, 635 gynecomastia, 635 Lacunar infarcts, 502 in anemia taxonomy, 409
PCOS, 631 testicular tumors, 638 Ladd bands, 379 basophilic stippling in, 408
reproductive hormones and, 640 Klumpke palsy, 441 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, labs/findings, 680
Ketogenesis Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 499 463 presentation, 677
diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 Knee examination, 443 autoantibody, 115 sideroblastic anemia, 411
diagram of, 74 Knee injuries/conditions as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 treatment, 247
insulin deficiency, 345 Baker cyst, 452 small cell lung cancer, 669 Lead-time bias, 260
metabolic site, 72 ligament and meniscus, 452 Lamina propria, 356 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, 59
rate-determining enzyme for, 73 prepatellar bursitis, 452 Peyer patches in, 368 Lecithinase, 133, 138
Ketone bodies, 90 Knees in Whipple disease, 375 Lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase
Ketonemia, 345 common conditions of, 451 Lamins, 48 (LCAT)
Ketonuria, 345 Knock-out/Knock-in genes, 56 Lamivudine activation of, 93
Ketorolac, 475 KOH preparation, 152 HIV therapy, 203 Lecithins
arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Koilocytes mechanism, 201 lung maturity, 647
Kidney condylomata acuminata, 184 Lamotrigine Lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio,
anatomy, 568 Koilocytosis, 468 for epilepsy, 532 647
chronic graft nephropathy, 119 Koplik spots, 183, 675 rash caused by, 250 Lectin pathway (complement
donor transplantation of, 568 Korsakoff psychosis, 559 Lancet-shaped diplococci, 136 activation), 106
embryology of, 566 Korsakoff syndrome, 546 Landmarks (anatomical) Leflunomide, 36, 458, 475
endocrine functions, 577 Krabbe disease, 88 for dermatomes, 498 Left anterior descending artery
glomerular structure, 568 KRAS gene, 225, 669 midclavicular line, 649 coronary circulation, 281
hormones acting on, 578 adenomatous colonic polyps and, pudendal nerve block, 445 myocardial infarction and, 307
solitary functioning, 567 381 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 426 Left atrium
transplant prophylaxis, 120 colorectal cancer and, 383 pulmonary, 661 embryological development, 278
Kidney disease lung cancer and, 669 Langerhans cells Left bundle branch block, 287, 303
anemia of chronic disease and, 413 Krebs cycle. See TCA cycle Birbeck granules in, 681 Left circumflex coronary artery, 281
hypertension, 304 Krukenberg tumor, 373, 633 proliferative disorder of, 426 Left heart disease, 665
prenatal diagnosis of, 566, 567 Kübler-Ross grief model, 550 pulmonary histiocytosis, 661 Left heart failure, 306
Kidney endocrine functions, 577 Kulchitsky cells, 335, 669 in skin, 399 Left horn of sinus venosus, 278
Kidney injury Kupffer cells, 361, 399 Language development, 621 Left main coronary artery, 281
tumor lysis syndrome, 426 Kuru, 178 Lanosterol synthesis, 198 Left shift, 416
Kidneys Kussmaul respirations Lansoprazole, 392 Left-to-right shunts, 302
blood flow regulation, 300 in diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 Laplace law, 283, 647 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 453, 455
calcification in, 211 Kussmaul sign, 319 Large cell carcinoma, 669 Legionella pneumophilia, 143
embryologic derivation, 599 Kwashiorkor, 71 Large-vessel vasculitis, 315 atypical organism, 179
ischemia in, 210 Kyphoscoliosis, 519 Laron syndrome, 343 culture requirements, 126
location of, 354 Kyphosis, 84 Larva migrans, 159 interstitial pneumonia, 668
retroperitoneal location of, 354 Km, 232 Laryngopharyngeal reflux, 371 intracellular organism, 127
sclerosis, 464 Laryngospasm, 353 macrolides, 193
Kidney stones, 586 L drug-induced, 557 nosocomial infection, 185
Crohn disease association, 376 Labetalol, 245 Larynx, 648 pneumonia, 668
electrolyte disturbances, 579 gestational hypertension, 629 muscles of, 606 silver stain, 125
hematuria with, 582 hypertension in pregnancy, 319 respiratory tree, 648 Legionnaires’ disease, 143
horseshoe kidney and, 567 Labia, 611 Larynx muscles, 606 Leiomyoma (fibroid), 634
hydronephrosis, 587 male homolog of, 609 Lassa fever encephalitis, 167 nomenclature for, 221
hyperparathyroidism, 342 Labile cells, 46 Latanoprost, 539 uterine bleeding with, 619
postrenal azotemia, 590 Lachman test, 443 Latent errors, 272 Leiomyosarcomas, 221
risk factors for, 581 Lac operons, 39 Lateral cerebellar lesions, 487 Leishmania donovani, 158
UTIs, 181 Lacrimation reflex, 495 Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) Leishmaniasis, 158, 200
Kiesselbach plexus, 657 Lactase deficiency, 81 injury, 443 Length-time bias, 260
Killian triangle, 378 Lactation, 622 Lateral corticospinal tract, 496, 497, Lens, 522
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules dopamine and, 326 502 collagen in, 50
diabetes mellitus, 345 oxytocin for, 350 Lateral epicondylitis, 450 infantile cataracts, 80
Kinases, 73 progesterone and, 616 Lateral femoral circumflex artery, 455 subluxation of, 84
Kinesin, 48 prolactin and, 326 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 444 Lens subluxation
Kinin cascade/pathways, 404 Sheehan syndrome and, 343 Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), Elastin syndrome, 52
Kinky hair, 51 Lactational mastitis, 635 486 in homocystinuria, 52
Kissing bug (disease vector), 158 Lactic acid dehydrogenase, 77 Lateral medullary syndrome, 502 Lenticulostriate artery, 502
Klebsiella pneumoniae Lactic acidosis Lateral nucleus (hypothalamus), 486 Lentiform nucleus, 488
cephalosporins, 189 ethanol metabolism and, 71, 72 Lateral pterygoid muscle, 495, 606 Leonine facies, 141
encapsulation, 127 exercise and, 656 Lateral rectus muscle, 528 Lepromatous Hansen disease, 141
INDEX 765
Leptin, 327 Lewy bodies, 508 Lipomas, 221 Lobar pneumonia, 666
hypothalamus, 486 Lewy body dementia, 508 Lipoproteins, 89, 93, 94 natural history of, 668
Leptospira interrogans, 147 Leydig cells Liposarcomas, 221 physical findings with, 666
animal transmission, 149 cryptorchidism, 637 Lipoteichoic acid, 124 Lobular carcinoma (breast), 635, 636
spirochete, 146 endocrine function, 614, 624 Liquefactive necrosis, 209 Lobular carcinoma in situ, 636
Leptospirosis, 147, 149 genital embryology, 608 Liraglutide, 348 Local anesthetics, 537
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 tumors, 639 Lisch nodules, 513 Localized amyloidosis, 212
inheritance, 61 LFA-1 antigens, 216 neurofibromatosis, 678 Locked-in syndrome
labs/findings, 681 Libido Lisinopril, 596 osmotic demyelination syndrome,
Leser-Trélat sign, 229, 468 in geriatric patients, 268 Lispro insulin. See also Insulin 512
stomach cancer as cause, 373 testosterone and, 622 Lissencephaly, 479 stroke, 503
Lesser omental sac, 355 Lice Listeria monocytogenes, 139 Lockjaw
Letrozole, 642 disease vectors, 149, 150 β-hemolysis, 135 Clostridium tetani, 138
Leucine head/scalp, 161 granulomatous inflammation, 218 Locus ceruleus, 483
classification of, 81 treatment, 200 neonates, 182 Locus heterogeneity, 57
maple syrup urine disease and, 84 Lichen planus, 173, 466, 472 penicillins for, 188 Löffler endocarditis, 311
Leucovorin, 432 presentation, 677 Listeria spp. Löffler medium, 126
Leukemia, 424 Lichen sclerosis, 630 catalase-positive organism, 128 Lomustine, 433
aplastic anemia and, 413 Lichen simplex chronicus, 630 Gram-positive algorithm, 134 in cell cycle, 430
carcinogens, 226 Liddle syndrome, 574 intracellular organism, 127 Lone Star tick (disease vector), 149
cell type, 221 markers in, 579 meningitis, 180 Long QT syndrome
cyclophosphamide for, 433 Lidocaine, 537 Lithium, 562 congenital, 297
cytarabine for, 432 arrhythmia, 684 bipolar disorder, 685 ranolazine, 314
doxorubicin for, 431 Life support diabetes insipidus, 248, 344 sudden cardiac death, 307
epidemiology, 223 withdrawal, 267 hypothyroidism, 338 Long thoracic nerve
etoposide/teniposide for, 434 Li-Fraumeni syndrome prenatal exposure, 301, 303 arm abduction, 438
immunohistochemical stain for, 228 osteosarcomas, 457 teratogenicity, 600 neurovascular pairing, 447
lymphoma comparison, 421 tumor suppressor genes in, 225 therapeutic index of, 236 Loop diuretics, 594
mucormycosis, 153 Ligaments, gastrointestinal, 355 thyroid functions with, 248 for heart failure, 311
nomenclature for, 221 Ligamentum arteriosum, 280 toxicity of, 557 metabolic alkalosis, 580
oncogenic microbes, 226 Ligamentum teres hepatis, 280, 355 Live attenuated vaccines, 111 site of action, 593
procarbazine adverse effect, 433 Ligamentum venosum, 280 Liver toxicity of, 251
suppressor genes, 225 Ligand receptors, 208 blood supply and innervation of, Loop of Henle, 593
TRAP tumor marker, 228 Light criteria, 214 357 Looser zones (osteomalacia), 455
vinca alkaloids for, 433 Likelihood ratio (LR), 257 cancer metastases to, 224 Loperamide, 393, 538
Leukocoria, 526 Limbic system, 487 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 355 Lopinavir
Leukocyte adhesion Limit dextrin, 86 Kupffer cells in, 399 HIV therapy, 203
type 1 deficiency, 216 Limited scleroderma (CREST lipid transport and, 92 mechanism, 201
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 117, syndrome), 464 tissue architecture, 361 Loratadine, 671
216 autoantibody, 115 Liver/biliary disease Lorazepam
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Linagliptin, 349 alcoholic, 385 alcohol withdrawal, 560
(LAP), 398 Lindane, 200 autoimmune, 383, 386, 389 Losartan, 596
Leukocyte esterase, 181, 589 Linea alba, 363 hereditary, 387, 388 Lovastatin, 315
Leukocyte extravasation, 215, 216 Linear ulcers, 371 Liver disease Low birth weight, 621
Leukocytes Linear viruses, 163 acanthocytes in, 406 Löwenstein-Jensen agar, 126
basophilia in CML, 400 Lines of Zahn, 658, 682 anemia, 412 Lower esophageal sphincter
leukemias, 424 Lineweaver-Burk plot, 232 in anemia taxonomy, 409 achalasia and, 370
in urine, 181, 582, 589 Linezolid, 193 cirrhosis, 71, 80 in Barrett esophagus, 372
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 173 highly resistant organisms, 198 cystic fibrosis, 60 Lower extremity nerves, 444–446
Leukocytosis, 213 mechanism (diagram), 187 echinocytes in, 406 Lower left quadrant (LLQ) pain, 377
Clostridium difficile, 675 protein synthesis inhibition, 191 hepatosteatosis, 72 Lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion
diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 Lingual thyroid, 322 ischemia in, 210 facial nerve, 520
nosocomial infections, 185 Lingula (lung), 649 labs/findings, 680 Lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions,
Leukodystrophies, 482, 512 Linkage disequilibrium, 56 metastases to, 224 519
Leukopenia, 416 Lipase target cells in, 407 LPS endotoxin, 124, 131, 133, 145,
cytarabine, 432 as pancreatic secretions, 367 Liver failure 213
ganciclovir, 202 in pancreatitis, 391 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 386 LTB4 (Leukotriene B4), 398, 474
immunosuppressants and, 120 Lipid-lowering agents, 315 movement disorder in, 507 Lumbar puncture, 495, 509
trimethroprim, 194 Lipids Wilson disease as cause, 389 Lumbosacral radiculopathy, 446
Leukoplakia, 470 metabolism of, 74 Liver fluke Lumbrical muscles, 439
Leukotriene receptor antagonists, 474 transport of, 92–93 hyperbilirubinemia with, 387 Klumpke palsy and, 441
Leukotrienes, 400, 474 viral structure, 162 as oncogenic microbe, 226 median and ulnar nerves, 440
basophils and, 400 Lipid transport Liver function tests Lumefantrine, 200
cortisol effects, 329 key enzymes in, 93 cholestatic pattern of, 389 Lunate bone, 439
Leuprolide, 641 Lipodystrophy serum markers for, 384 Lung abscesses, 670
Levator veli palatini muscle, 606 protease inhibitors, 203 Liver markers Lung and chest wall expansion, 651
Levetiracetam, 532 tesamorelin for, 325 in alcohol use, 558 Lung cancer, 669
tonic-clonic seizures, 685 Lipofuscin, 211 Liver pathology serum markers, apical tumor, 683
Levodopa, 535, 536 Lipoic acid, 76 384 asbestosis and, 663
Levofloxacin Lipoid nephrosis, 584 Liver tumors, 386 carcinogens causing, 226
fluoroquinolones, 195 Lipolysis Living wills, 265 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 433
mechanism (diagram), 187 cortisol and, 329 Leukoerythroblastic reaction, 416 eriotinib for, 434
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 insulin and, 324 LMN facial nerve palsy hypercalcemia and, 229
Levomilnacipran, 563 in insulin deficiency, 345 presentation, 678 incidence/mortality in, 223
Levonorgestrel, 642 in pregnancy, 619 Loading dose, 691 metastases to, 224
Levothyroxine, 349 sympathetic receptors and, 238 Loa loa, 158, 159 non–small cell, 669
766 INDEX

Lung cancer (continued) Lymphadenopathy oncogenic microbes, 226 in spleen, 98


oncogenes and, 225 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 132, paraneoplastic syndromes with, 229 in wound healing, 217
paraneoplastic syndromes and, 229 139 Lymphomas Macrosomia, 600
SIADH, 691 follicular lymphoma, 422 associations, 689 Macula densa, 568
small cell carcinoma, 669 hilar, 661, 662 celiac disease and, 375 filtration and, 571
topotecan for, 434 Kawasaki disease, 676 EBV and, 165 juxtaglomerular apparatus, 577
Lung development Lymphogranuloma venereum, of stomach, 373 Macular cherry-red spot, 88, 526, 674
alveolar stage, 646 184 Lymphopenias, 416 Macular degeneration, 524
canalicular stage, 646 mediastinal, 662 ataxia-telangiectasia, 117 Macules, 466
embryonic stage, 646 mononucleosis, 165 corticosteroid effect on, 416 melanocytic nevus, 468
pseudoglandular stage, 646 rubella, 169, 182, 183 Lynch syndrome, 382 Maculopapular rash
saccular stage, 646 serum sickness, 113 mismatch repair and, 40 graft-versus-host disease, 119
Lung diseases syphilis, 147, 184 ovarian neoplasms, 632 rubeola, 170
obstructive, 660, 661 tinea capitis, 152 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), syphilis, 147
restrictive, 661 Toxoplasma gondii, 182 559 Magnesium
Lungs Trypanosoma brucei, 156 Lysine antacid use, 393
anatomical relationships, 649 Lymphangioma, 437 classification of, 81 in laxatives, 394
auscultation, 666 Lymphatic drainage in cystinuria, 85 PPI use and, 392
blood flow regulation, 300 pectinate line, 360 kidney stones, 586 PTH regulation, 330
choriocarcinoma metastases to, 628 Lymphatic drainage associations, 97 for pyruvate dehydrogenase in renal disorders, 579
compliance of, 651 Lymphatic pleural effusion, 666 complex deficiency, 77 torsades de pointes and, 296
congenital malformations of, 646 Lymph drainage Lysogenic phage infection, 130 Magnesium hydroxide, 393
dead space, 650 deep inguinal nodes, 610 Lysosomal storage diseases, 47, 88 Magnesium sulfate
development of, 646 external iliac nodes, 610 Lysosomal trafficking regulator gene, preeclampsia/eclampsia, 629
in elderly, 651 gonadal, 610 117 Maintenance dose, 691
fremitus (tactile) in, 666 internal iliac nodes, 610 Lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase, 87 Maintenance stage, 556
hyperresonant percussion, 666 para-aortic lymph nodes., 610 Lysozyme Major basic protein (MBP), 400
physical findings, 666 superficial inguinal nodes., 610 innate immunity, 99 Major depressive disorder (MDD),
sclerosis of, 464 tumor metasases, 224 in neutrophils, 398 549
transfusion-related injury, 114 Lymphedema, 624, 678 LYST gene, 117 Major ducts (breast), 635
whispered pectoriloquy, 666 Lymph nodes Lysyl oxidase, 51 Malabsorption syndromes, 375, 376
Lung volumes, 650 absent or scanty, 116 Lytic bone lesions fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, 65
Lung zones, 655 drainage sites, 97 adult T-cell lymphoma, 422 osteoporosis, 454
Lupus eggshell calcification, 663 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 426 Malaria
anemia of chronic disease and, 413 structure and function, 96 multiple myeloma and, 423 anemia in, 415
autoimmune hemolytic anemia T cell differentiation, 101 artesunate for, 200
and, 415 tumor metasases, 224 M Plasmodium, 157
azathioprine for, 432 Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin quinidine/quinine for, 200
MacConkey agar, 126, 144
drug-induced, 115, 249 lymphoma, 421 Malassezia spp., 152, 467
Machine-like murmur, 294
isoniazid, 197 Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin Malathion, 200
Macroangiopathic anemia, 409, 415
lab/findings, 682 lymphoma, 421 Male/female genital homologs, 609
Macrocytic anemia, 409, 411
lymphopenia, 416 Lymphocytes, 401 Male genital embryology, 608
Diamond-Blackfan anemia, 412
microangiopathic anemia, 415 breast milk and, 622 Male reproductive anatomy, 612
folate deficiency, 412
neutropenia, 416 CLL/small cell lymphocytic Male sexual response, 613
megaloblastic anemia, 412
presentation, 677 lymphoma, 424 Maleylacetoacetic acid, 83
nonmegaloblastic anemia, 412
Lupus anticoagulant, 115 corticosteroid effect on, 416 Malformation, 599
orotic aciduria, 412
Lupus-like syndrome lymph nodes, 96 Malignancy/hyperplasia
α-methyldopa, 244 non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 422 vitamin B12 deficiency, 412 uterine bleeding with, 619
Lupus pernio, 662 spleen, 98 Macrolides, 193 Malignant hypertension
Lurasidone, 561 thymus, 98 cytochrome P-450 and, 251 microangiopathic anemia, 415
Luteal phase of menstrual cycle, 618 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and, Malignant hyperthermia, 537, 538
Luteinizing hormone (LH) (LCMV), 167 353 Malignant mesotheliomas, 228
clomiphene effect, 642 Lymphocytic infiltrates Legionella pneumophila, 143 Malignant tumors, 221
contraception, 643 Bordetella pertussis, 143 mechanism (diagram), 187 Malingering, 554
cryptorchidism, 637 Lymphocytosis Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150 Malleus (ossicles), 521, 606
estrogen/progesterone, 616 postsplenectomy, 98 naming convention for, 253 Mallory bodies
hCG and, 603 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 149, protein synthesis inhibition, 191 in alcoholic hepatitis, 385
Klinefelter syndrome, 624 184 torsades de pointes, 248 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 371, 676
leuprolide, 640, 641 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 377 Macroorchidism, 62 Malnutrition, 71
menopause, 622 Lymphoid neoplasms, 424 Macro-ovalocytes, 406 superior mesenteric artery
ovulation, 326, 617 Lymphoid structures, 96–97 Macrophages, 399 syndrome and, 357
PCOS, 631 Peyer patches, 356, 368 in acute inflammation, 215 Malrotation, 379
pharmacologic control of, 640 Lymphoma alveolar, 648 Maltese cross appearance, 157
premature ovarian failure, 622, 631 carcinogens causing, 226 apoptosis and, 208 Maltese cross sign, 582
secretion of, 323 cyclophosphamide for, 433 bilirubin and, 369 MALT lymphomas
sex development disorders, 625 cytarabine for, 432 binding of, 104 Helicobacter pylori, 146
sex hormone disorder diagnosis, doxorubicin for, 431 breast milk and, 622 oncogenic microbes and, 226
625 etoposide/teniposide for, 434 cell surface proteins, 110 Sjögren syndrome, 460
signaling pathways of, 332 Hodgkin, 421 cytokine secretion, 108 Mammary glands, 599
spermatogenesis, 326, 614 hypercalcemia and, 229 endotoxin activation, 133 Mammillary bodies, 492, 499
testosterone, 642, 643 leukemia comparison, 421 innate immunity, 99 Korsakoff syndrome, 546
Turner syndrome, 624 in mediastinal compartments, 659 in lymph node, 96 limbic system, 487
Lyme disease, 146 methotrexate for, 432 lymphocyte interaction, 102 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 559
animal transmission, 149 nomenclature for, 221 in MI, 308 Mandibular process, 606
AV block in, 298 non-Hodgkin, 421, 422 necrosis and, 209 Mango flies (disease vector), 159
ceftriaxone, 189 oncogene for, 208, 225 pneumoconioses, 663 Manic episode, 548
INDEX 767
Man-in-the-barrel syndrome, 490 Mean arterial pressure, 489, 691 spinal tracts and, 497 Membranous interventricular
Mannitol, 594 cerebral perfusion, 489 strokes in, 502–503 septum, 279
extracellular volume and, 569 equations for, 283 Medulla (lymph nodes) Membranous nephropathy, 582, 584,
site of action, 593 Measles, 170, 183 lymph nodes, 96 682
Mantle cell lymphomas, 422 paramyxovirus, 167, 170 thymus, 101 membranous nephropathy, primary
chromosomal translocations and, presentation, 675 Medullary cystic kidney disease, 592 autoantibody, 115
426 unvaccinated children, 186 Medullary pyramids (renal), 568 Membranous ossification, 450
Mantle zone vitamin A for, 66 Medullary syndromes, 502 Membranous urethra injury, 613
spleen, 98 Measurement bias, 260 Medullary thyroid carcinomas, 340, Membranous ventricular septum, 279
MAO inhibitors, 563 Measures of central tendency, 261 347 Memory
atypical depression, 549 Measures of dispersion, 261 oncogenes and, 225 neural structures and, 487
mechanism of, 562 Mebendazole, 200 Medulloblastoma, 335, 516, 690 Memory loss
Parkinson disease, 535 microtubules and, 48 Medusa head appearance, 137 anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis,
phobias, 551 mecA gene, 135 Mefloquine, 157 229
selegiline/rasagiline, 536 Mechanic’s hands (dermatomyositis), Megacolon lead poisoning, 417
tyramine and, 244 463 Chagas disease, 158 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 66,
Maple syrup urine diseae, 84 “Mechanic’s hands” in in Hirschsprung disease, 378 499, 559
Marantic endocarditis, 229, 313 dermatomyositis, 463 Megakaryocytes MEN1 gene, 225
Marasmus, 71 Meckel diverticulum, 378, 604 in essential thrombocythemia, 425 Ménétrier disease, 373
Maraviroc, 201, 203 Meconium ileus, 380 platelet derivation, 399 Ménière disease, 522
Marburg hemorrhagic fever, 167 cystic fibrosis, 60 Megaloblastic anemia, 409, 412 Menin, 225
Marcus Gunn pupils, 524, 527 MECP2 gene, 62 cytarabine, 432 Meninges, 483, 484
multiple sclerosis, 511 Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, Diphyllobothrium latum, 160 Meningiomas, 514
Marfanoid habitus 440 drug reaction, 249 lab/findings, 682
homocystinuria, 84 Medial brachial cutaneous nerve, 440 macro-ovalocytes in, 406 Psammoma bodies in, 228
MEN 2B syndrome and, 347 Medial calcific sclerosis, 304 orotic aciduria, 412 Meningitis
Marfan syndrome Medial cerebellar lesions, 487 trimethoprim, 194 ceftriaxone, 189
aortic aneurysms, 687 Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tropical sprue, 375 chloramphenicol, 192
aortic dissection and, 306 injury vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 coccidioidomycosis, 151
cardiac defect association, 303 abnormal passive abduction in, 443 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 common causes, 180
cataracts, 523 in “unhappy triad”, 452 Megestrol, 642 Cryptococcus neoformans, 153
chromosome association, 64 Medial epicondylitis, 450 Meglitinides, 348 CSF findings in, 180
elastin and, 52 Medial femoral circumflex artery, 455 Meigs syndrome, 632 fluconazole, 199
heart murmur with, 294 Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), flucytosine, 199
Meissner corpuscles, 482
presentation, 674 486 Haemophilus influenzae, 142
Meissner plexus, 356, 378
thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 306 Medial lemniscus, 502 headaches with, 506
Melanocytes
Marginal zone lymphoma, 422 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 531 HIV-positive adults, 177
tumor nomenclature in, 221
Marijuana Medial medullary syndrome, 502 Listeria monocytogenes, 139
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
intoxication and withdrawal, 559 Medial meniscal tear, 452 meningococci, 142
(MSH)
Mask of pregnancy, 467 Medial pterygoid muscle, 495, 606 mumps as cause, 170
secretion of, 323
Masseter muscle, 495, 606 Medial rectus muscle, 528 in neonates, 182
signaling pathways of, 332
Mast cells, 400 Medial tibial stress syndrome, 453 rifamycin prophylaxis, 196
Melanocytic nevus, 468
eosinophil chemotactic factor Medial umbilical ligament, 280, 363 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136
release, 400 Melanoma, 473 Streptococcus agalactiae, 137
Median, 261
IgE antibody and, 105 Median claw, 442 aldesleukin for, 121 tuberculosis, 140
Mast cell stabilizers, 672 Median nerve common metastases, 224 unvaccinated children, 186
Mastectomy and winged scapula, 441 carpal tunnel syndrome, 451 immunohistochemical stain for, 228 Meningocele, 479
Mastication muscles, 495 injury to, 440 nomenclature for, 221 Meningococcal prophylaxis, 198
Mastitis, 635 neurovascular pairing, 447 oncogene, 225 Meningococcal vaccine, 127
Mastoid air cells, 607 Median umbilical ligament, 363, 569 origin of, 221 Meningococcemia
Mastoiditis Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, 662 tumor suppressor gene, 225 endotoxins, 131
brain abscesses, 180 Mediastinitis, 659 Melanotropin (MSH), 323, 325 meningococci, 142
Wegener granulomatosis, 317 Mediastinum signaling pathways of, 332 Meningococci, 142
Maternal diabetes lymphadenopathy, 662 Melarsoprol, 156, 200 Meningoencephalitis
cardiac defect association, 303 middle compartment masses, 659 Melasma (cholasma), 467 HSV-2, 182
neonatal respiratory distress pathology of, 659 MELAS syndrome, 59 Naegleria fowleri, 156
syndrome and, 647 Medical abortion Melatonin West Nile virus, 167
Maternal-fetal blood barrier ethical situations, 266 circadian rhythms and, 485 Meningomyelocele, 479
(placenta), 484 methotrexate for, 432 derivation, 83 Meniscal tear, 452
Maternal PKU, 84 Medical errors Melena Menkes disease, 50, 51
Maternal (postpartum) blues, 550 analysis of, 272 in cirrhosis, 383 Menometrorrhagia, 618
Maternal pregnancy complication, 270 assessment of, 266 with Meckel diverticulum, 378, Menopause, 622
Mature cystic teratomas, 632 Medical insurance plans, 269 604 diagnosis and therapy, 622
Mature ego defenses, 543 Medical power of attorney, 265 polyarteritis nodosa, 317 fibroid tumors in, 634
Maxillary artery, 605 Medicare/Medicaid, 269, 270 Meloxicam, 475 hormone replacement therapy,
Maxillary process, 606 Medication errors, 272 Membrane attack complex (MAC), 642
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Medication noncompliance, 266 104 Menorrhagia, 618
syndrome, 608 Medium-chain acyl-CoA complement and, 106 adenomyosis, 634
McArdle disease, 87 dehydrogenase deficiency, in type II hypersensitivity, 112 anemia with, 410
McBurney point, 377 89 Membranoproliferative Menstrual cycle, 618
McBurney sign, 676 Medium-vessel vasculitis, 316 glomerulonephritis estrogens for, 642
McCune-Albright syndrome, 57, 674 Medroxyprogesterone, 642 (MPGN), 585 Meperidine, 538
McMurray test, 443 Medulla (brain) hepatitis B and C, 173 Mepivacaine, 537
MDD with seasonal pattern, 549 brainstem, 478 Membranous glomerular disorders, Mercury poisoning, 247
MDMA (ecstasy), 559 cranial nerves and nuclei, 492, 493 582 Merkel discs, 482
Mean, 261 pyramids of, 492 hepatitis B and C, 173 Merlin protein, 225
768 INDEX

Meropenem, 187 Metacarpal neck fracture, 451 Methylene blue, 247 Microfilaments (cytoskeleton), 48
MERS (Middle East respiratory Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, Methylmalonic acid Microglia, 478, 481
syndrome), 167 442 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 Microglial cells
Mesalamine, 376, 684 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 88 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 monocyte differentiation into, 399
Mesangial cells, 568 Metalloproteinases, 217 Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, 69 Micrognathia
filtration, 571 Metal storage diseases, 210 Methylmercury teratogenicity, 600 Edwards syndrome, 63
juxtaglomerular apparatus, 577 Metanephric diverticulum, 566 Methylphenidate Pierre Robin sequence, 606
Mesencephalon, 478 Metanephric mesenchyme, 566 ADHD, 545, 560, 685 Microhematuria, 414
Mesenchymal tumors Metanephrines CNS stimulant, 560 Micromelia, 600
nomenclature of, 221 pheochromocytoma, 336 Methylprednisone, 474 Microphthalmia, 63
Mesenteric arteries, 357, 567 tyrosine catabolism, 83 Methyltestosterone, 643 MicroRNAs, 43
Mesenteric ischemia, 380 Metanephros, 566 Methylxanthines, 672 Microscopic polyangiitis, 318, 585
Mesenteric veins, 359 Metaphase, 46 Metoclopramide, 394 labs/findings, 680
Mesna Metaphyseal tumors, 457 Parkinson-like syndrome, 250 Microsporum, 152
with cyclophosphamide, 433 Metaplasia, 206 tardive dyskinesia, 250 Microtubule inhibitors, 433
Mesocortical pathway, 487 benign breast disease, 635 Metolazone, 595 in cell cycle, 430
Mesoderm, 478 cervical, 612 Metoprolol, 245 Microtubules, 48
branchial arches derivation, 605 esophagus, 372 Metronidazole, 195 Midazolam, 537
derivatives of, 599 gastric, 372, 373 bacterial vaginosis, 148 Midbrain
Mesolimbic pathway, 487 intestinal, 372, 373 clindamycin vs., 192 cranial nerve nuclei of, 493
Mesometrium, 611 specialized intestinal, 372 Clostridium difficile, 138 development, 478
Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct, 608 Metastases (lung cancer), 220, 224, for Crohn disease, 376 lesions in, 499
Mesonephros, 566 386, 669 disulfiram-like reaction, 251 Middle cerebellar peduncle, 492
Mesosalpinx, 611 common sites of, 224 Giardia lamblia, 155 Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Mesotheliomas, 664 from lung cancer, 669 Helicobacter pylori, 146 in circle of Willis, 491
carcinogens causing, 226 gastric cancer, 373 mechanism (diagram), 187 cortical distribution, 490
Psammoma bodies in, 228 liver cancer, 386 Trichomonas vaginalis, 684 saccular aneurysms, 504
Mesovarium, 611 mechanism of, 222 vaginal infections, 181 stroke effects, 502
Mestranol, 641 ovarian, 688 vaginitis, 158 Middle meningeal artery
Meta-analysis, 262, 263 to lung, 669 Metrorrhagia, 618 epidural hematoma and, 501
Metabolic acidosis, 580 Metastatic calcification, 211, 579 Mexiletine Middle rectal vein, 359
adrenal insufficiency, 334 Metastatic melanomas arrhythmia, 684 Midgut
neonatal respiratory distress vemurafenib for, 435 Meyer loop, 530 blood supply/innervation of, 357
syndrome, 647 Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints MHC I and II, 100 development, 352
renal failure, 590 gout, 459 Micafungin, 198, 200 Midodrine, 242
renal tubular acidosis, 581 Metencephalon, 478 Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 232 Midshaft of humerus, 447
symptoms of, 580 Metformin, 348 Miconazole, 198, 199 Midsystolic click (MC), 294
Metabolic alkalosis, 574, 580 diarrhea with, 249 Microalbuminuria, 345 Mifepristone, 642
acetazolamide for, 594 Methacholine, 240, 660, 672 Microangiopathic anemia, 415 Miglitol, 349
causes of, 580 Methadone, 538 in anemia taxonomy, 409 Migraine headaches, 506
Gitelman syndrome, 574 heroin addiction, 564 Microangiopathic hemolytic contraception contraindications
hyperaldosteronism, 334 intoxication and withdrawal, 558 anemia with, 643
in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 353 for opioid withdrawal, 558 hypertensive emergency and, 303 hormonal contraception
loop diuretics, 594 Methamphetamine, 560 intravascular hemolysis in, 413 contraindication, 643
thiazides, 595 Methanol toxicity, 247 Microangiopathic hemolytic triptans for, 534
with bulemia nervosa, 555 Methemoglobin, 653 anemias Migrating motor complexes (MMC),
Metabolic fuel use, 91 toxicity treatment, 247 schistocytes with, 407 365
Metabolic syndrome Methemoglobinemia, 653 Microarrays, 54 Migratory polyarthritis, 314
with antipsychotic drugs, 561 local anesthetics and, 537 Microbiology, 123–203, 124–204 Miliary tuberculosis, 140
atypical antipsychotics, 561 Methicillin, 248 antimicrobials, 187–204 Milnacipran, 563
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Methimazole, 331, 349 bacteriology, 124–134 Mineralocorticoids
and, 385 agranulocytosis, 249 clinical bacteriology, 134–150 adrenal insufficiency, 334
Metabolism, 72–94 aplastic anemia, 249 mycology, 151–154 adrenal steroids and, 328
amino acid derivatives, 83 teratogenicity, 600 oncogenic organisms, 225, 226 Mineral oil, 65
amino acids, 81 Methionine, 194 parasitology, 155–161 Minimal alveolar concentration,
apolipoproteins, 93 classification of, 81 systems, 178–186 536
catecholamine synthesis/tyrosine start codons, 40 virology, 162–177 Minimal change disease, 582, 584
catabolism, 83 Methotrexate, 432 Microbiome Minocycline, 187, 192
cellular sites of, 72 in cell cycle, 430 in innate immunity, 99 Minors, consent for, 264
disorders of, 80, 81, 84–85, 87, folate deficiency, 412 Microcephaly, 479 Minoxidil, 644
88–89 hydatidiform moles, 628 cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 Minute ventilation, 650
drugs, 235 megaloblastic anemia, 249 fetal alcohol syndrome, 601 Miosis
dyslipidemias, 94 pulmonary fibrosis, 251 maternal phenylketonuria, 84 Horner syndrome, 519, 678
ethanol, 70, 72, 234 pyrimidine synthesis and, 36 maternal X-ray exposure, 600 opioids, 538
fatty acid, 89 rheumatoid arthritis, 458 Patau syndrome, 63 Pancoast tumor, 670
fuel use, 91 targets of, 430 Microcytic anemia, 409, 410, 411 pupillary control, 527
gluconeogenesis, 78 teratogenicity, 600 Ancylostoma, 161 sympatholytic drugs, 244
glycogen and, 86 toxicities of, 436, 661 hypochromic, 411 Mirabegron, 242
lipoprotein functions, 89, 93, 94 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 key associations, 689 Mirtazapine, 244, 564
pathway summary (diagram), 74 as weak acid, 235 Microcytic hypochromic anemia, anorexia nervosa, 685
pyruvate, 77 Methoxyflurane, 537 410–436 major depressive disorder, 549
rate-determining enzymes, 73 Methylation, 45 α-thalassemia, 410 mechanism of, 562
sites of, 72 Methyldopa iron deficiency, 410 Mismatch repair, 40
TCA cycle, 77 Coombs-positive hemolytic lead poisoning, 411 Misoprostol, 393
urea cycle, 82 anemia, 249 β-thalassemia, 410 Missense mutations, 39
Metabolites, 562 hypertension in pregnancy, 319 Microcytosis, 214 Mites/louse treatment, 200
INDEX 769
Mitochondria Mosaic bone architecture, 456 Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF), Myalgia
high altitude and, 656 Mosaicism, 57 608 Ebola virus, 171
metabolism in, 72 Mosquitoes (disease vectors) Sertoli cell production, 614 fluoroquinolones, 195
muscle fibers, 449 lymphatic filariasis, 159 Multicystic dysplastic kidney, 566, genital herpes, 184
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, 59 malaria, 157 567 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 148
Mitochondrial inheritance, 59 Zika virus, 171 Multidrug resistance protein 1 Leptospira interrogans, 147
Mitochondrial myopathies, 59 Motilin, 365 (MDR1, 228 Lyme disease, 146
Mitosis, 46 Motion sickness, 241 Multifactorial pulmonary meningitis, 186
griseofulvin, 200 Motor cortex, 502 hypertension, 665 Trichinella spiralis, 159, 161
Mitral regurgitation descending spinal tracts, 497 Multiorgan drug reactions, 251 vasculitides, 316
in MI, 308 topographic representation, 490 Multiple endocrine neoplasias (MEN Myasthenia gravis, 463
murmurs caused by, 292, 293 ventral lateral thalamus and, 486 syndromes), 347 autoantibody, 115
physiologic changes with, 291 Motor development milestones, 621 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 336 diagnosis of, 240
S3 heart sound, 687 Motor innervation Multiple gestations, 619 neostigmine for, 240
Mitral stenosis lower extremity, 444 Multiple myeloma, 423 as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229
left heart disease, 665 neuroectoderm derivation of, 606 common metastases, 224 pyridostigmine for, 240
murmurs caused by, 292, 294 tongue, 481 ESR in, 214 restrictive lung disease, 661
physiologic changes with, 291 Motor neuron signs, 517 lab/diagnostic findings, 681 thymoma association, 98
Mitral valve Movement disorders, 507 metastatic calcification, 211 type II hypersensitivity, 112
in cardiac cycle, 290 dopaminergic pathways and, 487 osteoporosis, 454 MYCL1 gene, 225
regurgitation in, 314 Moxifloxacin, 195 as plasma cell cancer, 401 MYCN gene, 225
Mitral valve prolapse, 294 M phase, 46 plasma cell dyscrasia, 401 Mycobacterial cells, 196
fragile X syndrome, 62 MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA autoantibody, renal tubular acidosis in, 581 Mycobacterium spp., 140
renal cyst disorders and, 592 115 renal tubular defects, 574 intracellular organism, 127
Mittelschmerz, 617 M protein Multiple sclerosis, 511 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare,
Mixed cellularity lymphoma, 421 in multiple myeloma, 423 heart murmur with, 294 140
Mixed connective tissue disease, 462 rheumatic fever and, 136 HLA-DR2 and, 100 HIV-positive adults, 177
autoantibody, 115 as virulence factor, 129 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 531 prophylaxis with HIV, 198
Raynaud phenomenon, 464 mRNA natalizumab for, 122 vertebral osteomyelitis, 180
Mixed cryoglobulinemia, 318 aminoglycosides, 191 presentation, 678 Mycobacterium leprae
Mixed incontinence (urinary), 588 hepatitis viruses, 172 recombinant cytokines for, 121 animal transmission, 149
Mixed transcortical aphasia, 504 pre-mRNA splicing, 42 as type IV hypersensitivity, 113 diagnosis, 141
MMR vaccine, 170 processing, 41 Mumps, 170 rifamycins/dapsone, 196
Mobitz AV blocks, 298 protease inhibitors, 203 acute pancreatitis with, 391 Mycobacterium marinum, 140
Modafinil, 252, 556 stop codons, 40 orchitis, 639 Mycobacterium pneumoniae, 126
Mode, 261 MRSA (methicillin-resistant paramyxovirus, 167, 170 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 140
Molecular motor proteins, 48 Staphylococcus aureus) Munchausen syndrome, 554 Mycobacterium spp.
Molluscum contagiosum, 164, 470 cephalosporins, 189 Munchausen syndrome by proxy, 554 granulomatous inflammation, 218
Mönckeberg sclerosis, 304 highly resistant, 198 Murphy sign, 390 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 140
Monobactams, 190 nosocomial infections, 135 Muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) aerobic organism, 126
mechanism (diagram), 187 oxazolidinones, 193 receptors, 237 culture requirements for, 126
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 vancomycin, 190 Muscarinic antagonists, 241, 672 osteomyelitis, 180
Monoclonal antibodies mTOR, 120 multiple sclerosis, 511 therapeutic agents, 196, 197
in immune evasion, 223 drug naming conventions, 253 neuromuscular blocking drugs, Mycolic acid
naming conventions for, 253 Mucicarmine stain, 125 537, 538 isoniazid, 197
Monoclonal gammopathy of Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, 633 Parkinson disease, 535 synthesis of, 196
undetermined significance Mucinous cystadenomas, 632 Muscarinic poisoning, 240 Mycology, 151–154
(MGUS), 423 Mucociliary escalator, 648 Muscle conduction/contraction Mycophenolate mofetil, 36, 120,
Monocytes, 399, 401 mucocutaneous lymph node skeletal, 448 121
differentiation of, 399 syndrome, 316 smooth muscle, 449 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 150
innate immunity, 99 Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 370 Muscle fibers, 449 anemia and, 415
morulae in, 150 Mucolipodosis type II. See I-cell Muscle proprioceptors, 450 erythema multiforme, 471
Mononuclear cells, 398 disease Muscles tetracyclines, 192
Mononucleosis Mucopolysaccharides, 125 metabolism in, 86 Mycoplasma spp
anemia and, 415 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 88 ragged red fibers in, 59 atypical organisms, 179
Monospot test, 165 Mucormycosis, 153 Muscle spindle, 450 interstitial nephritis with, 591
Monozygotic (“identical”) twins, 602 diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 Muscular dystrophies, 61 macrolides, 193
Montelukast, 672 Mucor spp. frameshift mutation, 39, 61 pneumonia, 179, 668
arachidonic acid pathway, 474 amphotericin B for, 199 presentation, 674 Mycoses
Mood disorders, 548 opportunistic infection, 153 X-linked recessive disorder, 61 cutaneous, 152
readmissions with, 270 presentation, 675 Muscularis externa, 356 systemic, 151
Mood stabilizing drugs, 549 Mucosa, 356 Muscularis mucosa, 356 Mycosis fungoides, 422
Moon facies, 333 Mucosal bleeding Muscular ventricular septum, 279 Mydriasis
Moraxella catarrhalis scurvy, 674 Musculocutaneous nerve G-protein-linked second receptor,
rhinosinusitis, 657 Mucosal neuromas, 347 injury presentation, 440 238
Moraxella spp. Mucosal polyps, 381 Musculoskeletal drug reactions, muscarinic antagonists for, 241
Gram-negative algorithm, 141 Mucositis 249 pupillary control, 527
Morbidly adherent placenta, 626 bleomycin, 431 Musculoskeletal paraneoplastic saccular aneurysm, 504
Moro reflex, 498, 621 methotrexate, 432 syndromes, 229 Myelencephalon, 478
Morphine, 538 Mucus, 238 Musculoskeletal system Myelin, 482
for acute coronary syndromes, 310 Muddy brown casts (urine), 582 anatomy, 438–446 Myeloblasts (peripheral smear), 424
buprenorphine and, 234 Mulberry molars, 147 pathology, 450–458 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 423
intoxication and withdrawal, 558 Müllerian duct pharmacology, 474–476 sideroblastic anemia, 411
Morphogenesis errors, 599 agenesis, 608 Mutases, 73 Myelofibrosis, 425
Morphogenesis of heart, 278–279 anomalies of, 609 Mutations in DNA, 39 dacrocytes in, 406
Morulae, 150 derivatives of, 608 Mutism, 554 Myeloid neoplasms, 424
770 INDEX

Myeloperoxidase, 109 for acetaminophen toxicity, 247, renal failure, 590 Nematodes, 159
in neutrophils, 398 671 vitamin A toxicity, 66 infection routes, 158
Myeloproliferative disorders, 425 for cystic fibrosis, 60 vitamin C toxicity, 69 Neomycin
AML, 424 NADH (nicotinamide adenine NE. See Norepinephrine (NE) aminoglycosides, 191
basophilia, 400 dinucleotide) Nebivolol, 245 for hepatic encephalopathy, 385
chronic, 425 electron transport chain, 78 Necator americanus, 159 mechanism (diagram), 187
hydroxyurea for, 434 fructose metabolism, 80 Necator spp. Neonatal abstinence syndrome, 601
Myeloschisis, 479 TCA cycle, 77 disease associations, 161 Neonatal conjunctivitis, 149, 183
Myelosuppression Nadolol, 245 infection routes, 158 Neonatal respiratory distress
alkylating agents, 433 NADPH (nicotinamide adenine Neck and head cancer, 657 syndrome (NRDS), 647
antimetabolites, 432 dinucleotide phosphate) cetuximab for, 434 restrictive lung disease, 661
drugs causing, 436 ethanol metabolism, 72 Necrolytic migratory erythema, 336 Neonates. See also Child abuse
hydroxyurea, 434 HMP shunt and, 79 Necrosis, 209 abstinence syndrome, 601
irinotecan/topotecan, 434 respiratory burst and, 109 acute pancreatitis, 391 Apgar score, 620
Myenteric plexus, 356, 370 universal electron acceptors, 75 Arthus reaction, 113 Candida albicans in, 153
Mylohyoid muscle, 606 Naegleria fowleri, 156 benign tumors, 221 Chlamydia trachomatis in, 149
Myocardial action potential, 294 Nafcillin Budd-Chiari syndrome, 386 coagulation cascade in, 405
Myocardial depression, 537 characteristics of, 188 calcification, 211 conjunctivitis, 142, 149
Myocardial infarction (MI), 307 mechanism (diagram), 187 enterocolitis, 380 deprivation effects, 544
β-blockers for, 245 Nail-bed hemorrhage, 313 femoral head, 120, 453, 455 esophageal atresia in, 353
complications of, 309 Nails fibrinoid, 458 flora with C-section, 178
diabetes mellitus, 345 clubbing, 60 glioblastoma multiforme, 514 galactosemia in, 80
diagnosis of, 309 glomus tumors under, 469 hepatic, 474 gastroenteritis, 168
on ECG, 296, 309 with psoriatic arthritis, 461 hernias and, 364 gray baby syndrome in, 192
evolution of, 307 Naive T cell activation, 103 ischemic brain disease, 500 hemolytic anemia in, 414
heart failure caused by, 311 Naked viral genome infectivity, 163 jaw, 475 herpes in, 164
heparin for, 427 Nalidixic acid, 187 mesenteric ischemia, 380 hyperthermia in, 242
homocystinuria, 84 Naloxone nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in, 353
hypertensive emergency and, 303 dextromethorphan overdose, 671 385 indirect inguinal hernia in, 364
shock caused by, 312 heroin detoxification, 564 saponification, 209 jaundice in, 387
thrombolytics for, 429 for opioid toxicity, 247, 538, 558 scaphoid avascular, 439 kernicterus, 194, 204
Myocardial O2 consumption/ Naltrexone skin, 471 Listeria monocytogenes in, 139
demand, 283 alcoholism, 559, 685 transplant reaction, 119 low birth weight, 621
Myocarditis, 314, 315 heroin detoxification, 564 warfarin, 428 meningitis in, 139, 182
adenovirus, 164 opioid toxicity, 538, 558 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 380 necrotizing enterocolitis and, 380
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139 NAPQI, 474 low birth weight, 621 obesity risk factors, 622
coxsackievirus, 167 Naproxen, 475 neonatal respiratory distress pneumonia in, 149
diphtheria, 139 acute gout drugs, 476 syndrome and, 647 primitive reflexes in, 498
picornaviruses, 167 arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Necrotizing fasciitis, 136, 470 sickle cell anemia in, 414
Toxocara canis, 159 Narcissistic personality disorder, Necrotizing glomerulonephritis, 317 Streptococcus agalactiae in, 137
Myoclonic seizures, 505 553 Nedocromil, 672 Neoplasia
Myoclonus, 507, 509 Narcolepsy Negative predictive value (NPV), pathology of, 220–227
Myofibroblasts, 217 amphetamines for, 243 257, 691 progression of, 220–227
Myoglobin (Mb), 651 characteristics/treatment, 556 Negative punishment, 542 Neoplastic transformation, 217
in muscle fibers, 449 hypnagogic/hypnopompic Negative reinforcement, 542 Neostigmine, 240
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation hallucinations, 556 Negative skew distribution, 261 Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome, 583
curve, 653 Nasal angiofibromas, 657 Negative-stranded viruses, 168 Nephritic syndrome, 583, 584,
Myoglobinuria Nasal congestion, 671 Neglect (child), 544 585–586
acute tubular necrosis, 591 Nasal decongestion Negri bodies, 171 Nephritis, 594
McArdle disease, 87 ephedrine for, 243 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 142 Nephroblastoma, 588
Myometrium, 611 Nasal polyps culture requirements, 126 Nephrocalcinosis, 211
Myonecrosis, 138 cystic fibrosis, 60 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, 211,
Myopathy Nasal septum perforation, 317 neonatal conjunctivitis, 183 344
daptomycin, 195 Nasopharyngeal carcinomas osteomyelitis, 180 lithium toxicity, 557
drug reaction, 250 EBV and, 165 prostatitis, 639 treatment, 595
thyroid disease, 337 oncogenic microbes and, 226 septic arthritis, 460 Nephrolithiasis, 588
Myophosphorylase, 87 Natalizumab, 122 STI, 184 calcium oxalate, 69
Myopia, 523 multiple sclerosis, 511 UTIs with, 589 Nephron physiology, 573
retinal detachment, 525 Nateglinide, 348 Neisseria meningitidis Nephropathy
Myosin Natriuresis, 576 chloramphenicol, 192 analgesics and, 581
smooth muscle contraction, 449 Natriuretic peptide, 298 culture requirements, 126 diabetes mellitus, 345
Myosin-light-chain kinase (MLCK), Natural killer (NK) cells, 101 encapsulation, 127 hypertension and, 304
449 cell surface proteins, 110 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 membranous, 682
Myotonic dystrophy function of, 401 meningitis, 180 protease inhibitors, 203
cataracts and, 523 innate immunity, 99 penicillin G/V for, 187 transplant rejection, 119
Myotonic type 1 muscular dystrophy, Nausea splenic dysfunction, 98 Nephrotic syndrome, 583, 584
61 adverse drug effects, 393, 534 Waterhouse-Friderichsen charge barrier in, 569
Myxedema Alzheimer disease drugs, 536 syndrome, 334 ESR in, 214
thyroid hormones for, 349 anesthetics, 537 Neisseria spp., 142 fatty casts in, 582
Myxomas, 318 antiemetics for, 394 C5-C9 deficiencies, 107 labs/findings, 682
Myxomatous degeneration, 294 with appendicitis, 377 cephalosporins, 189 loop diuretics for, 594
biliary colic, 390 fluoroquinolones, 195 pleural effusion, 666
N with MI, 307 IgA protease, 129 presentation, 678
N-acetylglucosaminyl-1- migraine headaches, 506 intracellular organism, 127 Nephrotoxicity
phosphotransferase, 47 Parkinson disease drugs, 535 transformation in, 130 aminoglycosides, 191
N-acetylcysteine, 671 polio presentation, 519 Nelson syndrome, 333 amphotericin B, 199
INDEX 771
cidofovir, 202 ophthalmology, 522–529 Nicotine intoxication and withdrawal, Noncommunicating hydrocephalus,
cisplatin/carboplatin, 433 pathology, 499–506 558 510
cladribine, 432 pharmacology, 532–539 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Noncompetitive agonists, 234
drug reaction and, 251 Neuromuscular blocking drugs, 538 166, 237 Noncompetitive inhibitors, 232
drugs causing, 436 Neuromuscular disorders Nicotinic poisoning (cholinesterase Noncompliant patients, 266
ifosfamide, 574 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 inhibitor), 240 Nondominant parietal cortex lesions,
immunosuppressants, 120 Neuromuscular junction diseases, 463 Niemann-Pick disease, 88, 674 499
inhaled anesthetics, 537 Neurons, 481 Nifedipine, 319, 629, 643 Nonhemolytic, normocytic anemia,
streptomycin, 197 in ascending spinal tracts, 497 Nifurtimox, 158, 200 413
sulfonamides, 194 local anesthetics, 537 Night blindness. See Nyctalopia Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 421, 422
tubular necrosis from, 591 origins of, 478 Night sweats associations, 689
vancomycin, 190 Parkinson disease, 535 Pott disease, 675 corticosteroids, 120
Nerve blockade (local anesthetics), primary motor cortex, 497 Night terrors Hashimoto thyroiditis and, 338
537 Neuropathic pain, 503 benzodiazepines for, 485 hepatitis C, 173
Nerve fibers, 483 Neuropathy Nigrostriatal pathway, 487 HIV-positive adults, 177
Nerves diabetes mellitus, 345 Nikolsky sign, 471 Hodgkin lymphoma vs., 421
lower extremity, 444, 445 Neuropsychiatric disorders/symptoms scalded skin syndrome, 470 oncogenes and, 225
upper extremity, 439, 440 hyperparathyroidism, 342 Nimodipine, 319, 501 rituximab for, 435
Nerve trunk, 483 Neurosyphilis, 147 Nipple vinca alkaloids for, 433
Net filtration pressure, 571 Neurotoxicity intraductal papilloma, 635 Nonhomologous end joining, 40
Neural crest cladribine, 432 lactational mastitis, 635 Noninvasive breast carcinomas, 636
derivatives of, 599 immunosuppressants, 120 rash on, 678 Nonmaleficence (ethics), 264
Neural crest cells, 478, 482 methylmercury exposure, 600 Nissl bodies, 46 Nonmegaloblastic macrocytic
neuroblastomas in, 335 methylxanthines, 672 Nissl substance anemia, 412
Neural development, 478 vincristine, 433 chromatolysis, 483 Nonnormal distributions, 261
Neural fold, 478 Neurotransmitters neurons, 481 Nonoverlapping genetic code, 37
Neural plate, 478 changes with disease, 483 Nitazoxanide, 155 Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, 332
Neural tube, 478 removal of excess, 481 Nitrates, 233 Non-REM sleep stages, 485
derivatives, 599 vomiting center receptors, 484 Nitric oxide, 365 Nonselective antagonists, 246
formation, 598 Neurovascular pairing, 447 derivation, 83 Nonsense mutations, 39
Neural tube defects, 479 Neutralization (antibody), 104 free radical injury and, 210 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
labs/findings, 677 Neutropenia, 416 Nitric oxide synthase, 449 (NSAIDs), 475
maternal diabetes, 600 ganciclovir, 202 Nitrites acute gout attack, 685
prevention, 68 rheumatoid arthritis, 458 acute interstitial nephritis, 591
urinary tract infections, 181
valproic acid, 532 ticlopidine, 429 aplastic anemia, 249
Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction
vitamin deficiency, 686 Neutrophils, 398, 401 Beers criteria, 247
test, 117
Neuraminidase, 169, 170 chemotaxis, 106, 133 calcium pyrophosphate deposition
Nitrofurantoin
Neuroblastomas, 335 CML, 424 disease, 459
hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249
Homer-Wright rosettes, 681 corticosteroid effect on, 416 colorectal cancer
pulmonary fibrosis, 251
incidence and mortality, 223 hypersegmented, 398, 406 chemopreventative, 383
Nitroglycerin
labs/findings, 688 IL-8 and, 108 endometriosis, 634
acute coronary syndromes, 310
oncogenes and, 225 innate immunity, 99 esophagities from, 371
paraneoplastic syndromes with, 229 angina, 306
in leukocyte adhesion deficiency, gastric ulcers from, 374
Neurocutaneous disorders, 513 117 Nitroprusside, 313 gastritis with, 373
Neurodegenerative disorders, 508– megaloblastic anemia, 412 Nitrosamines GFR effects of, 577
509, 509–510 in MI, 308 as carcinogens, 226 gout, 459, 476
Neuroectoderm, 478 necrosis and, 209 stomach cancer and, 373 headaches, 506
astrocytes derived from, 481 nonmegaloblastic anemia, 412 Nitrosoureas, 433 interstitial nephritis, 248
derivatives of, 598 pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 423 Nitrous oxide, 537 loop diuretics and, 594
pituitary gland, 323 wound healing, 217 Nizatidine, 392 misoprostol use with, 393
teratomas, 633 Nevi, 221 N-myc oncogene, 335 osteoarthritis, 458
Neuroendocrine cells, 335 Nevirapine Nocardia spp. peptic ulcer disease and, 374
Neuroendocrine tumors, 335 cytochrome P-450 and, 252 Actinomyces spp. vs., 139 primary dysmenorrhea, 618
Neurofibrillary tangles, 508 HIV therapy, 203 aerobe, 126 prostaglandin synthesis, 577
Neurofibromatosis, 513, 523, 678 mechanism, 201 catalase-positive organism, 128 renal papillary necrosis, 591
chromosome association, 64 Nevus flammeus Gram-positive algorithm, 134 renal tubular acidosis with, 581
inheritance, 60 presentation, 678 necrosis and, 209 rheumatoid arthritis, 458
tumor suppressor genes (NF1 and N-formylmethionine (fMet), 40 sulfonamides for, 194 for sialadenitis, 370
NF2), 225 NF-ϨB, 120, 474 urease-positive, 127 Non-ST-segment elevation MI
variable expressivity, 56 Niacin Nocturia, 639 (NSTEMI)
Neurofilaments, 48 cutaneous flushing, 248 Nocturnal enuresis, 327 diagnosis of, 309
immunohistochemical stain for, 228 gout, 250 Nodes of Ranvier, 482 STEMI vs., 307
Neurogenic bladder, 511, 588 hyperglycemia, 248 Nodular phlebitis, 316 treatment, 310
Neurogenic ileus, 240 myopathy caused by, 250 Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin Noradrenergic drugs, 239
Neurohypophysis, 323 tachyphylactic drug interaction, 233 lymphoma, 421, 689 Norepinephrine (NE). See
hypothalamus and, 486 Nicardipine, 313 Noise-induced hearing loss, 521 also Catecholamines
Neuroleptic drugs, 555 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Nonadherent patients, 266 adrenal medulla secretion, 322
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome See NADH (nicotinamide Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 383, amphetamines and, 239
(NMS), 557 adenine dinucleotide) 384, 385, 386 bupropion effect on, 564
Neurological signs Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nonbacterial endocarditis, 313 changes with disease, 483
proximal upper and lower phosphate. See NADPH Nonbacterial thrombotic circadian rhythm, 485
extremity, 490 (nicotinamide adenine endocarditis, 229 direct sympathomimetic, 242
Neurologic drug reactions, 250 dinucleotide phosphate) Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, 533 isoproterenol vs., 243
Neurology, 478–532 Nicotinamides, 75 Noncaseating granulomas, 218 male sexual response, 613
anatomy/physiology, 481–503 Nicotine restrictive lung disease, 661 MAO inhibitor effectS, 560, 563
embryology, 478–480 teratogenicity, 600 sarcoidosis, 662 opioid effect on, 538
772 INDEX

Norepinephrine (continued) Nystagmus Ocular motility, 528 internuclear, 531


phenoxybenzamine and, 234 cerebellum, 487 Oculomotor nerve (CN III), 494 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,
pheochromocytoma secretion, common lesions with, 499 brainstem location, 492 66, 559
336 Friedreich ataxia, 519 cavernous sinus, 530 Opioids, 538
release regulation, 239 internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 531 function of, 494 agonists, 538
REM sleep and, 485 multiple sclerosis, 511, 678 location in brain stem, 492 Beers criteria, 246, 247
tyrosine catabolism, 83 PCP as cause, 559 ocular motility, 528 IgE-independent mast cell
vitamin B6 and, 67 phenytoin, 532 palsy of, 501, 529 degranulation, 400
Norethindrone, 642 stroke and, 502 pathway for, 493 intoxication and withdrawal, 558
Norfloxacin, 195 Nystatin, 199 pupillary contraction, 527 mixed agonist/antagonist
Normal distribution, 261 Candida albicans, 153, 683 Odds ratio (OR), 256, 258, 691 analgesics, 539
Normal flora mechanism (diagram), 198 Ofloxacin, 195 pentazocine and, 539
colonic, 137 Okazaki fragments, 38 sleep apnea, 665
female genital tract, 136 O Olanzapine, 561 toxicity treatment, 247
GI tract, 127 Obesity Olfaction withdrawal/detoxification, 564
neonates, 178 acanthosis nigricans, 229, 472 CN I, 494 Opponens digiti minimi muscle, 439
oropharynx, 136 amphetamines for, 243 hallucinations, 547 Opponens pollicis muscle, 439
skin, 135 anovulation with, 631 limbic system in, 487 Opportunistic fungal infections,
Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 510 cholelithiasis and, 390 Olfactory bulb, 492 153–154
Normal splitting, 292 Cushing syndrome, 333 Olfactory nerve (CN I), 494 Oppositional defiant disorder, 545
Normal (wild-type) transthyretin DM type 2 and, 346 embryologic development, 599 Opposition (thumb), 439, 442
(TTR), 212 esophageal cancer and, 372 function of, 494 Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome,
Normetanephrine, 83 hypertension risk factors, 303 in ventral view, 492 229, 335
Normocytic norchromic anemia, hypoventilation syndrome, 665 pathway for, 493 Opsonin, 106, 213
409, 413 lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, Olfactory tract, 492 Opsonization, 98, 104, 106, 112
extrinsic hemolytic anemia, 415 444 Oligoclonal bands, 511 Optic canal, 493
intrinsic hemolytic anemia, 414 leptin gene mutation, 327 Oligodendrocytes, 482 Optic chiasm, 492
nonhemolytic, 413 olanzapine, 561 myelin synthesis, 482 circle of Willis, 491
Norovirus osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis, Oligodendroglia, 478 pupillary reaction, 527
medical improtance, 167 458 in multiple sclerosis, 482 Optic disc, 522
Northern blot, 53 PCOS and, 631 Oligodendrogliomas, 514 papilledema in, 526
Nortriptyline, 563 Prader-Willi syndrome, 58 Oligohydramnios, 599, 627 Optic gliomas
Nosocomial infections, 185, 272 renal cell carcinoma association, Potter sequence, 566 neurofibromatosis, 678
Ebola, 171 587 Oligomenorrhea, 618, 631 Optic nerve (CN II), 494
enterococci, 137 sleep apnea, 665 Oligomycin, 78 embryologic derivation, 599
Klebsiella, 145 stress incontinence and, 588 Oligospermia, 393 anatomy, 522
MRSA, 135 Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Oliguria function of, 494
pneumonias, 179 665 acute injury/failure, 590 optic tract, 492
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 Obligate intracellular organisms, 127 nephritic syndrome and, 585 pathway, 493
UTIs as, 181 Oblique fissure, 649 Olive-shaped mass, 353 Optic neuritis, 511
Notochord, 478, 598, 599 Observational studies, 256–263 Omalizumab, 122, 672 Optic neuropathy, 197
postnatal derivative of, 280 errors in, 260 Omental foramen, 355 Optochin
Novobiocin Observer-expectancy bias, 260 Omeprazole, 392 Gram-positive antibiotic test, 134
Gram-positive antibiotic test, 134 Obsessive-compulsive disorder Omphalocele, 352 Oral advance directives, 265
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 135 (OCD) Omphalomesenteric cysts, 378 Oral contraceptives (OCPs)
NPH insulin. See insulin antipsychotic drugs for, 561 Omphalomesenteric (vitelline) duct, endometriosis, 634
Neuron-specific enolase, 335 diagnostic criteria/treatment, 551 604 hepatic adenomas and, 386
Nuchal translucency, 63 drug therapy for, 560 Onchocerca volvulus, 158, 159 ovarian neoplasms, 632
Nuclear dissolution, 207 SSRIs for, 563 Oncocytoma (renal), 587 PCOS, 631
Nuclear envelope, 47 Tourette syndrome and, 545 Oncogenes, 225 prolactin effects on, 326
Nucleic acids venlafaxine for, 563 Oncogenic microbes, 226 reproductive hormones, 640
pathogen-associated molecular Obsessive-compulsive personality Ondansetron, 394 SHBG effects on, 332
pattern (PAMP), 99 disorder, 553 antiemetic, 394 venous sinus thrombosis with,
synthesis of, 198 Obstructive jaundice, 391 torsades de pointes, 248 491
in viruses, 162 Obstructive lung diseases 1,25-(OH)2D3 Oral glucose tolerance test, 345
Nucleosides, 35 flow volume loops in, 658 kidney endocrine function, 577 Oral hairy leukoplakia, 177
Nucleotide excision repair, 40 presentation and pathology, Onion skin periosteal reaction, 457 Oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis,
Nucleotides, 35 660–661 Onychomycosis 347
deamination reactions, 35 Obstructive shock, 312 terbinafine, 199 Oral rehydration therapy, 146
synthesis, 72 Obstructive sleep apnea, 665 tinea unguium, 152 Oral thrush, 177
Nucleus accumbens, 483 pulsus paradoxus in, 315 Oocysts Orange body fluids, 196
Nucleus ambiguus, 494 Obturator nerve, 444 acid-fast stain, 155 Orbital fibroblasts (Graves
Nucleus cuneatus, 497 Occipital cortex, 503 Toxoplasmosis, 156 orbitopathy), 339
Nucleus pulposus Occipital lobe, 489 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 125 Orchiectomy, 637
collagen in, 50 Occipital sinus, 491 Oogenesis, 617 Orchiopexy, 637
fetal precursor, 280 Occult bleeding, 381 Oophorectomy, 611 Orchitis, 170, 639
Null hypothesis (H0), 261, 262 FOBT for, 382 Open-angle glaucoma, 524 Orexigenic effect, 327
Number needed to harm (NNH), Ochronosis. See Alkaptonuria carbachol for, 240 Orexin, 556
258, 691 Octreotide, 365, 393 pilocarpine for, 240 Orexin receptor antagonist, 534
Number needed to treat (NNT), 258, acromegaly, 343 Operant conditioning, 542 Organ failure, in acute pancreatitis,
691 carcinoid syndrome, 335 Operating point of heart, 284 391
Nursemaid’s elbow, 453 for carcinoid syndrome, 684 Ophthalmia neonatorum, 183 Organogenesis
Nutcracker syndrome (x-ray), 357 GH excess, 327 Ophthalmology, 522–529 embryologic derivatives, 598, 599
Nutmeg liver, 312, 386 glucagonomas, 336 Ophthalmoplegia, 66 errors in, 599
Nutrition, 65–72 hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 350 cavernous sinus syndrome, 530 fetal development, 598
Nyctalopia, 66 Ocular albinism, 61 common lesions with, 499 teratogens, 600
INDEX 773
Organophosphates osteopetrosis, 455 psammoma bodies in, 228 P
toxicity treatment, 247 Paget disease of bone, 455 tumor suppressor genes and, 225 P-450, 197
Organ transplants Osteodystrophy Ovarian cycle, 618 Pacemaker action potential, 295
azathioprine for, 432 Albright hereditary, 341 Ovarian cysts, 632 Pacinian corpuscles, 482
cytomegalovirus, 186 renal, 342, 590 Ovarian dysgenesis, 624 Paclitaxel, 433
hairy leukoplakia and, 470 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 Ovarian insufficiency (primary), 631 in cell cycle, 430
kidneys, 568 bisphosphonates, 475 Ovarian ligament, 611 microtubules and, 48
WBC casts, 582 collagen and, 50 Ovarian neoplasms, 632–633 targets of, 430
Organum vasculosum of the lamina presentation, 674 benign, 632 Paget disease (breast), 635, 636, 678
terminalis (OVLT), 486 Osteogenic sarcomas, 455, 457 breastfeeding and, 622 Paget disease (extramammary), 630
Orientation, 545 Osteoid osteoma, 456 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 433 Paget disease of bone, 455
Origin of replication, 38 Osteoma, 221, 456 epidemiology of, 629 bisphosphonates, 475
Orlistat, 394 Osteomalacia hypercalcemia and, 229 lab values in, 456
diarrhea, 249 hypophosphatemia, 579 irinotecan/topotecan for, 434 osteosarcomas and, 457
Ornithine Osteomalacia/rickets, 455 malignant, 633, 633–644 presentation, 677
cystinuria, 85 lab values in, 456 oncogenes and, 225 woven bone in, 450
kidney stones and, 586 Osteomyelitis, 180
paclitaxel for, 433 Pain
urea cycle, 82 diagnostic findings, 681
psammoma bodies in, 228 cranial nerves, 481
Ornithine transcarbamylase Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143
surface epithelium tumors, 633 with headaches, 503, 506
deficiency, 61, 74, 83 sickle cell anemia, 414
tumor suppressor genes and, 225 loss in syringomyelia, 480
Orofacial chorea, 561 Staphylococcus aureus, 135
Ovarian teratomas with musculoskeletal conditions,
Orotic acid, 83 Osteonecrosis, 455
paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 453
Orotic aciduria, 412 bisphosphonates causing, 475
Ovaries post-stroke syndrome, 503
in anemia taxonomy, 409 Osteopenia, 455
anatomy of, 611 receptors for, 482
Orphan Annie eyes (nuclei), 340, 680 Osteopetrosis, 454, 455, 456
descent of, 610 referred pain landmark
Orthomyxoviruses Osteophytes, 458
embryologic derivation, 599 dermatomes, 498
characteristics of, 167, 168 Osteoporosis, 454
epithelial histology, 612 spinal tracts for, 497
influenza viruses, 169 bisphosphonates, 475
estrogen production, 616 thalamic nuclei and, 486
segmented, 168 corticosteroids, 120
Orthopedic conditions, 451 lymphatic drainage, 610 treatment in multiple sclerosis, 511
Cushing syndrome, 333
lower extremity, 452 denosumab, 122 Overactive bladder, 588 unilateral visual loss and, 511
Orthopnea, 311 drug reaction, 250 Overflow incontinence, 588 Pain receptors, 482
Orthostatic hypotension estrogen, 450 Overuse injury Palatine shelves, 607
adrenal insufficiency, 334 Gaucher disease, 88 elbow, 450 Pale (anemic) infarct, 210
α-blockers, 244 heparin, 427 knee, 453 Paliperidone, 561
phenoxybenzamine, 244 homocystinuria, 84 radial nerve, 440 Palivizumab, 122
Ortolani maneuver, 453 hormone replacement therapy, 642 wrist, 451 pneumonia prophylaxis, 170
Oseltamivir, 201 lab values in, 456 Oviducts, 608 Pallor in aplastic anemia, 413
Osgood-Schlatter disease, 453 menopause, 622 OVLT [organum vasculosum lamina Palmar crease, 674
Osler nodes, 313, 675 pituitary prolactinomas, 325 terminalis], 484 Palmar erythema, 383
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. raloxifene for, 435, 642 Ovotesticular disorder, 624 Palmar interossei muscle, 439
See Hereditary hemorrhagic teriparatide for, 476 Palmar reflex, 498
Ovulation, 617
telangiectasia thiazides for, 595 PALM-COEIN uterine bleeding
anovulation causes, 631
Osmolality, 569, 578 vertebral compression fractures, classification, 619
progesterone and, 616
Osmotic demyelination syndrome, 689 Panacinar emphysema, 386, 660
prolactin effect on, 326
512 Osteosarcoma, 221, 457 p-ANCA
Ovulatory uterine bleeding, 619
SIADH and, 344 Otitis media sclerosing cholangitis and, 389
Owl eye inclusions, 165, 680
Osmotic diarrhea, 375 brain abscesses with, 180 ulcerative colitis, 376
Owl eyes cells, 421
Osmotic diuresis Haemophilus influenzae, 128, 142 Pancoast tumor, 670
Oxacillin labs/findings, 683
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, histiocytosis and, 426 characteristics of, 188
346 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 426 lung cancer, 669
mechanism (diagram), 187 superior vena cava syndrome, 670
insulin deficiency/insensitivity, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136 Oxazolidinones, 193
345 Wegener granulomatosis and, 317 thoracic outlet syndrome, 441
Oxidative burst, 109 Pancreas
Osmotic laxatives, 394 Otology, 521 Oxidative phosphorylation, 78 biliary structures and, 362
Osmotic sensing, 484 Ototoxicity
metabolic site, 72 blood supply and innervation of,
Ossicles, 521 aminoglycosides, 191, 204, 600
poisons, 78 357
Ossification, 450 cisplatin, carboplatin, 433
Oxybutynin, 241 embryology, 354
Osteitis deformans, 455 drug reaction, 251
Oxygen Pancreas (annular), 354
Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 342, 450, 456, ethacrynic acid, 594
681 loop diuretics, 594 in blood, 653 Pancreas divisum, 354
Osteoarthritis, 458 vancomycin, 190 for carbon monoxide poisoning, Pancreatic buds, 354
celecoxib for, 475 Ouabain, 49 247 Pancreatic cancer, 391
presentation, 677 Outcome (quality measurement), 271 cluster headaches, 506 5-fluorouracil for, 432
Osteoarthropathy, hypertrophic Outer membrane, 124 exercise and, 656 adenocarcinomas, 391
cancer association, 229 Outflow tract formation, 279 hemoglobin, 651 biliary cirrhosis and, 389
Osteoblastoma, 456 Outpatient follow-up, 270 Oxygen deprivation, 655 carcinogens causing, 226
Osteoblasts, 450 Ovarian artery, 611 Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation hyperbilirubinemia with, 387
bone formation, 450 Ovarian cancer curve, 653 oncogenes and, 225
cortisol effect on, 329 breastfeeding and, 622 Oxygen toxicity, 210 paraneoplastic syndromes with, 229
Paget disease of bone, 455 cisplatin/carboplatin for, 433 Oxytocin presentation, 677
teriparatide effect on, 476 epidemiology of, 629 functions of, 325 tumor suppressor genes and, 225
Osteochondroma, 456 hypercalcemia and, 229 hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 350 Pancreatic ducts (double duct sign),
Osteoclasts, 450 irinotecan/topotecan for, 434 hypothalamus production, 486 354, 362
bisphosphonate effects, 475 Lynch syndrome and, 382 lactation and, 622 Pancreatic endocrine cells, 323
bone formation, 450 oncogenes and, 225 pituitary gland and, 323 Pancreatic insufficiency, 375, 391
monocyte differentiation into, 399 paclitaxel for, 433 signaling pathways for, 332 Pancreatic secretions, 367
774 INDEX

Pancreatitis, 391 Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct, Parotid gland musculoskeletal/skin/connective


acute respiratory distress syndrome 608 embryologic derivation, 599 tissue, 450–458
and, 664 Paramyxoviruses, 170 enlargement of, 460 neoplasia, 220–227
alcoholism, 559 characteristics of, 167, 168 stones in, 370 neurological, 499–506
corticosteroids and, 249 croup, 170 tumors in, 370 psychiatric, 544–558
drug reactions and, 249 mumps, 170 Parotitis renal, 582–593
hyperchylomicronemia, 94 Paraneoplastic cerebellar bulimia nervosa, 555 reproductive, 624–638
hyperparathyroidism as cause, 342 degeneration, 229 mumps, 170 respiratory, 657–667
hypertriglyceridemia, 94 Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis, Paroxetine, 563 USMLE Step 1 preparation for,
mumps, 170 229 Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 275
necrosis and, 209 Paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 312 Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis,
NRTIs, 203 lung cancer, 669 Paroxysmal nocturnal 317, 318
pancreas divisum and, 354 renal cell carcinoma and, 587 hemoglobinuria, 414 Pautrier microabscess, 422
pancreatic insufficiency with, 375 renal tumors, 690 in anemia taxonomy, 409 Pavlovian (classical) conditioning,
valproic acid, 532 Paranoia CD55 deficiency, 107 542
Pancytopenia, 413 amphetamines, 557, 558 eculizumab for, 122 Payment models for healthcare, 269
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, 117 LSD as cause, 559 flow cytometry diagnosis, 54 P-bodies. See Cytoplasmic processing
cytarabine, 432 Paranoid personality disorder, 541 intravascular hemolysis in, 413 bodies (P-bodies)
Gaucher disease, 88 Paraphilia, 555 presentation, 677 PCP (phencyclidine)
leishmaniasis, 158 Parasites Partial agonists, 234 intoxication and withdrawal, 559
osteopetrosis and, 455 infections with immunodeficiency, Partial complex seizures PCR. See Polymerase chain reaction
Pandemics, 169 118 hallucinations in, 547 (PCR)
Panic disorder Parasitology, 155–161 Partial mole (hydatidiform), 628 PCV13 vaccine, 105
drug therapy for, 560 Parasympathetic nervous system Partial seizures, 505 PDE-3 inhibition, 314
SSRIs for, 563 autonomic drugs, 237 Partial thromboplastin time (PTT), PDE-5 inhibitors, 639, 644
symptoms and treatment, 551 male erection, 613 418 benign prostatic hyperplasia, 685
venlafaxine for, 563 Parasympathetic receptors, 238 Parvovirus naming convention for, 253
Panitumumab, 434 Parathyroid adenomas characteristics of, 164 visual disturbance with, 250
Pansystolic murmur, 292 hyperparathyroidism caused by, 342 DNA viruses, 163 PDSA cycle, 271
Pantoprazole, 392 MEN 1/MEN 2A syndromes, 347 genome of, 163 Pearson correlation coefficient, 263
Papillary carcinomas, 221 Parathyroid disease diagnosis, 341 naked viruses, 163 Pectinate line, 360
Papillary cystadenoma Parathyroid glands Parvovirus B19 Pectineus, 444, 446
lymphomatosum, 370 branchial pouch derivation, 607 aplastic anemia, 413 Pectoriloquy (whispered), 666
Papillary muscle Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 330 erythropoiesis arrest, 414 Pediatric patients. See also Child
blood supply to, 310 bone disorders, 456 hereditary spherocytosis, 414 abuse; See also Neonates
rupture, 308, 310 bone formation, 450 hydrops fetalis, 182 arthritis in, 460
Papillary thyroid carcinomas, 340 calcitonin and, 331 rash, 183 brachial plexus injury, 441
carcinogens for, 226 in hyperparathyroidism, 342 Passive aggression, 543 common causes of death, 270
labs/findings, 682 kidney effects, 578 Passive immunity, 110 common fractures, 453
psammoma bodies in, 228 nephron physiology, 573 Pasteurella spp. common orthopedic conditions, 453
Papilledema, 509, 526 osteomalacia/rickets, 455 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 cystic fibrosis, 60
hypertensive emergency and, 303 Paget disease of bone, 455 Pasteurella multocida dactinomycin for, 431
Papillomas, 221 pseudohypoparathyroidism and, osteomyelitis, 180 failure to thrive, 544
Papillomaviruses 341 transmission, 149, 186 growth retardation in, 590
characteristics of, 164 signaling pathways of, 332 Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), 63 hemolytic disease of newborn, 397
DNA viruses, 163 thymic aplasia, 116 cataracts, 523 histiocytosis in, 426
genome, 163 vitamin D and, 330 chromosome association, 64 hyperbilirubinemia (newborns),
Pappenheimer bodies, 408 Parathyroid tumors holoprosencephaly, 479 387
Pap smear, 631 presentation, 676 horseshoe kidney in, 567 infant deprivation effects, 544
Papules, 466 Paraumbilical vein, 359 Patches (skin), 466 intraventricular hemorrhage, 500
capillary, 469 Paraventricular nucleus, 486 pityriasis rosea, 472 intussusception in, 379
molluscum contagiosum, 470 Parental consent, 264 psoriatic arthritis, 461 juvenile polyposis syndrome in,
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), 570 Paresthesias, 329 Patellar reflex, 498 381
Para-aortic lymph nodes, 610 panic disorder, 551 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) leukocoria in, 526
Paracoccidioidomycosis, 151 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 congenital rubella, 303 Munchausen syndrome by proxy,
Paracortex (lymph node), 96 Parietal cells (stomach), 366 fetal alcohol syndrome, 303 554
Paracrine, 577 Parietal cortex lesions, 499 heart murmur with, 294 neglect in, 544
Paradoxical splitting, 292 Parietal lobe, 489 indomethacin for, 475 neuroblastomas in, 335
Paraesophageal hiatal hernia, 364 Parietal peritoneum, 363 mechanism and treatment, 302 precocious puberty, 57, 328
Parafollicular cells (C cells), 322 Parinaud syndrome, 499, 516 misoprostol for, 393 primary brain tumors, 516
Parainfluenza Parkinson disease, 508 neonatal respiratory distress rashes, 183
croup, 170 basal ganglia lesions, 499 syndrome and, 647 renal malignancy in, 588
paramyxovirus, 167, 170 benztropine for, 241 Patent foramen ovale rhabdomyomas in, 318
Parakeratosis, 466 dopaminergic pathways, 487 atrial septal defect vs., 302 scalded skin syndrome, 470
Paralysis drug therapy for, 535 septal fusion failure, 278 sleep terror disorder in, 556
conversion disorder, 554 Lewy bodies, 508 Patent urachus, 604 strawberry hemangiomas in, 469
of face, 502 neurotransmitters for, 483 Pathogen-associated molecular tetracycline side effects, 192
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 512 nigrostriatal pathway and, 487 patterns (PAMPs), 99 unvaccinated, 186
poliovirus, 186 presentation, 678 Pathogen recognition features, 99 Wilms tumors in, 588
rabies, 171 resting tremor in, 507 Pathologic grief, 550 Pegloticase, 476, 685
stroke effects, 502 seborrheic dermatitis association, Pathology Pegvisomant, 343
unvaccinated children, 186 467 cardiovascular, 301–315 Pellagra
Paralytic ileus, 433 trihexyphenidyl, 241 endocrine, 333–349 vitamin B3 deficiency, 67
Paramedian pontine reticular formation Parkinsonism gastrointestinal, 370–391 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 185
extraocular movements, 485 Wilson disease as cause, 389 hematologic/oncologic, 396–416, Actinomyces, 139
lesions, 499 Parkinson-like syndrome, 250 406–426 chlamydia, 148, 184
INDEX 775
Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 Perforin type IV hypersensitivity, 113 Pharynx, 648
copper IUD, 643 cytotoxic T cells and, 102 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 blood supply and innervation of,
ectopic pregnancy, 627 extrinsic pathway and, 208 Peroneus brevis, 439, 444, 446, 453 357
gonococci, 142 natural killer cells and, 101 Peroneus longus, 444 Phenacetin, 588
gonorrhea, 184 Performance anxiety, 555 Peroxisome, 47 Phenelzine, 563
Pelvic pain Perfusion, and ventilation, 655 Persistent cervical sinus, 605 Phenobarbital, 533
Asherman syndrome, 634 Perfusion-limited gas exchange, 654 Persistent depressive disorder epilepsy, 532
endometriosis, 634 Perfusion pressure regulation, 300 (dysthymia), 549 teratogenicity, 600
Pelvis Periarteriolar lymphatic sheath Persistent fetal circulation, 621 as weak acid, 235
fracture and nerve injury, 444 (PALS), 98 Persistent thyroglossal duct, 322 Phenotypic mixing, 162
nerve injury with surgery, 444 Pericardial effusion, 669 Persistent truncus arteriosus, 279, Phenoxybenzamine, 244
Pemphigus vulgaris Pericardial tamponade 301 norepinephrine and, 234
acantholysis and, 466 labs/findings, 680 Personality, 552 for pheochromocytomas, 336
autoantibody, 115 Pericarditis, 281 Personality disorder Phentolamine, 244
labs/findings, 677 acute, 314 Cluster A, 552 Phenylalanine
type II hypersensitivity, 112 fibrinous, 308 Cluster B, 553 classification of, 81
Pencil-in-cup deformity (x-ray), 461 jugular venous pulse in, 290 Cluster C, 553 tyrosine catabolism, 83
Penicillamine Kussmaul sign in, 319 Pertussis toxin, 132, 143 Phenylephrine, 242, 671
for lead poisoning, 247 picornaviruses, 167 Pes cavus Phenylketones, 84
myopathy, 250 postinfarction, 308, 309 Friedreich ataxia, 519 Phenylketonuria, 83, 84
for Wilson disease, 389 pulsus paradoxus in, 315 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenytoin
Penicillin renal failure, 590 immunodeficient patients, 118 cytochrome P-450 and, 252
Actinomyces spp., 139 rheumatoid arthritis, 458 pyocyanin of, 109 drug-induced SLE, 681
antipseudomonal, 188 Pericardium, 281 splenic dysfunction and, 98 epilepsy, 532
Coombs-positive hemolytic calcification in, 211 Petechiae erythema multiforme, 471
anemia, 249 Perinephric abscesses, 589 aplastic anemia as cause, 413 folate deficiency caused by, 412
interstitial nephritis from, 591 Perineurium, 483 with cirrhosis, 383 gingival hyperplasia, 250
mechanism, 187 Periodic acid-Schiff stain, 125 with fat emboli, 658 megaloblastic anemia, 249
penicillinase-resistant, 188 glycogen storage diseases, 87 scurvy, 674 peripheral neuropathy, 250
penicillinase-sensitive, 188 Periorbital edema, 337 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 221, 381 teratogenicity, 600
prophylaxis, 198 nephrotic syndrome, 678 PEX genes, 47 tonic-clonic seizures, 685
rash, 250 Trichinella spiralis, 161 Peyer patches, 356, 368 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68
for rheumatic fever, 314 Peripartum cardiomyopathy, 311 IgA antibody production, 105 zero-order elimination of, 234
Treponema pallidum, 683 Peripartum depression, 550 Salmonella/Shigella invasion, 144 Pheochromocytomas, 336
Penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 188 Peripheral edema Peyronie disease, 637 MEN 2A/MEN 2B and, 347
Penicillinase-sensitive penicillins, cirrhosis and, 383 P53 gene mutation, 634 phenoxybenzamine for, 244
188 heart failure, 312 PGI2, 474 presentation, 678
Penicillin G, V, 187 nephrotic syndrome, 678 P-glycoprotein, 228 Philadelphia chromosome, 689
meningococci, 142 Peripheral nerves, 482, 483 Phagocytes, 117 in myeloproliferative disorders,
prophylaxis, 198 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Phagocytosis, 129 425
Penis origins of, 478 of bone marrow, 427 translocations of, 426
cancer, 226 Peripheral neuropathy dendritic cells, 400 Phlebitis
congenital abnormalities, 610 alcoholism, 559 eosinophils, 400 IV amphotericin B, 199
disorders of, 637 drug reactions, 250 Phalen maneuver, 451 Phlebotomy
female homolog, 609 eosinophilic granulomatosis, 317 Pharmaceutical company for hemochromatosis, 389
fracture of, 637 Fabry disease, 88 sponsorship, 267 Phobias
lymphatic drainage, 610 isoniazid, 197 Pharmacokinetics, 233 agoraphobia, 551
pathology of, 637 Krabbe disease, 88 Pharmacology, 232–251 social anxiety disorder, 551
Pentamidine, 154 NRTIs, 203 autonomic drugs, 237–246 Phocomelia, 600
Pentazocine, 538, 539 oxazolidinones, 193 cardiovascular, 319–325 Phonophobia, 506
Pentobarbital, 533 sorbitol as cause, 81 endocrine, 344–346, 348–350 Phosphatases, 73
Pentose phosphate pathway. See HMP vincristine as cause, 436 gastrointestinal, 392–394 Phosphate in bone disorders, 456
shunt vitamin B6 deficiency, 67 hematologic/oncologic, 427–435 Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5)
Pentostatin, 424 Peripheral resistance, 243 musculoskeletal/skin/connective inhibitors, 429, 644, 671
PEP carboxykinase, 74 Peripheral vascular disease, 305 tissuel, 474–476 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,
Pepsin, 366 Peripheral vertigo, 522 neurology, 532–539 78
Pepsinogen Periplasm, 124 pharmacodynamics, 234–236 Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
location of, 367 Perirenal space, 354 pharmacokinetics, 232–233 glycolysis and, 73
somatostatin and, 365 Peristalsis psychiatric, 560–564 metabolic pathways, 74
Peptic ulcer disease, 374 motilin receptor agonists and, renal, 593–596 Phospholipids, 368
associations, 686 365 reproductive, 640–643 Phosphorus in Paget disease of bone,
glycopyrrolate for, 241 visible, 353 respiratory, 671–672 455
H2 blockers for, 392 Peritoneum, 354 toxicities and side effects, Phosphorylases, 73
Helicobacter pylori, 146 hernias and, 364 247–250 Phosphorylation, 45
misoprostol for, 393 irritation with Mittelschmerz, 617 USMLE Step 1 preparation for, Photophobia
proton pump inhibitors for, 392 Peritonitis 275 leptospirosis, 147
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 336 appendicitis, 377 Pharyngitis rabies, 171
Peptidoglycan, 124, 187 diverticulitis, 377 adenoviridae, 164 Photosensitivity
Peptidoglycan synthesis, 187 spontaneous bacterial, 383, 384 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 139 demeclocycline causing, 350
Peptostreptococcus spp. Peritubular capillaries, 571 diphtheria, 139 drugs causing, 250
alcoholism, 179 Permethrin, 161, 200 mononucleosis, 165 porphyria as cause, 417
lung abscess, 670 Permissive drug interactions, 233 prophylaxis (rheumatic fever), 198 sulfonamides, 194
Percussion (chest), 666 Pernicious anemia, 366 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 tetracyclines, 192
Perforation (GI), 374 autoantibody, 115 unvaccinated children, 186 Phototherapy for jaundice, 387
esophageal, 371 B12 deficiency caused by, 412 Pharyngoesophageal false Phrenic nerve, 281, 649
necrotizing enterocolitis, 380 HLA-DR5 and, 100 diverticulum, 378 Phyllodes tumor, 635
776 INDEX

Phylloquinone. See Vitamin K Placenta, 603 silver stain for, 125 Polycythemia/vera, 425
Physical abuse (child), 544 estrogen production, 616 TMP-SMX, 194 associations, 425
Physician-assisted suicide, 266 maternal component, 603 Pneumocytes, 646, 647, 648 blood oxygen in, 653
Physician-patient relationship, 266 maternal-fetal barrier, 484 Pneumomediastinum, 659 bronchitis and, 660
Physiologic dead space, 650, 692 progesterone production, 616 Pneumonia, 668 Budd-Chiari syndrome and, 386
Physiologic neonatal jaundice, Placenta accreta/increta/percreta/ acute respiratory distress syndrome, Eisenmenger syndrome, 302
387 previa, 626 664 ESR in, 214
Physiology Placental abruption adenoviridae, 164 hepatocellular carcinoma, 386
cardiovascular, 282–296 diffuse cortical necrosis (renal), 591 chlamydiae, 148 low birth weight, 621
endocrine, 324–332 Placental aromatase deficiency, 625 coccidioidomycosis, 151 paraneoplastic syndrome, 223
gastrointestinal, 365–369 Placental insufficiency common causes, 179 Polydactyly, 63
hematology/oncology, 402 oligohydramnios and, 627 compliance in, 651 Polydipsia, 345
neurological, 481–503 Potter sequence, 566 cryptogenic organizing, 668 Polyenes, 198
renal, 569–580 preeclampsia, 629 Haemophilus influenzae, 142 Polyhydramnios, 479, 627
reproductive, 616–623 Plague, 149 inhalational injury, 662 esophageal atresia and, 353
respiratory, 650–655 Plantar aponeurosis, 453 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 675 Polymenorrhea, 618
USMLE Step 1 preparation for, Plantar fasciitis, 453 lobar, 668 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 52
274 Plantar flexion, 444 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 Polymyalgia rheumatica, 462
Physostigmine Plantaris, 445 PPI adverse effects, 392 associations, 687
anticholinergic toxicity treatment, Plantar reflex, 498 Q fever, 150 ESR in, 214
247 Plaques (skin), 466 readmissions with, 270 giant cell arteritis and, 315
anticholinesterase, 240 actinic keratosis, 472 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 Polymyositis, 463
glaucoma, 539 basal cell carcinoma, 473 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136 autoantibody, 115
Phytomenadione. See Vitamin K hairy leukoplakia, 470 Streptococcus agalactiae, 137 Polymyxin B, 143, 193, 198
Pia mater, 484 lichen planus, 472 VZV, 165 Polyneuritis, 66
Pica, 410, 555 pityriasis rosea, 472 walking, 668 Polyneuropathy, 417
Pick bodies, 508, 681 psoriasis, 468 Pneumonitis familial amyloid, 212
Pickwickian syndrome., 665 seborrheic dermatitis, 467 HIV-positive adults, 177 Polyomaviruses
Picornaviruses, 168 squamous cell carcinoma, 473 Pneumocystis pneumonia characteristics of, 164
characteristics, 167 Plasma cells, 401 HIV-positive adults, 177 DNA viruses, 163
genomes, 163 Plasma membrane prophylaxis, 198 genome, 163
naked viruses, 163 cell trafficking, 47 Pneumothorax, 666, 667 naked viruses, 163
Pierre Robin sequence, 606 sodium-potassium pump, 49 Podagra Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, 57, 674
PIGA gene, 414 Plasma osmolality gout, 459
Polyposis syndromes, 381
Pigmented skin disorders, 467 DI treatment, 344 presentation, 677
Polyps (endometrial), 634
Pigment-producing bacteria, 128 insulin deficiency/insensitivity, Podocytes, 568
uterine bleeding with, 619
Pigment stones, 390 345 in filtration, 571
Polyuria, 588
Pill-rolling tremor, 507 Plasmapheresis, 585 glomerular filtration barrier and,
diabetes insipidus, 344
Pilocarpine, 240 for Guillain-Barré syndrome, 512 569
diabetes mellitus, 345, 346
glaucoma, 539 Plasma protein concentration, 571 nephrotic syndrome, 584
Fanconi syndrome, 678
Pilocytic astrocytoma, 516 Plasma volume measurement, 569 Poikilocytosis, 399
hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state,
Pilus, 124 Plasminogen, 405, 429 Point of service plan, 269
Pimozide, 545, 560 Plasmodium falciparum, 157, 200 346
pol gene, 175
Pindolol, 245 Plasmodium malariae, 157 Poliomyelitis, 519 hyperparathyroidism, 342
Pineal gland, 492, 599 Plasmodium ovale, 157 restrictive lung disease, 661 lithium as cause, 562
Pinealoma, 516 Plasmodium spp. Poliovirus, 519 Pompe disease, 87
Pink puffer. See Emphysema chloroquine, 200 immunodeficient patients, 118 Pons, 478, 492
Pinworms, 159 Plasmodium vivax, 157 medical importance, 167 cranial nerve nuclei of, 493
Pioglitazone, 349 Platelet-activating factor, 398 picornavirus, 168 Pontiac fever, 143
Piperacillin Platelet-derived growth factor unvaccinated children, 186 Pontine syndrome, 502
characteristics of, 188 (PDGF) Polyadenylation signal, 41 Pope’s blessing (median nerve injury),
mechanism (diagram), 187 signaling pathways for, 332 Polyangiitis, microscopic 442
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 in wound healing, 217 autoantibody, 115 Popliteal artery, 447
Piroxicam, 475 Platelet disorders, 418, 419 Polyarteritis nodosa, 173, 317 atherosclerosis, 305, 687
Pisiform bone, 439 transfusion for, 421 Polyarthralgias. See Arthralgias Popliteal fossa, 447
Pitting edema, 311 Platysma muscle, 606 gonococcal arthritis, 460 Popliteus, 445
Pituitary adenomas, 514 Pleiotropy, 56 rubella, 182 Porcelain gallbladder, 390
acromegaly and, 343 Pleomorphic adenomas, 370 Polyarthritis Porphobilinogen deaminase, 417
GH and, 327 Pleomorphism, 220 rubella, 182 Porphyria, 533
goiter and, 339 Pleural effusion, 666 Polycystic disease Porphyria (acute intermittent), 417
hypopituitarism, 343 asbestosis, 663 kidney, 592 Porphyria cutanea tarda, 417
hypopituitarism and, 343 atelectasis with, 666 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), Porphyrin derivatives, 83
Pituitary apoplexy, 343 lung cancer, 669 631 Portal hypertension, 383
Pituitary drugs, 350 mesothelioma, 664 anovulation, 631 ARPKD, 592
Pituitary gland, 323 ovarian neoplasm and, 632 antiandrogens, 644 cirrhosis and, 383
Pituitary prolactinomas, 325 physical findings, 666 clomiphene, 642 pulmonary arterial hypertension,
Pituitary tumors Pleuritis, 458 endometrial hyperplasia, 633, 634 665
diabetes insipidus, 344 Plicae circulares, 356 ovarian neoplasm risk, 632 Schistosoma spp., 161
MEN 1 and, 347 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 371, 410 Polycythemia serum markers for, 384
Pityriasis rosea, 472 Pneumatosis intestinalis, 380 blood oxygen in, 653 varices and, 359
Pityrosporum spp., 152 Pneumococcal vaccine, 127 bronchitis and, 660 Portal triad, 355, 361
PKD genes Pneumoconioses, 661, 663 Eisenmenger syndrome, 302 Portal vein, 355, 361
cystic kidney disease, 592 Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 ESR in, 214 in fetal circulation, 280
renal cyst disorders and, 592 dapsone, 194 low birth weight, 621 Portal vein thrombosis, 383
PKU. See Phenylketonuria HIV-positive adults, 177 paraneoplastic syndrome, 223 Portosystemic anastomoses, 359
Placebo, 256 immunocompromised patients, 179 presentation, 678 Port-wine stain of face, 678
INDEX 777
Positive predictive value (PPV), 257, pulmonary hypoplasia, 646 posterior urethral valve diagnosis, Primary amyloidosis, 212, 681
259, 691 renal agenesis, 627 567 Primary bacterial peritonitis, 384
Positive punishment (aversive Poxviruses prolactin and, 326 Primary biliary cirrhosis
stimulus), 542 characteristics of, 164 propylthiouracil in, 347 labs/findings, 680
Positive reinforcement, 542 DNA viruses, 163 pyelonephritis, 589 Primary central nervous system
Positive skew distribution, 261 molluscum contagiosum, 470 pyogenic granulomas and, 469 lymphoma (PCL), 422
Posterior cerebral artery, 490, 491, PPD test, 140 sex hormone-binding globulin, 332 Primary ciliary dyskinesia.
503 PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA autoantibody, stillbirth, 182 See Kartagener syndrome
Posterior chamber (eye), 522 115 Streptococcus agalactiae in, 137 Primary disease prevention, 269
Posterior circulation strokes, 502 Prader-Willi syndrome syphilis in, 147 Primary glomerular disease, 582
Posterior circumflex artery, 447 chromosome association, 64 termination of, 642 Primary hemostasis, 403
Posterior communicating artery, 491 ghrelin in, 327, 365 ToRCHeS infections, 182 Primary hyperaldosteronism, 334
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) imprinting, 58 Turner syndrome and, 624 hypertension with, 303
injury, 443 Pralidoxime, 240 twinning in, 602 markers in, 579
Posterior descending artery (PDA), Pramlintide, 249, 348 urinary tract infections, 181 Primary hyperparathyroidism, 341, 342
281 Prasugrel, 403, 429 venous sinus thrombosis in, 491 Primary hypertension, 319
Posterior drawer sign, 443 Praziquantel vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 Primary hypogonadism, 625
Posterior fossa antihelminthic therapy, 200 Pregnancy complications, 626–627 Primary hypoparathyroidism, 341
malformations, 480 tapeworms, 160 Pregnenolone, 328 Primary ovarian insufficiency, 631
Posterior hypothalamus, 486 trematodes, 160 Prehn sign, 639 Primary polycythemia, 425
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Prazosin, 244 Preload in cardiac output, 282 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 389
circle of Willis, 491 Precision vs. accuracy, 259 Premature ejaculation, 563 ulcerative colitis, 376
stroke effects, 502 Precocious puberty, 623 Premature labor and delivery Primary spontaneous pneumothorax,
Posterior pituitary gland, 323 adrenal steroids and, 328 cryptorchidism and, 637 667
Posterior superior pancreaticduodenal leuprolide, 641 low birth weight with, 621 Primase, 38
arteries, 358 McCune-Albright syndrome, 57, murmur in prematurity, 294 Primidone, 507
Posterior tibial artery, 447 674 neonatal respiratory distress Primitive atrium, 278
Posterior urethral valves, 567 pinealoma, 516 syndrome and, 647 Primitive pulmonary vein, 278
Posterior uveitis, 524 Precontemplation stage, 556 Premature ovarian failure, 622, 631 Primitive reflexes, 498
Postherpetic neuralgia, 165 Predictive value, 257 Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Primitive ventricle, 278
Postinfectious encephalomyelitis, 512 Prednisolone (PMDD), 563 Pringle maneuver, 355
Postoperative ileus, 240 arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Premotor cortex, 489 PR interval, 296, 298
Postpartum hemorrhage, 627 for thyroid storm, 339 Preoptic nucleus, 486 prolonged, 298
Postpartum (maternal) blues, 550 Prednisone Prepatellar bursitis, 452 shortened, 297
Postpartum mood disturbances, 550 arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Preprocollagen, 50 Prinzmetal angina
Postpartum psychosis, 550 Preeclampsia, 629 Preproinsulin, 324 calcium channel blockers for, 319
Postpartum thyroiditis, 338 hydatidiform moles, 628 Prepuce, 612 ischemic manifestations, 306
Postprandial pain, 357 placental abruption, 626 Prerenal azotemia, 590 Prions, 178
Postrenal azotemia, 590 Preferred provider organization plan, Presbycusis, 268, 521 Privacy and confidentiality, 268
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 269 Presbyopia, 523 Probenecid, 252
(acute), 585 Prefrontal cortex, 489 Preschool age development, 621 cidofovir with, 202
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Pregnancy, 619. See also Ectopic Presenilin, 508 for gout, 685
acute stress disorder, 552 pregnancy; See Presentation symptoms and signs. See gout, 476
diagnostic criteria/treatment, 552 also Teratogens also Diagnostic maneuvers/ Procaine, 537
dissociative identity disorder, 546 advanced maternal age, 63 signs Procarbazine, 251, 433
drug therapy for, 560 aliskiren contraindication, 596 cerebral circulation and, 502–504, Procedure bias, 260
prazosin for, 244 amniotic fluid abnormalities, 627 503–505 Process improvement model, 271
SSRIs for, 563 anemia caused by, 410 childhood conditions, 453 Process (quality measurement), 271
venlafaxine, 563 carpal tunnel syndrome in, 451 clinically significant reflexes, 498 Processus vaginalis, 610
Postural hypotension choriocarcinomas and, 628 cranial nerve lesions, 520 Procoagulation, 405
midodrine for, 242 contraindicated antimicrobials, 204 inflammation cardinal signs, 213 Progesterone, 616
trazodone, 564 ESR in, 214 Kussmaul sign, 319 ganulosa cell tumors, 633
Postviral infections, 179 estrogen in, 616 lower extremity, 443–444 lactation and, 622
Potassium ethical situations, 266–267 lumbosacral radiculopathy, 446 menstrual cycle, 618
amphotericin B, 199 fetal circulation, 280 spinal cord lesions, 518 ovulation, 617
in cardiac muscle, 295 fetal hemoglobin, 651 upper extremity, 440, 441, 453 pregnancy, 619
diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 fetal respiration, 646 upper extremity nerves, 442 signaling pathways for, 332
PTH and, 330 fibroid tumors in, 634 Pressure-volume loops, 290 source and functions of, 616
shifts in, 578 folate deficiency caused by, 412 Presynaptic α2-autoreceptor, 239 Progestins, 642
torsades de pointes and, 296 folic acid supplementation, 68 Pretectal nuclei, 527 endometriosis, 634
Potassium channels heparin in, 427 Preterm birth Programmed cell death, 208
myocardial action potential, 295 hypertension in, 629 common cause of death, 270 Progressive multifocal
opioid effect, 538 hypertension treatment in, 244, Pretest probability, 257 leukoencephalopathy
Potassium chloride, 249 319 Prevalence (PML), 482, 512
Potassium iodide hypothyroidism in, 338 diagnostic test evaluation, 257 HIV-positive adults, 177
Sporothrix schenckii, 154 insulin in, 324 incidence vs., 259 polyomaviruses, 164
for thyroid storm, 339 Listeria monocytogenes in, 139 observational studies, 256 rituximab, 435
Potassium-sparing diuretics, 593, 595 lithium in, 301, 303 Prevalence vs. incidence Proguanil, 200
Potency of drugs, vs. efficacy, 236 maternal complications, 270 medical error correction, 259 Projection, 543
Poton pump inhibitors (PPIs) maternal phenylketonuria, 84 Prevotella spp., 179 Prokaryotes
interstitial nephritis from, 591 maternal virilization, 625 Priapism, 637 DNA replication in, 38
Pott disease, 180 neural tube defect association, 479 sickle cell anemia, 414 mRNA start codons, 40
Potter sequence (syndrome), 566, opiate use during, 601 trazodone and, 564 RNA polymerases in, 42
599, 627 ovarian neoplasms and, 632 Primaquine, 157 Prolactin, 326
ARPKD, 592 parental consent and, 264 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, 249 circadian rhythm, 485
oligohydramnios, 599 pituitary infarcts with, 343 Primary adrenal insufficiency, 334 lactation and, 622
778 INDEX

Prolactin (continued) Protein A, 129, 135 Proximal renal tubular acidosis (type Pseudovirion, 162
pregnancy, 619 Proteinases, 398 2), 581 Psittacosis, 149
secretion of, 323, 325 Protein C/S deficiency, 420 PRPP (glutamine-phosphoribosyl Psoriasis, 468
secretion regulation, 616 Protein kinase A pyrophosphate) arthritis and, 461
signaling pathways for, 332 fructose bisphosphatase-2 and, 76 amidotransferase, 73 cyclosporine, 120
tuberoinfundibular pathway, 487 glycogen regulation, 85 Pruritus etanercept for, 476
Prolactinomas Protein metabolism, 74 anal, 159 hyperkeratosis/parakeratosis, 466
dopamine agonists for, 326 Protein phosphatase, 85 atopic dermatitis, 468 infliximab/adalimumab for, 476
Proliferative glomerular disorders, 582 Protein synthesis, 187, 201 biliary tract disease, 389 methotrexate for, 432
Prometaphase, 46 elongation, 45 chloroquine, 200 skin lesions, 466
Promoters (gene expression), 41 initiation of, 45 cutaneous mycoses, 152 therapeutic antibodies, 122
Promyelocytic leukemia, 66 insulin and, 324 dermatitis herpetiformis, 471 Psoriatic arthritis, 461
Pronephros, 566 metaboilic site, 72 ectoparasites, 161 HLA-B27 and, 100
Proopiomelanocortin, 323, 325 posttranslational modification, 45 histamine receptors and, 238 leflunomide for, 475
Propanolol, 339 sequence of, 45 hyperchylomicronemia, 94 psoriasis and, 468
Propantheline, 240 termination, 45 lichen planus, 472 Psychiatric emergencies, 557
Proper hepatic artery, 355 trimming, 45 pseudofolliculitis barbae, 468 acute dystonia, 557
Prophase, 46 Protein synthesis inhibitors, 191, 252 urticaria, 468 delirium tremens, 557
Prophylaxis (antimicrobial), 197, 198 Proteinuria, 583 Prussian blue stain, 663 hypertensive crisis, 557
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase ACE inhibitors for, 596 Psammoma bodies, 211, 228 lithium toxicity, 557
metabolic pathways, 74 angiotensin II receptor blockers, diseases with, 682 neuroleptic malignant syndrome,
vitamin B7 and, 68 596 mesotheliomas, 664 557
Propofol, 537 diabetes mellitus, 345 papillary thyroid carcinoma, 340 serotonin syndrome, 557
Propranolol, 245 nephritic syndrome, 585 serous cystadenocarcinomas, 633 tricyclic antidepressant overdose,
essential tremor, 507 nephrotic syndrome, 584, 678 PSA (prostate-specific antigen), 227 557
Proprioception. See Peripheral preeclampsia, 629 immunohistochemical stain for, Psychiatry, 542–564
neuropathy renal papillary necrosis and, 591 228 pathology, 544–558
Friedreich ataxia, 519 serum sickness, 113 P-selectin, 216 pharmacology, 560–564
Propylthiouracil, 331 Proteolysis Pseudoappendicitis, 144 psychology, 542–543
agranulocytosis, 249 cortisol and, 329 Pseudocyst, 391 Psychoactive drug intoxication/
aplastic anemia, 249 in insulin deficiency, 345 Pseudoephedrine, 671 withdrawal, 558–559
thionamides, 349 Proteus mirabilis Pseudofolliculitis barbae, 468 Psychological child abuse, 544
for thyroid storm, 339 bacterial cystitis, 589 Pseudofractures, 455
Psychology, 542–543
Prosencephalon, 478 cephalosporins, 189 Pseudoglandular stage
Psychosis, 547
Prostacyclin, 474 kidney stones, 586 (development), 646
corticosteroids, 120
Prostacyclin analogues, 671 penicillins for, 188 Pseudogout, 459
diabetic ketoacidosis, 346
Prostaglandin analogs, 253 urinary tract infections, 589 labs/findings, 681
drug therapy for, 561
Prostaglandins UTIs, 181 Pseudohermaphrodites, 625
LSD and, 559
arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Proteus spp Pseudohyperaldosteronism
PCP and, 559
aspirin effects, 475 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 Cushing syndrome and, 333
postpartum, 550
cortisol effect on, 329 urease-positive, 127 Pseudohypoparathyroidism, 341
Pseudomembranous colitis Psychotherapy
glaucoma treatment, 539 xanthogranulomatous
pyelonephritis, 589 clindamycin, 192 anorexia/bulimia nervosa, 555
kidney functions, 577
PDA and, 280 Prothrombin Clostridium difficile, 138 anorexia nervosa, 685
primary dysmenorrhea, 633 complex concentrate transfusion, drug reaction, 249 conduct disorder, 545
Prostate cancer 421 penicillins, 188 oppositional defiant disorder, 545
adenocarcinomas, 640 warfarin effect on, 428 spore-forming bacteria, 128 Psychotic disorders
estrogens for, 642 Prothrombin gene mutation, 420 vancomycin for, 190 readmissions with, 270
incidence/mortality of, 223 Prothrombin time (PT), 418 watery diarrhea, 179 PTEN gene, 225
leuprolide for, 641 Protofilament, 48 Pseudomembranous pharyngitis Pterygoid muscles, 495, 606
metastases from, 224 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 392 diphtheria, 139 PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), 330
tumor suppressor genes and, 225 acute interstitial nephritis, 591 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related
Prostate gland, 612 Beers criteria, 247 aerobic organism, 126 protein), 229, 330
female homolog of, 609 gastrin and, 365 biofilm production, 128 Ptosis (eyelids)
lymphatic drainage of, 610 for Helicobacter pylori, 146 catalase-positive organism, 128 CN III damage, 529
with urethral injury, 613 naming convention for, 253 ceftazidime, 189 Horner syndrome, 528, 678
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)., 639 Proto-oncogenes, 222 cystic fibrosis, 60, 179 myasthenia gravis, 463
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), Protozoa encapsulated, 127 Pancoast tumor, 670
640 CNS infections, 156 exotoxin production, 132 saccular aneurysm, 504
Prostatic adenocarcinoma, 640 GI infections, 155 fluoroquinolones, 195 Puberty. See also Precocious puberty
Prostatitis, 639 hematologic infections, 157 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 GH secretion in, 327
gonorrhea, 184 miscellaneous, 158 multidrug-resistant, 198 GnRH and, 325
Prosthetic devices watery diarrhea, 179 nosocomial infection, 179, 185 Kallmann syndrome and, 625
Staphyloccus epidermidis, 135 Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) osteomyelitis, 180 precocious, 57, 328
Prosthetic heart valves, 415 in ATN, 591 penicillins for, 188 Tanner stages, 623
Protamine sulfate, 247, 427 defects in, 574 pigment production, 128 Public health sciences, 256–273
Protease inhibitors diuretics and, 593, 595 tricuspid valve endocarditis, 313 Pudendal nerve, 360, 445, 613
acute pancreatitis, 391 dopamine secretion by, 577 type III secretion system, 129 Pulmonary anthrax, 137
fat redistribution, 249 glucose clearance and, 572 UTIs, 181 Pulmonary arterial hypertension
HIV therapy, 203 ischemia susceptibility, 210 Pseudo-Pelger-Huet anomaly, 423 (PAH), 665
hyperglycemia, 248 physiology of, 573 Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, 341 high altitude and, 656
mechanism (diagram), 201 relative concentrations in, 575 Pseudotumor cerebri, 509 Pulmonary artery, 605
naming convention for, 252 renal cell carcinoma and, 587 acetazolamide for, 594 fetal circulation, 280
Proteases, 367 Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, drug reactions and, 250 stenosis of, 303
Proteasome, 48 442 vitamin A toxicity, 66 Pulmonary artery stenosis, 303
INDEX 779
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure mutations in DNA, 39 congenital long QT syndrome, 297 Rasagiline, 536
(PCWP), 300, 654 salvage deficiencies, 37 drug-induced long, 296 Rasburicase, 435, 586
Pulmonary circulation, 654 Purkinje cells ECG, 296 in tumor lysis syndrome, 426
fetal, 280 of cerebellum, 210, 487 ondansetron effect on, 394 RAS gene, 340
ventilation/perfusion mismatch, 655 in paraneoplastic cerebellar in torsades de pointes, 296 Rashes
Pulmonary edema degeneration, 229 Quadrantanopia “blueberry muffin”, 169
compliance in, 651 Purkinje fibers, 295, 296 lower, 530 butterfly, 677
consolidation in, 666 Purpura Quadriceps, 444 carbapenems, 190
heart failure, 312 aplastic anemia, 413 Quality measurements, 271 childhood, 183
loop diuretics for, 594 cirrhosis, 383 Quantifying risk, 258 cytomegalovirus, 182
LV failure, 310 Pustular psoriasis, 466 Quaternary disease prevention, 269 desquamating, 316, 676
mannitol, 594 Pustules, 466 Quetiapine, 561 fluoroquinolones, 195
opioids for, 538 acne, 468 Quiescent cells, 46 heliotrope, 229
preeclampsia and, 629 pseudofolliculitis barbae, 468 Quinidine, 157, 200 macrolides, 193
renal failure, 590 rosacea, 468 cinchonism, 250 nipple/areola, 678
transfusion-related injury, 114 with septic arthritis, 460 Quinine, 200 palms and soles, 150, 675
Pulmonary embolism, 658 Putamen, 488 Quinolone, 143, 187 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins,
chronic thromboembolism, 665 neurodegenerative disorders, 508 Quinupristin, 187, 198 188
direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 429 P wave, 296 rickettsial diseases, 150
heparin for, 427 Pyelonephritis, 589 R rubella, 169, 182
respiratory alkalosis, 580 kidney stones, 586 Rabies, 171 syphilis, 147, 184
tamoxifen/raloxifene and, 435 labs/findings, 682 active and passive immunity, 110 unvaccinated children, 186
thrombolytics for, 429 urinary tract infections, 181 rhabdovirus, 167 Rathke pouch, 323, 516, 599
ventilation/perfusion with, 655 WBC casts in, 582 viral receptors, 166 Rationalization, 543
Pulmonary fibrosis, 661 Pygmalion effect, 260 Rachischisis, 479 Raynaud phenomenon, 464
bleomycin, 431 Pyknosis, 207 Rachitic rosary, 455 Buerger disease, 316
busulfan, 433 Pyloric sphincter, 367 Radial head subluxation, 453 calcium channel blockers for, 319
compliance in, 651 Pyloric stenosis, 353 Radial nerve, 440 presentation, 677
diffusion in, 654 Pyloromyotomy, 353 neurovascular pairing, 447 SLE, 677
drug reaction, 251 Pyoderma gangrenosum Radiation exposure Razor bumps, 468
methotrexate, 432 inflammatory bowel disease, 376 acute myelogenous leukemia and, RBC casts (urine), 582, 585
restrictive lung disease, 661 Pyogenic granulomas, 469 424 Rb gene, 225
Pulmonary hypertension, 665 Pyramidal cells, 210 aplastic anemia, 413 Reabsorption/secretion rate
cor pulmonale, 654 Pyramidal decussation, 492 apoptosis caused by, 208 calculation, 572
drug therapy, 671 Pyramidalis muscle, 363 as carcinogen, 226 Reaction formation, 543
PDE-5 inhibitors for, 644 Pyrantel pamoate, 200 free radical injury caused by, 210
Reactive arthritis, 461
Schistosoma, 160 Pyrazinamide, 197 hypopituitarism, 343
Campylobacter jejuni, 145
sleep apnea, 665 gout, 250 myelodysplastic syndromes, 423
chlamydia, 148, 184
Pulmonary hypoplasia, 646 hepatitis, 249 of thyroid gland, 339
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 196 HLA-B27 and, 100
Potter sequence, 566 Radiation therapy
Pyridostigmine, 240 presentation, 677
Pulmonary Langerhans cell acute pericarditis and, 314
myasthenia gravis treatment, 463 Reactive attachment disorder, 544
histiocytosis, 661 angiosarcomas, 469
Pulmonary surfactant Pyridoxal phosphate, 67 Readmission recurrences, 270
lymphopenia, 416
club cells, 646, 647 Pyrimethamine, 36, 200 neutropenia, 416 Reassortment (viral), 162, 169
compliance and, 651 effect on purine synthesis, 36 osteosarcomas, 457 Recall bias in studies, 260
NRDS, 647 Toxoplasma gondii, 684 pancreatic cancer, 391 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, 47
Pulmonary trunk, 278 Pyrimidine dimers, 40 papillary thyroid carcinoma risk, Receptors
Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), Pyrimidines 340 adrenergic, 231
654, 692 de novo synthesis, 36 readmissions with, 270 binding of, 234
chest wall and, 651 mutations in DNA, 39 Radiculopathy histamine, 231
Pulmonic regurgitation, 292 Pyrimidine synthesis, 475 lumbosacral, 446 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh),
Pulmonic stenosis Pyrogens, 213 Radiocontrast dye 231
carcinoid syndrome, 335 Pyruvate carboxylase, 77, 78 IgE-independent mast cell nicotinic acetylcholine, 231
systolic ejection murmur in, 292 metabolic pathways, 74 degranulation, 400 parasympathetic, 231
wide splitting in, 292 vitamin B7 and, 68 Radon vasopressin, 231
Pulmonic valves, 278 Pyruvate dehydrogenase as carcinogen, 226 Receptors (viral), 166
Pulseless disease, 316 complex, 76 lung cancer, 669 Receptor tyrosine kinase
Pulse pressure equations, 283 deficiency, 77 Ragged red muscle fibers, 59 hormone messenger, 332
Pulsus paradoxus, 315 metabolic pathways, 74 Rales, 311 as oncogene product, 225
asthma, 660 vitamin B1 and, 66 Raloxifene, 435, 642 Recessive inheritance, 59
croup, 170 Pyruvate kinase, 74 Raltegravir, 201, 203 Recombinant cytokines, 121
Punched-out lytic bone lesions Pyruvate kinase deficiency, 414 Ramelteon, 534 Recombination (viral), 162
(X-ray), 423 in anemia taxonomy, 409 Ramipril, 596 Recruiting study participants, 260
Punched-out ulcers, 371 echinocytes in, 406 Ranibizumab Rectal veins, 359
Punishment, 542 Pyruvate metabolism, 77 macular degeneration, 524 Rectosigmoid junction
Pupil Pyuria, 591 Ranitidine, 392 blood supply to, 357
anatomy, 522 RANK-L, 330, 450 Rectum
CN III palsy, 529 Q Raphe nucleus, 483 anastomosis at, 359
control, 495, 527 Q fever Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, blood supply and innervation, 357
light reflex, 527 rickettsial disease, 150 485 familial adenomatous polyposis,
Pupillary light reflex, 527 transmission, 149 Rapid filling (cardiac cycle), 290 381
Pure red cell aplasia, 229 QRS complex, 296 Rapidly progressive Hirschsprung disease, 378
Purines, 194 QT interval glomerulonephritis ischemia susceptibility, 210
de novo synthesis, 36, 73 atypical antipsychotic effect on, (RPGN), 585 portosystemic anastomosis, 359
in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 561 Rapid squatting on auscultation, 293 Rectus abdominis muscle, 363
780 INDEX

Recurrent branch (median nerve), bevacizumab for, 434 genome, 163 Reteplase (rPA), 404, 429
440 carcinogens for, 226 naked viruses, 163 Rete testis, 612
Recurrent laryngeal nerve, 605, 670 chromosome association, 64 segmented, 168 RET gene, 225
compression of, 669 horseshoe kidney and, 567 Repaglinide, 348 carcinoma risks with, 340
Pancoast tumor, 670 hypercalcemia and, 229 Reperfusion injury, 210, 307 Hirschsprung disease, 378
Red cell casts, 317 immunohistochemical stain for, Reperfusion therapy, 310 pheochromocytomas, 336
Red-green color blindness, 197 228 Replication fork, 38 Reticular activating system, 499
Red (hemorrhagic) infarct, 210 metastases of, 224 Reportable diseases Reticular fibrous framework (spleen),
Red hepatization, 668 recombinnat cytokines, 121 confidentiality exceptions, 268 98
Red man syndrome, 190 therapeutic antibodies, 122 Repression, 543 Reticulate bodies, 148
Red muscle fibers, 449 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 678 Repressor proteins, 39 Reticulin, 50
Red nucleus (midbrain), 499–539 Renal clearance, 570, 692 Reproductive/endocrine drug Reticulocytes, 399
Redox reactions Renal cortex, 568 reactions, 248 in aplastic anemia, 413
free radical injury and, 210 atrophy of, 587 Reproductive hormones, 640 intravascular hemolysis, 413
vitamin B2 and, 67 Renal cystic disorders, 592 Reproductive system, 598–639 Retina
Red pulp (spleen), 98 Renal disorders/failure, 590 anatomy, 610–613 chronic hyperglycemia, 525
Red rashes of childhood, 183 acute injury, 590 embryology, 598–609 embryologic derivation of, 599
Reduced filling (cardiac cycle), 290 consequences of, 590 pathology, 624–638 normal eye, 522
Reduviid bug (disease vector), 158 diabetes mellitus, 345 pharmacology, 640–643 Retinal artery, 522
Reed-Sternberg cells, 421 diffuse cortical necrosis, 590, 591, physiology, 616–623 Retinal hemorrhage
Refeeding syndrome, 555 592 Reptile (disease vectors), 149 hypertensive emergency, 303
Referred pain Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli RER staining, 481 Roth spots, 676
cholecystitis, 390 (EHEC), 145 Reserpine, 239 Retinal pathology
from diaphragm, 649 ESR in, 214 Parkinson-like syndrome, 250 degeneration, 523, 524
free air under diaphragm, 374 Fabry disease, 88 Residual volume (RV), 650 detachement, 525
pericarditis, 281 features of, 579 in elderly, 651 hemorrhage, 525
Reflex bradycardia, 576 guanosine analogs, 201 Resistance equation, 284, 692 retinitis, 524
Reflexes labs/findings, 682 Resistance (vascular) vascular occlusions, 524, 525
clinical, 495, 498 markers for, 579 equation for, 284 visual field defects, 530
cranial nerve, 495 myoclonus in, 507 Respiratory acidosis, 580 Retinal vein, 522
motor neuron sign, 517 NSAIDs, 577 Respiratory alkalosis, 580 Retinal vein occlusion, 525
primitive, 498 preeclampsia and, 629 causes of, 580 Retinitis
Reflex tachycardia, 244 prolactin elimination in, 326 in delirium tremens, 557 cidofovir, 202
Refractive errors (vision), 523 tetracyclline use in, 192 high altitude, 656 foscarnet, 202
Refractory hypertension, 644 in utero, 566 Respiratory burst, 109 HIV-positive adults, 177
Refsum disease, 47 waxy casts in, 582 free radical injury and, 210 Retinitis pigmentosa, 526
Refusing care Wilson disease, 389 Respiratory depression Retinoblastoma
minors, 267 Renal/genitourinary drug reactions, barbiturates, 533, 557, 558 chromosome association, 64
Regadenoson, 307 250 benzodiazepines, 532, 555, 558 heterozygosity loss, 56
Regan-Lowe medium, 126 Renal hypoxia, 653 epilepsy drugs, 532 osteosarcomas, 457
Regional specification (brain), 478 Renal ischemia, 475 inhaled anesthetics, 537 Retinoids, 468
Regression, 543 Renal medulla, 568 opioids, 538, 558 Retinol. See Vitamin A (retinol)
Regular insulin. See insulin hydronephrosis, 587 psychoactive drug intoxication, 558 Retinopathy
Regulation of gene expression, 41 Renal oncocytoma, 587 tricyclic antidepressants, 563 Alport syndrome, 585
Regulatory T cells, 102 Renal osteodystrophy, 342, 590 Respiratory distress syndrome, 621 chloroquine, 200
cell surface proteins, 110 Renal papillary necrosis, 591 Respiratory drug reactions, 251 diabetes mellitus, 345
Regurgitation pyelonephritis and, 589 Respiratory rate (RR), 650 hypertension, 304
in GERD, 371 sickle cell anemia, 414 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) of prematurity, 210, 647
Reichert cartilage, 606 Renal pelvis, 568 paramyxovirus, 167, 170 sorbitol, 81
Reid index, 660 Renal plasma flow, 570 pneumonia, 179, 668 Retrognathia, 566
Reinforcement, 542 glomerular dynamics and, 571 prophylaxis, 122 Retrograde amnesia, 546
Reinke crystals, 639, 682 Renal sympathetic discharge, 576 Respiratory system, 646–669 Retroperitoneal fibrosis, 587
Relapse stage, 556 Renal toxicity anatomy, 648–649 Retroperitoneal structures, 354
Relapsing fever gancyclovir, 202 change in elderly, 651 Retrospective studies, 260
animal transmission, 149 Renal tubular acidosis, 581 embryology, 646–647 Retroviruses
lice, 161 Fanconi syndrome, 678 inhalation injury/sequelae, 661 characteristics, 167
Relationship with patients, 266 metabolic acidosis, 580 pathology, 657–667 genomes, 163
Relative risk reduction (RRR), 258, Renal tubular defects, 574 pharmacology, 671–672 Rett syndrome, 61, 62
691 Renal tubules physiology, 650–655 X-linked dominant inheritance,
Relative risk (RR), 256, 258, 262, 691 anatomy of, 568 Respiratory system change in elderly, 59
Reliability, 259 in nephron physiology, 573 651 Reverse transcriptase, 175
Remodeling (tissue), 217 PTH and, 330 Respiratory tract infections Reverse transcriptase inhibitors,
REM sleep, 485 Renal vascular smooth muscle, 238 C3 deficiency, 107 201
Renal agenesis Renal vein, 568 Respiratory tree zones, 648 Reverse transcriptase polymerase
bilateral, 566 Renin, 576 Resting tremor, 507, 678 chain reaction, 52
unilateral, 567 ACE inhibitor effect on, 596 Restless legs syndrome, 507 Reversible cell injury, 207
Renal artery, 357, 568 aliskiren effect on, 596 Restrictive cardiomyopathy Reye syndrome, 384
horseshoe kidney, 567 in hyperaldosteronism, 334 hemochromatosis, 389 Reynolds pentad, 390
stenosis, 596 renal disorders and, 579 S4 heart sound and, 687 Rhabdomyolysis
Renal blood flow (RBF), 568, 692 sympathetic receptors and, 238 Restrictive lung disease, 661 daptomycin, 195
acute injury and, 591 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone ankylosing spondylitis, 461 hyperkalemia with, 578
endocrine function and, 577 system, 576 anthracosis, 663 Rhabdomyomas, 221, 318
NSAID effects on, 577 Renin secreting tumors, 579 flow volume loops, 658 Rhabdomyosarcomas
renal plasma flow and, 570 Renshaw cells, 138 poliomyelitis, 661 dactinomycin for, 431
Renal cell carcinomas, 587 Reoviruses presentation and pathology, 661 nomenclature for, 221
associations, 690 characteristics, 167 sarcoidosis, 662 Rhabdomyosarcoma variant, 630
INDEX 781
Rhabdoviruses Mycobacterium leprae, 196 Rotavirus, 168 Sarcoidosis, 662
characteristics, 167 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 196 diarrhea, 167 acute interstitial nephritis, 591
negative-stranded, 168 as prophylaxis, 198 Rotenone, 78 atelectasis with, 666
Rhagades, 147 protease inhibitors and, 203 Roth spots, 313, 676 cardiomyopathy with, 311
Rh blood classification, 397 RNA polymerase inhibition, 42 Rotor syndrome, 387, 388 erythema nodosum, 472
newborn hemolysis, 397 Rifamycins, 196 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 46 hypervitaminosis D, 456
Rheumatic fever, 314 Rifaximin, 385 Rouleaux formation, 423, 681 macrophages and, 399
chorea with, 507 Rift Valley fever, 167 Round ligament of uterus, 610, 611 presentation, 679
heart murmur with, 294 Right anterior cardinal vein, 278 Rovsing sign, 377, 676 restrictive lung disease, 661
Streptococcus pyogenes, 136 Right bundle branch block, 292 Rubella, 169 uveitis, 524
streptolysin O, 133 Right common cardinal vein, 278 cardiac defect association, 303 Sarcoma botryoides, 630
type II hypersensitivity, 112 Right coronary artery (RCA) cataracts, 523 Sarcomas
Rheumatoid arthritis, 458 coronary circulation, 281 heart murmur with, 294 metastases of, 224
anemia of chronic disease and, 413 infarct localization (ECG), 309 rash, 183 methotrexate for, 432
autoantibody, 115 occlusions of, 307 ToRCHeS infection, 182 nomenclature of, 221
azathioprine for, 432 Right heart failure, 312 unvaccinated children, 186 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 448
biliary cirrhosis, 389 Right horn of sinus venosus, 278 Rubeola. See Measles Sargramostim (GM-CSF), 121
carpal tunnel syndrome and, 451 Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, Ruffini corpuscles, 482 SARS (sudden acute respiratory
celecoxib for, 475 378 Russell sign, 555 syndrome), 167
etanercept for, 476 Right marginal artery, 281 “Rusty” sputum, 136 Sartorius muscle, 362
HLA-DR4 and, 100 Right-to-left shunts, 301 Ryanodine receptor, 448 Satiety/hunger regulation, 486
immunosuppressants, 120 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, RYR1 gene, 537 Saturday night palsy, 440
infliximab/adalimumab for, 476 390 Saw-tooth crypt pattern, 381
labs/findings, 681 Right ventricular hypertrophy S Saxagliptin, 349
leflunomide for, 475 (RVH) S-100, 228 SBLA cancer syndrome, 225
methotrexate for, 432 high altitude, 656 Saber shins Scabies, 161, 200
rituximab for, 435 pulmonary hypertension, 665 congenital syphilis, 147 Scalded skin syndrome
uveitis, 524 Rigidity in Parkinson disease, 678 syphilis, 182 Staphylococcus aureus, 135
Rheumatoid factor, 115, 458 Ringed sideroblasts, 407 Sabin poliovirus vaccine, 167 toxic shock syndrome toxin, 133
Rhinitis Ringworm Sabouraud agar, 126, 153 Scales (skin), 466
phenylephrine for, 242 griseofulvin, 200 Saccular aneurysms, 504 basal cell carcinoma, 473
type I hypersensitivity, 112 tinea corporis, 152 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 51 pityriasis rosea, 472
Rhinophyma, 468 Rinne test, 521 renal cyst disorders and, 592 psoriasis, 468
Rhinosinusitis, 657 Risedronate, 475. See Saccular staged (development), seborrheic dermatitis, 467
Rhinovirus also Bisphosphonates 646 Scaphoid bone, 439
picornavirus, 167, 168 Risk assessment, 258 Sacrococcygeal teratomas, 638 Scar formation, 219
receptors for, 166 Risk quantification, 258 Saddle embolus, 658 Scarlet fever
Rhizopus spp., 153, 675 Risperidone, 561 Saddle nose presentation, 136, 675
presentation, 675 Ristocetin, 403 congenital syphilis, 147 rash with, 183
Rhombencephalon, 478 Risus sardonicus Laron syndrome, 343 Streptococcus pyogenes, 136
Rhomboid crystals, 681 Clostridium tetani, 138 syphilis, 182 S cells, 365
Ribavirin Ritonavir Safety culture, 271 Schatzki rings, 371
contraindicated in pregnancy, 204 HIV therapy, 203 Salicylates Schaumann bodies, 662
hepatitis, 684 mechanism, 201 metabolic acidosis, 580 Schiller-Duval bodies, 633
purine synthesis, 36 Rituximab, 122, 435 respiratory alkalosis, 580 Schilling test, 412
Rib notching, 680 Rivaroxaban, 429 toxicity treatment for, 247 Schistocytes, 407
Ribose, 79 as anticoagulant, 404 as weak acids, 235 HELLP syndrome, 629
Ribosomes, 46 Rivastigmine, 240, 536 Salivary gland tumors, 370 in intravascular hemolysis, 413
Rice-water diarrhea Alzheimer disease, 536 Salivary stimulation, 240 in microangiopathic anemia, 415
cholera toxin, 132 River blindness, 159 Salmeterol, 242, 672 Schistosoma spp., 160, 161
organisms causing, 179 RNA Salmonella spp. Schistosoma haematobium
Vibrio cholerae, 146 interference, 56 animal transmission, 149 disease association, 160, 161
Richter transformation, 424 processing (eukaryotes), 41 bloody diarrhea, 179 squamous cell carcinoma of
Rickets, 455 RNA polymerases, 42 encapsulated bacteria, 127 bladder, 588
Fanconi syndrome, 678 RNA viruses, 167 food poisoning, 178 Schistosoma haematobium
hypophosphatemic, 579, 581 genome, 163 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 bladder cancer, 226
inheritance, 59 Robertsonian translocation, 64 immunodeficient patients, 118 Schistosoma mansoni, 160
lab values in, 456 Rocker-bottom feet, 63 intracellular organism, 127 Schistosomiasis
Rickettsial diseases, 150 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 150 osteomyelitis, 180 portal hypertension, 383
Rickettsia prowazekii, 150 animal transmission, 149 penicillins for, 188 pulmonary arterial hypertension,
transmission of, 149, 161 chloramphenicol, 192 reactive arthritis, 461 665
Rickettsia rickettsii, 150 presentation, 675 Shigella spp. vs., 144 Schizoaffective disorder, 548
animal transmission, 149 Romaña sign, 158 splenic dysfunction, 98 Schizoid personality disorder, 553
chloramphenicol, 192 Romano-Ward syndrome, 297 TMP-SMX for, 194 Schizophrenia
Rickettsia spp. Romberg sign, 147, 518 type III secretion system, 129 antipsychotics for, 561
intracellular organism, 127 Romiplostim (TPO analog), 121 Salmonella typhi, 144 atypical antipsychotics for, 561
tetracyclines, 192 Root cause analysis, 272 Salpingitis, 185 diagnostic criteria, 548–564
Rickettsia typhi, 149, 150 Rooting reflex, 498 ectopic pregnancy and, 627 drug therapy for, 560
Riedel thyroiditis, 338 Rosacea, 468 Sampling bias, 260 neurotransmitters for, 483
Rifabutin, 196 Rose gardener’s disease, 154 Sandflies (disease vectors), 158 readmissions with, 270
Rifampin, 196 Rosenthal fibers, 516 Sandfly fever, 167 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, 548
acute interstitial nephritis, 591 Roseola SA node, 295 Schizotypal personality, 548, 553
cytochrome P-450 and, 252 HHV-6/HHV-7, 165 Saponification, 209 Schüffner stippling, 157
Hansen disease, 141 rash, 183 Saprophyticus Schwann cells, 482
hepatitis, 249 Rosiglitazone, 349 urease-positive, 127 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 512
mechanism (diagram), 187 Rotator cuff muscles, 438 Saquinavir, 201, 203 origin of, 478
782 INDEX

Schwannomas, 482, 514, 690 benzodiazepine withdrawal, 555, Sepsis Serum tumor markers, 227
Sciatic nerve, 444 558 acute tubular necrosis, 591 Sevelamer, 350
SCID (severe combined β-blockers, 246 ARDS, 664 17β-estradiol, 616
immunodeficiency disease), bupropion, 564 immunodeficient patients, 118 Severe combined immunodeficiency.
117 clozapine use and, 558, 561 lymphopenia with, 416 See SCID (severe combined
adenosine deaminase deficiency, cytomegalovirus, 182 neutropenia with, 416 immunodeficiency disease)
37 drug reaction, 250 shock with, 312 Sevoflurane, 537
lymphopenia caused by, 416 with eclampsia, 629 Streptococcus agalactiae as cause, Sex chromosome disorders, 624
Sclerae, 522 electrolyte disturbances, 579 137 Sex cord stromal tumor
alkaptonuria, 84 enflurane, 250 Septate uterus, 609 benign, 632
osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia Septation of heart chambers, 278 malignant, 633
Scleritis, 458 nonketotic syndrome, 346 Septic arthritis, 460 Sex hormone-binding globulin
Sclerodactyly, 464 hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, gonococci, 142 (SHBG), 332
Scleroderma, 464 350 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 Sex hormones
labs/findings, 677, 681 imipenem/cilastatin, 250 Septicemia adrenal cortex secretion, 322
Scleroderma (diffuse) medium-chain acyl-CoA Listeria monocytogenes, 139 disorders, 625
autoantibody, 115 dehydrogenase deficiency, readmissions with, 270 Sex pilus (bacterial genetics), 130
Sclerodermal esophageal dysmotility, 89 Waterhouse-Friderichsen Sex steroid replacement, 343
371 meropenem, 190 syndrome, 334 Sexual abuse, 544, 546
Sclerosing adenosis, 635 neurocutaneous disorders and, Septic shock Sexual development stages, 623
Sclerosing cholangitis, 387, 389 513 diffuse cortical necrosis (renal), 591 Sexual differentiation, 608, 622
ulcerative colitis association, 376 nitrosourea toxicity, 433 macrophages and, 399 phenotypic/gonadal disagreement,
Scombroid poisoning, 246 PCP, 559 norepinephrine for, 242 625
Scopolamine, 241 phenylketonuria, 84 Septum primum, 278 Sexual dysfunction
Scorpion sting, 391 psychoactive drug intoxication/ Septum secundum, 278 β-blockers, 246
Scotoma, 530 withdrawal, 558–559 Sequence (morphogenesis error), 599 cimetidine, 392
Scrotal hematoma, 613 Taenia solium, 161 Sequestering granulomas, 218 differential diagnosis of, 555
Scrotum, 612 tramadol and, 539 Serine, 225 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic
female homolog of, 609 venous sinus thrombosis, 491 Serologic markers syndrome, 463
lymphatic drainage of, 610 vitamin B6 deficiency, 67 hepatitis, 174 PDE-5 inhibitors for, 644
masses in, 638 Zwellweger syndrome, 47 Seronegative spondyloarthritis, 461 Peyronie disease and, 637
Scurvy Selection bias, 260 Serosa, 356 tuberoinfundibular pathway, 487
collagen synthesis and, 50 Selective estrogen receptor Serotonin Sexually transmitted infections
presentation, 674 modulators (SERMs), 435, in carcinoid syndrome, 335 (STIs), 184
454, 642 changes with disease, 483 associations, 686
vitamin C deficiency, 69
drug reactions with, 248 derivatives of, 83 parental consent with, 264
Seafood toxins, 246
Selective IgA deficiency, 116 vitamin B6 and, 67 sexual dysfunction, 555
Seborrheic dermatitis, 467
Selective media, 126 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Sézary syndrome, 422
Sebum, 468
Selective mutism, 545 inhibitors (SNRIs) Shawl and face rash, 463
Secobarbital, 533
Selective serotonin reuptake fibromyalgia, 463 Sheehan syndrome, 343, 626
Secondary adrenal insufficiency, 334
inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin syndrome, 394, 534, 539, Sheep (disease vectors), 160
Secondary amyloidosis, 212
bulimia nervosa, 685 557 Shield chest, 624
Secondary biliary cholangitis, 389
SIADH caused by, 248 dextromethorphan, 671 Shiga-like toxin, 132, 145
Secondary disease prevention, 269 Selectivity MAO inhibitors, 563 Shiga toxin, 130, 132, 144
Secondary glomerular disease, 582 β-blockers, 246 MDMA, 559 Shigella spp., 144
Secondary hyperaldosteronism, 334 Selegiline, 535, 536, 563 ondansetron, 394 bloody diarrhea, 179
Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 341, Selenium sulfide, 152 oxazolidinones, 193 exotoxin production, 132
342 Self-fulfilling prophecies, 260 Serous cystadenocarcinoma, 632, 633 penicillinase-sensitive penicillins
Secondary polycythemia, 425 Self-image of patient, 266 Serous cystadenoma, 632 for, 188
Secondary spontaneous Semimembranosus, 444, 446, 452 Serous papillary cystadenocarcinomas reactive arthritis, 461
pneumothorax, 667 Seminal vesicles, 608, 612 of ovary, 228 vs. Salmonella spp., 144
Secondary syphilis Seminiferous tubules, 612, 614, Serrated colon polyps, 381 TMP-SMX, 194
labs/findings, 675 615 Serratia marcescens type III secretion system, 129
presentation, 675 Seminoma, 638, 690 cephalosporins, 189 Shingles, 165
2nd branchial arch, 606 Semitendinosus, 444, 446 pigment production, 128 Shin splints, 453
2nd branchial pouch, 607 Semustine, 433 UTIs, 181 Shock, 312
Second-degree AV block, 298 Senile plaques, 508 Serratia spp. acute tubular necrosis, 591
Second-wind phenomenon, 87 Sensitivity (diagnostic tests), 257 catalase-positive organism, 128 adrenal insufficiency and, 334
Secretin equation of, 691 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 ARDS, 664
regulatory substances, 365 Sensorineural hearing loss, 521 immunodeficient patients, 118 dopamine for, 242
secretory cell location, 367 Sensory cortex, 502 lactose fermentation by, 144 Ebola, 171
somatostatinomas and, 336 topographic representation, 490 Serratus anterior muscle, 441 endotoxins, 131
Secretion rate calculation, 572 Sensory innervation Sertoli cells, 639 norepinephrine for, 242
Secretion system, type III, 129 lower extremity, 444, 445 secretions of, 608, 614 placental abruption, 626
Secretory diarrhea neurectoderm derivation, 606 sexual determination, 608 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
VIPoma, 337 tongue, 481 tumors of, 639 and, 334
Secretory vesicles, 47 upper extremity nerve injury, 440 Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, 632 Short gastric arteries, 358
Seed and soil theory (metastasis), 222 Sensory loss Sertraline, 563 Shortness of breath, 551
Segmental artery, 568 conversion disorder and, 554 Serum amyloid A, 212, 213 SIADH, 344
Segmented viruses, 168 stroke effects, 502 Serum lactate, 345 associations, 691
Seizures, 505 Sensory modalities/pathways Serum markers (liver pathology), 384 demeclocycline for, 350
amphetamines, 557, 558 receptors for, 482 Serum osmolarity drug reaction and, 248
Angelman syndrome, 58 spinal tracts in, 497 antidiuretic hormone regulation hyponatremia (paraneoplastic
anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, thalamus in, 486 of, 327 syndrome), 229
229 Separation anxiety disorder, 545 hyperosmolar hyperglycemia markers in, 579
barbiturates for, 533 Separation anxiety (infants), 621 nonketotic syndrome, 346 small cell lung cancer, 669
INDEX 783
Sialadenitis, 370 pilocarpine for, 240 benzodiazepines and, 555, 558 Smooth muscle
Sialolithiasis, 370 rheumatoid arthritis, 458 delirium and, 546 BMPR2 gene, 665
Sialyl-Lewisx, 205, 216 Skeletal muscles generalized anxiety disorder, 551 contraction of, 449
Sibling studies, 256 ACh receptors in, 237 in geriatric patients, 268 glomus tumors, 469
Sickle cell anemia, 414 blood flow regulation in, 300 hypnogogic hallucinations, 547 respiratory tree, 648
in anemia taxonomy, 409 glycogen metabolism in, 86 hypnopompic, 547 tumor nomenclature in, 221
ESR in, 214 Skewed distributions, 261 major depressive disorder, 549 ureteral wall, 569
sickle cells in, 407 Skin with menopause, 622 Smooth muscle (vascular)
Sickle cell disease blood flow regulation in, 300 paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, 312 in arteriolosclerosis, 304, 305
autosplenectomy, 689 collagen in, 50 sleep terror disorder, 555, 556 calcium channel blocker action,
missense mutation, 39 pigmentation, 56 stimulant withdrawal, 558 319
osteonecrosis and, 455 wrinkles of aging, 52 varenicline, 564 Smudge cells, 424
postsplenectomy state in, 98 Skin anatomy, 465–475 Sleep paralysis, 556 SNARE proteins, 132, 138
priapism, 637 Langerhans cells in, 399 Sleep physiology, 485 SNc (substantia nigra pars compacta),
renal papillary necrosis, 591 layers of, 465 stages in, 485 483
Sickle cells, 407 microscopic terms, 466 Sleep terror disorder, 556 Snowstorm (ultrasound), 628
Sideroblastic anemia, 407, 411 morphology, 466 Sleepwalking SNRIs (Serotonin-norepinephrine
in anemia taxonomy, 409 Skin cancer, 473 sleep stages and, 485 reuptake inhibitors ), 563
iron granules in, 408 albinism and, 467 SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) clinical use, 560
labs/findings, 680 Lynch syndrome and, 382 acute interstitial nephritis, 591 major depressive disorder, 549
lead poisoning, 411 Skin (dermatology). See Skin lesions autoantibodies, 115 mechanism of, 562
vitamin B6 deficiency, 67 Skin drug reactions, 249 DPGN, 585 Snuffles, 147
Sideroblasts, 407 Skin flora, 178 HLA subtypes, 100 Soap bubble on X-ray, 681
Sigmoid colon, 377, 688 Skin lesions kidney disease with, 582, 585, 591 Social anxiety disorder, 551
Sigmoid sinus, 491 autoimmune disorders, 471 Sliding hiatal hernia, 364 drug therapy for, 560
Sigmoid volvulus, 380 bulla, 466 Slime (S) layer, 124 SSRIs for, 563
Signaling pathways burns, 472 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, venlafaxine for, 563
endocrine hormones, 332 café-au-lait spots, 57, 413 453, 455 Social development milestones, 621
molecules in, 222 cancer, 223 osteonecrosis, 455 Social engagement
steroid hormones, 332 common disorders, 468 Slow twitch muscle fibers, 449 infant deprivation effects, 544
Signal recognition particle (SRP), 47 crust, 466 Slow waves (GI), 356 Sodium channels
Signet cell adenocarcinoma, 633 dermatitis herpetiformis, 375 Small bowel disease, 368 blockers, 317
Signet ring cells, 373 erythema multiforme, 151 Small cell lung cancer, 691 cystic fibrosis, 60
Sign of Leser-Trélat, 229 Gottron papules, 229 carcinogens for, 226 epilepsy drug effects, 532
Sildenafil, 637, 644 hemangiomas, 469 immunohistochemical stains for, glucose and, 324
Silencer (gene expression), 41 hyperlipidemia signs, 304 228 local anesthetic effects, 537
Silent mutations, 39 hyperpigmentation, 389 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic pacemaker action potential and,
Silicosis, 661, 663 inflammatory bowel disease, 376 syndrome, 463 295
Silver stain, 125, 143 Kaposi sarcoma, 165 oat cell, 669 permethrin, 200
Simeprevir kwashiorkor, 71 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
hepatitis, 684 lupus pernio, 662 topotecan for, 434 (SGLT2), 349, 572
Simple pneumothorax, 666 macule, 466 Small intestine, 365 Sodium oxybate (GHB)
Simple renal cysts, 592 papule, 466 Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), narcolepsy treatment, 556
Single nucleotide polymorphisms patch, 466 424 Sodium-potassium channels, 237
(SNPs), 54 petechiae, 399 Smallpox, 164 Sodium-potassium pump, 49
Single-stranded binding proteins, 38 pigmentation disorders, 466, 467 Small-vessel vasculitis, 317 Sodium stibogluconate, 158, 200
Sinoatrial (SA) node plaque, 466 Smoke inhalation, 662 Sofosbuvir, 684
blood supply to, 281 pustule, 466 Smoking Solifenacin, 241
Sinusitis scale, 466 abdominal aortic aneurysms and, Solitary functioning kidney, 567
brain abscesses, 180 scaling, 152 306 Solitary nucleus, 299, 481
C3 deficiency and, 107 scaly, 66 atherosclerosis and, 305 Somatic hypermutation, 101
Kartagener syndrome, 49, 674 seborrheic keratoses, 229 Buerger disease and, 316, 684 Somatic mosaicism, 57
Wegener granulomatosis, 317 splinter hemorrhages, 313 bupropion for cessation, 564 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 513
Sinusoids (spleen), 98 striae, 333 carcinogenecity of, 226 Somatic symptom disorder, 554
Sinus venosus, 278 T-cell lymphoma, 422 cataracts, 523 characteristics of, 554
Sirenomelia, 600 telangiectasia, 319, 464 cervical cancer and, 631 conversion disorder, 554
Sirolimus ulcers, 158 colorectal cancer, 382 illness anxiety disorder, 554
immunosuppressant, 120 vascular tumors, 469 emphysema, 660, 679 somatic symptom disorder, 554
targets of, 121 vasculitides, 317 esophageal cancer, 372 Somatosensory cortex (primary), 489
Sister Mary Joseph nodules, 373 verrucous, 151 head and neck cancer, 657 thalamic relays to, 486
Sitagliptin, 349 vesicle, 466 hormonal contraception, 643 Somatostatin
Situs inversus, 49, 674 wheal, 466 Legionnaires’ disease, 143 glucagon and, 325
6-mercaptopurine, 432 Skinner’s operant conditioning lung cancer, 669 hypothalamic/pituitary drugs, 350
azathioprine, 120 quadrant, 542 pancreatic cancer, 391 hypothalamic-pituitary hormones,
in cell cycle, 430 Skip lesions, 376, 688 placental abruption and, 626 325
purine synthesis, 36 Skull thickening, 455 renal cell carcinoma, 587 production of, 323
targets of, 430 Slapped cheek rash, 183 renal tumors, 690 regulatory substances, 365
toxicities of, 436 Sleep saccular aneurysms, 504 secretory cell locations, 367
for ulcerative colitis, 376 enuresis during, 350 squamous cell carcinoma of Somatostatinomas, 336
ulcerative colitis, 684 ghrelin/leptin production, 327 bladder, 588 Sonic hedgehog gene, 598
6-thioguanine, 430 GHRH production, 327 stomach cancer, 373 Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway,
Sjögren syndrome, 460 Sleep apnea, 665 teratogenic effects, 600 479
acute interstitial nephritis with, pulsus paradoxus in, 315 transitional cell carcinoma, 588 Sorbitol metabolism, 81
591 Sleep disturbance varenicline for cessation, 564 Sotalol, 318
autoantibody, 115 apnea, 665 Smooth brain, 479 Southern blot, 53
biliary cirrhosis and, 389 β-blockers, 246 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 46 Southwestern blot, 53
784 INDEX

Space of Disse, 361 Splenorenal ligament, 355 Stanford type B (distal) dissection, malabsorption syndromes and, 375
Spaghetti and meatballs appearance, Splice site mutations, 39 306 octreotide effect, 393
152 Splicing of pre-mRNA (diagram), 42 Stapedial artery, 605 from orlistat, 394
Spastic paralysis Splinter hemorrhages, 313, 676 Stapedius muscle, 606 somatostatinomas, 336
Clostridium tetani, 138 Splitting of heart sounds, 291, 543 Stapes (middle ear), 521 Steatosis (hepatic), 384, 385
Special senses Spondyloarthritis (seronegative), 461 Stapes (ossicles), 606 Steeple sign (X-ray), 170, 679
ophthalmology, 522–531 Spongiosis, 466 Staphylococcal scalded skin Stellate cells, 361
otology, 521–522 Spontaneous abortion syndrome, 470 Stellate ganglion, 670
Specificity equation, 257, 691 antiphospholipid syndrome, 462 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 Stem cells
Specific learning disorder, 545 fibroid tumors, 634 bacterial endocarditis, 313 in aplastic anemia, 413
Spermatic cord, 363 Listeria monocytogenes, 139 β-hemolytic nature of, 135 bone marrow, 108
Spermatids, 615 syphilis, 182 brain abscesses, 180 CD34 protein, 110
Spermatocele, 638 Vitamin A excess, 600 cephalosporins, 189 myelodysplastic syndromes and,
Spermatocytes, 614 warfarin, 600 cystic fibrosis, 60, 179 423
Spermatogenesis, 614, 615 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, dapsone, 195 Steppage gait, 444
cryptorchidism and, 637 383, 384 exotoxin production, 133 Stercobilin, 369
prolactin effect on, 326 Spontaneous pneumothorax, 667 food poisoning, 178 Sterility (reproductive). See Infertility
Spermatogonia, 614 Sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda, immunocompromised patients, 179 Sterilization/disinfection methods,
Spermiogenesis, 615 173 influenza, 169 204
Sphenomandibular ligament, 606 Spore-forming bacteria, 128, 137, 138 IV drug use, 179 Steroid hormone signaling pathways,
Sphenopalatine artery (epistaxis), 657 Spores, 124 nosocomial infection, 179, 185 332
Sphenoparietal sinus, 491 Sporothrix schenckii, 154 osteomyelitis and, 180 Steroids (exogenous)
Spherocytes, 407 Sporotrichosis, 154 penicillins for, 188 acute pancreatitis, 391
extravascular hemolysis, 413 Sprain (ankle), 446 pigment production, 128 adrenal insufficiency, 334
Sphincter of Oddi, 362, 365 Sprue pneumonia, 668 berylliosis, 663
Sphingolipidoses, 88 fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies postviral infection, 179 CRH levels in, 325
Sphingomyelin, 88 and, 65 prophylaxis for, 198 multiple sclerosis, 511
Sphingomyelinase, 88 vitamin B12 deficiency, 68, 69 septic arthritis, 460 osteoporosis and, 454
Spider angiomas Squalene epoxidase, 198, 199 skin infections, 470 sarcoidosis, 662
ataxia-telangiectasia, 116, 117 Squamous cell carcinoma Staphylococcus epidermidis, 135 Steroid synthesis, 72
cirrhosis, 383 bladder, 588 Gram-positive testing, 134 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 194, 532
Spike and dome deposits (EM), 584 cervix, 631 in vivo biofilm production, 128 characteristics of, 471
Spikes on basement membrane, 682 head and neck, 657 normal flora, 178 drug reaction, 194, 250
Spina bifida nosocomial infection, 185 sulfa drug allergies, 252
hypercalcemia and, 229
Dandy-Walker syndrome, 480 osteomyelitis, 180 Stimulant laxatives, 394
lungs, 669
labs/findings, 677 urease-positive, 127 Stimulants for ADHD, 545
penis, 637
neural tube defect, 479 vancomycin for, 190 Stimulant use, 558
of skin, 473
Spina bifida occulta, 479 Staphylococcus gallolyticus, 137 St. John’s wort, 252
vaginal, 630
Spinal cord Staphylococcus pneumoniae, 657 St. Louis encephalitis, 167
Squamous cell carcinomas
embryologic derivation, 599 Staphylococcus pyogenes Stomach
actinic keratoses and, 689
lesions of, 518 skin infections, 470 anatomy of, 355
anus and cervix, 177
lower extent of, 495 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 136 basal electric rhythm, 356
bladder, 160
spinal nerves, 495 bacterial cystitis, 589 blood supply to, 358
tracts of, 496, 497 carcinogens in, 226 Gram-positive testing, 134 cholecystokinin effect on, 365
Spinal muscular atrophy, 518 esophagus, 371, 372, 688 kidney stones, 586 in gastrointestinal anatomy, 355
Spinal nerves, 495 hypercalcemia and, 229 urinary tract infections, 589, 686 histology of, 356
Spinal tap, bloody/yellow, 681 pectinate line and, 360 UTIs, 181 sclerosis of, 464
Spinothalamic tract, 497 of skin, 473 Staphylococcus spp. secretin effect on, 365
thalamic relay for, 486 Squamous epithelium, 648 antibiotic tests for, 134 Stone bone, 455
Spirochetes, 146 SRP. See Signal recognition particle catalase-positive organism, 128 Straight sinus, 491
Spironolactone, 595, 631, 640, 644 (SRP) Gram-positive algorithm, 134 Stranger anxiety (infants), 621
for heart failure, 311 SRY gene, 608 Starling curve, 284 Strawberry cervix, 158, 181, 184
metabolic acidosis, 580 SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake Starling forces Strawberry hemangiomas, 469, 689
Splay (glucose clearance), 572 inhibitors), 563 in capillaries, 300 Strawberry tongue, 136
Spleen anxiety disorders, 550 Starry sky appearance, 422, 585 causes of, 675
bacterial clearance by, 127 atypical depression, 549 Start and stop codons, 40 Kawasaki, 316
blood supply and innervation of, 357 clinical use, 560 Startle myoclonus, 509 scarlet fever, 136
embryology, 354 major depressive disorder, 549 Starvation phases, 91 Streak ovaries, 678
in gastrointestinal anatomy, 355 mechanism of, 562 Statins Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B
ischemia susceptibility, 210 obsessive-compulsive disorder, 551 for acute coronary syndromes, 310 strep), 137
structure and function, 98 panic disorder, 551 hepatitis, 249 β-hemolytic nature of, 135
thrombocytes in, 399 phobias, 551 myopathy, 250 encapsulated bacteria, 127
Splenectomy, 414 postpartum depression, 550 Statistical distribution, 261 Gram-positive testing, 134
Splenic artery, 358 PTSD, 552 Statistical hypothesis testing meningitis, 180
Splenic flexure sexual dysfunction from, 555 confidence interval, 262 in neonates, 182
blood supply to, 357 Stable angina, 306 correct result, 262 pneumonia, 179
Splenomegaly. See Stable (quiescent) cells, 46 incorrect results, 262 prophylaxis for, 198
Hepatosplenomegaly Stab wounds and winged scapula, 441 Statistical tests, 263 Streptococcus bovis, 137
anemia, 157 Staghorn calculi, 586 Status epilepticus, 505 colon cancer, 679
cirrhosis, 383 Stains (bacterial), 125 treatment, 532 Streptococcus gallolyticus, 137
hairy cell leukemia, 424 Standard deviation Stavudine, 201, 203 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136
hereditary spherocytosis, 414 dispersion, 261 Steady state, 233 α-hemolysis, 135
malaria, 157 variability, 259 Steatohepatitis, 383 bacterial meningitis, 686
myelofibrosis, 425 Standard error of the mean, 261 Steatorrhea chloramphenicol, 192
rheumatoid arthritis, 458 Stanford type A (proximal) dissection, chronic pancreatitis, 391 cystic fibrosis, 179
visceral leishmaniases, 158 306 cystic fibrosis, 60 encapsulated bacteria, 127
INDEX 785
Gram-positive testing, 134 Subacute endocarditis Suicide Supraventricular tachycardia
IgA protease and, 129 enterococci, 137 deaths from, 270 β-blockers for, 245
influenza, 169 Staphylococcus gallolyticus, 137 major depressive disorder and, 549 Suramin, 200
IV drug use and, 179 Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, physician-assisted, 266 Surface epithelium tumors (ovarian)
meningitis, 180 338 risk factors for, 550 benign, 632
penicillin G/V for, 187 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 501, 506 Sulbactam, 189 malignant, 633
pneumonia, 179, 668 nimodipine for, 319 Sulfadiazine, 194 Surface F protein, 170
postviral infection, 179 presentation, 678 mechanism, 187 Surfactant (pulmonary), 647, 651
splenic dysfunction, 98 Subarachnoid space, 495 Toxoplasma gondii, 156, 684 Surgical neck of humerus, 447
transformation in, 130 Subclavian arteries, 491, 605 Sulfa drugs, 252 Surgical procedures
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), Subcutaneous emphysema, 659 acute pancreatitis, 391 readmmissions with, 270
136 Subcutaneous fat erythema multiforme, 471 Surrogate decision-maker, 265
bacitracin response, 679 erythema nodosum in, 472 G6PD deficiency from, 414 Suvorexant, 534
β-hemolysis, 135 skin layers, 465 megaloblastic, 249 Swallowing
clindamycin, 192 Subcutis, 465 rash, 250 tongue movement in, 481
exotoxin production, 133 Subdural hematomas, 501 Sulfamethoxazole, 187, 194 Swan-Ganz catheter, 300
Gram-positive testing, 134 Subendocardium, 210 Sulfapyridine, 393 Swarming, 181
M protein and, 129 Sublimation, 543 Sulfasalazine, 252, 393, 458 Sweat glands
penicillin G/V for, 187 Sublingual gland Sulfatides, 140 embryologic derivation, 599
rash, 183 stones in, 370 Sulfisoxazole, 187, 194 pilocarpine effects, 240
skin infections, 470 Submandibular gland Sulfonamides, 194 Swiss cheese model, 271
Streptococcus sanguinis, 128 stones in, 370 cytochrome P-450 and, 252 Sydenham chorea, 314, 507
Streptococcus spp. Submucosa, 356 hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, Sylvian fissure, 489
antibiotic tests for, 134 Submucosal glands, 356 249 Sympathetic activity
Gram-positive algorithm, 134 Submucosal nerve plexus (Meissner), hypothyroidism, 248 venous return and, 285
septic arthritis, 460 356 mechanism, 187 Sympathetic nervous system
Streptogramins, 198 Submucosal polyps, 380, 381 Nocardia spp., 139 autonomic drugs, 237
Streptokinase, 404, 429 Subscapularis muscle, 438 photosensitivity, 250 denervation of face, 528
Streptolysin O, 133 Substance abuse. See also Alcoholism pregnancy contraindication, 204 male sexual response, 613
Streptomycin, 187, 191, 197 adult T-cell lymphoma and, 422 toxicity, 393 Sympathetic receptors, 238
Streptococcus mutans Candida albicans, 153 trimethroprim, 194 Sympatholytic drugs, 244
biofilm production, 128 delirium with, 546 vitamin B9 deficiency, 68 Sympathomimetics
normal flora, 178 dissociative identity disorder and, Sulfonylureas, 348 direct, 242
Streptozocin, 433 546 disulfiram-like reaction, 251 indirect, 242
Streptrogramins, 187 loss of orientation with, 545 insulin and, 324 Symphysis pubis, 612
Stress incontinence, 588 parental consent, 264 Sulfur granules, 128, 139 Symptom duration, 552
Stress-related disorders, 552 suicide and, 550 Sumatriptan, 534 Syncope
Striated muscle, 221 torsades de pointes in, 296 cluster headaches, 506 during exercise, 311
tumor nomenclature, 221 tricuspid valve endocarditis and, coronary vasospasm with, 248 pulsus parvus et tardus, 293
Striatum, 488, 502 313 Sunburn, 472 Syncytiotrophoblast, 603, 619
String sign (X-ray), 376 Substance addiction, 556 Sunburst pattern (X-ray), 457 β-hCG and, 227
Stroke, 500 Substance P, 394, 538 Superficial inguinal nodes, 610 choriocarcinoma and, 628
ADP receptor inhibitors for, 429 Substance use disorder, 556 Superficial inguinal ring, 363 hCG secretion by, 619
atrial fibrillation and, 297 Substantia nigra Superior cerebellar artery, 491 Syndrome of Apparent
central post-stroke pain syndrome, Parkinson disease, 678 Superior colliculi, 492 Mineralocorticoid Excess,
503 Substantia nigra pars compacta Superior gluteal nerve, 445 574
cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 429 (SNc), 488 Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) markers in, 579
direct factor Xa inhibitors for, 429 Subthalamic nucleus, 488 syndrome, 357 Synergistic drug interactions, 233
eclampsia, 629 lesions in, 499 Superior mesenteric vein, 359 Syphilis, 147
effects of, 502–503 Subunit vaccines, 111 Superior oblique muscle, 528 heart disease with, 315
homocystinuria, 84 Succimer Superior olive (nucleus), 486 presentation, 675
hypertension, 304 heavy metal toxicity, 247 Superior ophthalmic vein, 491 STI, 184
hypertensive emergency and, 303 lead poisoning, 411 Superior orbital fissure, 493 tabes dorsalis, 518
sickle cell anemia, 414 Succinate dehydrogenase, 67, 78 Superior rectal artery, 360 testing for, 148
syphilis, 147 Succinylcholine, 538 Superior rectal vein, 359 thoracic aortic aneurysms and, 306
thrombolytics for, 429 Succinyl-CoA Superior rectus muscle, 528 ToRCHeS infection, 182
warfarin for, 428 gluconeogenesis, 78 Superior sagittal sinus, 491 Syphilitic heart disease, 315
Stroke volume (SV), 282, 283, 692 TCA cycle, 77 Superior sulcus tumor, 670 Syringomyelia, 480
Strongyloides spp., 158 Sucking reflex, 498 Superior vena cava Horner syndrome, 528
Strongyloides stercoralis, 159 Sucralfate, 393 embryological development of, 278 spinal cord lesions, 518
Structural quality measurement, 271 Sudan stain, 375 in fetal circulation, 280 Syrinx, 480
ST segment, 296 Sudden cardiac death, 307, 315 Superior vena cava syndrome, 98, 670 Systemic amyloidosis, 212
ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) cocaine use, 558 lung cancer, 669 Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis,
diagnosis of, 307, 309 Sudden cardiac death (SCD) Pancoast tumor, 670 460
treatments for, 310 causes of, 307 Superoxide dismutase, 109 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 462
Studies cocaine use, 558 free radical elimination by, 210 Raynaud phenomenon, 464
error types, 256 long QT syndrome, 297 Supination Systemic mycoses, 151
Sturge-Weber syndrome, 513, 678 myocarditis, 315 Erb palsy, 441 Systemic primary carnitine
Stylohyoid ligament, 606 Sudden death forearm, 440 deficiency, 89
Stylohyoid muscle, 606 cor pulmonale, 665 Suppression, 543 Systemic senile amyloidosis, 212
Styloid process, 606 sleep apnea, 665 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 485, 486 Systole
Stylopharyngeus, 606 Sudden infant death syndome Supraoptic nucleus, 486 cardiac cycle, 290
Subacute cerebellar degeneration, (SIDS), 621 Suprarenal arteries, 357 heart murmurs of, 292, 293
669 Suicidal patients, 266 Suprascapular nerve, 438 heart sounds of, 293
Subacute combined degeneration, confidentiality exceptions and, 268 Supraspinatus muscle, 438, 441 Systolic ejection, 290
68, 69 elderly, 268 Supratentorial mass, 517 Systolic murmur, 311
786 INDEX

T cytokine production, 101, 108 griseofulvin, 200, 204 Idiopathic intracranial


Tabes dorsalis, 147, 184 cytotoxic, 102 leflunomide, 475 hypertension and, 509
spinal cord lesions, 518 delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity, lithium as, 562 mechanism (diagram), 187
Tachyarrhythmia 101 maternal disease/exposures, 600 photosensitivity, 250
isoproterenol for evaluating, 242 differentiation and maturation, maternal substance abuse, 600 protein synthesis inhibition, 191
thyroid storm, 339 98, 101 medications, 600 pseudotumor cerebri and, 509
Tachycardia disorders of, 116, 117 methimazole as, 349 teratogenicity, 204, 600
alcohol withdrawal, 559 functions, 101 PTU in pregnancy, 349 tooth discoloration, 250
amphetamines, 557, 558 leflunomide effects, 475 ribavirin, 204 Tetrahydrofolic acid, 68, 194
β-blockers, 245 lymph nodes, 96 vitamin A, 66 Tetralogy of Fallot, 301
MDMA as cause, 559 major functions of, 101 warfarin as, 428 22q11 syndromes, 303
metronidazole, 195 neoplasms, 422 Teratoma, 633, 638 cyanosis caused by, 687
with myocarditis, 315 regulatory, 102 Terazosin, 244, 639 fetal alcohol syndrome, 303
PCP, 559 sirolimus effect, 120 Terbinafine, 198, 199 lab findings in, 679
phenoxybenzamine, 244 spleen, 98 Terbutaline, 242 outflow tract formation, 279
reflex, 244 thymus, 98 Teres minor, 438 Tetrodotoxin, 246
stimulants and, 558 untreated HIV, 176 Teriparatide, 454, 476 TGF-β
supraventricular, 245 T cell subsets, 102 Terminal bronchioles, 646 in acute inflammation, 215
thyroid hormones, 349 Tea-colored urine, 417 Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase regulatory T cells, 102
tricyclic antidepressants, 563 Teardrop RBCs, 406, 425 (TdT), 104 scar formation, 219
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Tearing stimulation, 240 Tertiary adrenal insufficiency, 334 in wound healing, 217
297 Teeth Tertiary disease prevention, 269 Thalamus, 478
Tachyphylactic drug interactions, 233 congenital syphilis, 147 Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, 342 limbic system and, 486
Tachypnea demeclocycline and, 350 Tertiary syphilis neuropathic pain, 503
asthma, 660 dentinogenesis imperfecta, 51 aortic aneurysms, 687 Thalassemia, 410
Tacrolimus discoloration, 192, 204, 250, 600 presentation, 675 in anemia taxonomy, 409
hyperglycemia, 248 enamel erostion (bulimia nervosa), Tesamorelin, 325 target cells in, 407
immunosuppression, 120 555 Testes, 612 Thalidomide
targets of, 121 Gardner syndrome, 381 atrophy with alcoholism, 559 teratogenicity, 600
Tactile hallucinations, 547 osteogenesis imperfecta, 51 descent of, 610 Thayer-Martin agar, 126
cocaine, 558 retained primary, 116 embryologic derivation, 599 Theca interna cells, 616
Tadalafil, 644 Sjögren syndrome and, 460 lymphatic drainage of, 610 Theca-lutein cysts, 628, 632
Taenia solium, 160, 161 Telangiectasias Thecoma, 632
progesterone production, 616
Takayasu arteritis, 218, 316 basal cell carcinomas, 473 Thenar muscles, 439, 441
Testicular atrophy
Talcosis, 218 hereditary hemorrhagic, 319 Theophylline, 672
alcoholism, 559
Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein, 582 Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, 676 therapeutic index of, 236
cirrhosis, 383
Tamoxifen, 435, 642 Telencephalon, 478 Therapeutic antibodies, 121, 122
muscular dystrophy, 61
for breast cancer, 686 Tellurite agar, 126 Therapeutic index (TI), 236
Testicular cancer/tumors, 638
hot flashes with, 248 Telomerase, 38 Thermogenin, 78
bleomycin for, 431
Tamsulosin, 244, 639, 644 Telophase, 46 Theta rhythm (EEG), 485
cisplatin/carboplatin for, 433
Tanner stages (sexual development), Temperature receptors, 482 Thiazide diuretics, 595
Temperature regulation, 486 germ cell, 638
623 gout, 250
Temporal arteritis non-germ cell, 639
Tarasoff decision, 268 heart failure, 311
associations, 687 Testicular lymphoma, 639 hypertension, 319
Tardive dyskinesia
polymyalgia rheumatica, 462 Testicular/ovarian arteries, 357 site of action, 593
antipsychotic drugs and, 556, 561
Temporalis muscle, 495, 606 Testicular torsion, 637 Thick ascending loop of Henle
metoclopramide adverse effect, 394
Temporal lobe, 489, 502 Testis-determining factor, 608 Bartter syndrome and, 574
nigrostriatal pathway, 487
Temporal lobe encephalitis, 164 Testosterone, 622, 643 ethacrynic acid effect on, 594
Target cells, 407
Tendinopathy (rotator cuff), 438 androgen insensitivity syndrome, loop diuretics effect on, 594
postsplenectomy, 98
Tendinous xanthomas, 304 625 nephron physiology, 573
Tarsal tunnel syndrome, 445
Taste familial hypercholesterolemia, 94 cryptorchidism, 637 Thin descending loop of Henle, 573
cranial nerve lesions and, 520 Tendonitis Klinefelter syndrome, 624 Thionamides, 349
cranial nerves in, 494 drug reaction, 250 Leydig cell secretion, 614 Thiopental, 533
loss with stroke, 502 fluoroquinolones, 195 pharmacologic control, 640 Thioridazine, 561
thalamic relay for, 486 Tendons Sertoli cells, 614 3rd branchial arch, 606
TATA box, 41 collagen in, 50 sex hormone disorder diagnosis, 624 3rd branchial pouch, 607
Tau proteins, 681 Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA), 404, 429 SHBG effect on, 332 Third-degree (complete) AV block,
Taxanes, 433 Teniposide, 434 signaling pathways for, 332 298
Tay-Sachs disease in cell cycle, 430 spermatogenesis, 614 Thirst
frameshift mutation, 39 Tennis elbow, 450 Testosterone-secreting tumors, 625 hypothalamus and, 486
lysosomal storage disease, 88 Tennis rackets (Birbeck) granules, 426 Testosterone synthesis, 199 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
presentation, 674 Tenofovir, 201, 203 Tetanospasmin, 132, 138 system and, 576
Tazobactam, 189 Tenosynovitis, 460 Tetanus, 110, 138 30S inhibitors, 191
TCA cycle, 77 Tension headaches, 506 exotoxins, 131 Thoracentesis, 666
diagram, 74, 77 Tension pneumothorax, 666, 667 spore-forming bacteria, 128 Thoracic aortic aneurysm, 303, 306
hyperammonemia, 82 Tensor fascia latae muscle, 445 vaccine, 138 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 441, 669
metabolic site, 72 Tensor tympani muscle, 606 Tetany Threadworms, 159
pyruvate metabolism, 77 Tensor veli palatini muscle, 606 hypocalcemia, 579 Threonine, 81
rate-determining enzyme for, 73 Tentorium cerebelli, 517 hypoparathyroidism, 341 Threonine kinase, 225
T cells, 401 Teratogens, 600. See also Pregnancy Tetrabenazine Thrombi
activation, 103 ACE inhibitors, 596 Tourette syndrome, 545, 560 atherosclerosis, 305
adaptive immunity, 99 aminoglycosides, 191 Tetracaine, 537 mural, 310
anergy, 110 angiotensin II receptor blockers, Tetracyclines, 192 post-MI, 308
cell surface proteins, 110 596 esophagitis, 249 Thrombin, 427
corticosteroid effects, 120 in fetal development, 598 Fanconi syndrome, 250 Thromboangiitis obliterans, 316
INDEX 787
Thrombocytes, 399 Thymidylate, 36 Tiotropium, 241, 672 obsessive-compulsive disorder and,
aggregation inhibition, 429 Thymomas Tirofiban, 403, 429 551
chronic myeloproliferative myasthenia gravis and, 229, 463 Tissue factor activation, 133 sympatholytic drugs for, 244
disorders, 425 paraneoplastic syndromes, 229 Tissue factor pathway, 404 Toxic dose, 236
disorders, 418, 419 Thymus Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Toxicities and side effects, 247
function tests of, 418 benign neoplasm, 98 for ischemic stroke, 500 Toxicity
heparin adverse effects, 427 branchial pouch derivation, 607 Tizanidine, 244, 538 of immunosuppressants, 120
leukemias, 424 fetal development, 322 TMP-SMX, 194 treatments for, 247
liver markers, 384 T cell differentiation, 101 for Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154 Toxic megacolon, 138
mixed coagulation disorders, 420 T cell maturation, 401 prophylaxis, 198 Toxic multinodular goiter, 339
platelet plug formation, 402, 403 T cell origination in, 401 UTI prophylaxis, 684 Toxic shock-like syndrome, 136
thrombolytics and, 429 Thymus-dependent antigens, 105 TNF (tumor necrosis factor), 228 Toxic shock syndrome, 133
transfusion of, 413, 421 Thymus-independent antigens, 105 TNF-α, 108 exotoxin A, 133
in wound healing, 217 Thyroglossal duct cyst, 322 endotoxins and, 133 presentation, 135
Thrombocythemia (essential), 425 Thyroid adenomas, 339, 340 extrinsic pathway and, 208 Staphylococcus aureus, 135
Thrombocytopenia, 399 Thyroid cancer, 340 Graves disease and, 339 Toxic shock syndrome toxin, 133
cirrhosis, 383 amyloidosis in, 212 inhibitors, 458, 476 Toxins
cytarabine, 432 associations, 688 TNM staging system, 221 seafoood (ingested), 246
drug reaction, 249 carcinogens in, 226 Tobramycin, 187, 191 Toxins (bacterial)
Escherichia coli, 145 goiter, 339 Tocolytics, 643 anthrax, 137
ganciclovir, 202 metastases to, 224 Tocopherol. See Vitamin E endotoxins, 132, 133
glycoprotein IIIa inhibitors as Psammoma bodies in, 228 Toddler development, 621 enterotoxins, 135
cause, 429 Thyroid cartilage, 606 Togaviruses erythrogenic, 136
heparin adverse effects, 427 Thyroid cysts, 339 characteristics of, 167 exfoliative, 133, 135
heparin-induced, 427 Thyroid development, 322 genomes of, 163 exotoxins, 132–133
immunosuppressants, 120 branchial pouch derivation, 607 rubella as, 169 features of, 131
oxazolidinones, 193 Thyroid disorders Tolbutamide, 348 lysogenic phage encoding, 130
protease inhibitors, 203 anovulation with, 631 Tolcapone, 535 toxin-mediated disease, 135
recombinant cytokines, 121 Thyroidectomy, 340 Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 99 Toxocara spp., 158
sulfa drug allergies, 252 Thyroid hormones, 331 Tolterodine, 241 Toxocara canis, 159
ToRCHeS infections, 182 signaling pathways for, 332 Tolvaptan, 344, 350 Toxoid, 111
transfusion for, 421 in toxic multinodular goiter, 339 Tongue Toxoplasma spp., 180
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117 Thyroiditis, 338 branchial arch derivation, 606 Toxoplasma gondii, 156
Thrombocytosis Thyroidization of kidney, 589
development, 481 HIV-positive adults, 177
postsplenectomy, 98 Thyroid peroxidase
glossoptosis, 606 labs/findings, 679
Thromboembolic event thionamide effect on, 347
Tonic-clonic seizures, 505 ToRCHeS infection, 182
atrial fibrillation, 297 Thyroid-regulating hormone (TRH)
drug therapy for, 532 treatment, 684
Thrombogenesis, 403 signaling pathways for, 332
treatment, 685 Toxoplasmosis
Thrombolytic drugs, 404, 429 Thyroid replacement therapy, 454
Tonic seizures, 505 PCL vs., 422
Thrombomodulin, 403 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Tonsils prophylaxis, 194, 198
Thrombophlebitis Graves disease and, 339
agammaglobulinemia, 116 pyrimethamine, 200
pancreatic cancer, 391 secretion of, 323
branchial pouch derivation, 607 TP53 gene, 225
vancomycin, 190 signaling pathways of, 332
Thrombopoietin, 121 Thyroid storm, 245, 339 immune system organ, 96 Trabecula
Thrombopoietin signaling pathways, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Tooth abnormalities spleen, 98
332 (TRH), 325, 326 opalescent teeth, 51 Trabecular outflow, 523
Thrombosis Thyroxine, 343 Tophi in gout, 677 Trachea
celecoxib, 475 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Tophus formation, 459 bifurcation of, 649
contraceptive and hormone 331 Topiramate deviation of, 666
replacement, 249 TIBC epilepsy, 532 fetal development, 322
endocarditis, 687 anemia of chronic disease, 413 Idiopathic intracranial respiratory tree, 648
essential thrombocythemia, 425 lab values in anemia, 416 hypertension, 509 Tracheal deviation, 666, 667
homocystinuria, 84 Tibialis anterior, 444 migraine headaches, 506 Tracheoesophageal fistula/anomalies,
stroke, 500 Tibial nerve, 444 pseudotumor cerebri, 509 353
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic neurovascular pairing, 447 visual disturbance with, 250 Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), 353
purpura (TTP), 407, 419 Ticagrelor, 429 Topoisomerase inhibitors, 430 Traction apophysitis, 453
Thromboxane, 474 Ticarcillin, 187 Topoisomerases, 195 Tractus Solitarius, 494
Thrush characteristics of, 188 Topotecan, 430, 434 Tramadol, 539
Candida albicans, 153 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 143 ToRCHeS infections, 169, 182 seizures, 250
hairy leukoplakia vs., 470 Ticks (disease vectors), 149, 150, 157 cataracts, 523 Tram-track appearance, 585
HIV-positive adults, 177 Ticlopidine, 403, 429 Torsades de pointes, 296 Tram-track calcifications (x-ray), 513
nystatin, 199 Tics (Tourette syndrome), 545 drug reaction and, 248 Transcortical aphasia, 502, 504
SCID, 117 Tidal volume (TV), 650 hypomagnesemia, 579 Transcription factors
Thumb sign (X-ray), 142, 679 Tigecycline, 192, 198 Torsemide, 594 in cancer, 222, 225
Thymic aplasia, 116 Tight junctions, 465, 484 Torticollis, 507 Transduction (bacterial genetics), 130
chromosome association, 64 Timolol, 245 Torus (buckle) fracture, 454 Transference, 542
hypoparathyroidism, 341 Tinea, 152, 200 Total anomalous pulmonary venous Transferrin, 213
lymphopenia with, 416 Tinea capitis, 152 return (TAPVR), 301 free radical elimination by, 210
Thymic cortex Tinea corporis, 152 Total lung capacity (TLC), 650 lab values in anemia, 416
T cell selection in, 101 Tinea cruris, 152 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 390 Transformation (bacterial genetics),
Thymic hyperplasia Tinea pedis, 152 Total peripheral resistance (TPR), 130
myasthenia gravis association, Tinea unguium, 152 285 Transformation zone (cervix)
463 Tinea versicolor, 152 Tourette syndrome, 545 dysplasia, 631
Thymic shadow, 117 Tinel sign, 451 antipsychotics for, 560, 561 histology of, 612
Thymidine, 194 Tinnitus atypical antipsychotics for, 561 Transfusion reaction, 114
Thymidine kinase, 201 streptomycin, 197 drug therapy for, 560 Transient arthritis, 146
788 INDEX

Transient ischemic attack (TIA), 429, Triamcinolone, 474 Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) immunohistochemical stains for,
500 Triamterene, 573, 595 hCG in, 619 228
Transitional cell carcinoma, 226, 588 Triceps reflex, 498 tRNA nomenclature of, 221
Transition metals and free radical Triceps surae, 445 structure, 44 Tumor suppressors, 46, 225
injuries, 210 Trichinella spp., 158 Trochanteric bursitis, 451 Tunica albuginea, 612, 637
Transition (mutation), 39 Trichinella spiralis, 159, 161 Trochlea, 528 Tunica muscularis externa, 356
Transjugular intrahepatic Trichinosis, 159 Trochlear nerve (CN IV), 494 Tunica serosa, 356
portosystemic shunt (TIPS), Trichomonas spp. brainstem location, 492 Tunica submucosa, 356
359 vaginitis, 181 cavernous sinus, 530 Tunica vaginalis, 610
Transketolase Trichomonas vaginalis, 158, 184 damage to, 529 Turcot syndrome, 381
metabolic pathways, 74 Trichomoniasis, 184 function of, 494 Turner syndrome, 624
vitamin B1 and, 66 Trichophyton spp., 152 ocular motility, 528 cardiac defect association, 303
Translocation, 422, 426 Trichotillomania, 551 palsy of, 529 coarctation of aorta and, 302
Down syndrome, 63 Tricuspid atresia, 279, 301 pathway for, 493 GH for, 350
fluorescence in situ hybridization, Tricuspid insufficiency, 290 Tropheryma whipplei, 125, 375 horseshoe kidney, 567
55 Tricuspid regurgitation Trophoblastic tissue malignancy, 628 presentation, 678
in protein synthesis, 45 carcinoid syndrome as cause, 335 Tropical sprue, 375 T wave, in ECG, 296
Robertsonian, 64 Ebstein anomaly and, 301 Tropicamide, 241 21-hydroxylase, 328
translocation (8;14), 422, 426 heart murmurs with, 293 Troponins, 307, 309 21-hydroxylase deficiency, 687
translocation (9;22), Philadelphia, pansystolic murmur in, 292 Trousseau sign, 341, 579 22q11/ microdeletion, 116
426 Tricuspid stenosis, 292 Trousseau syndrome 22q11 deletion syndromes, 303
translocation (11;18), 422, 426 Tricuspid valve endocarditis, 313 pancreatic cancer, 391 Twin concordance studies, 256
translocation (14;18), 422, 426 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), as paraneoplastic syndrome, 229 Twinning, 602
translocation (15;17), 426 563 True-negative rate, 257 2-naphthylamine, 226
Transpeptidases, 187 antimuscarinic reaction, 251 True-positive rate, 257 TXA2
Transplants fibromyalgia, 463 Truncal ataxia, 487 aspirin effects, 475
immunosuppressants in, 120 mechanism of, 562 Truncal obesity, 333 thrombogenesis, 403
rejection, 101, 119 naming convention for, 253 Truncus arteriosus Type 1 muscle fibers, 449
Transposition (bacterial genetics), 131 as noradrenergic drug, 239 22q11 syndromes, 303 Type 2 muscle fibers, 449
Transposition of great vessels, 301 torsades de pointes, 248 cyanosis with, 687 Type I errors (hypothesis testing),
cyanosis with, 687 toxicity of, 557 embryologic development, 278 262
embryologic development, 279 toxicity treatment, 247 Trypanosoma brucei, 156, 200 Type I hypersensitivity, 112
maternal diabetes and, 303 as weak bases, 235 Trypanosoma cruzi, 158 IgE antibodies and, 105
Transsexualism, 555 Trientine, 389 achalasia and, 370 mast cells and, 400
Transthyretin (ATTR) mutation, 212 Trifluoperazine, 561 nifurtimox for, 200 Type II errors in hypothesis testing,
Transudate Trigeminal nerve (CN V), 494 Trypsin, 367 262
pleural effusion, 666 branchial arch derivation, 606 Trypsinogen, 367 Type II hypersensitivity, 112
vs. exudate, 214 functions of, 494 Tryptase, 400 blood transfusions, 114
Transversalis fascia, 354, 363 lesion of, 520 Tryptophan, 81, 83 organ transplants, 119
Transverse sinus, 491 location in brain stem, 492 TSC1/TSC2 genes, 225 rheumatic fever, 314
Transversion (mutation), 39 neuralgia, 506 Tsetse flies (disease vectors), 156 Type III hypersensitivity, 113
Transversus abdominis, 363, 444 nevus flammeus, 477 t-test, 263 C3 deficiency and, 107
Transvestism, 555 pathway for, 493 T-tubule membrane, 448 organ transplants, 119
Tr antigens, 229 thalamic relay for, 486 Tubal ligation, 632 Type III secretion system, 129
Tranylcypromine, 563 tongue, 481 Tuberculoid Hansen disease, 141 Type IV hypersensitivity, 113
TRAP Trigeminal neuralgia, 506 Tuberculosis, 140 contact dermatitis, 468
immunohistochemical stain, 228, treatment, 685 Addison disease, 334 DRESS syndrome, 249
424 Triglycerides corticosteroids and, 329 graft-versus-host disease, 119
Trapezium bone, 439 chylothorax, 666 erythema nodosum, 472 Typhoid fever, 144
Trapezoid bone, 439 hypertriglyceridemia, 94 isoniazid, 197 Typhus, 150
Trastuzumab, 122, 435 insulin and, 324 macrophages and, 399 transmission of, 149, 161
toxicities of, 436 Von Gierke disease, 87 necrosis and, 209 Tyramine, 244
Trauma Trigone, 569 silicosis, 663 Tyrosinase, 467
DIC and, 689 Trihexyphenidyl, 241 V/Q mismatch, 655 Tyrosine
pneumothorax, 667 acute dystonia treatment, 241 Tuberin protein, 225 catabolism, 83
Traumatic aortic rupture, 306 Trilodothyronine, 349 Tuberoinfundibular pathway, 487 as noradrenergic drug, 239
Traumatic pneumothorax, 667 Trimethoprim, 187, 194 Tuberous sclerosis, 513 Tyrosine kinase
Travelers’ diarrhea, 145 folate deficiency with, 412 tumor suppressor genes and, 225 endocrine hormone messenger,
Trazodone, 564 pyrimidine synthesis and, 36 Tubular necrosis, 582, 590, 591 332
mechanism of, 562 teratogenicity, 600 Tubulointerstitial inflammation glycogen regulation, 85
priapism, 637 Trimming (protein synthesis), 45 WBC casts in, 582 insulin and, 324
Treacher Collins syndrome, 606 trinucleotide repeat expansion diseas Tularemia, 149 as oncogene product, 225
Trematodes, 160 fragile x syndrome, 62 Tumor lysis syndrome, 426 phosphorylation, 324
Tremor, 507 Trinucleotide repeat expansion hyperkalemia, 578 Tzanck test, 166
immunosuppressants, 120 diseases, 62 labs/findings, 681
resting, 678 Friedreich ataxia, 62 Tumor markers U
Trench fever, 161 Huntington disease, 62 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Ubiquitination, 45
Trendelenburg sign, 445 myotonic dystrophy, 62 424 UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, 86
Treponema spp., 146 Triose kinase, 80 colorectal cancer, 382 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, 369,
Treponema pallidum Triple-blinded studies, 256 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 391 387, 388
granulomatous inflammation, 218 Triptans, 534 in serum, 227 Ulcerative colitis, 376
penicillin G/V for, 187 angina and, 306 Tumors autoantibody, 115
STI, 184 for migraine headaches, 506 benign vs. malignant, 221 spondyloarthritis, 461
syphilis, 147 Triquetrum bone, 439 grade vs. stage, 221 sulfasalazine for, 393
treatment, 683 Trisomy 13, 479. See Patau syndrome immune evasion in, 223 treatment, 684
INDEX 789
Ulcers (gastrointestinal) ornithine transcarbamylase leaks with uretheral injury, 613 Vaginal infections, 181
bismuth/sucralfate for, 393 deficiency and, 83 pregnancy test, 619 Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma,
complications of, 374 rate-determining enzyme for, 73 Urine pH and drug elimination, 235 630
Crohn disease, 376 Urease, 181 Urine reflux, 569 Vaginal tumors, 630
Curling, 373 Urease-positive organisms, 127 Urobilin, 369 Vaginismus, 555
Cushing, 373 Uremia Urobilinogen Vaginitis
depth of, 356 acute pericarditis, 314 extravascular hemolysis, 413 treatment, 683
esophageal, 371 ARDS, 664 intravascular hemolysis, 413 Trichomonas spp., 158, 181, 184
Helicobacter pylori, 146 metabolic acidosis, 580 Urogenital fold, 609 Vagus nerve 494
peptic, 373 renal failure, 590 Urogenital sinus, 566 branchial arch derivation, 606
posterior duodenal ulcers, 358 Ureaplasma spp. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, 417 baroreceptors/chemoreceptors
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 336 urease-positive, 127 Urosepsis, 589 and, 299
Ulcers (skin) Ureter, 568, 608, 611, 612 Urothelial carcinoma, 588 Curling ulcers and, 373
Raynaud syndrome, 464 bifid, 567 Urticaria, 466, 468 diaphragm innervation, 649
Ulipristal, 642 constrictions in, 568, 571 ethosuxamide, 532 functions of, 494
Ulnar claw, 440, 442 course of, 569 scombroid poisoning, 246 lesions of, 520
Ulnar nerve, 440, 451 embryology, 566 serum sickness, 113 location, 492
Ulnar nerve injury, 439 horseshoe kidney, 567 sulfa drug allergies, 252 pathway for, 493
Ultrasonography obstruction of, 567, 587 as type I hypersensitivity, 112 structures innervated, 367
DVT diagnosis, 657 transitional cell carcinoma in, 588 Ustekinumab, 122 tongue, 481
fetal cardiac activity on, 598 Ureteral orifice, 569 Uterine artery, 569, 611 Valacyclovir, 201
kidney disease/disorder diagnoses, Ureteric bud, 566, 567 Uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies, Validity, 259
566, 567 Ureteropelvic junction, 567 608, 609 Valine, 81
renal cysts on, 592 development of, 566 Uteropelvic junction, 566 maple syrup urine disease, 84
Ultraviolet radiation, 469 obstruction, 567 Uterovaginal agenesis, 625 sickle cell disease, 39
Umbilical arteries, 280, 603, 604 Urethra Uterus Valproate
Umbilical cord, 603, 604 BPH, 639 anomalies of, 609 bipolar disorder, 685
arteries, 280 injury to, 613 collagen in, 50 cytochrome P-450, 252
postnatal derivative of vein, 280 orifice, 569 epithelial histology, 612 epilepsy, 532
vein, 280 posterior valves in, 567 genital embryology, 608 hepatic necrosis, 249
Umbilical cord separation delay, 117 Urethral injury, 613 zygote implantation, 619 migraine headaches, 506
Umbilical hernia Urethritis Uterus didelphys, 609 pancreatitis, 249
congenital, 352 chlamydia, 148, 184 Uveitis, 524 teratogenicity, 600
Umbilical vein, 603, 604 Chlamydia trachomatis, 149 inflammatory bowel disease, 376 tonic-clonic seizures, 685
blood in, 280 gonorrhea, 184 sarcoidosis, 662, 679 Valsalva maneuver, 293
fetal circulation, 280 reactive arthritis, 461, 677 seronegative spondyloarthritis, 461 Valsartan, 596
postnatal derivative of, 280 Urgency incontinence, 588 Uveoscleral outflow, 523 Valvular dysfunction, 312
Umbilicus, 359 drug therapy for, 241 U wave in ECG, 296 cardiogenic shock, 312
portosystemic anastomosis, 359 Uric acid Valvular heart disease
UMP synthase, 412 gout, 476 V carcinoid syndrome, 335
Unambiguous genetic code, 37 kidney stones, 586 Vaccination physiologic changes with, 291
Uncal herniation, 517 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 37 B- and T-cell disorders, 116, 117 Vancomycin, 190
Uncinate process, 354 Von Gierke disease, 87 splenectomy and, 98 Clostridium difficile, 138
Unconjugated bilirubin, 369 Urinary incontinence, 588 thymus-independent antigens, 105 cutaneous flushing, 248
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, drug therapy for, 241 Vaccines, 111 functioning of, 187
387 ephedrine for, 243 Bordetella pertussis, 143 IgE-independent mast cell
Uncoupling agents, 78 hydrocephalus, 510 diphtheria, 139 degranulation, 400
Uncus, 517 multiple sclerosis, 511 encapsulated bacteria, 127 meningitis, 180
Undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas, Urinary retention Haemophilus influenzae, 142, 180 MRSA, 198
340 atropine, 242 Poliovirus, 167 thrombocytopenia, 249
Undulant fever, 149 bethanechol for, 240 PPSV23, 105 toxicity of, 251
“Unhappy triad” (knee injuries), 452 delirium, 546 rabies, 171 Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
Unilateral renal agenesis, 567 neostigmine for, 240 rotavirus, 168 in neuroblastomas, 335
Uniparental disomy, 57 post-void residual, 588 Salmonella typhi, 144 tyrosine catabolism, 83
Universal electron acceptors, 75 tricyclic antidepressants, 563 tetanus, 138 Vanishing bile duct syndrome,
Universal genetic code, 37 Urinary tract infections (UTIs), toxoids as, 131 119
Unnecessary procedure requests, 181 Vagal nuclei, 494 Vardenafil, 644
266–267 antimicrobial prophylaxis for, Vagina Varenicline, 558, 564
Unstable angina, 306, 310 198 anatomy of, 611 Variable expressivity, 56
Untreated HIV infection timecourse, BPH, 639 drainage of, 610 Variance, 261
176 duplex collecting system and, 567 epithelial histology of, 612 Variant angina, 306
Unvaccinated children, 186 enterococci as cause, 137 genital embryology, 608 Variceal bleeding, 245, 246, 393
Upper extremity nerves, 440 Klebsiella as cause, 145 Vaginal atrophy Varicella zoster virus (VZV), 165,
Upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions pyelonephritis, 589 hormone replacement therapy, 642 466, 470
Babinski response, 677 Staphylococcus saprophyticus as menopause, 622 guanosine analogs, 201
facial nerve, 520 cause, 136 Vaginal bleeding immunodeficient patients, 118
Upper respiratory infections (URIs) sulfa drugs for, 252 cervical cancer, 631 meningitis, 180
asthma trigger, 660 sulfonamides for, 194 endometriosis, 634 rash, 183
rhinosinusitis, 657 TMP-SMX for, 194 granulosa cell tumors, 633 vaccine, 110
Urachal cysts, 604 Urinary tract obstruction, 587 hydatidiform moles, 628 Varices
Urachus, 280, 604 Urine thecomas, 632 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 386
Urea, 83 bilirubin and, 369 Vaginal candidiasis portal-systemic anastomoses,
Urea cycle, 82 casts in, 582 nystatin, 199 359
diagram, 74 concentration of, 573 Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinomas, Varicocele (scrotal), 614, 637
metabolic site, 72 diuretic effects on, 595 600 Vasa previa, 627
790 INDEX

Vasa vasorum Ventricular arrhythmia, 307 Vinyl chloride solubility of, 65


syphilis, 147 Ventricular fibrillation angiosarcomas, 386, 469 veganism, 68, 69
Vascular dementia, 508, 509 ECG tracing, 297 as carcinogen, 226 Vitamin B1 deficiency, 66
Vascular function curves, 284 torsades de pointes, 296 VIPomas brain lesions and, 499
Vascular tumors of skin, 469 Ventricular filling MEN 1 syndrome, 347 Korsakoff syndrome, 546
Vasculitis, 315, 316 early diastole, 290 octreotide for, 393 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,
immune-mediated, 218 ECG and, 296 regulatory substances, 365 559
intraparenchymal hemorrhage, Ventricular free wall rupture, 310 secretion from, 337 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
501 Ventricular noncompliance, 290 Viral encephalitis, 689 deficiency of, 66
methotrexate for, 432 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 302, Viral envelopes, 163 functions of, 74
Vasculopathy 687 Viral infection pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,
noninflammatory, 464 congenital rubella, 303 in immunodeficiency, 118 76
Vas deferens, 569, 608, 612 cri-du-chat syndrome, 64 skin infections, 470 solubility of, 65
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), Down syndrome, 303 Virchow node, 373 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
337, 365 fetal alcohol syndrome, 303 Viridans streptococci, 136 functions, 67
Vasoconstriction, 577 heart murmurs, 294 α-hemolysis, 135 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Vasoconstrictors, 537 outflow tract formation, 279 bacterial endocarditis, 313 and, 76
Vasodilation pansystolic murmur in, 292 biofilm production, 128 solubility of, 65
acute inflammation and, 215 Ventricular system, 492 brain abscesses, 180 Vitamin B3 (niacin)
cilostazol/dipyridamole for, 429 holoprosencephaly, 479 Gram-positive algorithm, 134 vitamin B6 and, 67
sympathetic receptors, 238 Ventriculomegaly, 508, 510 normal flora, 178 Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Vasodilators Ventromedial nucleus Virilization, 328 derivatives of, 83
afterload effects, 282 (hypothalamus), 486 Virology, 162–177 functions, 67
aortic dissections, 306 Verapamil, 311, 319, 506 Virulence factors pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
atrial natriuretic peptide as, 298 Verbal/cognitive development bacterial, 129 and, 76
coronary steal syndrome, 307 milestones, 621 Bordetella pertussis, 143 solubility of, 65
Vasogenic edema, 484 Vermal cortex lesions, 487 Escherichia coli, 145 Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Vasopressin receptors, 238 Verrucae, 468 Salmonella/Shigella, 144 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Vasopressors, 285 Vertebral artery, 491 Staphylococcus aureus, 135 and, 76
V(D)J recombination, 99 Vertebral compression fractures, 454, Streptococcus pneumoniae, 136 solubility of, 65
VDRL false positives, 148 689 Viruses Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Veganism and B12 deficiency, 412 Vertebral disc herniation, 495 diarrhea with, 179 isoniazid, 197
Vegetative state Vertebral landmarks enveloped, 162 sideroblastic anemia, 411
axonal injury and, 501, 503 diaphragm, 649 genetics, 162 solubility of, 65
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth Vertigo, 522 immunocompromised patients, 179 Vitamin B7 (biotin)
factor), 217 Meniere disease as cause, 678 negative-stranded, 168 activated carriers, 75
Velocardiofacial syndrome, 116 posterior circulation stroke, 502 pneumonia, 179 functions of, 73
Vemurafenib, 473 streptomycin, 197 receptors for, 166 pyruvate metabolism, 77, 78
Venlafaxine, 563 Vesamicol, 239 segmented, 168 solubility of, 65
clinical use, 560 Vesicles (skin), 466 structure of, 162 Vitamin B9 (folate)
panic disorder, 551 dermatitis herpetiformis, 471 Visceral larva migrans, 159 absorption of, 368
phobias, 551 varaicella zoster virus, 470 Visceral leishmaniasis, 158 functions, 68
PTSD, 552 Vesicourachal diverticulum, 604 Viscosity (blood), 284 solubility of, 65
Venodilators, 282 Vesicoureteral reflux, 567 Visual cortex, 489, 503 Vitamin B9 (folate)
Venous gonadal drainage, 610 hydronephrosis, 587 Visual dysfunction absorption of, 368
Venous return, 285 pyelonephritis, 589 retinal disease, 525–526 deficiency, 686
Venous sinus thrombosis, 491 Vesicular trafficking proteins, 47 Visual dysfunction/disturbance Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Venous thromboembolism, 428 Vestibular bulbs, 609 cortical watershed zones and, 490 absorption of, 368
Venous thrombosis Vestibular schwannomas, 513, 514 from drugs, 250 Vitamin B12 deficiency
heparin for, 427 Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), retinal disease, 525–526 Diphyllobothrium latum, 160,
paroxysmal nocturnal 494 Visual field defects, 530 161
hemoglobinuria, 414 acoustic neuromas, 482 saccular aneurysms and, 504 spinal cord lesions in, 518
Ventilation, 650 brainstem location, 492 with stroke, 502, 503 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
high altitude, 656 functions of, 494 Visual hallucinations, 547 free radical elimination by, 210
perfusion and, 655 pathway for, 493 Vital capacity (VC), 650 functions, 69
Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) VHL gene, 225 Vitamin A (retinol), 65, 66 methemoglobin treatment, 247
defects, 650 pheochromocytomas and, 336 free radical elimination by, 210 solubility of, 65
exercise response, 656 Vibrio cholerae, 146 Idiopathic intracranial Vitamin D
mismatch, 655 exotoxin production, 132 hypertension, 250, 509 calcitriol production, 577
ratio, 656 Gram-negative algorithm, 141 pseudotumor cerebri, 250, 509 excess, 70
Ventral lateral (VL) nucleus, 486 watery diarrhea, 179 teratogenicity, 600 functions, 70
Ventral pancreatic bud, 354 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 178 Vitamin B6 deficiency, 411 hypervitaminosis lab values,
Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus, Vibrio vulnificus, 178 isoniazid, 197 456
486 Vigabatrin, 532 Vitamin B9 deficiency, 412 osteoporosis prophylaxis, 454
Ventral posteromedial (VPM) visual disturbance with, 250 in anemia taxonomy, 409 PTH and, 330
nucleus, 486 Vilazodone, 564 neutrophils in, 398 signaling pathways for, 332
Ventral tegmentum, 483 Vimentin, 48, 228 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 412 solubility of, 65
Ventricles Vinblastine, 433 amnesia with, 546 Vitamin D deficiency, 341
embryological development, in cell cycle, 430 in anemia taxonomy, 409 hyperparathyroidism, 456
278 microtubules and, 48 neutrophils in, 398 osteomalacia/rickets, 455, 456
morphogenesis of, 279 Vinca alkaloids, 430 spinal cord lesions in, 518 Vitamin deficiencies, 686
Ventricular action potential, 295 Vincristine, 433 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Vitamin E
Ventricular aneurysm in cell cycle, 430 absorption of, 366, 368 free radical elimination by, 210
pseudoaneurysm, 310 microtubules and, 48 binding protein, 366 function, 70
true, 308, 310 toxicities of, 436 functions, 69 solubility of, 65
INDEX 791
Vitamin K enterococci, 137 gastric ulcers, 374 Winged scapula, 441
coagulation cascade, 405 highly resistant, 198 Histoplasma capsulatum, 177 Winters formula, 580, 692
deficiency, 405, 418 oxazolidinones, 193 Idiopathic intracranial Wire looping of capillaries, 585
solubility of, 65 VSD. See Ventricular septal defect hypertension treatment, Wire lupus, 585
vitamin E interaction, 71 (VSD) 509 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117
warfarin reversal, 428, 685 Vulnerable child syndrome, 544 major depressive disorder, 549 labs/findings, 679
Vitamin K deficiency, 405, 418 Vulvar carcinoma, 630 malabsorption syndromes, 375 X-linked recessive disorder, 61
cephalosporins, 189 Vulvar epithelium, 612 Mycobacterium avium- Withdrawal (psychoactive drugs),
Vitamin/mineral absorption, 368 Vulvar lymphatic drainage, 610 intracellulare, 177 558
Vitamins, 65–71 Vulvar pathology, 629, 630 orlistat for, 394 Wnt-7 gene, 598
fat-soluble, 65 Vulvovaginitis, 153, 181 pancreatic cancer, 391 Wobble, 37, 39
water-soluble, 65 vWF for PCOS, 631 Wolff-Chaikoff effect, 331, 338
Vitelline duct/fistula, 604 receptor for, 399 polyarteritis nodosa, 317 Wolffian duct, 608
Vitiligo, 467 in thrombocytes, 399 polymyalgia rheumatica, 462 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome,
Vitreous body in thrombogenesis, 403 pseudotumor cerebri treatment, 297
collagen in, 50 509 Wound healing
Vitreous chamber, 522 W renal cell carcinoma, 587 phases of, 217
VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), Waiter’s tip (Erb palsy), 441 sleep apnea, 665 scar/keloid formation, 219
94 Waiver of confidentiality, 268 stomach cancer, 373 Woven bone, 450
Volume contraction Waiver of informed consent, 264 for stress incontinence, 588 Wright-Giemsa stain, 399
alkalemia from diuretics, 595 Waldenström macroglobulinemia tuberculosis, 140 Wright stain, 146
Volume of distribution, 233, 691 multiple myeloma vs., 423 Whipple disease, 676 Wrinkles of aging, 52
Volumetric flow rate (Q), 284 Walking milestone, 621 Weil disease, 147 Wrist bones, 439
Volvulus, 379, 380 Wallenberg syndrome, 502 Well-patient care, 268–269 Wrist drop
malrotation and, 379 Wallerian degeneration (neurons), Wenckebach AV block, 298 lead poisoning, 411
Meckel diverticulum, 378 481 Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, 518 Written advance directives, 265
Vomiting Wall tension, 283 Wernicke aphasia, 502, 504 WT1/ WT2 genes, 225, 588
annular pancreas, 354 Warburg effect, 222 Wernicke area, 489 Wuchereria bancrofti, 158, 159
area postrema and, 484 Warfarin, 428 stroke effects, 502
biliary colic, 390 adverse effects of, 420 Wernicke encephalopathy, 66, 559 X
bilious, 353, 378 coagulation cascade, 405 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 499, Xanthine, 476
chemotherapy-induced, 394 griseofulvin and, 200 559 Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 459,
diabetic ketoacidosis, 346 heparin vs., 428 vitamin B1 deficiency, 66 685
with eating disorders, 555 PT measurement, 418 Western blot, 53 Xanthochromic spinal tap, 501
Ebola virus, 171 reversal of, 685 West Nile virus, 167, 180 Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis,
food poisoning, 138 teratogenicity, 600 Wet beriberi, 66 589
fructose intolerance, 80 therapeutic index of, 236 Wharton duct, 370 Xanthomas
glycylcyclines, 192 toxicity treatment, 247, 421 Wharton jelly, 604 familial dyslipidemias, 94
Histoplasma capsulatum, 177 vitamin K antagonist, 71 Wheals, 466, 468 hyperlipidemia and, 304
intestinal atresia, 353 Warm autoimmune hemolytic Wheezing Xeroderma pigmentosum, 40
with L-DOPA, 535 anemia, 415 bronchial carcinoid tumor, 669 Xerosis cutis, 66
Legionella spp., 185 Warthin tumors, 370 lung cancer, 669 Xerostomia, 240, 244, 460
lithium toxicity, 557 Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, obstructive lung diseases, 660 X-linked agammaglobulinemia,
Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 371 334 Whipple disease, 375 116
maple syrup urine disease, 84 meningococci, 142 periodic acid-Schiff stain for, X-linked inheritance, 59
metabolic alkalosis from, 580 presentation, 675 125 X-linked recessive disorders
metoclopramide for, 394 Watershed zones, 210, 490 presentation, 676 agammaglobulinemia, 116
MI and, 307 Water-soluble vitamins, 65 Whipple procedure hyper-IgM syndrome, 117
neurophysiology of, 484 Waxy casts, 582, 682 for pancreatic cancer, 391 Menkes disease, 51
ondansetron for, 394 WBC casts (urine), 582, 589 Whispered pectoriloquy, 666 NADPH osidase defect, 117
posttussive, 143 Weakness, 517 White blood cell (WBC) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, 117
pyloric stenosis, 353 Wear and tear pigment, 211 WBC differential count, 399 X-ray signs
Salmonella spp., 149 Weber test, 521 White matter apple core lesion, 382
in stroke, 502 Wegener granulomatosis, 218, 317 axonal injury, 503 bamboo spine, 461
toxic shock syndrome, 135 autoantibody, 115 demyelinating disorders, 512 bird’s beak, 370
treatment of, 394 kidney effects of, 585 glial cells in, 482 Bone-in-bone, 455
trichinosis, 159 labs/findings, 680, 682 multiple sclerosis, 511 Codman triangle, 457
vitamin C toxicity, 69 restrictive lung disease, 661 White muscle fibers, 449 coffee bean, 380
with opioid analgesics, 535, 538 RPGN and, 585 White pulp (spleen), 98 crew cut (skull), 414
Vomiting center, 484 Weibel-Palade bodies, 216, 403 Whooping cough ground-glass appearance (chest),
Von Gierke disease, 87 Weight gain Bordetella pertussis, 143 647
Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 508, 513 atypical antipsychotics, 561 pertussis toxin, 132 nutcracker syndrome, 357
chromosome association, 64 Cushing syndrome, 333 Wickham striae, 472 pencil-in-cup, 461
presentation, 678 danazol, 643 Wide splitting, 292 string sign, 376
renal cell carcinoma and, 587 duodenal ulcers, 374 Williams syndrome, 64 thumb sign, 142
tumor suppressor genes and, 225 major depressive disorder, 549 cardiac defect association, 303 tram-track calcifications, 513
Von Recklinghausen disease. See mirtazapine, 564 Wilms tumor widened mediastinum, 306
Neurofibromatosis valproic acid, 532 dactinomycin for, 431 X-ray teratogenicity, 600
Von Willebrand disease, 380, 403, Weight loss neuroblastomas vs., 335
420 adrenal insufficiency, 334 tumor suppressor genes and, Y
Voriconazole, 198, 199 Celiac disease, 680 225 Yellow fever, 167, 168
Vortioxetine, 564 cholelithiasis and, 390 Wilson disease, 389 liver anatomy and, 361
VRE (vancomycin-resistant chronic mesenteric ischemia, 380 chromosome association, 64 Yersinia spp.
enterococci) diabetes mellitus, 345 Fanconi syndrome, 574 Gram-negative algorithm, 141
daptomycin, 195 esophageal cancer, 372 free radical injury and, 210 reactive arthritis, 461
792 INDEX

Yersinia spp. (continued) Z Zika virus, 171 MEN 1 syndrome, 347


Yersinia enterocolitica, 144, 179 Zafirlukast, 672 Zileuton, 474, 672 proton pump inhibitors for, 392
Yersinia pestis, 127, 149 arachidonic acid pathway, 474 Zinc, 71 Zolpidem, 533
Yersinia pestis, 127, 149 Zaleplon, 533 Wilson disease, 389 Zona fasciculata, 322, 329
intracellular organism, 127 Zanamivir, 201 Ziprasidone, 561 Zona glomerulosa, 322
Yersinia spp. Zellweger syndrome, 47 Zoledronic acid, 475. See Zona reticularis, 322
Gram-negative algorithm, 141 Zenker diverticulum, 378, 688 also Bisphosphonates Zonular fibers, 522
reactive arthritis, 461 Zero-order elimination, 234 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 336 Zoonotic bacteria, 149
Yo antigens, 229 Zidovudine, 201, 203 duodenal ulcers, 374 Zymogens, 367
Yolk sac tumor, 633, 638 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 125 gastrin in, 365

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