The greater common good: Arundhati Roy [article]

Mid term: till language issue

What is History
Past: it is infinite.
History: recorded past is history. It is the selective study of the past. Insignificant facts are not
included in history.
Process of construction of history:
Past_______________________________________________________________________
Observations__________________________________________________________
Remembered (rest was forgot due to temporal reasons) ________________
Recorded_____________________________________________
Survived______________________________________
Historian’s attention_____________________
Credible part ______________________
Grasped by the historians_________
Narrated and expounded ____ (It becomes history)

#1st chapter of E. H. Carr {what is history}

History is an unending dialogue between past and present. Unending dialogue signifies
connection between past, present and future. It is unending as only the past acts are dead but
the idea and though process behind such acts still exists in the society. All history is the
history of thought.
All history is contemporary history: seeing the past and understanding it through the eyes of
the present. If one understands the modern society and men properly, he can understand the
past society and men as the fundamental tendencies of human do not change.
Fact: it is very significant part of history. Facts are the things as it is. Fact is a datum of
experience distinct from conclusion. It is of two parts: hard fact and soft fact. Hard fact is
self-evident and it is undisputed. Soft fact is something that is based on opinions (theory of
evolution, who was responsible for partition of India).
History is a continues interaction between historians and his facts.

Schools of history:
1. Positivist: it is more closure to the scientific explanation. History is a science.
Therefore, fact is very sacred. They claim that let the fact speak themselves and they
should not be distorted by personal interpretations. German historian, Ranke, he is
termed as the founder of this school. They undermined the subjectivity aspect from
history.
2. Empiricist: they also believe that facts are important but they cannot speak
themselves. Historians have to make them speak and therefore, interpretation aspect is
introduced. But history should not become biased and therefore caution should be
taken while interpreting. Interpretation should be reasonable, rational and should not
be bases on an ideology and opinion. Facts is like a fish, on a fishmonger’s slab, he
will bring it with him as serve it as to his own interests. C. P. Scott is one of the
leading thinker of this school, another is Clark.
Inter disciplinary approach:
 Geography: historical geography: one cannot read history without the help of maps
and this shows of important link between these subjects. It provides specific location
of facts.
o Civilizations: most of these flourished near the riverbanks. Egyptian near the
Nile region, Indus valley near the Indus and its allies. The land is fertile and
rich and therefore agriculture friendly. When there would be river, there would
be forests, which would provide all the needed things. The destruction of the
civilization can even be traced by rivers. E.g. change in way of Indus river
o Military and diplomatic: military is about the warfare and conflicts, diplomatic
history is about the international relation. These could not have been written
and understood in a better manner unless the author had knowledge of the
geography and location of countries. E.g. Winston Churchill’s history of the
Second World War. E.g. if someone needs to write history of Kargil war, he is
required to know the geography of such region. Geography is sine qua non for
history.
o Of the time when we did not have any literary records, such periods of history,
the history can be written by observing the landscapes. The entire Indus valley
civilization history is based upon this observation only.
o Why England remained invincible for several century? Geographical location
as it was never the part of the European mainland so it saved itself from the
internal wars of European and that way it was able to save itself and its
resources. Further, due to geographical knowledge, it was able to explore and
exploit the world. Due to the technological advancements, this geographical
dominance is decreasing.
o National character formation: Northeast remained aloof from the Indian
mainland and that was one of the very important reason for the Naga problem
and insurgencies in northeast. Due to which, anti-India sentiment was formed
there. Once the government start giving priority to such regions, such tensions
can be curtailed.
o Remote sensing: geographical tools through which sea surfaces can be seen.
E.g. remains of dwarka and ram setu have been founded.
 Economics: both deals with human activities. E.g. economic depression
o Econometrics: with the help of this, data is generated for the solution of many
historic problems. E.g. reason for emergence caste system, it can be better
understood using this subject; British India and their economic policies and
the economic legacies like feudalism and other land problems like land
revenue system. Why Pakistan is emerging as a failed state: stoppage of
American economic aid to Pakistan.
 Psychology: it can broaden of our knowledge if we use psychological tools. Why
Hitler was involved in such amount of killings? The analysis of such situation can be
given by this subject. There have been certain phenomenon like jingoism (Hitler and
Mussolini), mob behavior can be better understood by group and social psychology. If
 someone needs to write biography of an individual has to first understand his mind
and psychology. It can be done only through Freudian and post-Freudian
psychologists. The effect of bombing on the morale and the reactions of the civilians
can be understood by psychologists only.
 Sociology: is a subset of social history (history of the society) itself. Adding social
theories to it lead to the formation of the sociology. Sociology these days are using
certain tool like sampling, questionnaire techniques etc. these methods can be helpful
in minimizing the problem of subjectivity in history.
 Political science: John Seeley, British scholar, he talked in terms of couplet: History
without political science has no fruit, and political science without history has no root.
These subjects are deeply rooted. Pol science is entirely based upon the political
history itself. Some 200 years earlier, there was no separate disciple of pol science, it
was a part of history only. When a need to test and hypothesis theories developed to
verify historical events and developments, pol science developed. It is a combination
of theories and events: pol sci.
 Philosophy: it is known as the mother of all the disciplines. The arguments,
hypothesis and theories are all in fact based on philosophy. It provides the much
needed theories for history. History is not all about facts only. Through these theories,
historiography or historical method is developed which helps us to understand that
how history should be written, what should be the framework in which it should be
written, it provides guidelines for historians.
 Archeology
 Anthropology

History as progress:
Strive for betterment. More tolerance. Better distribution of resources. More acceptability.
Western philosophy: observation of facts is the ultimate way gaining knowledge.
Indian philosophy: observation of facts is not the only way of gaining knowledge and
knowing truth. Other ways are when you transcend all your senses, you can find ultimate
truth.
#Theory of Justice: Amartya Sen [book]
Idea of progress:
 Accumulation of material resources: equality in resources
 Consciousness in terms of mind element in terms of greater acceptability and
tolerance: sole or atma concept which is a spark of god that is the check of right or
wrong in everyone’s mind
 Development of science and technology: it is the tool through which we master
environment. During Ice age, fire wasn’t discovered and the man was reserved to
cave, when fire was discovered, he was able to progress.
 Mastery over environment: how much we can control over environment. E.g. air-
conditioned rooms
History in progress: Passing the accumulation of experience from one generation to another
generation. History is progress with several trough and peak. In terms of civilizations, Indus
valley can be termed as peak as it was advanced civilization, then from this peak we reached
to trough as in the Vedic period, we had rural civilization, then from Vedic period, during 6th
Cent BC, small empires accumulated to great kingdoms and we reached peak (culturally,
economically, politically) in era of mauryan, gupta, further trough was seen by vanishing of
central authority after mauryan and the feudal period begun and the coinage system
completely vanished and thereby Indians resorted to barter system. Then, the great Mughal
period begum and peak was achieved as sub continent was united in political thread, in the
field of architecture and all lot of development took place. A trough came with the come of
British. This was followed by rise by 1947 onwards and India is at peak currently.

Problem of subjectivity: objectivity is the capacity to rise above the limited region of one’s
situation in society and in history and capacity to project one’s vision into the future. –E H
Carr
e.g. Galileo was much ahead of his time due to his thought process. It was his vision which is
accepted in the present future.
The thought process of the mass may be wrong, but one’s though process projects the idea of
objectivity.
Subjectivity: bias is something which is motivated and deliberate for serving one’s own
purpose. It is referred as pattern writing in history. Anything which is written for a narrow
purpose or ulterior purposes.
e.g. arun shourie: leading RSS ideology, ‘Christian missionaries in India’: Book, everything
was all written against the missionaries.
Why subjectivity enters:
 Social animal: thought process and ideas given by the parents; socialization and
social-interactions of the historians influences the thought process as well. All this
seeps into the personality of the individuals. Historians are also a social animal, so
consciously or sub-consciously such interactions influence his writings.
 Ideology: historians may or may not get affected by their ideologies. India is very
much affected by the Marxist ideology, which has further impacted Indian history as
well. E.g. the Marxist interpretation sees everything from the economic perspective.
They say that economics is the most important driving force. They have ignored the
socio-cultural approach and even religious and spiritual approach.
“Amartye sen: history and enterprises knowledge”: read
 Religion: e.g. J N Sarkar and Faruqqi. They were seasoned historians of 20th
history. They gave their distinct interpretation of destructions of temples by
Aurangzeb. Sarkar criticized such acts but Faruqqi supported it. Faruqqi claims
that throughout the Aurangzeb period, he was involved in the wars that are very
costly so he needed alternate source of finance which he found in the Hindu
temples which he especially found in the Deccan temples. They have accepted the
basic facts but they are just providing their own interpretation.
 Choosing a subject: choosing a subject out of interest. These interests naturally
bring the subjectivity. E.g. one is interested in working on naxalism.
  Inference: archive positivism, which means filling the gaps where the historical
evidences are silent. E.g. after the mauryan period, what happened in the next 20-
25 years is not supported by the any evidences, historians have just inferred it
from the facts present before and after that period.
Historical evidence:
 Archeological sources: stone tablets, metal tablets (inscription on metal),
 Literary sources:
 Cave paintings and cave inscription
 Foreign travelers:
 Primary sources: unpublished drafts and reports, letters and personal books,
newspaper is both a primary and secondary source
 Credibility of evidence: evidences play the most important role while writing history.
o Was the primary witness able to tell the truth?
 Spatial and temporal closeness: such closeness to the incident.
Whether he was at the place of occurrence or how far he was.
Temporal means in terms of time, whether the observer was there
exactly when the even happened or he came later.
 Competence of the observer:
 If a villager who is illiterate is observing, it is not that he would
not be keen observer
 The degree of attention paid: one may be competent, but the actual
attention paid is important. e.g. Oklahoma bomb incident, when the
police of examining the live witness, many contradictions were there.
o Willingness to tell the truth: observer may tend to hide the truth for the benefit
of someone. The observer may be biased toward his observance. The moment
he is bias, it would compromise the truth. While recording, instead of the main
language, he writes in the poetic lines which is open to many interpretation.
o In exact dating problem: example declaration of the American independence,
actual date is August 2nd (formal signing) but recorded date is 4th July (self
declaration).
o Independent corroboration: it means that independent testimonies by various
other sources.
o Reputation of the author: whether he has the reputation of truth telling or
telling lie. Most of the court poets tend to exaggerate and therefore they are
non reliable. However, Kalhan was recognized as proper instances of history.
o Lack of self-contradiction: if present, it questions the veracity of such writing.
o Lack of contradiction from other sources:
o Free from anachronism: chronological order should be followed. Putting an
event in the wrong period or wrong time.
How the problem of subjectivity could be minimized:
 Historian should renaissance modal of historical writing which means that there
should be scientific way of ascertaining facts: e h carr
 One cannot have an objective history but subjectivity can be minimized
  Categorical oversimplification: it means duty for duty sake. Historians should write
history for the purpose of writing history and not for preaching an ideology:
Immanuel Kant
 Such historians who are using history as a platform for endorsing ideologies and their
narrow interests, such person should be condemned by the community.

POLITICS OF HISTORY:
#History textbook controversy
#NCERT textbook controversy (read first article by Aditya Mukherjee and
mridula Mukherjee titled An Overview of the NCERT controversy )

First official history writing in India can be traced in 1820 when James mill authored five
volumes of ‘history of India’. What was the need of writing the history from the British
perspective? A number of regimes in the world have tried to mould and manipulative the
history as per their own convenience as it provides legitimacy to the regimes and suit their
own ideology (napoleon and Hitler). The reason for Britishers was same. One of the
important reason was that so far there was no systematic official history writing in India.
What did he write in that?
 Administrative historian: mill was not a historian by profession. He wrote history of
India without any of India, and without visiting India itself and knowledge of India’s
culture. Indian have been termed as barbarians. Everything have been ridiculed from
god, culture, rituals etc. he denigrated India and its culture and it was a biased
account.
 Motive: so that Indians accept their own ideology. Oriental despotism. They wanted
to capture people’s mind. They did it by denigrated history and their prior culture. For
that only, they introduced missionaries, who will brainwash Indian so that Indians
would accept their culture. This is called ideological hegemony (dominance of the
culturally diverse society by the ruling class). They wanted to create brown English
men : Macaulay. If Indians would be moulded into the British culture, it would be
easier to control them which would prolong British rule and Indians would not be
revolting against them. They would even get legitimacy to rule over the people by
deeming them as uncivilized. Theory of guardianship was even introduced by
showing that britishers would be civilizing the Indians.
 The British agenda was very successful.
 Later on, other administrative historians like Macaulay, smith also tried to legitimize
the British rule.
 It was a completely prejudiced account of India.
 The periodization of history: instead of saying ancient or medieval India, he
mentioned it by writing Hindu period and Muslim period. This led to communal
divide in the country. Such periodization is completely false as in ancient India, some
of the great religions flourished like Jainism and Buddhism and even many other
 groups emerged. Even the medieval period was not completely Muslim dominated,
though the masses were Muslim dominated, not all rulers were Muslim.
 Gandhi has once said that it is better not to teach history rather than teaching the
wrong and fabricated history.
Recent issues of history degradation.
 India having a rich past, but poor sense of history. Recording of the great civilization
was done poorly.
 After 1947, the government of India undertook the task of writing a proper history of
Indian civilization. R C Majumdaar was given this task. After several years, Bhartiya
Vidhya Bhavan came with a series of the history of book came, where he was the
editor and he compiled all the works. He had a nationalistic leniency, so he
exaggerated the ancient period. Still his work is criticized, where he terms gupta
period as the golden period, this got criticized from historians as they say that there
was degradation of the gold coins and the gold content was reduced in the coins. This
showed the declining economy and immediately after gupta age, India entered
feudalism.
 Ncert controversy, when janata government took power in 1997, they tried to change
history but could not do so.
Issues in modern time which has caused controversies:
 Beef eating issue: it came around when the atal bihari’s government was in power.
HRD minister was murli manohar mukhejee. In the history books of 4th and 5th,
romila thappar mentioned that beef eating was prevalent in Indian history and the
guest’s were served with beefs. ‘Goghnya’ which means guests are termed as killers
of the cow. This is even mentioned in jain literature as well. Cow became holy only
when vaishnavism became voice of the masses, during 1st and 2nd AD century. Cow
was very important animal during Vedic period as well, but was not holy. Aryans
were not killing any cow, but they were killing stray cows and old cows who were
unable to give milk. When the NDA government came to power, it emerged that
though it is correct, it is hurting the sentiments of the people. Then UN cry raised
where it was asked that whether history is for soothing people, hiring people or for
telling the truth. NDA government completely deleted this part from the textbook
when the magazines were flooded with these issues and the outrage increased.
 Brahmanical reaction: the reason of the decline of the mauryan empire was the
weaker successors. R S Sharma, he writes in the ncert textbooks of the 11th class that
brahmanical reactions was the reason for mauryan decline. He wrote that after the
Kalinga war, Ashoka adopted Buddhism, after that he put a complete ban on slaughter
of animals in the empire, his policies was very tolerant and he was also very tolerant
to other sects as well. But due to such ban, many rituals got affected as animals were
sacrificed in rituals. As a result of that, the income of the Brahmins was affected.
However, ashoka even gave them gifts for such ban, but it caused resentment in the
Brahmin for ashoka, which caused to decline of the empire. Such paragraph was
deleted by murli manohar joshi’s ministry.
 Harappan horse issue: whether the horses existed in the harappan in that period or not.
o # K N Panikar: Outsider as an enemy: the politics of writing history in India
o It has been proved that horses were absent in the Indus valley civilization and
if one see most of the artifacts which have been seen there, the main animals
were goats, bullocks and oxes and sheep. There is no evidence of horses.
o This reference has come in the light that the rightest groups lead by RSS claim
that the Aryans were indigenous people. So, whether they were indigenous or
not is the prime issue under which horse issue has become significant.
o For the first time, about the origin of Aryan, a theory was developed by Max
Muller, who provided the Aryan invasion theory that the Aryans came from
central Asia. There is a consensus to this theory
o This has been modified by providing that they did not invaded but they
migrated to Sapta-sindhav region. So, they migrated because central asia did
not have any opportunities as the natural resources were unexplored. They
came to India as they India was considered as el dorado or the land of gold.
They heard that the land of India is very fertile. There is no conflict regarding
this theory in the historians.
o In the recent time, especially after the NDA I government came to power, the
rightest group claim that Aryans were the indigenous people and the same
Indus people continued as the Vedic civilization. The rightists deem all the
outsiders as enemy, but if we consider Aryans as enemy, there theory that
outsiders are enemy would be disproved.
o N S rajaram, he claimed that he found out the seal of the Indus period, there is
a depiction of horses in the Indus period and due to which it is proved that
horses were already present in the Indus area. When seal was tested by carbon
dating, it was turned out as fake.
o Connection between horse and Aryans is that it was the Aryans who came to
this region on the horses, and it was the only reason for the defeat of the
indigenous people who only possessed bullock carts.
o Evidences regarding the origin of Aryans
 Horse issue: that the entire Indus valley civilization, there was no
horses, if there was no horses, then from where the horses in the Vedic
period came. This horse issue becomes very important evidence which
provide that Aryans came from central Asia.
 Archeological evidences called BOGHAZ KOI INSCRIPTION: this
inscription was found at a place in central asia called asia minor. This
inscription, according to the carbon dating belongs to 1500 BC, period
when the Aryans came to India. It talks about the fact that 5 different
branch of Aryans moved to 5 different parts of the world and one of
the branch moved towards Meluha. India was called as meluha.
 Philological evidence: philological is the science of words and
phonetics. Under this, its discovered that Sanskrit was one of the
INDO-EURPOEAN LANGUAGE. That’s why we have lot of
phonetic similarities between English and Sanskrit. Even Sanskrit and
greek have seen such similarities.
  Nature of civilizations: the Indus civilization and the Vedic
civilization. Indus was an urban civilization which was utilitarian in
nature. If the same civilization succeeded in Vedic civilization, then
why the Vedic one is rural. This proves that the Vedic people were not
the same as the Indus people.
 Guru teg bahadur issue:
o Class 11, medieval India, authored by satish Chandra, he has written that teg
bahadur, in order to collect the taxes was involved into rapine and plunder. So
this issue was raised by the RSS lead group saying that the guru has been
depicted in bad image and they thought rapine as rapist. In fact, the literal
meaning of rapine is plunder only.
 Taj mahal issue: tejo mahalya, a Hindu temple: as per P N Oak. He wrote a book, The
Taj Mahal is Tejo Mahalya: A Shiva Temple. Most of the arguments are only
statements but not substantiated by the concrete evidences.
 Qutub minar: inside this, there is an iron pillar, called mehroli iron pillar which was
brought by firoz shah tuglak later on. It was originally in Haryana, it fell down there,
so it was carried to Delhi. This iron pillar belong to a king called Chandra. Whether
its Chandragupta I or Chandragupta II is not clear. Due to the presence of the iron
pillar, the historians claims that qutub minar was built by samundragupta. Evidence is
the iron pillar only.
 Euro centric bias: deterioration of certain personality. Like terming kalidas as
Shakespeare of India. There is no comparison between what kalidas has done and
Shakespeare has done. Kalidas has completed his works on nature theme.
Shakespeare has given elaborate idea of human nature. Saying Chankya as
Machiavelli of India, by doing so one has put the European as the top authority.
Further, samudragupta is called napoleon of India. Ironically, samundragupta had
never lost a war.
 RSS run schools: sarawati shishu mandir, adarsh Vidhya mandir, bal bharti school: 3
schools of RSS. Education quality is not good. There is more emphasis on cultural
aspect of history and the teaching is with motivation bias. The students belong to
lower middle class and middle class as they cannot afford high fees. The idea was to
create cadets so that later on these students can become RSS activists. In one of the
questions, they asked that approx. from how many centuries Ram Janma bhumi issue
is going on? How many ram bhakts have been killed? Due to the death of ram bhakts,
river of what started flowing? Such things can even be founded in madarsas, highly
Islamic centric education is provided. Christian seminaries also provide biased
education. Government should exert some control over such school as these schools
are building the thought process an entire generation. Indoctrination of students in
such manner should not be allowed.
 Golden age vs. dark age: in India, few people have termed ancient India as golden age
and medieval India as dark age. If the reason is warfare, once the iron was discovered
in 1000 BC, empires started developing and it lead to warfare, which means that wars
were even present then. Sectarian violence were even witnessed in ancient India.
 Ruler of Bengal, shahshank who was highly intolerant, who killed 1000s of Buddhist
monks. He even destroyed the Bodhi tree. Buddhist and sheviks (followers of shiva)
had fights. Even the shiva and Vishnu followers fought on the basis that who is more
stronger. Therefore, now for Vishnu, shiva is the god to be worshiped and for shiva,
Vishnu is to be worshipped. It was also there in medieval India. E.g. for rajputs wars
were sports. If they fight wars, it showed their masculinity. Cultural development
happened in both the periods. Different branches of knowledge got developed during
medieval India. This can be seen in A L Bashan’s book: The Wonder that was India.
Read Irfan Habib’s part

What role history have been playing in the policy making of the state:
 Second World War: after the end of it, in US, the state departments of various states
set up historical departments to look into the research of any such issue that could
have any impact on the foreign relations like territorial issues. Such departments
involved into the historic research. Such departments were made in most of the
foreign offices. It is this department, which provides much needed inputs to the states
as to what policies they should adopt.
 Indo china relationship: china is claiming that certain part of India. India set up their
historic department 4-5 years back to look into the historical claim and if the china is
laying any claim, what is the immediate and remote history of such claim. All the
aspects are looked into and all the disputed territories’ data is being collected. Such
documents would equip the government in undertaking the appropriate steps and
policies. By such department, claims of countries can be demolished.
 Civil service and skills: especially those people who goes for foreign services, the
historical background of the country where they are going and the historical
background of India is mandatorily to be known. There is a special course on India’s
culture and civilization as they are going to administer Indians only, so that if can be
effective.
 India’s tribal policy: when India became independent, there was an approach
developing as to how India should deal with tribal. There was one approach called
museum approach, i.e. let the tribal remain as they are and the other was assimilative.
This means that they should be merged with the country. Government rejected both
the approaches. The reason being the history. Throughout the British rule, the trial
rebelled against the British and their policies and they played important role. Through
investigation was done on this aspect as to why did they fight. The reason found was
the government’s arbitrary intervention in their culture and society and due to which
they were completely marginalized and deprived of their resources and good
livelihood. Therefore, an inclusive policy was developed.
 Secularism as a state policy: In the constitutional assembly debates, thorough debates
were done on the issue of religion of the state. Despite the fact that the preamble did
not include secularism, the basic framework of constitution was based on secularism.
It was adopted because it was viewed that India is a group of large number of sects
and groups and India could not adopt policies that favors only one religion. Another
 reason is that India was divided on the communal lines itself and that is why the
framers of the constitution realized that if they do not adopt secularism, the states
would start adopting different religion and fight on that.
 US Vietnam issue: it was due to this conflict and the way US lost the war that
undermined their prestige, they realized that they would have won the war, if they had
proper understanding of the Vietnamese topography, their culture and their mindset
and culture. It was this relation that they have learnt from Vietnam after losing the
war and that is why henceforth America have resisted ground attack.
 Balkan issue: First World War: from 1911 until 2018, the Balkan region has always
been volatile. Due to the presence of large number of ethical groups lead to First
World War. Considering this, when the Balkan region was again into crisis in 1970s
and 1980s, American involved actively as they anticipated that such issues can even
lead to another big war. In the Libyan crisis of 2011 even, anticipating that such crisis
can escalate into larger conflicts, American made their policies to deal with it. Even
the Obama government considered it for solving the Syrian issue.
 US China relationship: sometimes, the current American china relationship is
compared to the relation of Germany and Britain before the First World War or the
US USSR relations during the cold war. The similarity and difference is measured on
these lines. The entire diplomacy and policymaking get affected. When US Ussr made
their policies, many other countries even modified their own policies. E.g., Non
Alignment movement was created as the world was created into a block rivalry. The
effect of one country’s policies on others’ can be seen from the historical analysis
only
 There is a global talk going on that whether America is on a verge of decline? This is
not a new issue, throughout the 1950s (rise of china and USSR), 1960s (Kennedy’s
period), 1970s (due to the Nixon’s policies by which America lost the Vietnamese
war) and 1980s-1990s (economic issues) also when there was a series economic
crisis. After few years, the Americans revolved strongly. Such generalization can be
understood by looking in to the past.
 Rogue states: Libya, Iraq under saddam hussian. Cambodia under the dictator rule.
Currently, Rogue states having the nuclear weapons are like north Korea, Pakistan,
such states can be seen again as to how the state when it acquire nuclear weapon
changes the policies of the states. E.g., China became more and more rogue after its
capabilities on nuclear weapon developed. When Pakistan tested an explosion in
1998, the perception of the supremacy of India over Pakistan was done away with and
it had impact on the foreign and domestic policies of both the states.
 Success and failure of a policy: historically, if a policy was very successful, the reason
behind its success and vice versa with failure, this can only be understood by the help
of history. The success and failure of a policy which a nation can adopt as precedent
to analyze that which factors has to be deleted to make its failure policy as successful
in future. E.g. Lyndon Johnson, it was who started the carpet-bombing in Vietnam,
after the end of his period, he wrote a report titled ‘the historical approach of the
 policy of a state.’ This report can set an example for the future policies of the state:
reason for writing this report.
 Prevention of Communal violence bill, 2009: there was a great of such bill that can
provide the compensation to the victim of such violence. Still it has not become an
act. Such initiatives requires a whole background of historical investigation.
Legacy of Indian Freedom Struggle:
 Democracy and constitutionalism:
o Representative democracy: it was the vision of the freedom struggle. It means
that people should vote and their representatives should be the part of the
legislative assembly
o Civil liberties and fundamental rights: there was a whole background of
struggle for this. First time in 1931, Karachi session of the INC, there the
resolutions were passed for the FRs. The GOI Act 1935 had such resolution’s
effect and which later on got incorporated in the indian constitution. It is the
basic pedestal of any democracy. The ideals and roots of the indian democracy
were sown very deep and that’s why we are very matured democracy at
present
o Adult franchise: the universal adult franchise was not present in most of the
developed countries during the freedom struggle. Under such circumstances,
the idea of adult franchise which INC adopted is quite significant. It made the
democracy well deep rooted.
o Dissent: right to dissent is a very important right. It can be primarily be seen in
the culture of INC which understood that people have different opinions and
perspective. It was taken positively and then incorporated in the constitution.
Ram Chandra Guha in ‘Why India Survived’ have stated that all such ideals of
indian constitution is the reason for india’s survival.
o Non violence:
o National sovereignty:
o Rights given to the minorities: all these ideal together which have been time
and again talked about and ultimately got incorporated in the constitution and
lead to the creation of Indian State. ‘The Making of India’ in Ram Chandra
Guha’s book provides that such ideals are the significant factors for nation
building.
 Economic legacy:
o Colonialism and imperialism: 190 years of colonial rule exploited India and
due to this, when India became independent, we adopted the policy of
rejection and opposition of any form of colonialism. During the Gulf War
period, the Iran Iraq war and when saddam hussian adopted Kuwait, India
opposed all such acquisition. India is also supporting Palestinian issue, in the
UN assembly, India has opposed the motion of making Jerusalem as the
capital of Israel. Despite having good relations with saddam hussian and
Israel, India opposed their policies.
 o Self reliance: Indian freedom struggle had a vision of swadeshi or self-reliance
and to create an autonomous state and that is why we creating Khadi and other
such brands. After 1947, india’s economic condition was very bad and we
needed aid from foreigners. Despite this, we preferred not to be part of the
block rivalry otherwise it would have be again superseded by the US or USSR.
This is the reason for adopting NAM.
o Industrialization vs. cottage industry: it was Nehru vs. Gandhi. Gandhi
emphasis was more on the cottage industry. Gandhi believed that unless
villages are developed and made an autonomous units and capable of
employment generator and this will develop the village leading to
development of country. If India wanted to eleviate poverty, villages are to be
developed. But Nehru believed in industrialization and therefore after
independence, the process of industrialization was rapidly started. Therefore,
both such views lead to development of India. Nehru wanted more of Dams as
he wanted as it would foster industrialization by electricity generation: Dams
are the temple of modern India
o Agrarian relation: the ryot wari and mahal wari system made India poor and
exploited indian people. First step India took is that they prohibited zamindari
act called abolition of zamindari syatem, 1948. It was as death for the feudal
system in India. If feudalism would have remained, India would not have
prospered. One reasons why Pakistan is still less developed is because
Pakistan still have feudalism. West bangal and kerela have done great efforsts
in land refroms and therefore naxalism have not spread over there. Bihar and
Andhra Pradesh lost in such a process
o Socialistic ideal: we adopted a mahalanobis modal of 5 year plan modal. It
was a soviet model and a part of the Lenin’s policy. The idea was that the
common masses should develop and poverty be removed. Nehru himself was
socialist and therefore socialistic modal was followed. It is only after 1990s,
India adopted the capitalistic modal.
 Social justice:
o Pro-poor orientation: congress of earlier day was not a party but was a
movement in itself. It was a umbrealla party under all of other parties fought
and won the freedom. More than 95% of India was under severe poverty
condition, so it was important that if people have to be attracted, they need to
look into this problem.
o Socialist approach: it was central to the indian freedom struggle because
socialism deals with the masses and their upliftment and therefore this was
adopted. These approaches remained central to the national polcies of
independent India. Only due to this approach, mahalanobis modal was
adopted. Initial five years has seen eradication of poverty as a primary goal.
Measures to empower such people were taken. Creation of the egalitarian
society was the goal and the gandhian notion of ram rajya was the vision. As
dinkar has said: jaha kisi ko na bahut adhik ho, na kisi ko kam.
 o Compulsory and free education in the primary level: it emerged in the freedom
struggle and remained in the policies of India from independence. RTE
became FR only after 6 decades. Many policies are being launched recently as
well.
o Land revenue: the congress during british period was demanding and also
organized satyagrahas to waive off the taxes during droughts. Even in many of
the satyagrahas and non-cooperation movement, people refused to pay taxed
as a sign of revolt. When independence was achieved, government adopted
liberal approach towards land revenue and whenever there is drought situation,
they had waived.
o 1931 karachi resolution: it was passed for the economic freedom of the
millions. So, this economic freedom of the people and struggle for it ultimate
came in the form of constitutionalism process and that is why FR clauses were
inserted. Economic freedom has also been the goal of five year plans and more
and more employment opportunists are created. Emphasis on individual
entrepreneurship and cottage industry was there
o Women empowerment: freedom struggle had two phases: active phase (mass
movements and non cooperation and civil disobeiene movements) and passive
phase (constructive programmes were organized which had agenda like
untouchability and women empowerment and sanitation. The idea was that
unless people are taught, they would not be able to lead in future). Systems
like purdah system and hijab are blocking the empowerment. Let us tear the
purdah with one mighty effort: Gandhi. It is believed that purdah system is a
kind of enslavement for women. Freedom struggle brought the women out of
their house and they actively participated in the struggle. In that way, it lead to
women empowerment. Many feminist movements can be traced 1960s and
1970s onwards and one of the earliest was against the domestic violence and
called anti liquor movement in states like Kerala, Maharashtra and other
northern India states. This remain important issues still. Picketing of the liquor
shops was a common sight during the freedom struggle. The patriarchic
mentality is a block to it.
o Untouchability: ambedkar and Gandhi’ efforts lead to inclusion of
untouchability in the constitution as an offence.
 Secularism: the separation of religion and politics on which the freedom have worked
a lot. Muslim league was primarily formed for the sake of the Muslim community.
But freedom struggle failed to make any good strategy for achieving secularism and
due to that factor communalism emerged 1920 onwards and ultimately India was
divided. Hindu maha sabha took its rise. Congress movement could not create a
strategy. Though secularism was largely discussed in the constituent assembly but this
term was not mentioned in the constitution. It was that vision of secularism that is a
strong point of India. Why India survived by ram Chandra guha, one of the reason
was secularism only. However, the britishers predicted that India would not be united.
 United India: it was the vision of the Indian freedom struggle. We could not get united
India and broke into two parts and communalism is one of the prime reaons. If India
 got integrated, it was due to united India vision. National identity: the emergence of
national identity was made possible due to this vision of united India. This national
identity have been challenged by anti Hindu movement in TN and many other
separatists movements in J & K etc.
 Foreign Policy: it was central to the freedom struggle. No more colonization in the
foreign policy would be tolerated. Due to this, we refused to be the part of any blocks
in the cold war. It refused to become a satellite state. Pakistan was tempted to those
offers and therefore Pakistan is now aid based economy and completely dependent on
US.
 Refusal to Imperialism, colonialism and nihilism: we had principle stand for nelson
Mandela in his fight against apartheid and we opposed any form of imperialism. Till
1990, the Non Alignment remained the Indian foreign policy till the two superpower
block remained.
 Creation of boundaries: as part of the geo-political legacies, the creataion of
boundaries was important legacy. Western Punjab, east Punjab and west Bengal and
east Bengal got divided. India had to to be divded and certain part has to be given to
pakistant. The boundary was dvided by a british civil servant Cyril Radcliffe. he did
not have any previous experience of india. The boundary with Bangladesh is about
2000 km. its 700 km approx. with Pakistan. Why mountabtten chose an inexperinedc
person because he was supposed to be unbiased in his work because partition would
create lot of controversies. But when he was leaving india, he burnt all his papers and
he said that no one is going to love me because the sort of the task he has done has
created evil in all the religions. He went back in a sad state of mind. He was given 5
weeks time to divide Punjab and Bengal. Radcliffe did not visited any of the cities and
divided the country only from his chambers. Due to that factor, it has caused
unnatural division and due to which it created lot of problems. Radcliffe award was
submitted on August 12.
o Which territory received what? Radcliffe boundary award: the two nation
theory of Jinnah was not a true account as even after the partition, large part of
muslims remained in India and large part of hindus remained in Pakistan.
State Territory, Population, Muslim/non-
square miles millions muslim ration
East Pakistan 54, 500 40 73:27
West Bengal 28, 000 21 29:71
West Punjab 63, 000 16 75:25
East Punjab 37, 000 12.5 35:65

As the ratio of population against the territory was different in bengal and Punjab, this
became the reason why the refugees settlement was much better than Bengal, the refugees
starting flowing in 1947, they got settled by 4-5 years in Punjab but they got settled by 1970s-
1980s in West Bengal.
The basis of the division was the majority minority ratio. The region where the hindus were
majority came to india and vice versa. But certain exceptions are there, e.g. Gurdaspur, where
50.2% were muslims but it was kept in india. Nadia, a holy site as the earlier cult of
vaishanvism emerged there as Chaitanya (supposed to be the incarnation of lord vishnu) was
born herer. Nadia and MUrshidabad were also given to india, though muslims were in
majority.

 Controversies related to Radcliffe award:

o This award is biased because it was influenced by lord mountbatton in favor of
india. Nehru had good relations with mountbatten and due to that he was able
to put more influence on him – blame by muslim league and Jinnah.
o When Radcliffe had submitted the award on August 12, but it was declared on
August 17. There were many strange scene on border as people were unsure as
to in which country they are. This lead to many communal violence and as the
result of this delay, many killings took place. The onus of such delay is on
british. It has been provided that britishers were going away from their
responsibility as if they declare the award before 15 August, the liability of
any communal violence would be falling on the british government, but they
wanted it to fall on the new governments.
o Gurudaspur: why it was given to india despite having majority of muslims. It
had 50.2% of muslims. It was definitely influenced as it had very important
strategic location. If it had gone to pak, india’s land access to jammu and
Kashmir would have been blocked. Probably Nehru influenced mountbatten.
This is claimed by the muslim league. Another reason can be that gurudaspur
was a sikh holy site, so it was given to inda.
o Nadia and murshidabad had muslim majority and same claims of influence
were made by muslim league. Mushidabad was important commerce center
and was a seat of power and was political center.
 Effects of this award:
o Displacement and refugees: almost 18 million people got displaced due to his
partition. This was one of the biggest migrations in the history of south asia.
Hindus, muslims and Sikhs were the most affected communities.
o Loss of property: property worth more than 1.5 billion rupees in context of the
1947 price.
o This division have delinked lot of canals from their head works. As the
controlling stations remained in one country and the irrigation area went to
another.
o Pakistan feared that india would stop the water flow to Pakistan. India did not
do so and indus water treaty of 1960 was signed.
o This award never took any natural diving line as the boundry. Like division on
the basis of river. The dividing line also went through certain houses. It lead to
the separation of the communities. Therefore, it is called that partition divided
homes. It caused mental pain to the affected people.
 o Ganganager got high sizeable refugees settled in that area, as it being very
fertile. So, they had anti-muslim feelings and this is the reason for high
communal tension.
o Even the presence of Indians in different part of the world may be due to
partition as wherever the relatives of affected people were living or working,
they shifted.
SITUATIONS OF EAST PUNJAB AFTER PARTITION:
 Population was 45% compared to the undivided Punjab.
 Undivided Punjab was called as the hydraulic society: because it was the land of
several rivers (sapta-sindhav region). Due to these rivers, canal colonies were created
and due to these canals, it became the one of the most fertile region of the world.
After the partition, most of the fertile region went to Pakistan. Whatever was left was
not much fertile.
 Indian received only 30% of the fertile land and irrigated land.
 Indian received only 31% of the income producing regions came to india. Best wheat
and cotton producing regions went to Pakistan.
 There was a food deficit of about 35K tons.
 In terms of the evacuee property: it means the property which the refuges had left
behind. The property which the hindus and Sikhs together left behind in Pakistan was
67 lakh acres. Muslims left only 47 lakh acres of land in India. It is implied that
hindus and Sikhs were more rich compared to Muslims.
 Temporary relief measures (1947- 49):
o Congestion in camps: the government of india established independent a
ministry called “minsistry of relief and rehabilitation” which primary has to
look into the issues concerning the refugees and remained in working for next
one and half decade. Refugee camps were established for their establishement
but due to the continuous increase in their numbers, they were dispread into
the neighboring provinces of Punjab.
o Settlement on evacuee property: The first attempt was to settle them on the
evacuee property for temporary period and they were provided the implements
like ploughs as most of them were agriculturists.
o Psychological rehabilitation: the refugees who settled together with friends
and family so that they would have sense of security and they can work
together. A group of family was settled on a piece of land, it would be the
choice of people as to where they want to reside.
o Food loans: food loans were provided so that they can eat until the next crop
can be harvested. It was around three and half rupees per adult per month.
o Subsidized retail shops: from these shops only the refugees could have buy the
basic necessities.
o Agricultural loans: ploughs, bullocks, other implements was to be provided to
those person. So, these loans which were interest free for the acquirement of
such stuffs
 o Loans for artisans: Gold smiths, black smiths, carpenters or the people who
had their own business and enterprises. They were provided loans for the
resettlement of their business.
o Loans were also provided for building houses and for digging of the wells on
the village and community basis.
o This process continued till 1949 and then comes the permanent phase.

Permanent phase: 1949 onwards:

 Land records: there was a challenge of how to allot the land because most of the
refugees did not have the land records to verify their claims. This was dwelt by the
help of the panchayats. On a regular basis, panchayats of particular villages were
called and the facts and claims of the people having land in Pakistan were cross
checked by the other members of the village. There are instances where, when people
placed higher claims, then penalty was imposed.
 Standard acre: in order to allot the land, the concept of standard acre was adopted.
This means that if a piece of land could produce 4-5 quintals of food grains was
considered as 1 standard acre. It was due to the fact that the fertility of land was
different in different part of Punjab. This idea came from the Director General of
Rehabilitation, Tarlok Singh.
 Concept of graded cuts
Grade (SA) Rate of cut Net allotment
0-10 25% 7.5 (SA)
10-30 30%
40-60 55%
>1000 95% 50 (SA)

It benefited because it was able to solve the feudal problem and now they had only that much
of land, which they can use for their own cultivation.
Even those person who were landless in west punjab, certain amount to land should be given
to them for the survival.
Consequences of the efforts:
 Levelling of holdings: in villages, the lands are fragmented. Lot of lands are even
wasted on the boundaries or bunds of the small holdings. Because large holdings were
allotted to a group of people in Punjab, therefore such wastage was diminished. One
cannot do mechanized agriculture on small holdings, when one needs to use advanced
technologies, one needs large holdings. Due to such large holdings Punjab, the people
were able to do intensive farming. East Punjab (Holding, Consolidations and
Fragmentation) Act, 1948 was passed so as to achieve levelling of the holdings. Due
to this land consolidation, by 1965, 220 lakhs acres got consolidated and the
cultivated areas was increased by 25%.
 Jolt to landlordism: actual landlords were not interested in the land, the lands were
cultivated by the tenants. The consolidation and fragmentation act gave jolt to
landlordism as huge lands were cut off from such persons and distributed to refugees.
  Upward mobility: those people who did not had land in Pakistan were also given
lands for their bare survival. Now, this created a possibility for them moving up in the
society.
 Bhakra nangal dam: as only 30% of the irrigated land came to india, this lead to the
creation of the Bhakra Dam. It started in 1948 and in 1963, it got completed. This
dam was able to irrigate 3.5 million acres of the land, electricity generation: 4000
million units a day. It was this incentive, which gave way to the intensive
mechanization of the agriculture which lead to the tube well revolution. Due to the
generation of the electricity, people were able to sink their own tube well. It was this
revolution which ultimately created the basic infrastructure needed for the green
revolution. Because it had large holdings and irrigation facilities, it was chosen for
green revolution. As a result of tube well revolution, by the beginning of 1970, it
emerged as a food surplus region and ultimately became the bread basket of the
country. It costed 2300 million rupees for the construction. this even lead to the
increase in people’s incomes and they reinvested the income in the agriculture and it
made the green revolution possible as due to reinvestment, they were able to acquire
modern technology. The green revolution caused huge environmental damages as
well: deforestation due to construction of dam, salinization of land as salt started
coming on the top of the soil which made the soil infertile; the water logging problem;
the tractor revolution lead to which huge manufacturing of tractors was there and now
they are lying idle.

Resettlement of the Bengali Refugees: read from article

Comparison of the Bengali and Punjabi settlement: movement begum from 1946 only;
not equal exchange; Nehru liaquat pact (the priority of the government was not to
evacuate minorities from the Bengal as it was there in the case of Punjab. India was
willing to contract with Pakistan where so that Pakistan can make the situation favorable
for minorities and prevent such exodus.). did not want to reside in refugee camps and
made their own squatter colonies. many came back due to that pact. focus on Punjab,
focus on west Bengal only after 1955; reluctant to move to other states; refugee activists;
financial provisions were reviewed in the 3rd year of second 5 year plan; dandakaranya
development authority for rehabilitation in Baster and Orissa (rich in natural resources but
poor in cultivation), many returned back and created own settlement; 7 acres to each
family; moving agriculturalist to unfavorable lands;
#INDIA AFTER GANDHI: ram Chandra guha
 Apple in the basket
 Idea of India
 Valley: Bloody and Beautiful
Geo Political Legacies:
 Kashmir:
 Siachin: northern most tip of the siachin glacier is called Indira Col. This glacier lies
in the end of LOC. It is a 78 km long glacier. It is one of the biggest tributary of Indus
River. This is in part of the larger himalayas. The average height is 5000 meters.
Permanent snow line there is 5000 meters, there one can find snow for entire year.
The point where LOC ends is called NJ9842. Siachin is known as the highest
battlefield at the altitude of 6000 m.
o The literal meaning of siachin is the land of wild roses. This name have been
given because lower terrain of this region have some vegetation having wild
flowers.
o This region was part of an undefined territory. It was not properly demarcated.
Pakistan had not laid down its claim on this territory. From 1970 onwards
there were regular attempts of mountaineering and trekking from Pakistan as it
was more accessible from Pakistan. This was done primarily to lay claim on
this region.
o Around 1984, India got some secret information that Pak had ordered for large
number of winter clothing for such high altitudes. India got this information
because Pakistan order such clothings from the same supplier from which
India was getting those. So, India understood the ulterior agenda of Pak.
o In 1984, india launched an operation called Meghdoot, headed by Subedar
Sardar Bana Singh. in 1986, they were able to capture the siachin heights.
o During this time, Pakistan had acquired a height of 21k feet and named it as
Quaid Post. In response to this act, 1984 operation was launched.
o Now this post is known as Bana Post.
o India is mostly on the higher side of the Siachin glacier which provides india
strategically advantage, disadvantage is that the only means from which
supplies can be done is through air way. Pakistan occupies the lower side of
the glacier where they have road access.
o India have 7 battalion of troop there, Pak is 3 battalion. About 15000 troops in
altogether are present over there.
o This is one of the costliest battlefield also because every day India is paying
more than 50 million rupees.
o 1 lts of kerosene costs 1000rs per liter to supply there. Making one chappati
costs 700 rs.
o Almost on every second day, India is losing a soldier. In 90% of the cases,
soldiers have died due to the weather conditions.
o Youths are about 20-22 age is generally placed there for a maximum of 6
months.
o The only PM who has visited Siachin in 2005 was Manmohan Singh. there is a
proposal to convert this area a part of peace park and which would be open for
trekkers and mountaineers.
o One of the problems is the ecological and environmental problem. This is the
major tributary of Indus. Due to the presence of these troops, glacier is getting
 polluted. There is no natural process of decaying. Due to the continuous
sailing on this glacier, that has damaged the glacier ecology. The wildlife have
also faced drastic issues.
o Siachin lies in the Soltoro Ridge of Himalayan range.
 River Water Sharing: treaties for water sharing with Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.
o Indus Water Treaty was the first one among these: Indus originates from mt.
kailash. It was signed in 1960 and it was singed by Ayub Khan who overthrew
the government to become president and Nehru.
 After the division, this division occurred in the next few years, but the
question of how to divide the water remained alive. Most of the rivers
were flowing through india and then going to Pakistan. Pak was raising
this issue that india can stop such flow. From 1948 to 1960, this issue
was raised in international forum as well as India had comparative
advantage over the water.
 Conditions of this treaty:
 the eastern flowing rivers were allotted to india and western
flowing to Pakistan. Allotted means that the lower riparian
states would have exclusive rights over the rivers. Exclusive
right means that the country would have right of navigation,
irrigation, drink and to use for infrastructure purposes. The
upper riparian would have limited rights, they can use the water
for navigation, agriculture and drinking purposes but they
cannot build large infrastructures which can affect the water
flow.
 Compensation: since most of the controlling stations remained
in inda, india was supposed to give 100 crores as part of the
compensation to pakistan. World bank came forward to pay this
many to Pakistan and india would need to pay this back to
world bank. In that way, the world bank is also a party to this
treaty.
 Both the countries would have to exchange the data regarding
any project or construction on this river.
 It is a treaty of six rivers:
 Ravi, beas, satluj: these are eastern flowing means that they
flow towards india. All these rivers were allotted to india.
Upper riparian means that the state through which the reiver is
moving and the lower riparian is the state where the river
reaches. For these rivers, india is a lower riparian.
 Jhelum, Chenab, indus: these are western flowing as they flow
towards Pakistan. Upper riparian is india here and lower is
Pakistan.
 Conflict resolution: it includes multi-tier system:
  Bottom level: Indus commission was formed, this would
comprise of various commissioners of both the countries and
incase of dispute, they would meet and try to resolve the issues.
They even have the task to observe the regular flow of water
and data collection, preservation and exchange.
 Government Level: three tier
o First it will go foreign secretaries, they will meet and try
to resolve the issue
o If they fail, it would go to foreign ministers
o If they fail, it will go to the summit level where the
prime ministers would meet and try to resolve, if they
even fail, it would go to next stage
 Neutral expert: Two respective governments would inform the
World Bank about the issue or the aggrieved party can take the
issue to the world bank who would appoint a neutral expert.
They are generally from the Scandinavian countries. They
would go to the site of the dispute and prepare a report, and
based upon this report, they can exercise two options:
o Opine this issue as a difference. If the world bank
considers it as difference, then neutral expert’s
judgment would be final and binding on the parties.
o It can declare it as a dispute, which is more serious. If
world bank terms is as dispute, neutral member’s role
ends here and the matter go to the next level
 International arbitration: it could go to ICJ and the judgment of
the court of arbitration would be binding on the parties.
 Three cases where indus water treaty has caused controversy:
 Tulbul Navigation project: this issue is of 1984, in all the three
issues, Pakistan has raised an objection.
o It is at the Wular Lake on Jhelum River which was
allotted to Pakistan.
o So, india started this project for the purpose of
navigation.
o India’s Justifications: it want to start this project of the
purpose of navigation as it wanted to bring the apples
from Baramula to Shirnagar and as the treaty prescribe
that upper riparian country can use it for navigation, the
project is justified.
o Pakistan’s objection:
 the river was allotted to Pakistan so india cannot
initate such project.
 Due to this project, flow of water would reduce.
If the flow of water in Jhelum would reduce, it
 would affect the generation of electricity in
mangla dam
 Jhelum is a important tributary of indus, so if the
water in Jhelum reduces, it would reduce the
water in Indus which would affect the
agriculture activities in the Sindh region
 It would also affect the agriculture activities in
Pakistani Punjab.
o Negotiations begum from 1987 which went for 4 years.
o In 1991, india agreed to forgo its right and india
withdrew from construction of this project. It was held
that it would be taken again in further negotiation. But it
has not been raised and therefore it has remained
unsolved. India has not constructed this Barrage.
 Baglihar Hydroelectric Project: This project is on the Chenab
River, which was allotted to Punjab. India started working on
this project on 1992 and the capacity of this project is 450 MW.
For this, we require a large dam which can generate that much
of electricity. Immediately pak put its objections on that:
o India has violated the indus water treaty because it does
not allow large scale project which can affect the flow
of the water;
o Since Chenab is a important river of Punjab and if the
flow of water in this river would go down, it would
affect the agricultural activity in Punjab;
o Since Chenab is a important tributary of indus and
therefore if indus’s water go down, it would affect the
agriculture;
o Through this large, india could cause floods in Pakistan
because if the gates are opened, water would go with
high intensity;
The negotiations begun and everything failed. In 2005, this
issue went to the international arbitrators at world bank. As a
result it appointed a neutral expert, who visited this site for
almost 2 year and made the assessment as to how much water
flows in different parts of the year and in 2007 they gave the
award and termed it issue as difference. Therefore, it become a
final and binding award. The award was in favor of india, it
declared that india has not violated the indus water treaty
because as per the Indus water treaty, water can be used for the
navigation as well as other purposes. Secondly, it only
suggested that height of this dam should be reduced by 1.5
meter and the poundage capacity (the submerged area and the
area around the dam) should be reduced by 13%. Baglihar dam
 had the capacity of 37.5 million acres. So, this capacity was to
be reduced by 13%. Rest the award provided that india should
go ahead with the project.
How it was possible to win this battle despite the Tulbul loss?
 Sediment management: india learnt the lessons from the
earlier instances and with the advanced technology they
controlled the life of the dam. If sediments starts
accumulating sediments in the dam, it reduces the life of
the dam. When there is a proper sediment management,
it ensures the steady flow of water. India provided a
good management of this. Optimal level of water is
continuously flowing: arbitrators. So this was this
reason, India was able to won the case.
 Kishan Ganga: it started in river Jhelum. It was also allotted to
Pakistan. When the baglihar award was given, India started
constructing this project, i.e. in 2007. This was of 330 MW.
Kishan ganga is a tributary of Jhelum, when kisham ganga
enter Pakistan, it is called neelum river. On neelum, pak was
also constructing a dam. All the above objections were raised in
Kishan Ganga project as well. In 2010, after negotions, the
matter went to world bank and the neutral experts termed it as
dispute. It went to Hague’s permanent court of arbitration. In
2011, experts of the court went to sites of both the rivers, and
they instructed india that India should stop the construction of
this project. So, india halted the constructin in 2011. From 2011
to 2013 no work took place. During this period, the experts
were continuously observing the circumstances. In feb 2013,
they gave the partial award. It says that india has not violated
the treaty and therefore it can go ahead with the construction of
the dam. The final award came in December 2013. In
completely annulled all the objections of the Pakistan and it
only instructed that india should maintain a flow of water of 9
meter cubic per second and this was much much lower than
what they were asking. Pakistan was asking for 100 meter
cubic per second. From 2013 to 2017, the construction
continued. The reason of victory was same as the experts has
seen the sediment management and it had not interfered with
the flow of water. This was made possible due to the
technology that india received from Japan and other countries.
Experts even found that such dam is not affecting the neelum
project.
o In this award, there is a condition that any of the party
can approach the court of arbitration again only after 7
years for the review of the award.
  Now india is going for large scale projects on all the western
flowing rivers. 6 to 7 dams are being constructed.
 Pak cannot do so as the water content in those rivers is less and
therefore it would not be in favor of pak to start the
construction of dams.
 Ramaswani Aiyer’s research was very instrumental because he
briefed the advocates who argued in hague and supplied the
government with his effective research.
o Ganga (Padmari in Bangladesh) Water Sharing treaty, 1997 (Deve Gowda was
the PM) with Bangladesh: the problem was not there in the initial years, it
started in 1951 when India started building Farrakka Barrage near Kolkata.
Pakistan raised its objection regarding this barrage. India was constructing this
for two reasons:
 Flushing of the sediments of the culcutta port. Sediments can reduce
the life of the port so sediments needs to be removed;
 To improve the condition for navigation.
Pak’s objection: From 10 miles from the delta region, ganga enters
Bangladesh. If barrage is contructed there would be serious consequences on
the flow of water. Despite this objection, india continued to make this barrage
and it was completed in 1975. In the meantime, pak kept raising the objection.
In 1971, east Pakistan became Bangladesh. Bangladesh again raised the
objection and due to these concerns and since India had good relations with
Bangladesh, we made a treaty for water sharing of the Ganga water for the
first 2-3 years, there was only a temporary treaty.
We kept renewing this treaty every 2-3 years. Bangladesh is a region having
high density of population and due to this Bangladesh kept pressing India for a
permanent treaty. This treaty did not come into effect due to the pressure of
local people. In 1997, when Deve Gowda was the Prime Minister, Shiekh
Hasina was the PM of Bangladesh, that time CM of West Bengal was Jyoti
Basu. Without basu’s consent, this treaty would not have been possible. Even
the Hasina’s government was a pro-India Government. So, this treaty was:
1. Conditions:
a. India will release water of ganga to Bangladesh from Farakka
Barrage. Bangladesh will receive this water at Harding Bridge.
b. Sharing on a water on a 10 days basis: After each 10 days there
would be a assessment that whether water have been adequately
released to Banglasesh. There would be a date exchange every 10
days. From 1st January to 31st May, the water sharing would be
done. This is so because this a lean period and the water is less in
river.
c. Lowest level of water which india has to release: 5000 cuses.
Cusec is used for flowing water. 1 Cusec is equal to 28 liter per
second.
 d. This water sharing arrangement can be reviewed after 5 years of
treaty coming into force. Either of the government can make the
procedure of review. Changes can be done accordingly then. Once
a review is done, again a 5 year period has to be passed for further
review.
e. This treaty shall remain in force for 30 years. That was very
significant because this is what the people of Bangladesh wanted
which would be permanent in nature. This 2027, again the
respective government can go for extension depending upon the
circumstances.
f. By this treaty our ties up with Bangladesh become more strong.
2. This water sharing arrangement has multiple dimensions:
a. Flood management : in case of excess flow of water, what
measures both the countries has to take in monsoon seasons
b. Irrigation: both the countries would work for development of
irrigation projects.
c. Developing the river basin: proper embankments has to be there
d. Developing the hydroelectricity: this barrage is known for
hydroelectric project, Harding Bridge also witnesses a
hydroelectric project.
e. Fishing:
3. Conflict resolution:
a. Provision for a joint committee: comprised of representatives from
both nations, the prime task would be the observance of the flow of
water. On every 10 days, it has to observe that whether the flow of
water is at optimum level. When it go down, it has to report to the
authorities, i.e. Joint River Water Commission. Exchange of data
takes places. First dispute would be dealt by this committee.
b. If they fail to solve the dispute, it goes to Joint River
Commissioner.
c. If they also fails, then it goes to the two respective government.
i. Foreign secretary level
ii. Foreign ministry level
iii. Summit level or the PM level
d. There is no provision of beyond government dispute resolution.
There is no provision for international arbitration. Till date this
treaty is going on without any problem.
4. Other issues resolved:
a. 3 Bigha corridor: land strip between india and Bangladesh where a
continuous problem of infiltration. Issues: Chinese small arms can
come to India, drug trafficking, trafficking in women, immigration
of refugees, fake currency
o Mahakali treaty with Nepal
  Sir Creek dispute: it is In rann of kutch in Gujarat. Amritsar and Lahore, Bombay and
Sindh were known as the sister cities. Rann of Kutch is a part of undefined territory. It
is basically an estuary (when sea goes into the land, then estuaries are created). Here,
the dispute can be traced around 1965 war. This region have a great potential of
natural resources in terms of oil, natural gas, poly-metallic nodules. Due to this, this
region has become volatile. We had a number of rounds of talk, but still it is
unresolved. Pakistan says that entire region belongs to her. Earlier there was a mid-
channel principle, despite that Pakistan is claiming a large part of sir creek region.
However, this dispute has not been heightened yet.
The linguistic reorganization of states:
After the integration of States, the challenge was reorganization. The basis of such
reorganization was considered as language.
Reasons for this?
 Haphazard boundaries: the colonial britishers created very
 haphazard boundaries. They did not took specific basis in consideration. Due to this,
it was required to have a certain factor by which state had to be reorganized and here
language was considered important.
 Multi lingual and multi ethnic tradition of india: attention was not paid on this aspect
by britishers, so language was considered by which this aspect can be further enriched
and strengthened.
 Spread of education: it was realized that if language will be the factor for limiting the
boundaries, it would help on spreading of education as that particular language would
become the mother tongue and it would then be getting state patronage and grants. It
was realized that unless the administrative unit is not based on such language, it can
spread the education. It enriched the language as well this way.
 INC: they had deliberations this issue and they were unanimous that if in future
boundaries are to be carved out, language would be the criterion. This would check
any tendencies which can break the country.
 People’s movement: it was this movement which was stressing that state has to be
reorganized on the basis of language. E.g. Andhra Pradesh, here the movement
started. It was the immediate factor for such reorganization.
Why government delayed?
 They did not have any planning in 1947 for the reorganization.
 Security and stability: 1947 was a disaster as we had lost large part of the territory and
the vision of united India was not fulfilled. So security and the stability of the country
was a concern and they were skeptical that if they go for reorffganization again, it
may break the country as well.
 Pangs of Partition: partition was still very fresh in the minds of the people and the
government’s priority was the people who were uprooted and healing their wounds of
partition. They were more concerned with rehabilitation. Due to that, the government
delayed it.
  Internal turmoil’s: one of the problem was food. Britishers had left india as one of the
worst economy of the world and the one of the most poor. Other problems were also
there. So the government’s immediate focus was on solving such issues.
 Dar Commission Report, 1948: to look for the possibility of reorganization. In its
report, it said that at this point of time, reorganization could threaten the national unity
and it would be inappropriate for the government to do it at that time.
In 1953: R. Srinamalu, who was a Gandhian, started fast unto death. Prior to this, movement
by people to get a different state based on telugu. Government was not concerned with such
people’s movement. So, he started fast. After 60 days of fast, he died. Nehru was occupied by
other things so could not give preference to this fast. After fast, people outburst, so he vowed
for lingual reorganization. State reorganization commissison was formed in 1953: Justice
Fazal Ali (leader), K M Pannikar (leading parliamentarian), H N Kunjuru (parliamentarian).
Submitted report in 1955. Based upon this, India passed SRC Act, 1956.

Principles for the reorganization of states:

 Non recognition and suppression of group making separatist demands:
o Some community who want to secede from India would not be entertained.
o Applied on North east region. Groups like naga, mizos and in assam.
o Naga
 Independent state
 Better naga land
o Punjab:
 Khalistan
o Kashmir since 1987
 If any region or any community asks for creation of a state on religious basis, it would
not be entertained:
o Punjab: Khalistan is recent thing. Prior to it, from 1950 onwards  sikh state.
Due to this, the reorganization was delayed for 15 years in Punjab and
Haryana.
 Issue of mutual difference: tc e reorganization of a state would not be possible if
people of that state have mutual differences.
o Mithilanchal in Bihar: a state on maithini language, it was disputed by
Bhojpuri speaking people.
 Reorganization will not be entertained if it was demanded only one of the dominant
language speaking people:
o Madras: tamil and telugu are there. Till both asks for reorganization, it will not
happen
o Bombay: Marathi was asking for separate state. It was not entertained until
Gujrati did not ask for gujrat.
o Punjab: Punjabi and hindi speaking of Haryana
Some of the examples as to how states were reorganized:
Ist Stage:
  Andhra Pradesh: out of the Hyderabad state, telangana region was transferred to the
Andhra. It divided tamils and telugus
 Kerela: Malabar district was part of the madras presidency. It was added into
Travancore and cochin which were both princely states. This formed a Malayalam
speaking state.
 Karnataka: they have taken the Kannada speaking area from the Madras, Hyderabad
and Bombay presidency. The region of Coorg and Mysore state was merged together.
All of this created Karnataka.
 Bombay: it was further enlarged by adding kutch, saurashtra and Marathi speaking
areas of Hyderabad.
 Punjab: PEPSU states were added. Patiala and east Punjab state union. It was merged
with Punjab.
IInd Stage:
 Bombay: both Gujarati and Marathi speaking people wanted Bombay as their capital
and due to this mutual conflict, many strikes and attacks were there which delayed the
reorganization. Later on, Gujaratis were convinced to have separate capital and during
1960, Maharashtra and Gujarat was created.
 Punjab: it had three different communities, Punjabi, hindi and pahadi. When they
settled down their religious demand, in 1966 (Punjab: Punjabi, Haryana: Hindi,
Kangra Valley or pahadi: Himachal Pradesh). There was a conflict regarding the
capital and therefore, Chandigarh remained common capital of both the states.

The issue of national language vs official language:

 India should have a national language because almost all the nations have a national
language. So why not india. So there was a demand for national language.
 Around 300 million speak hindi which constitute 40%.
 Due to the nationalistic vision, this issue of national language emerged.
 The very idea of nationalism can be obliterated if we resort of one national language.
 Post 1947, in the south asia, this issue also raised in Sri lanka and it lead to conflicts.
Even in Pakistan, the language broke Pakistan in two pieces. Mohajirs were the
Muslims from UP who migrated to Pakistan and they were well education so they
became bureaucrats. In the entire Pakistan, they were the urdu speaking which was
just 1%. Majority were the sindhis and the Punjabi speaking people. By force, they
made urdu the national language. This was imposed on east Pakistan as well which
was Bengali speaking. If india had also adopted hindi as the national language, India
might have also been fragmented.
 Status of English: whether English should be an official language and if it should be a
official language, how long it should remain as official language? English was
considered as the sign of slavery so English was not supposed to be the official
language. So, if for that time English is made as official, how long it should be
continued. Since we did not have any common language, therefore, it was decided
that English could act as a language of the people for a practical purpose. For a
 limited period, we can retain English for the inter-provisional and national-state
communications.
 Status of hindi: it emerged as a candidate for national language and official language
of India as it was spoken by large part of India. About 35-40% were hindi speakers.
Due to this large number, there were lot of people who advocated for this idea. they
wanted it to be declared as national languages, the objections came from the southern
languages and Bengali language claiming that their languages is more old and equally
languages. Tamil is the oldest language and having large literature. That’s why hindi
becoming a language of nation was disputed. So a consensus emerged that Hindi can
be made an official language but not the national language. National language would
get lot of privileges and other languages would be deprived of those.
 Under these circumstances, a compromise was emerged that :
o English will remain official language as 15 languages and after that there
would be a parliamentary review about it
o Multi lingual solution:
 In 1963, the parliament passed official language Act and by this act
hindi was to become the sole official language of the union.
 English was declared as the associate official language of india.
 Parliamentary review committee will check after 15 years that whether
English should remain as the associate official language or not.
 Three language formula: it should be the part of the curriculum. there
has to be
 1 regional language
 1 foreign language (English was taken)
 1 language different from Hindi for the hindi speaking area and
Hindi for the non-speaking area. In that way Sanskrit and urbu
was taken as the other language by the hindi speaking area.
 Why three language formula failed
 This formula failed as there was no genuine desire to
implement this formula and therefore no specific bill was
drafted by the states on this.
 In context of teachers also was the formula, non-hindi teachers
were reluctant to leave state and go to another state to teach and
vice versa
 In north india, Sanskrit and urdu was taken as the third
language and no one preferred to go for southern language and
therefore even the southern states were reluctant to adopt hindi.
 Anti hindi movement: especially in the southern states.
o In 1964, gurdhari lal nanda was made as the home minister. And belonged to
UP and was a strong hindi supporter and he issued a directive to all ministries
and departments that they should report the progress of hindi in country. When
the ministries issued this directive to the states. It was understood as Hindi
imposition on the states, especially by Tamil Nadu. As they were already very
 reluctant, now as a result of directive, that lead to anti-hindi riots. The students
were the leader in such riots as if hindi is imposed, the medium of language
would be Hindi and they would lose the privileges of other languages such as
selection in the All India services and they may be deprived of government
jobs. This problem was more endorsed by the religious parties who were
leading over there.
o Solution:
 1967: official language amendment act 1967 was passed.
 The first important factor was that it removed the ambiguities
of the act of 1963.
 The non hindi speaking states were assured that hindi would
not be imposed on them without consent
 English will continue as an associate official language even if
only 1 state wants this. The idea of phasing out English was
done away with.
 The 8th scheduled had came out and it comprised of 18
languages. All the languages of the 8th schedule could be used
as the medium of examination for the UPSC papers.
 In parliament, there shall be a joint use of both hindi as well as
English.
TRIBAL POLICY

Integration of tribal:
According to the 2011 census, the tribal population is 8.6%. Maharashtra, West Bengal,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Northeast, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There are more than 400 tribes
in India. Nothereast is the only region in which majority is of tribes.
Most of the rebel against Britishers was from the tribal society in the 19th century.
Tribal Rebellions:
 The birtish government illegally encroached upon their habitants and the forest lands.
For tribes, forest are like their mothers as they every survival need from the forest.
When the Britishers started enacting many forest laws and through that they started
acquiring forest lands. They started production of only specific trees like teak.
 The Britishers encourgaged outsiders to settle in the tribal areas. They acted as the
source of exploitation. Some of the tribal societies treat outsiders as enemy or Diku.
They tend to kill such outsiders as they fear that they may kill them. Due to birtish
policies, such exploiting elements started residing in tribal areas. The rebellion was
against this exploitation. These people started acquiring lands and the tribals became
landless and were getting death threats. Their very survival was in question and this
was the background of the tribal rebellion. The forest products were denied to them.
E.g. santhals of Jharkhand rebelled; Munda rebellion, oraons rebellion.
India’s tribal policy:
 Initially, when India became independent, a twin approach emerged:
 o Museum approach: let the tribals remain as they are. Do not interfere with
them and let them remain as a museum piece. We need not to civilize them as
they are happy in their own culture and circumstances.
o Assimilation approach: need to assimilate them in the indian mainstream and
indian culture. The tribal areas has to develop and progress. It would be a great
dishonour to them if we leave them on their own.
 Pandit Nehru denied both of these approaches. A third approach which is blend of
both of them emerged. The premise on which India’s tribal policy was develop was
that:
o Tribal and tribal areas has to develop
o They will have to develop on their own ways. We should not impose our own
ways on them. Let the tribals involve into the policy making. Our will should
not be imposed on them. If we quickly assimilate them, they would loose their
own culture and identity. Their cultures should be preserved and respected.
o If we will not protect the tribals, outsiders would encroach upon their lands.
o The underlined reason for this was that the tribals possess the traditional
knowledge. The tribal called Raikaz of Rajasthan are the shepherds. They
have done a unique breeding by which sheep can exist even in the more than
50 degree Celsius. Many tribal have unique knowledge of medicines such as
medicines for snake bites. They have great knowledge of herbs.
Policy of the government:
 Article 46 of the constitution:
 The states where there is a large tribal areas, governors have special power as far
as protection of tribals is concerned. They can even modify the laws if they feel that
rights of the tribals are being affected. Governors could amend the state as well as the
centre laws. They can draft their own laws for the protection of rights.
 Policy of reservation: they get seats in the government job.
 Tribal advisory council: the states where tribal are large in number, such council
would be constituted there to give suggestions to the government.
 Commissioner for SC and ST: the president fo India can appoint him for the
investigation of the any matter relating to the encroachment of rights of the SCs and
STs.
 A non-tribal cannot buy lands in the tribal area because earlier during the British time,
lot of outsiders came and encroached their land.
 Efforts to promote cottage and village industries and generation of employment
through this. More emphasis is on the tribal and SC population so that they can be
made economically sound.
 Further laws have been made when the government knew that the non-tribal have
converted tribal land to the former.
Evaluation:
 Tribal are educated and better off in the north east region, mainly due to Christian
missionaries
 It is not good in other regions.
  Meena is well off in the part of Rajasthan
 Most of the tribals are landless, indebted and unemployed
 Due to Sardar Sarovar Dam project, which displaced about 10-15 lakhs people, about
70% of them are tribal.
Reasons for the same:
 Weak execution of the policies which were proposed to benefit the tribal
 Divergence between the central government and state government policies. Due to
this, the actual benefits did not go to the tribal. This lack of co-ordination is also a
problem.
 Misappropriation of the funds: funds allocated for this had been diverted or
misappropriated.
 The tribal advisory council was supposed to suggest the improvement of tribal.
However, it has not functioned efficiently.
 Sometime, bureaucrat or official is posted in the tribal region might be willing to do
good for tribal, but due to different lobbies and influence like mining mafias, these
officers are transferred.
 Due to rapid extension of the mines and industries, the tribal are losing their habitats.
E.g. Vedanta controversy. When they were given to lease of certain region in Orissa,
it increased the naxal activities due to tribal losing their habitats
 Forest laws: the law regarding non-encroachment on the tribal lands has been grossly
violated. E.g. Uttarakhand Fire, large part of the timber area was cleared by mafia.
Now, to cover this, they put the forest on fire so that they can remove the evidence of
the cutting of the timber.
 Slow progress of education: they are unaware of their rights and this slow progress of
education is also a factor for the denial of justice to them.
SON OF THE SOIL MOVEMENT:
Assam region, Bangalore, Mumbai
It is an intense form of regionalism. People are invoked for a particular cause.
Regionalism: this pose a threat to the integrity of the nation.
Origin: 1960s: it was confined to certain important urban centres like Bangalore (about 25%
of the people speak kannada. In the recent time, when Bangalore became the silicon valley, it
might have further decreased): due to coming of the outsiders, the locals are becoming a
minority, this creates a reaction among the people for the outsiders; Bombay (about 42%
people are Marathi speaking); Guwahati (assamese speaking people are just 33%).
Causes:
 Spread of education: the government have their priority to increase the literacy level
and spread of education. As a result of this, the number of institutes increased and
generated more graduates. This whole army of graduates had limited job
opportunities. Lot of these remained unemployed. They became the main rallying
points in these movements.
 Increased job opportunities: gradually, when the Indian economy was opening up,
more foreign investments was entering, this increased the job opportunities. These
urban centres witnessed more and more coming there. the outsiders got those
 opportunities and the local people did not get that much benefits. So, they thought to
use any method to push away the outsiders.
Nature of this movement:
 Since independence, due to gradual industrialization, there was increased demand of
labor in certain centres and most of the labor was coming from Orissa, bihar and UP.
This movement was not directed against these black collar jobs and unskilled people.
This was mostly directed towards skilled workers and the people having white collar
jobs or people in the middle class category. The movement was against the educated
middle class.
 This was essentially an urban phenomenon: rural india had no trace of this movement
because it was basically a drive for the jobs.
 Why not all the urban centres witnessed this phenomenon: where the locals were
outnumbered by the outsiders, only there this movement emerged.
Mode of invoking:
 They used all the forms of identity politics.
o Communalism: they directed against the outsider muslims. An attempt was
made to create a divide between religions
o Casteism: attempt was made to make a distinction between upper and lower
castes against the outsiders.
o Language: divide between those who speak the local language and those who
do not.
o Shiv sena attacked the lungi walas and the southern food eating point. Then
for the purpose of survival, they started communal movement and a drive
against muslims.
Demands:
 Preferential treatment: they should be given preferences, they should be given
preferences. They deserve to get reservations. Reservations both in government and
private jobs.
 The government should mould the legislations and laws in such a way that could
benefit the locals against the outsiders.
  it is violative of Article 15, 19, 21
[Read in Bipin Chandra]
Communalism: communalism primarily is an ideology for the purpose of political
empowerment. Groups which resort to the communal politics have a goal to get political
powers.
Three phases of communalism:
 Communitarianism: community consciousness. Awareness of the belonging to a
particular community based on either ethnicity or religion. Being aware about one’s
community does not make on communal, still one can have humanitarian values and
respect to other communities. Still one can have pluralistic tendency and
understanding that all communities are different ways to reach one ultimate truth. The
essence of the all the communities is same. No faith is demeaned. Important thinkers:
Raja ram mohan roy; swami Vivekananda; ram Krishna paramhansa; sayyid ahmed
khan [he later on became communalist]; Mo. Ali Jinnah [communitarian turned
communalist]; Nehru; Gandhi (he believed that religion is personal to us and it cannot
be imposed on other communities)
 Moderate communalism: the members of one community believes that they are
distinct from the members of other communities. They have strong awareness of the
differences but they believe that still they can live together. The binding factor is the
forces of nationalistic feelings and common political, social and economic interests.
Thinkers: madan mohan malviye [founder of hindu mahasabha, Banaras Hindu
University]; lala lajpat rai
 Extreme communalism: modern communalism which has posed a challenge to the
integrity of the state itself. They have strong faith in his community. A person having
extreme communal tendencies not only believe that there is a distinction between
different communities but he also believes that he cannot exist with the people of
other communities. He believes that the economic, social and political of all the
communities are different. The elements of hatred is there. there is a reflection of
superiority complex and a feeling that their community is higher than other
community. This even brought forth the two nations theory and two communities
should live two different geographical boundaries. The profounder of this theory were
hindu communalists and muslim leaders at the same time. Hindus even endorsed this
idea. This idea initially came from sayyid ahmed khan, but it was then endorsed by
both the communities. E.g. Muslim League of Jinnah, Owaisi, BSP, RSS, shiv sena

Basic ideology of communalism: one’s economic, social and political interests are different
from other community’s members. All have equal rights granted by the constitution.
Therefore, the very basis of this ideology is very shaky as it is not formed on a realistic
platform.
Despite being the fact that they are muslims (UP, Kashmir) and have different language and
rituals. Ethnicity differentiates people more specifically rather than religion. If religion would
have been a binding factors, Bangladesh would not have emerged. Even after division, still
about 25% of muslims decided to remain in India. It shows that very ideology of
communalism is founded on false ground. It is developed merely to serve the interests of
certain individuals. Lot of muslims even opposed the creation of Pakistan.
Communalism:
 State of consciousness: religious consciousness got converted into communal
consciousness. E.g. Aligarh movement, Serials such as ramayan and mahabharate
during babri masjid issue, Arya Samaj movement [when they attempted to bring back
muslims and hindus together]; Tamas [a serial on partition of india, there is a scene
that one hindu family was given shelter by a muslim family, hindu lady realised that
she has left here jewellery in her old house, so she sends the muslim women to bring
the jewellery. When the muslim man went there, he found a lunatic roaming around
on the roof in that house, he saw lot of dead bodies there and in its effect he pushed
that hindu lunatic]. Whatever we believes gradually transforms into communalism
 Instrument of power: how the communal ideology is being used for empowering a
community or a group of people. the main motive is to get power.
Being religious does not mean being communal.
Role of religion in communal consciousness:
 When politics or political trade enters into religion, that turns religious consciousness
into communal consciousness. E.g. Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915, it was a
moderate communal organization. Aligarh Movement: Sayyid Ahmed Khan was the
founder, the basic motive was to reform and educate the muslim people so that they
can even occupy the government jobs. It later on became a communal movement.
Another example could be Arya Samaj, it was to reform Hinduism and to go back to
vedas, but after Dayananda Sarawati, it resorted to certain questionable activities such
as suddhi movement, through which the muslims were supposed to return to their
original religion. [check this again].
Communally mobilized: netural people are invoked by the communal leadership due to which
they turns to perform certain actions.
Communally convinced: they are thoroughly brainwashed. They have became cadres of the
communal groups. Cadres are created by the process of continuous education and
indoctrination in certain ideological frameworks.
Religious symbols used by political parties:
 Lotus:
 Trishol: barjrag dal
 Why religious symbols: symbol becomes a marker of identification. It shows identity.
The people and their consciousness could be invoked through those symbols as they
can identify themselves more with these symbols rather than without these symbols.
This even signifies commitment, through which masses could be mobilized.
 Who are the targets: middle class. Even in the middle class, it is the lower middle
class who becomes their targets. Because most of these people do not have proper
employment and they believe that if they become part of this movement, they would
be able to make some contacts so that they can be economically stable.
Concept of identity:
Same v. similar:
Identity as sameness:
Law of momentariness: how things keep changing after each passing second. E.g. flowing
stream, burning candle. Every matter keeps changing in this world.
Identities are not static things, it keeps changing. Certain identities remain static e.g. Mr. X is
Y’s father, this cannot be changed.
Identity have broadly two dimensions:
 Tangible: something which could be see and touch. E.g. features, dressing, language.
 Intangible: abstract things such as emotions, thoughts, consciousness. E.g. ideas and
emotions.
What forms identity: socialization, social interactions.
Knowledge is like an uncut diamond, wisdom is something which is polished form of
wisdom. It comes with experiences.

Religious identity: it means that the person who possess such identity must have a qualitative
distinction between ultimate ideas and its reverse. He should have the idea of right and
wrong. He must be able to distinguish between:
Highest good v. evil
Sacred v. profane
Superior v. inferior
Once one have the understanding to distinguish these, he would never fall parochialism
(when one’s thought process is confined to conservative thinking).
Religious identities of sikh: turban, 5 Ks, respect for the 10 gurus, nam simran (recitation of
the holy name) it is centred to hindu cult such as iskon or hare ram hare Krishna cult.
Even if one does not respect or practices Hinduism, even then he is a hindu. It is not so in
other religions. Hinduism is a much wider concept, it is a faith and belief system.
Belief: something where there is an element of doubt.
Faith: our believes turns into faith due to own inner explorations and experiences.
Religious identity
 Identity of a believer or faithful: a believer or faithful would be a monolith or a
pluralistic. Monolith believes that only his faith is true and all other faiths are wrong
or secondary. He tends to become divisive. Pluralistic is a communitarian. Here, he
tends to integrate. Hindu communal groups tends to convert Hinduism from
pluralistic to monolith. It confines a larger consciousness into a smaller one.
 Identity of a religious ideologue: he terms religion as a matter of faith in the matter
of ideology. In this manner, religions becomes a set of propositions and a gulf
appears believes and commitments. Role of an ideologue: he holds the religion. But
a believer is held by the religions. Ideologue moulds the religions as per his own
whims and fancies. He takes the onus of interpretation of the religion and
accordingly he guides lives of the people. the moment a religion is getting into
ideology, that is a symptom that a religion is passing through crises. This is the
reason why Islam is passing through crises. True Islamic ideas have been diluted and
it has merely become the ideologies of the leaders. Ideologue has a strong desire and
is guided by them. He has the desire for power and other economic power and
 become dominant. His ideas are not anchored into the ultimate ideas and whatever is
his desires is only his whims and fancies.
 Identity of a religious fanatic: his prime goal is restoration of the the particular old
order. He wants to revive and restore an old order. ISIS wants to revive the Khilafat
age. Talibans also want to revive the medieval period. In that way, they see in some
remote part which they consider as golden period and they want to restore it. Hindu
fanatics tends to revive the ancient period and some cultural traditions. He selects the
fundamentals of the religions and through these he govern the lives of other people.
they impose their will over other people and govern the life of the people. he also
have a strong desire to get political power. He is robust political realist. His only
goal is to reach the seat of power, irrespective of the normative aspects of his steps
and means. He is cynical of the existing ideas. He does not have any concern about
good and bad. In that sense, he is cynical to all the other ultimate ideas. He uses his
ideas only for his benefits. In his personal life, he would be very different, he would
be different in the public life. Jinnah was a 0% muslim in his personal life but just to
attract the masses he used to endorse Islam. He would be very well versed in
cunningness and in the art of deceit.
Difference between ideologue and fanatics: Bal Thackerey: the truth is in between. Many a
times, religious ideologue tends to become a fanatics and vice versa. People like owasi,
thackerey and ashok singhal fall into both the categories. Fanatics are generally those who
directly take part in the speeches and rallies.
Section 146: It defines riots:
 Use of force of violence by any unlawful assembly
 Should have been sued in furtherance of the common object
Communal riots: when an unlawful assembly of a religious community or any member
thereof uses force or violence against another religious community in prosecution of the
common object.
Reasons:
 eve teasing: when girl of another community is molested by a boy of other
community. Poll R Brace: he has done a systematic study of communal riots in India
and based upon that he has written couple of books: there are a number of traditional
sites of communal violence. Some of the old sites have become extinct and new sites
has arisen. E.g. Aligarh, Faizabad, Muzzafarnagar,
 rumours: Baghalpur Riot: during Chhatt puja. There was a rumour that the unripe
bananas were coming from Baghalpur in whom muslims had injected poison.
 cow thrown into temple or pork in mosques
 land disputes:
 economic aspects:
 speeches:

GOAL OF COMMUNALISM
1. Capturing People’s mind- It is the prime goal of the communal parties. Idea behind
this is capturing the social power i.e. increase influence in the society. They want to
 make strong hold in the society among various groups. Once it is done than capturing
the political power becomes easy. The leads to establishment of Theocratic state i.e.
Hindu state or Islamic state. They try to make themselves noticeable in a particular
social structure.
2. Capturing minds of the people
3. Capturing political power
4. Formation of the theocratic state
5. Means to capture social power-
1. One of the very important tool is education and is used by various communal
organisations eg. Madrasas, Schools by RSS. They capture young minds and
mould them in a particular manner and derive social power. Most of the madarssas
provide staunch religious education which conditions the children in such a way
that they become religious fanatics. Schools run by RSS indoctrinate the students
and turn them into orthodox hindus.
2. Cultural Organisations- As such they are not communal per se but are used by
the communalists as a means for spreading communalism. Communalists use art,
language, reforms etc to promote their propaganda.
3. Paul Brass- He is an American historian and he has researched a lot in India. He
said that india is home to communal riots. He uses a term “communal riots
production”. He says that this chain of communal riots can be seen like this :-
Communal activities (delivering speeches, cow/pig killed and placed in temple or
mosque) -> Communal consciousness like statements of Owaisi -> Communal
mobilization -> Communal riots. This chain does follow just this sequence, it can
be vice versa too.
4. Upendra Baxi and Bhiku Parekh- They have tried to find out the real reason for
organisation of communal riots in the country.
1. Historical Evidences- There has been trust deficit between Hindus and
muslims when the muslims invaded India. They (Muslims) have been
coming to India again and again and they have destroyed Hindu religious
places. Muslims are treated as outsiders and “us” and “them” is created.
But the truth is that not all muslims destroyed temples except Aurangzeb.
These reason create divide among people. Many Muslims came than many
people converted to Islam. Therefore, hindus and muslims are not
completely distinct. Given the fact that 95% muslims are converted hindus,
it is difficult to believe that they are essentially different. Bohra is a
muslims community but there traditions are inspired by Hindus. The third
reason can be traced back to Partition when people from both the
communities killed each other.
2. Psychological explanations- When a past memory has a hatred toward
certain community than it leads to psychological effects. Overall the
Muslims in India are from lower middle class in India. There is minority
complex and when they fear than they will be persecuted and this fear is
further aired by communal leaders. Due to this inferiority complex, they
 believe that members of the hindu community are trying to take away their
liberty and property.
Sachar Committee Report: talked for economic reasons as well. How the
muslim portions in All India Jobs are very minimal. UPSC jobs do not
have high muslim representation. This is due to the backwardness of
muslims as most of them belong to the lower middle class and therefore
they do not have opportunity to have such jobs.
3. Ethnic factors- Ethnicity is geographical, linguistic and cultural
phenomenon and not a religious phenomenon. Muslims in kerela have
more in common with the Hindus of kerela than that of Muslims of the
north.
4. Humanistic factors- There are a narrow mindedness and humaneness and
due to this they divide amongst people and so they fight for their own
superiority. People are not concerned about pluralism and
humanitarianism.
5. Failure of Political and Administrative – Due to failure of
administration, if preventive measures have to be taken than it can be
prevented. They did not properly had in place vigilance and monitoring of
the activities. It is not like a volcano which suddenly erupts. It grows from
root level and at time it can be stopped. It does not happen in a day. If due
care is taken, it can be curbed in due course. Eg. Lalu Prasad Yadav did
not let any communal violence happen in his term of 10 years in Bihar, he
said that if it happens than the officers will be suspended. Godhra riots due
to poor administration and there was no political and bureaucratic
willingness.
6. economic factors:how economic factors play their role in occurrence of
communal violence?There have been number of communal violence on
issues such as Vadodara riot [right on fishing]; land disputes. Lucknow,
despite having sizable muslim population did not see any communal
violence due to economic. All the weavers of chicken clothes were
muslims and their buyers were hindus. Tensions occurs, but it does not
need to riots. If communal riots happen, it would completely destroy the
business. However, it has seen conflict between shias and sunnis but not
between hindu and muslims. This observation has been witnessed by Paul
R Brass.
 Administrative factors: administration used to have know how of everything and
particularly such incidents. If problems are curbed at the initial stages, these can be
prevented. Negligence on part of the administration can cause communal violence.
E.g. Godhra 2002, administration gave the people involved in riots complete levy to
conduct the riots.
These explanations does not deal with the question as to why violence is occurring on a
particular place. Time and again new places for such violence is also emerging.
Communal violence:
After the independence, there was a calm and absence of communal violence during the next
two decades. However, thousands were killed during independence.
During 1960s, communalism emerged again:
 Ideological factor: in 1964, All India Majlis e Musharavat was established. The aim
behind this organization was to unite all the different muslim communities under one
umbrella organization. There was supposed to be a convention in Lucknow. The aim
of this organization was to firstly unite all the muslim organization and all of them
should follow the Islamic ideals. Another aim was that all the Islamic groups should
work for the betterment of the country in which they live. they should work for the
muslim community globally. Significant was that they wanted to remove all the
communal elements from the muslim community. And also they seek to have inter-
community dialogue and overall they attempted for communal harmony. The efforts
of this organization was vetoed by Jammat e islam. Due to that, efforts to integrate
almost failed and it begum the spread of the communal ideologies and violence.
 In response to this, Hindu Mahasabha also started spread of hindu ideologies that
muslims, Christians, and paris are guests of India and they should be hinduvised
[1966]. There was a call given by them that hinduvised politics and militarising
hindus. There was a development of the communal ideology.
 1965 Indo Pak war: this started turing the consciousness of people against Pakistan
and gradually this sentiment was transferred towards the muslim community. They
were seen as Pakistan sympathiser. This created very vicious atmosphere against the
muslims. Communal riots started occurring.
 Economic rivalry: this can be traced since 1970s. after 1970s,there was an increase in
the job opportunities. As mulsim remained illiterate, most of the jobs were taken by
hindus. Movement was created on the point that muslims were deliberately denied
jobs. However, for this lack of jobs, muslims only have to be blamed. Due to this,
some of the elements inside the muslims lead to communal riots.
 Administration and Police: a general perception was grouping especially among
muslims and chirstian, that police and administration are only concerned about the
hindus. Police serveral times become communalised. Due to this factor, the muslim
community lost their confidence in police and administration and as a result they
became more and more aggersive. E.g. sri Krishna commission report after the
Mumbai riots, he provided the communaliation of the Police. During the Bhagalpur
riots, lot of ASI and police officers who were muslims were forced to surrender their
weapons.
 Black money: Mumbai riots: Daud used the black money to conduct the Mumbai
blasts. Money was taken from west asia and middle east to invest in communal
violence.
 Immediate reasons: congress becoming weaker 1970 onwards. When it became
weaker, the vacuum was filled by rise of several regional parties such as DMK. Such
parties, in order to garner their goals, they invoked identity politics. Due to these
factors, communal violence increased.
RANCHI RIOT, 1967:
  To know the reasons for the riot, Raghubar Dayal Commission was made. He was the
high court judge. It was his findings regarding the causes and reasons of the riot.
 Around 20% of the population is muslims.
 Reasons for the riot:
o Location wise ranchi is closure to the Bengal region. When hindus in Bengal
got persecuted, there was a influx of hindus in ranchi from east Pakistan. Lot
of hindu refugees settled in this region.
o As they lost everything there, they had deep hatred against the muslims. They
were forced to flee so they hated muslims.
o Paul R Brass, he has given an observation that wherever the refugees have
settled, most of these regions are prone to riots. E.g. Meerut, Ganganagar,
Muzzaffnagar.
o This riot was not a sudden outburst. Right from 1964, there were small
incidents happending. It generated momentum of this riot.
o The immediate cause was:
 The government of Bihar, which was congress [Mahamayam Prasad:
CM], passed a bill in which urdu was declared as second official
language of the state. It was part of their appeasement policy. Jana
Sangh and RSS organized a protest against this declaration. A number
of meeting and procession were organized and one of such procession
was stoned by the muslims. This protests were used for slogans against
the muslims and thus such event happened. It lead to riots.
o Around 184 got killed.
o It continued for a number of days.
o This commission blamed RSS and their communal politics as the reason.
MEERUT RIOTS, 1968:
 Hindus comprise 64% and muslims are 30%, refugees are 4%.
 Concern is the refugee population, who are basically hindus coming from west
Pakistan are the reason for the riots.
 There was a muslim fundamentalist organization called Jamiat e Ulema e Hind. This
organization invited shekh Abdullah to address a meeting. By this time, he had
different image as he was considered as a traitor. Before 1950s he was considered as
secular. Because he called for 3 nations theory, he was confined by Nehru. He was
released in 1962. Due to this, he was invited to address a meeting which became a
important reason for the riot. This issue was taken by Jana Sangh and RSS. They had
decided to protest against the arrival of Abdullah. They formed a front called Kashmir
Bachao Morcha. On the due date, venue where Abdullah to come, RSS organized a
procession or meeting just opposite to that venue. When it was over, the two groups
met each other or came face to face. There was clash and it led to riots.
AHMEDABAD RIOTS, 1969:
 Muslims were 15% of the population.
 RSS organized a volunteer camp and here the volunteers were to be given military
training.
  Now the platform of this RSS camp was used against the anti muslim propaganda,
anti muslim slogans were chanted. This surcharged the atmosphere as far as
communlization of atmostphere is confirmed.
 Jagganath Temple: one of the muslim Sub Inspector attempted to enforce a
notification that loudspeaker would not be used after a particular time. He had in fact
kicked a copy of Ramayana. Due to this he was suspended. RSS and Jana Singh
organized a victory procession celebrating the suspension. This procession was
stoned by the muslims and it lead to riots.
MURADABAD, 1980:
 Muslims comprise 55%
 It is known for bangles and brass ware. They are exported to west asia and middle
east region.
 Weaving is another activity. Most of the muslims engaged in these industries and
brass ware industry.
 Event: Pig incident:
o Idgah Maidan: it was the occasion of Id Ul fitar. Muslims were present in this
maidan for the purpose of prayers.
o Police forces were also present as there was a background incident. There was
a clash between dalit hindu and muslim. So there was a communally
surcharged atmosphere.
o A pig suddenly started moving towards the crowd.
o So, that was the trigger factor which led to riot.
o All the people clashed with the police and in that clash, the ADM was killed
and SSP was badly injured.
o But afterwards, after second day onwards, it became a general riot between
hindu and muslims. More than 100 people died as a result of this.
o There is a role of ISI and Pakistan and west Asian money in this riot. This
whole incident was calculated and planned.
o Muslims say that if they knew that this is going to happen, they would not
bring their children to the maidan.
BIHAR SHARIF, 1981 [NALANDA]
 Muslims are 48%
 Economic activities: bidi making, weaving
 There was a land dispute between Yadavs and muslims. Overnight, Yadavs built a
temple on the muslim graveyard. When this matter went to administration, he fixed a
date for resolivng the matter, before the due date, riot happened. This left around 150-
200 killed. The DM was suspended for anti-muslim bias. It was a congress ruling
government so. RSS is even blamed for its anti muslim propaganda, which endorsed
the yadav in the construction of the temple. Yadavs would not have created the temple
on their own.
BHAGALPUR RIOT, 1989
 Background is ram jamnya bhumi issue
 Official figure is 1100 people died
  More than 50,000 displaced as their houses were burnt and made refugees.
 Vishwa Hindu Parishad was organising a ram shila procession [all the hindus were
asked to bring a brick through which the temple would be built]. In the wake of these
processions, there were also some rumours that number of hindu students have been
kidnapped and killed by the people of muslim community. But, the immediate impact
was that it surcharged the environment and lead to animosity between the two
community.
 The ram shila procession was to reach to a particular place. In between, there were
number of muslim settlements in Bhagalpur.
 At one of the place, when the procession were making, they were making some
provocative slogans [hindu, hindu Hindustan, Mullah bhago Pakistan; babur ki
aulado, bhago Pakistan] against the muslims. These were the trigger factors.
 Subsequently, when they reached to a particular place, processoion was halted by the
administration. In mean time, the DM and police forces were negotiating with the
muslim community to allow the procession to pass. When this talk was going on,
there was a muslim school nearby and from this school, bombs and stones were
thrown on the procession.
 It converted the procession into a mob.
 The mob involved into looting and killing of the mulsims of the area
 Muslims also retaliated.
 After some time, the mob returned. After some time, they came back with the force of
8000 hindus and selectively attacked muslims.
 Logain village: almost everyone were killed and then there bodies were buried in a
field, on which cauliflower were planted. When enquiry commission was set up, they
discovered the fact of mass killing and burial.
 Police itself lead some of the processions and they were involved into it.
 Truck loads of dead bodies were coming out and dumped in fields.
 After this riot, enquiry commission was set up. It was two member: C P Sinha and
Shamshul hasan. This commission submitted its report in 1995. It has implicated the
involvement of the DM and SP. In fact, much earlier, they were already suspended.
They also blamed the state government. It was a congress government and CM was S
N Sinha. In that way, 142 FIRs were filed.
 After this, S N Sinha was replaced by Jagganath Mishra. The region had large muslim
population and the congress feared that it may lead to lose in vote bank so the CM
was changed.
 The guilty were given life imprisonment.
 When nitish kumar became the CM in 2005, this Baghalpur riot case was reopened.
He appointed Justice N N Singh. This enquiry commission submitted its report in
2015. By this time, lot of convicts were even dead. Rest were sent for long
imprisonment. This commission also held the then congress government liable for
inaction and inability in handling the issue.
Discourse of Secularism:
Emergence of secularism in western world:
  It was as result of conflict between church and state around 16th century.
 Due to this conflict, subsequently secularism emerged as a strong notion.
 It was also the result of the renaissance movement in Europe.
 It banned on the religious invention in the state’s activities.
In India:
 Secularism has emerged
 Sarwa dharma sambhav: equal respect to all religions. It is completely separate from
the western idea of secularism. Western idea is only based upon the segregation
between state and church.
Rajeev Bhargava: the core aim of secularism in india is to promote religion and religious
liberty and assurance of a minimum level of decent human existence.
Article 25
Swami Vivekananda: different religious of the world are neither contradictory nor
antagonistic. All the religions can exist simultaneously. We must respect all religions and
faiths. [It becomes the core of indian secularism].
RavindraNath Tagore:
Gandhi: Tagore: all have advocate for tolerance in diversity. It is only possible when we will
adopt such a notion by which all the diversities could be respected. They [tolerance] remains
the essential feature of indian civilization since ages and therefore we need to respect these
diversities.
Debate in CA on the idea of secularism:
 K T Shah: he moved a resolution regarding secularism in India. This was defeated
during debate. There he said that the state of India shall have no concern with any
religion, belief or faith. State will have absolute neutrality in the matters of religions
concerning citizens of all classes and creeds.
 If this was passed, very nature of India would have been changed. It also provided a
place for dilution secular culture of India.
 It was defeated by H V Kamath: secular state means what? It is not a godless state. A
secular state is not an anti religious state. Shah’s proposal make the state a godless
and anti-religious. If we are going to accept this resolution, india would become
godless and anti-religious.
 H V Kamath: in the preamble of the constitution, we should include the term ‘in the
name of god.’ Instead of ‘we, the people of India’.
 This clause was opposed by H N Kunjurun: we invoke the name of god but by doing
so we are showing a narrow sectarian spirit contrary to the spirit of the constitution.
 Jacobson: he says that today there a tension exists with a very notion of secularism
and hindu nationalism. They both are contradictory. Hindu Nationalism has
challenged the very notion of secularism.
 M N Srinivas: secularization does not mean that religious institutions cease to exist.
But, they will cease to encompass or regulate other institutions of the society. Other
institutions such political, economic and social institutions.
 Ram Chandra Guha: Secularism acts as an umbrella for the diverse groups to exist
and have full expression of their cultural, social or political rights.
S R Bommai:
 Justice K. Ramaswamy has stated that secularism is a basic structure of indian
constitution which cannot be altered.
 Justice Jeevan Reddy: secularism is equal treatment of all religions and faith. In the
affaris of the state, religion would have no role to play.
 hindutva has been interpreted. Hindutva is a way of life, hindutva should not be
equated with the hindu religious fundamentalist. This got widest criticism as it gave a
clean chit to the hindutva movement. Afterwards, hindu fundamentalists took their
surge and in 1998, first NDA government was formed.
Amartya Sen:
 theory of symmetric treatment to all religion: if we can put all the religions in the
same pedestal. This is the idea of secularism in the indian context.

Issues concerning secular culture:

 somnath incident: sardar patel took the task to remove the temple. In one of the
cabinet meetings, immediately after the independence, this issue was discussed. The
decision was taken that temple would be renovated by the government money. When
Gandhi heard this, he sent a message to Nehru and said that you are moving on a
dangerous path. One should take money from the public and construct the temple.
State money should not be used for the religious institutions. When patel died, after
that the renovation was done. During the diety lying ceremony, rajendra Prasad was
called. Cry was raised that how come the head of a state can come for the
inauguration of a religious institute.
 Shah Bano case: her right to get alimony was sanctioned by the supreme court. But to
appease the minority, they passed a law through which the decision was overruled.
 Imrana rape case, 2005: Imrana was raped by her father in law. When this issue came,
one of the deobandhi sect passed a fatwa that she should consider her father in law as
her husband and her husband as her child. Mulayam singh yadav was the CM, he said
that whatever pronouncement the learned judges have given, I do not have right to
question it. Height of appeasement. Mulayam is also called as mulla yadav for such
appeasement politics.
 Pilgrim subsidies: government provides subsidies to the Haj People and people about
1.5 lkhs. All this money is going from state exchequer. This has been stopped by the
present government. When india is a secular state, it cannot do preferential treatment
and promote a particular sect. there were demands for similar subsidies for Kailash
and Amarnath Yatris. Adityanath government has introducted pilgrim subsidies to the
people going for amaranth. It poses challenge on the secular nature of the state.
 Religious institutions: we have the finances of the big hindu temples are regulated by
the state. These hindus temples are controlled by the state. Minority mosques and
Christians are not controlled on the other hand.
 Iftar parties: the muslims open the roja. How in india iftar parties has become the
symbol of political hub. They throw such parties only for political motives and use the
public fund. Appeasement motives.
 1980: 45th constitutional amendment act was passed. In this, the proposal was there to
consider Indian secularism as sarva dharma sambhav. Though it was passed by Lok
Sabha, Rajya Sabha did not pass it. Therefore, the concept of sarya dharma sambhav
has no legal backing.
 Uniform Civil Code:
o Polygamy: polygamy is prohibited in Hinduism and not under Muslim law.
o Talaq:
o This questions the secular character.
 Nadeem and shrawan
 Gulshan kumar murder case: owner of T series. He was murdered and Nadeem was
accused. He managed to escape from India and went to England. When the question
of extradition came, Nadeem was able to convince the british court that muslims are
given justice in India. This case has also raised the issue that how british judiciary has
pursued the state of secularism in India.
 Satanic verses: Salman Rushdie: this was the book which has authored in 1990s.
Quran is a verse of god, he cannot say that kill other sects. Some of the ayats of quran
are misinterpreted and used to give justification to certain activities such as jihad.
When this book came, the Indian government imposed ban on this. Due to this,
Mushir uh Hasan professor, Jamia University said that the best way should be that the
author should be brought to a debate and it should silence the dispute. Let the author
prove his point. Outrage was seen against his statement.
 Taslima Nasreen, Lajja: this book was also banned in India. She has critiqued the
Islamic fundamentalism. She was even denied stay in India as there was fear of
muslim community being alienated from congress. Cultural intolerance.