MICROWAVE LENS
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Introduction
• A microwave lens is an optical device engineered to
focus the longer wavelengths of the electromagnetic
spectrum, i.e., radio waves, and microwaves.
• Based on the same principles as an ordinary optical
lens.
• Supports low-phase error, wideband, wide-angle
scanning, and true-time delay (TTD) beam forming
• Adopts a few beam ports to illuminate the
prescribed receiving ports that feed energy into
radiating antennas
• Multi-beam patterns can be achieved by exciting
multiple beam ports at a time
• Consists of a set of parallel, periodically loaded one-
dimensional (1D) transmission lines (TL) with
different loading elements and two so-called
transition layers on each side of the TL array.
• There are four types of microwave lenses:
1. Dielectric Lens
2. Bootlace Lens
3. Metal Plate Lens
4. Loaded Microwave Lens
Fig. 1: Focusing Convex Lens
Fig. 2: Focusing Concave Lens
Grishma Joshi (12BEC034), Mekhala Kar (12BEC051)
Guided By: Prof. Aarti Gehani
NIRMA UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Dielectric Lens
• The Dielectric lenses, both homogeneous and
inhomogeneous, are used in microwave
applications, for example for antenna phase
correction and wide-angle scanning.
• Drawback: have poor impedance matching to free
space
• The inhomogeneous refractive index of the
Luneburg lens has been realized by drilling
electrically small holes into a dielectric, by using
pressed foam material, and by employing several
homogeneous shells.
• Metamaterials with negative refractive index is
used for creating a microwave lens
Fig. 3: Dielectric Lens
Fig. 4: Luneberg Lens
Bootlace Lens
• The bootlace lens is a circuit analogue of the
dielectric lens.
• On one surface of the bootlace lens is an array of
receiving elements connected one-to-one to the
elements of an array of similar transmitting elements
on the other surface, by a length of non-dispersive
transmission line.
• The length of the connecting line is chosen so that
the path length from a focal source to a reading
element is the same for all elements.
• Non-dispersive and has limited bandwidth
Fig. 5: Bootlace Lens
Fig. 6: Loaded Microwave Lens
Ref: 1. P. Wade, NIBWT, and M. Reilly, KBIVC, “Metal Lens Antennas for 10GHz,” Proceedings of the 18th Eastern VHF/UHF Conference, ARRL, May 1992, pp. 71-78
2. R.B. Greegor, C.G Parazzoli, J.A. Nielsen, M.A. Thompson, M.H. Tanielian, D.C. Vier, S. Schultz, D.R. Smith and D. Schurig, “Microwave focussing and beam
collimation using negative index of refraction lenses”, May 2009
Metal Plate Lens
• The (waveguide) metal plate microwave lens are
constructed of metallic plates that are parallel to the
electric vector.
• The phase velocity between any two plates is greater
than air.
• Refractive index is less than one
• A group of waveguides assembled adjacent to each
other are structured as an optical device that molds
spherical waves into planar wavefronts.
Fig. 7: Metal Plate lens
Loaded Lens
• The lens has an egg-crate appearance
• Vertical plates make up a lens that focuses a
vertically polarized beam
• Horizontal plates handle beams which are
horizontally polarized
• This type of construction can be used in multiple-
beam applications where the polarization of the
beams is different.
Applications
• Military: Airborne and Marine Radars
• Satellite
• Remote-piloted vehicles
• Collision avoidance radars
• Ultra-wideband communications systems
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