Engineering Review Center

nd
2 floor, Santos-Causing Bldg, National Highway, Halang, Calamba City
Tel/Fax # (049) 545 9828
Producer of Brilliant Mechanical Engineers in the CALABARZON
Cell # 0917 545 6548
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
(Nestle-Cabuyao CPM Review Program)
DEFINITIONS IN AIR CONDITIONING
 Air conditioning refers to the control of temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, air quality, and air circulation as required by occupants, a process, or
a product in the space. It was first proposed by Willis Carrier, in 1902, an early pioneer in air conditioning.
 HVAC means Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.
 ASHRAE means American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers.
 Joule equivalent is 778.28 Ft-lb/Btu
 The specific heat of air at normal conditions is approximately equal to 0.241 Btu/lb- oF or equal to 1.0062 kJ/kg-oC.

 The transfer of energy to a space or to the air in a space by virtue of difference in temperature between the source and the space or air is known as
Heating. This could be in different forms, such as direct radiation and free convection to the space, direct heating of forced circulated air, or transfer of
heated water to the vicinity of the space and used to heat the circulated air.
 Sensible heat transfer is the transfer of heat manifested in an increase in temperature of the air.
 Humidifying is the process of transferring water vapor to the atmospheric air.
 Latent heat transfer is a heat transfer associated with mass transfer that is manifested in an increase in the concentration of water in the air-water vapor
mixture. The process of mass and energy transfer is accomplished by introducing water vapor or by spraying fine droplets of water that evaporate into
the circulating air stream.
 The transfer of energy from a space, or air supplied to a space, due to the difference in temperature between the source and the space or air is called
Cooling.

 Dehumidifying is the transfer of water vapor from atmospheric air. The process is accomplished by circulating the air over a surface maintained at a
sufficiently low temperature to cause the condensation of water vapor from the mixture.
 Cleaning of air is the process of filtering and removal of contaminant gases from the air. Removal of contaminant gases may be done by absorption, by
physical adsorption, and by other contaminant removal process or processes.
 The control of air motion should be achieved by the proper placement of air inlets to the space and by the use of different air-distributing devices. Air
motion within the occupant’s vicinity should be strong enough to create uniform comfort conditions in the space, but gentle enough and unnoticeable.
 An all-air system is an air conditioning system that provides complete sensible heating and humidifying and sensible and latent cooling by supplying air
to the conditioned space.

 Psychrometry is the study of the properties of air and water vapor or moist air.
 Saturated air is an air whose condition is such that any decrease in temperature will result in condensation of the water vapor into liquid; or a condition
of air which is saturated.
 Moist air is the mixture of dry air and water vapor.
 Dry air is the non-condensable component of moist air.
 Vapor is the condensable component of moist air; the water vapor or steam which may exist in a saturated state or superheated state.
 Psychrometrics literally means “pertaining to the measurement of cold” but in modern usage it refers to the state of the atmosphere with reference to
moisture.
HVAC: Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
 Absolute Zero – the zero point on the absolute temperature scale, 459.69 degrees below the zero of the Fahrenheit scale, 273.16 degrees below the
zero of the Centigrade or Celsius scale.
 Absorbent – a material which, due to an affinity for certain substance, extracts one or more such substances from a liquid or gaseous medium with
which it is in contact, and which changes physically or chemically, or both, during the process. Calcium chloride is an example of a solid absorbent,
while solutions of lithium bromide, and the ethylene glycols are examples of liquid absorbents.
 Absorber – a device containing liquid for absorbing refrigerant vapor or other vapors. In an absorption system, that part of the low side used for
absorbing refrigerant vapor.
 Absorption – the process whereby a material extracts one or more substances present in an atmosphere or mixture of gases or liquids; accompanied
by physical change, chemical change, or both, of the material.
 Absorptivity – the capacity of a material to absorb radiant energy. Absorbance is the ratio of the radiant flux absorbed by a body to that incident to it.
 Acceleration – the time rate of change of velocity; the derivative of velocity with respect to time.
 Acceleration due to gravity – the rate of increase in velocity of a body falling freely in a vacuum. Its value varies with latitude and elevation. The
international standard taken at sea level and 45o latitude is 980.665 cm/s2 or 32.174 fps2.
 Access Door – door provided in a unit to permit inspection of the inside, as of a plenum chamber.
 Accumulator – a storage chamber for low-side liquid refrigerant; also known as surge drum, or surge header. Also, a pressure vessel whose volume is
used in a refrigerant circuit to reduce pulsation.
 Activated alumina – a form of aluminum oxide that absorbs moisture readily and is used as a drying agent.
 Activated Carbon – a form of carbon made porous by special treatment by which it is capable of absorbing various odors, anesthetics and other vapors.
 Adiabatic process – a thermodynamics process during which no head is added to, or taken from, a substance or system.
 Absorbent – a material that has the ability to cause molecules of gases, liquids or solids to adhere to its internal surfaces without changing the
absorbent physically or chemically. Certain solid materials such as silica gel, activated carbon and activated alumina have this property.
 Adsorption – the action, associated with surface adherence, of a material in extracting one or more substances present in an atmosphere or mixture of
gases and liquids, unaccompanied by physical of chemical change. Commercial adsorbent materials have enormous internal surfaces.
 Aeration – exposing a substance, or area, to air circulation.
 Aerosol – an assemblage of small particles, solid or liquid, suspended in air. The diameters of the particles may vary from 100 microns down to 0.01
micron or less, say, dust, fog, smoke.
 Agitator – a device causing turbulent motion in a fluid confined in a tank.

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 Air, ambient – generally speaking, the air surrounding an object.
 Air, dry – air without contained water vapor; air only.
 Air, outdoor – air taken from outdoors and, therefore, not previously circulated through the system.
 Air, outside – external air; atmosphere exterior to refrigerated or conditioned space; ambient (surrounding) air.
 Air, recirculated – return air passed through the conditioner before being again supplied to the conditioned space.
 Air, reheating – in an air conditioning system the final step in treatment, in the event the temperature is too low.
 Air, return – air returned from conditioned or refrigerated space.
 Air, saturated – moist air in which the partial pressure of the water vapor is equal to the vapor pressure of water at the existing temperature. This occurs
dry air and saturated water vapor coexists at the same dry-bulb temperature.
 Air, standard – dry air at a pressure of 760 mm (29.92 in.) Hg at 21 oC (69.8 oF) temperature and with a specific volume of 0.833 m3/kg (13.33 ft3/lb).
 Air alternator – a device that automatically switches the air from one side of the ice tank to the other.
 Air blast – forced air circulation.
 Air changes – a method of expressing the amount of air leakage into or out of a building or rooms in terms of the number of building volumes or room
volumes exchanged.
 Air circulation – natural or impartment motion of air.
 Air cleaner – a device used to remove airborne impurities.
 Air conditioner, room – a factory-made encased assembly designed as a unit for mounting in a window, through a wall, or as a console. It is designed
for free delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed space without ducts.
 Air conditioner, window – self-contained room conditioner arranged to be supported in or connected with a window opening circulating outside air over
the high side and room air over the low side.
 Air conditioning – the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the
requirements of the conditioned space.
 Air conditioning, comfort – the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the
comfort requirements of the occupants of the conditioned space.
 Air conditioning, industrial – air conditioning for other uses than comfort.
 Air conditioning, summer – comfort air conditioning carried out primarily when outside temperature and humidity are above those to be maintained in
the conditioned space.
 Air conditioning, winter – heating, humidifying, air distribution, and air cleaning, where outside temperatures are below the inside or room temperature.
 Air conditioning unit – an assembly of equipment for the treatment of air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and
distribution to meet the requirements of a conditioned space.
Air conditioning unit, cooling (heating) – a specific air treating combination consisting of means for ventilation, air circulation, air cleaning, and heat
transfer, with control means for cooling (or heating).
 Air cooler – a factory-encased assembly of element whereby the temperature of air passing through the device is reduced.
 Air cooler, dry – removes sensible heat from the dehydrated air whenever it leaves the dehydrator at an elevated temperature.
 Air cooler, dry-type – a forced circulation air cooler wherein heat transfer is not implemented by a liquid spray during the operating period.
 Air cooler unit – specific air treating combination consisting of means for air circulating and cooling.
 Air diffuser – a circular, square, or rectangular air distribution outlet, generally located in the ceiling and comprised of deflecting members discharging
supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged to promote mixing of primary air with secondary room air.
 Air lateral – pipe which supplies the air to the ice cans contained in the freezing tank.
 Air main – pipe which carries air to the air laterals supplying ice cans contained in the freezing tank.
 Air tunnel – a refrigerated tunnel with rapid air circulation through which the product to be frozen is passed.
 Air washer – a water supply system or device for cleaning, humidifying, or dehumidifying the air.
 Algae – A minute-fresh water plant growth that forms a scum on the surfaces of re-circulated water apparatus, interfering with fluid flow and heat
transfer.
 Analyzer – device in high side of the absorption system for increasing the concentration of refrigerant in the vapor entering rectifier or condenser.
 Anemometer – an instrument for measuring the velocity of the fluid.
 Anticipating control – one that, by artificial means, is actuated sooner than it would be without such means, to produce a smaller differential of the
controlled property.
 Approach – in an evaporative cooling device, the difference between the average temperature of the circulating water leaving the device, and average
wet-bulb temperature of the entering air.
 Area, core – the total plane area of the portion of a grille, face, or register, bounded by a line tangent to the outer edges of the outer openings through
which air can pass.
 Area, free – the total minimum area of the openings in an air inlet or outlet through which air can pass.
 Aspect ratio – in air distribution outlets, the ratio of the length of the core opening of a grille, face, or register to the width . In rectangular ducts, the ratio
of the width to the depth.
 Aspiration – production of movement in a fluid by suction created by fluid velocity.
 Atomize – means to reduce to fine spray.
 Attenuation – the sound reduction process in which sound energy is absorbed or diminished in intensity as the result of energy conversion from sound
to motion or heat.
 Zoetrope, azeotropic mixture – a mixture whose vapor and liquid phases have identical compositions at a given temperature.
 Baffle – a surface used for deflecting fluids, usually in the form of a plate or wall.
 Baffle, refrigerator – a plate, wall, or partition that is designed to perform one or more of the following functions:
a. Prevent contact of food with refrigerated surfaces
b. Prevent dripping of condensate on food
c. Regulate and/or direct circulation of refrigerated air
 Balling – a name applied to the hydrometer scale used in measuring the strength of wort. This scale gives directly the amount of extract dissolved in the
wort, as the weight percentage of sugar in water. (Wort is a liquid, produced from malt and hot water, which can be fermented to make beer or ale, or
fermented and distilled to make whiskey.)
 Barometer – an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
 Belt driven – driver and driven, as motor and compressor, equipped with suitable sheaves or pulleys, and connected by one or more belts to operate at
a speed ratio established by the relative diameters of the pulleys.
 Benching machine – portable device for elevating and stacking ice blocks.
 Bimetallic element – is the one formed of two metals having different coefficients of thermal expansion, used as a temperature-controlled device.
 Bin, ice storage – an ice storage bin is a container in which ice can be stored.
 Blanch – scald or sterilize - in case of vegetables to be canned, cooked or frozen – usually by dipping in a hot water bath.

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 Blast heater – a set of heat transfer coils or sections used to heat air that is drawn or forced through it by a fan.
 Bleeder – pipe attached, as to a condenser, to lead off liquid refrigerant, parallel to main flow.
 Blow (throw) – in air distribution, the distance an air stream travels from an outlet to a position at which air motion along the axis reduces to velocity of
50 fpm. For unit heaters, the distance an air stream travels from a heater without a perceptible rise due to temperature difference and loss of velocity.
 Blower – a fan used to force air under pressure.
 Boiler – a closed vessel in which a liquid is heated or vaporized.
 Boiler heating surface – all of the surface of the heat-transfer apparatus in contact on one side with the water or wet steam being heated and on the
other side with the gas or refractory being cooled, in which the fluid being heated forms part of the circulating system, this surface to be measured on
the side receiving heat.
 Direct heating surface is generally understood to be the boiler heating surface subject to direct radiation from the surface of the grate , or from the
surfaces of oil or gas burners.
 Indirect heating surface is the boiler heating surface within the flues
 Boiler Hp – the equivalent evaporation of 34.5 lb of water per hour from and at 212 oF. This is equal to a heat output of 970.3 x 34.5 = 33 475 Btuh.
 Boiling point – the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the absolute external pressure at the liquid-vapor interface.
 Bore – inside diameter of a cylinder.
 Brazed – joined by fusion using a spelter on the order of brass. This is considered equivalent to hard soldering.
 Breaker – a relatively poor conductor of heat to join the liner and outer shell of an internally refrigerated container such as a refrigerator.
 Breaker trip, refrigerator cabinet – a cabinet breaker strip is a separate insulating element or integral insulating extension of the cabinet interior surfaces
around the periphery of the cabinet door or drawer openings, which functions as a thermal barrier to minimize heat flow to the interior of the cabinet.
 Breather plug – a removable plug, cap, or other means of venting a space containing insulating material through vapor-tight sheathing to the interior of
a refrigerated compartment.
 Brine – any liquid cooled by a refrigerant and used for transmission of heat
CENTRIFUGALPUMPS
1. In centrifugal pump, pumping action is accomplished by imparting kinetic energy to the fluid by a high speed revolving impeller with vanes.
2. Submersible pump is a vertical turbine pump with the pump and motor closed coupled and designed to be installed underground, as in the case of deep
well pump.
3. A booster pump is a pump that takes suction from a public service main or private-use water system for the purpose of increasing the effective water
pressure.
4. Vertical shaft turbine pump is a centrifugal pump with one or more impellers discharging into one or more bowls and vertical eductor or column pipe
used to connect the bowls to the discharge head on which the pump driver is mounted.
5. The majority of centrifugal pumps built today are the volute type. They are available as horizontal or vertical pumps, single or multi-stage for wide flow
ranges.
6. The mechanics of water or other liquids whether at rest or in motion, is known as hydraulics.
7. A perfect vacuum is a space entirely devoid of gases, liquids, or solids.
8. In line pump is a centrifugal pump in which the driving unit is supported by the pump having its suction and discharge flanges on approximately the
same center.
9. Horizontal pump is a pump with the shaft normally in horizontal positions.
10. Horizontal Split-Cage Pump is a centrifugal pump characterized by a housing that is split parallel to the shaft.
11. Ground water is that water that is available from a well, driven into water-bearing subsurface strata.
12. Pumping water level is the level, with respect to the pump, of the body of water from which it takes suction when the pump is in operation.
13. Static water level is the level, with respect to the pump, of water from which it takes suction when the pump is not in operation.
14. Capacity is the rate of flow of liquid measures per unit time, usually gpm or lps.
15. Piezometer is a device set in a pipe to enable Bourdon gauge or a manometer attached the piezometer to show the net or normal pressure.
16. Pitot tube is a device used to measure the pressure of water discharging from a nozzle or flowing in a pipe by having its open end in the water and the
other end connected to a gauge or manometer.
17. Suction lift exists when the total suction is below atmospheric pressure.
18. Suction head exists when the total suction head is above atmospheric pressure.
19. Hydrostatics is the science of water at rest.
20. Hydrokinetics is a science of water in motion.
21. Hydrodynamics is a general term, and is generally associated with the science of the force exerted by water in motion, such as driving a turbine
connected to an electric generator.
22. Gauge pressure is the term implying the pressure on a gauge on open air, the gauge being connected to a closed pipe.
23. Impeller is a centrifugal basic part that imparts velocity to the liquid, resulting from centrifugal force as the impeller is rotated.
24. Casing is a basic centrifugal part that gives direction to the flow from the impeller and converts this velocity energy into pressure energy that is usually
measured in meter of head.
25. Centrifugal pumps are one of the most popular pumps because of their simplicity, low cost, and ability to operate under a wide variety of conditions.
26. The discharge of centrifugal pumps can be throttled without the building up an excessive pressure or overloading its driving unit.
27. The runner of the diffuser type pump is surrounded by gradually expanding passages formed by stationary guide vanes.
28. Centrifugal pumps are classified as volute type, single stage and multistage; diffuser type, single state and multistage; peripheral turbine; mixed flow;
and propeller or axial-flow types.
29. Aquifer is an underground formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water.
30. End suction pump is a single suction pump having its suction nozzle on the opposite side of the casing from the stuffing box and having the face of the
suction nozzle perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft.
31. Mechanical losses in centrifugal pumps include the frictional losses in the bearings and packing boxes and are usually taken to be 2 to 4 % of the brake
power.
32. The head in radial-type impeller is developed largely by the action of centrifugal force.
33. The specific speed of a Radial-type impeller centrifugal pump is ranging from 500 to 3000 rpm.
34. The ratio of discharge diameter to inlet eye diameter of a Radial-type impeller centrifugal pump is about 2.]
35. The specific speed of a Francis-type impeller centrifugal pump is ranging from 1500 to 4500 rpm.
36. The specific speed of a Mixed-flow-type impeller centrifugal pump is ranging from 4500 to 8000 rpm.
37. All the head developed by a Propeller-type impeller centrifugal pump is due to the push of the vanes and the flow is almost entirely axial.
38. The specific speed of a propeller-type impeller centrifugal pump is above 8000 rpm.
39. Propeller-type impeller centrifugal pump is used for low heads (from 3 to 40 ft), low speed (200 to 1800 rpm), and large capacities.
40. When a pump is operating at speeds other than that it is tested, the capacity is proportional to the speed.
41. Filter pump is an aspirator or vacuum pump that creates a negative pressure on the filtrate side of the filter to hasten the process of filtering.
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42. Draw down is the vertical difference between the pumping water level and the static water level.
43. Aquifer performance analysis is a test designed to determine the amount underground water available in a given field and proper well spacing to avoid
interference in that field.
44. Wet pit is a timber, concrete, or masonry enclosure having a screened inlet to keep partially filled with water by an open body of water such as pond,
lake or streams.
RECIPROCATING PUMPS
45. Reciprocating pump, also known as piston pump, is a pump in which motion and pressure are applied to the fluid by a reciprocating piston in a cylinder.
46. Piston rod is a rod that is connected to the piston, and moves or moved by the piston.
47. Piston speed is the total distance traveled by a piston in a given time; usually express in fpm or m/s.
48. The volume that the piston in a cylinder displaces in a single stroke and is equal to the distance the piston travels (stroke) times the internal cross
section of the cylinder is known as Volume displacement.
49. Direct-acting pump is a displacement-reciprocating pump in which the steam or power piston is connected to the pump piston by means of a rod,
without crank motion or flywheel.
50. Displacement pump is a pump that develops its action through the alternate filling and emptying of an enclosed volume, say, in a piston-cylinder
system.
51. Positive Displacement Pump is a pump in which a measured quantity of liquid is entrapped in a space, its pressure is raised, and then it is delivered.
Say, a reciprocating piston cylinder, rotary vane, gear, or lobe pumps.
52. Gear pump is a rotary pump in which two meshing gear wheels rotate in opposite directions so that the liquid is entrained on one side and discharged
on the other side.
53. Rotary pumps are displacement pumps that deliver a steady flow by the action of two members in rotational contact.
54. Screw-type pump is a displacement pump that raises liquid by means of helical impellers in the pump casing.
55. Duplex pump is a reciprocating pump with two parallel cylinders.
56. Submersible Pump is a pump in which the pump itself and its electric driving motor are together in a protective housing that permits the unit to operate
under water.
57. Submersible pumps are, either rotary, centrifugal, or reciprocating pumps.
58. Regenerative pump, also known as turbine pump, is a pump with a rotating-vane device that uses a combination of mechanical impulse and centrifugal
force to produce high liquid heads at low discharge.
59. Vertical turbine pump, also known as deep-wheel pump, is a multistage centrifugal pump used for lifting water from deep and small-diameter wells; and
a surface electric motor operates the shaft.
60. Hydraulic machine is a machine powered by a motor activated by the confined flow of a stream of liquid, such as oil or water under pressure.
61. Hydraulic motor is a motor activated by water or other liquid under pressure.
62. Jet pump is a pump in which an accelerating jet entrains a second fluid to deliver it at elevated pressure.
63. The rotative speed, N, in rpm, of an indirect acting reciprocating pump for cold water is given by the equation, N = 907 (L) - 0.5, where L is the stroke in
mm.
64. Hydraulic pump, also known as hydraulic ram, is a machine used for forcing running water to a higher level by using kinetic energy of flow; the flow of
water in the supply pipeline is periodically stopped so that small portion of water is lifted by the velocity head of a larger portion.
65. The science and technology concerning the mechanics of fluids, especially liquids, is known as hydraulics.
66. Steady flow is a flow of fluids in which all the conditions at any one point in a pipe line are constant with respect to time.
67. Triplex pumps are three-cylindered pumps used to produce overlapping deliveries and minimize pulsation.
68. The discharge capacity of a reciprocating pump is given by the equation, Q = v VD. Where VD is volume displacement in m 3/s, v is the volumetric
efficiency, and Q is the discharge capacity of the pump in m3/s.
69. A direct-acting steam-driven reciprocating pump is one in which the steam piston connects directly to the liquid piston or plunger.
70. Henry R. Worthington, the one who invented the first reciprocating steam pump in 1840 for feeding water into boiler.
71. There are two general types of direct-acting steam pumps, the simplex and duplex. The simplex type has one steam and one water cylinder, while the
duplex has two duplicate steam and water cylinders.
72. Plunger-type pump is a reciprocating pump where the packing is on the stationary casing instead of the moving piston.
73. Diaphragm Pump is a reciprocating pump that is using as diaphragm to isolate the operating parts from pumped liquid in a mechanically actuated
diaphragm.
74. Diaphragm pumps are another design of reciprocating pumps used for handling thick pulps, sewage sludge, acids, or alkaline solutions, mixture of
water and gritty solids that wear out metal pumps, and for handling liquid solutions or pulps where a constant flow volume is required.
75. The diaphragm in a diaphragm pump is made of a special rubber composition to resist corrosion, abrasion, and in special cases, oil and high
temperature.
HYDRAULIC TURBINES
76. Water turbines convert the potential energy in water behind a dam into shaft work, ordinarily used to drive an electric generator.
77. Kaplan turbine is a special type of propeller turbine featuring variable-angle blades that can be changed with water flow to maintain high efficiency.
78. Francis, or radial- and mixed-flow, turbines are used for an intermediate range of heads.
79. Propeller turbines are built with fixed blades and variable-pitch blades.
80. One disadvantage of most hydro plants is their dependence on the rate of water flow in a river.
81. One method of storing water during low power-demand periods to supply energy during high-load periods of a hydro plants is to use the reversible
pump-turbine.
82. Pump-turbines are usually physically larger than a turbine of the same capacity, and the motor generator is more costly than a standard generator.
83. Net effective head is the difference in the total head for the water entering the turbine casing and the total head leaving the draft tube.
84. Specific speed is the speed of a hypothetical model turbine having the same configuration as the actual turbine, when the model would be of the proper
size to develop 1 Hp at a head of 1 ft.
85. Speed factor is the ratio of peripheral velocity of the buckets to the velocity of the water jet.
86. Lester A. Pelton is the inventor of Pelton wheels of a hydraulic turbine.
87. Impulse turbine efficiencies vary from about 82 to 90 %.
88. Effective head of an Impulse turbine is measured at the bottom of the pitch circle of the runner with no consideration given to the water level at the
tailrace (because there is no draft tube).
89. James B. Francis is the inventor of the reaction type of reaction turbines.
90. Francis type reaction turbines are usually employed for heads of 70 to 900 ft, and up 1100 ft.
91. Hydraulic turbines are water wheels in which the motion of water relative to its bucket is essential to its action.
92. In a hydroelectric power plant, water is the main source of energy.
93. Hydraulic turbines are classified in accordance with the action of water such as: Impulse turbines and reaction turbines.
94. The two classifications of hydraulic turbines based on the position of the shaft are the vertical turbine and horizontal turbine.
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95. Firm or primary power is the power that a plant can be expected to deliver 100 percent of the time.
96. Surplus or secondary power is the power available in excess of firm power.
97. Hydroelectric plants are classified into: run-of-river plant, storage-type plant, and pumped-storage plant.
98. Storage-type plant is one with a reservoir of sufficient size to permit carry-over storage from the wet season to dry season and, thus, to develop a firm
flow substantially more than the minimum natural flow.
99. A run-of-river plant is one with a very limited storage capacity and can be used only as water comes.
100. Run-of-river plants are suitable only for streams that have a sustained flow during the dry season or where other reservoirs upstream provide the
necessary storage.
101. A pumped-storage plant is one that generates power for peak load but at off-peak, water is pumped from tail water pool to the headwater pool for future
use.
102. Water tailrace is the channel into which the water is discharged after passing through the turbine.
103. In impulse turbine, wheel passages are not completely filled with water.
104. Water acting on impulse turbine wheels is always atmospheric.
105. In Reaction turbines, wheel passages are completely filled with water.
106. The energy used in reaction turbine are both kinetic and pressure energies.
107. Storage reservoir holds the water to run the plant.
108. Dam is a concrete structure that creates the required head of the hydraulic turbine.
109. Spillway discharges water during extreme flood flow so that water in reservoir does not overflow the dam.
110. Intake equipment consists of rocks and screens to keep trash from being carried down to wheels and head gate.
111. Penstock conducts water to turbine.
112. Fore bay is small equalizing reservoir from which the penstock draws water sometimes.
113. Turbines are hydraulic prime movers driving electric generators.
114. Tailrace is body of water where turbine discharges the water. It is a channel through which water is discharged after passing through the turbine.
115. Surge tank is a component that absorbs water hammer during load fluctuations and serves as an auxiliary reservoir during high load demands.
116. Draft tube is a conduit at the outlet of the turbine that conducts the water away from the turbine.
117. Dump power is a hydropower in excess of load requirement that is made available by surplus water.
118. Firm Power is a power intended to be always available even under emergency conditions
119. Prime mover power is a maximum potential power constantly available for transformation into electric power.
120. Cold reserve is a reserve generating capacity in service but not in operation.
121. Hot reserve is a reserve generating capacity in operation but not in service.
122. Reserve equipment is the standby equipment or installed equipment in excess of that required to carry peak loads.
123. System reserve is a reserve generating capacity and ready to take load.
124. Efficiency of generator refers to the effectiveness of conversion of mechanical power into electrical power.
125. Specific speed of the turbine runner is the speed in rpm in which a geometrically similar or homologous turbine would operate to deliver one (1) brake
power under a head of one (1) foot.
126. A storage reservoir (dam) is used to hold enough water to operate the plant for some duration of time.
127. Run-of-river station is a hydroelectric generating station that utilizes the stream flow with out storage.
128. Penstock is a conduit of water to the turbine.
129. Dam is the concrete structure that encloses the reservoir.
130. Slit sluice is a chamber that collects the mud and through which the mud is discharged.
131. Trash Rack is a screen that prevents the leaves, branches and other water contaminants to enter into the penstock.
132. Valve is a component that opens or closes the entrance of the water into the penstock.
133. Surge chamber is a standpipe connected to the atmosphere and attached to the penstock so that the water will be at atmospheric pressure.
134. Penstock is the chamber that leads water from the reservoir to the turbine.
135. Turbine is the equipment that converts the energy of the water into mechanical energy.
136. Pumped storage plant is a hydroelectric plant that involves the use of the off-peak energy to store water and to use the stored water to generate extra
energy to cope with the peak load.
137. Propeller type hydraulic turbine is capable of operating with net head of up to 70 ft.
DEFINITION OF PUMP
 Pumps - are machines that are used to add energy to a liquid in order to transfer the liquid from one point to another point of higher energy level.

PUMPS CLASSIFICATIOS
1. Dynamic Pumps – are pumps in which energy is continuously added to increase the fluid velocities within the machine to values greater than those
occurring at the discharge so subsequent velocity reduction within or beyond the pump produces a pump pressure increase.
2. Displacement Pump – are pumps in which energy is periodically added by application of force to one or more movable boundaries of any desired
number of enclosed, fluid-containing volumes, resulting in a direct increase in pressure up to the value required to move the fluid through valves or port
into the discharge line.
BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF PUMPS
1. Reciprocating Pump - used for low discharge, high head, low speed, and self-priming operation.
2. Centrifugal Pump - used for high discharge, low head, high speed, and not self-priming operation.
3. Rotary Pump - used for low discharge, low head, and pumping viscous liquid like oil. A) Gear pump; b) Screw Pump; c) Vane Pump; d) Cam Pump
4. Turbine Pump - used for pumping water with high suction lift, and for pumping condensate.
5. Jet Pump (Injector) - used for pumping boiler feed-water; used as accessory for centrifugal pump.

SPECIAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF PUMPS BASED ON SUCTION LIFT

1. Shallow Well Pump - ordinary centrifugal pump, used for suction lift up to 25 ft.
2. Deep-well Pump - centrifugal pump with injector, for suction lift up to 120 ft.
3. Turbine Pump - multi-stage pump, for suction left up to 300 ft.
4. Submersible Pump - multi-stage pump, driven by submersible motor.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 Centrifugal pump is a machine in the pumping action is accomplished by imparting kinetic energy to the fluid by high speed revolving impeller with
vanes and subsequently converting this kinetic energy into pressure energy either by passing the fluid thru a volute casing or thru diffuser vanes.
BASIC PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 Impeller – is a part that imparts velocity to the liquid, resulting from centrifugal force as the impeller is rotated.
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  Casing – is a part that gives direction to the flow from the impeller and converts this velocity energy into pressure energy which is usually
measured in feed of head.
 Shaft – is a part that transmits power from the driver to the impeller.
 Stuffing Box – is a means of throttling the leakage which would otherwise occur at the point of entry of the shaft into the casing. This is not a
separate part of a pump but made up of a group of small details as follows:
o Packing is the most common means of throttling the leakage between the inside and outside of the casing.
o Gland – is used to position and adjust the packing pressure.
o Seal Gage, also called water-seal of lantern ring – is a part that provides passage to distribute the sealing medium uniformly around the
portion of the shaft that passes through the stuffing box.
o Mechanical Seal – provides a mechanical sealing arrangement that takes the place of the packing.
 Shaft Sleeves – is a pump part that protects the shaft where it passes through the stuffing box. It is used in pump with packing but often eliminated
if mechanical seals are employed.
 Wearing Rings – keep internal recirculation down to minimum. Having these rings as replaceable wearing surfaces permits renewal of clearances
to keep pump efficiencies high. On small types only one ring is used in the casing and on larger sizes. Companion rings are used in the casing
and on the impeller.
 Bearings – accurately locate shaft and carry radial and thrust load.
 Frame – used to mount unit rigidly and support the bearings.
 Coupling – connects the pump to the driver.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS CHARACTERISTICS
o Employ centrifugal force to lift liquids from lower level to higher level.
o Liquid flows from impeller at high speed that must be efficiently converted into pressure.
o The most popular type of pumps because of its simplicity, low cost, and ability to operate under a wide variety of conditions.
o Adapted to operate under practically any head up to several thousand feet.
o Handle liquids at most any temperature up to 1000 oF.
o Operate at speeds that are standard for electric motors and turbines.
Important Features
o Flow from it is continuous.
o Its discharge can be throttled without the pump’s building up an excessive pressure or overloading its driving unit.
TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
1) Volute type - single-stage and multi-stage 2) Diffuser type - single-stage and multi-stage
3) Peripheral turbine 4) Mixed-flow
5) Propeller or axial-flow type
Volute-Type Centrifugal Pump
o Conversion of speed or velocity head into pressure head is performed by a spiral casing not provided with guide vane
o The impeller discharges into a progressively expanding spiral casing.
o The casing is so proportioned as to produce equal-velocity flow all around its circumference and to reduce gradually the velocity of the liquid as it
flows from the impeller to the discharge, thus changing velocity head into pressure head.
Diffuser-type Centrifugal Pump
o Conversion of velocity head into pressure head is performed by a guide vane installed with the impeller
o The runner of the pump is surrounded by gradually expanding passages formed by stationary guide vane.
o Velocity head is converted into pressure head before the water enters the volute.
o Efficiency is slightly higher than volute type.
o The added cost, and more complicated construction, is generally not considered justified except in large high-pressure pumps.
o It is sometimes called or preferred to as “turbine pump”, since its construction is similar to that of a hydraulic turbine, but it operates in reverse.
SUCTION TYPES: Single-Suction and Double-Suction
 When single suction is insufficient to move a large volume of liquid, two impellers are used back to back, and suction occurs on both sides. This,
then, is the double suction type. Double suction improves efficiency, and the axial thrust, in theory, balanced. However, because of structural
complications, double suction is not used in other volute type pumps.
TYPES OF IMPELLER FOR A SINGLE-SUCTION SINGLE-STAGE VOLUTE-TYPE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
1. Enclosed Impeller
 The vanes are supported between two disk and shrouds so as to form closed passages between them.
 Efficient with minimal spread of performance between units.
 Liquid containing foreign matter cannot be handled at all. Used only for fresh water.
2. Semi-Open Impeller
 Spread of performance between units is higher than that of the closed impeller.
 Liquid containing slight amounts of foreign matter can be handled without clogging.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP BASED ON IMPELLER TYPE
1. Radial-Type Impeller Pump
- Head is developed largely by the action of centrifugal force.
- Used for medium and high heads, above about 150 ft.
- A conventional type of impeller.
- Used in practically all multi-stage machines.
- Range of specific speed between 500 and 3000.
- Ratio of discharge diameter to inlet eye diameter is 2.0.
2. Francis-Type Impeller Pump
- Used for lower heads
- Ratio of discharge diameter to the inlet eye diameter is less than 2.0.
- Operates at a higher speed than the conventional impeller.
- Specific speed is from 1500 to 4500.
- May also be made double suction.
3. Mixed-Flow-Type Impeller Pump
- Head is developed by the centrifugal force and partly by the push of the vane.
- Discharge is partly radial and partly axial; this is the reason for the name mixed-flow.
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 - Mean discharge diameter is usually about equal to the eye inlet diameter.
- Specific speed is between 4500 and 8000.
4. Propeller-Type Impeller (Axial-flow-type) Pump
- Head is developed due to the push of the vanes.
- Flow is almost entirely axial.
- Specific speed is greater than 8000.
- Used for low heads (3 to 40 ft.).
- Not suitable for high lifts.
5. Multi-Staging Pump
- Used if the head developed becomes too great for single stage.
- Impellers are usually of radial type.
- Specific speed is taken to be specific speed of any stage.
- Flow and flow through all the stages is the same.
- Total head is usually equally divided between the stages.
RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Reciprocating Pump is a machine in which pumping action is accomplished by forward and backward movement of a piston inside a cylinder,
usually provided with valves. It is classified as positive displacement pump.
 Displacement Pumps are pumps in which energy is periodically added by application of force to one or more movable boundaries of a any desired
number of enclosed, fluid-containing volumes, resulting in a direct increase in pressure up to the value required to move the fluid through valve or
port into the discharge line.
TYPES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS
1. Piston and Plunger type
a. Steam or Direct-acting, double-acting, pumps
b. Power or Indirect Acting pumps
2. Diaphragm Type Reciprocating pumps
a. Simplex
b. Multiplex
CLASSIFICATIONS IN TERMS OF THE METHOD OF DRIVING THE WATER PISTON OR PLUNGER
1. Direct-acting reciprocating pump - is motivated by the force of steam on the steam piston. The steam and water pistons are connected by a piston
rod and any force applied on the steam piston is transmitted to the water piston. Steam and water pistons are normally double-acting which means
that every stroke of the water piston is a delivery stroke.
2. Indirect-acting Pump - water is driven by, either an electric motor, internal combustion engine, steam turbine, gas turbine, or steam engine. It is
also called power pump. It has high efficiency and constant speed because of the type of drive. Capable of delivering constant quantity of fluid
against variable head. It is either single-acting or double-acting.
CLASSIFICATIONS IN TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF WATER CYLINDERS
1. Simplex Pump – a reciprocating pump with one cylinder
2. Duplex Pump – a reciprocating pump with two cylinders
3. Triplex Pump – a reciprocating pump with three cylinders
ADVANTAGES OF DIRECT-ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMPS OVER CENTRIPFUGAL PUMPS
 The following are the advantages of reciprocating pumps over centrifugal pumps:
1. Design is simpler and pumping action is readily understand by average mechanic
2. Operation is more flexible.
3. Operation is fairly quiet and can be set on simple light foundation
4. Not likely to become misaligned.
5. Comparatively low initial cost up to capacity of several hundred liters per minute.
DISADVANTAGES OVER CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 The following are the disadvantages of reciprocating pumps against centrifugal pumps:
1. Oily exhaust steam
2. Low thermal efficiency
3. More inspection and maintenance required.
A. GEOTHERMAL PLANT
1. SIX GEOTHERMAL PLANTS
 Makiling-Banahaw Geothermal Fields – in Los Baños, Laguna
 Tiwi-Albay Geothermal Fields – in Albay
 Tongonan Geothermal Fields – in Leyte
 Mambukal Geothermal Fields – in Negros Occidental
 Palimpinon-Dauin Geothermal Fields – in Negros Occidental
 Manat-Masara Geothermal Fields – in Davao
2. DEFINITION:
 Well-Bore product – the effluent coming out from the geothermal well as produced after drilling. This can be purely steam or hot water, or a
mixture of both.
 Steam-dominated geothermal fields – refers to a geothermal plant with its well producing all steam as the well-bore product.
 Liquid geothermal field – the well-bore product for this type of filed is practically all hot water, pressurized.
 Ground subsidence – a condition in a geothermal plant wherein the ground surface where the well is drilled is depressed or subsides due to
depleting.
3. DISADVANTAGES ENCOUNTERED IN THE OPERATION OF GEOTHERMAL PLANTS
 Ground subsidence – This can be controlled by underground re-injection of residual water or by natural influx of underground water.
 Thermal pollution – this refers to the disposal of heat plant. A proper planning of the gathering system may be necessary to minimize this.
 Chemical pollution – the presence of relatively large amount of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from the well-bore.
 Low thermal efficiency – because a great amount of heat is wasted away with the effluent from the condenser, which is not recovered.
4. A. TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDWATER HEATERS:
 Open Type – there is direct contact of feed water to be heated and the heating system. A mixture results as the steam is condensed.
 Close type or surface type – feed water to be heated is separated from the heating steam by means of tubes. Usually, feed water enters the
tubes while the steam is outside the tubes or in the shell side.
B. TWO GENERAL TYPES OF STEAM SEPARATORS IN GEOTHERMAL PLANTS:
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  Horizontal Flash Drum Type – a mixture of wet steam and hot water is flowed into a horizontally mounted tank and allowed to flash into
saturated steam.
 Vertical Centrifugal – especially equipped with internals so as to produce a rotating movement of the mixture of wet steam and liquid water.
This rotating movement of the mixture of wet steam and liquid water. This rotating motion produces a centrifugal force making the water
droplets fall while the steam rises.
B. TYPES OF HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS:
 Storage or Reservoir Plants – those plants wherein excess in river flow is being impounded for use during seasons. Usually a dam is installed
upstream to backup a reservoir.
 Run of the River Plants with or without Pondage – those plants that utilize flow of the running river which may either have pondage or not.
Pondage is the accumulations of water to provide for the load changes throughout a period of one week. The quantity of water being held is of
relatively smaller amount. Run-of-river plants without pondage are usually for peak load power supply while those with pondage can be used for
base load or peak load power supply.
C. VARIABLE LOADINGS
 Diversity Factor – the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of various subdivision of a system or part of the system, to the
maximum demand of the whole system or part of the system under consideration
 Demand Factor – the ratio of maximum demand of a system or part of the system to the total connected load of the system, or part of the system,
under consideration.
 Load Factor – ratio of the average load over a designated period of time to the peak load occurring in that period.
 Capacity Factor – the ratio of the average load on a machine or equipment, for the period of time considered to the rating of the machine or
equipment.
 Output Factor – also called use factor, is the ratio of actual energy output, in the period of time considered, to the energy output which would have
occurred if the machine or equipment had been operating at its full rating throughout each actual hours of service during the period.
 Load Curve – a curve of power versus time, showing the value of specific load for each unit of the period covered.
 Load Duration Curve – a curve showing the total time within a specific period, during which load equaled or exceed the power values shown.
 Peak Load – maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group of units in a stated period of time.
 Connected Load – sum of continuous rating of the load consuming apparatus connected to the system, or part of the system considered.
 Operation Factor – ratio of the duration of the actual service of a machine or equipment to the total duration of time considered.
 Dump Power – hydro power in exceed of load requirements that is made available surplus water.
 System Reserve – the capacity, in equipment and conductors, installed in a system in excess of that required to carry the peak load.
 House Turbine – a turbine installed to provide a source of auxiliary power.
 Mini-hydro Power Plants – are those plants designed and operated based on low head usually in the range of from 3 to 30 meters and power
capacities of from 100 to 5, 000 KW.
 Draft Tubes – are necessary in reaction turbine in order to conserve for conversion into power by turbine as much of the remaining head from the
turbine to tailrace, as practicable by decreasing the exit velocity of the power coming out from the turbine through the expanded section of the tube.
The draft tube is also used to lead the way of the water from the turbine to the tailrace and enable the turbine to be set above tail water.
 Fly ash maybe removed from the fuel gas either by the following methods:
 Cinder Trap or Catcher – consists of cubical structure with the bottom made of an inverted pyramid. The inlet passage, for the flue gas is
installed with a series of vertical baffles to change the direction and reduce the velocity of the flue gas resulting in the separation of dust and
fly ash and fall to the bottom for removal by a vacuum system.
 Cyclonic Spray Scrubber – consists of a cylindrical tank structure provide with a tangential opening at one end for gas passage and a spray
manifold at the center of which is made of a vertical pipe attached with spray nozzles where water is introduced at the bottom of this spray
pipe. The gas revolves around the cylindrical body as it enters the scrubber, and comes in contact with the water spray; the dust and fly ash
are then wetted and hence separated from the gas that leaves the scrubber at the top.
 Cyclone Separator – uses a downward flowing vertex for dusty laden gases along the inner walls, of a cylindrical tank with the conical
bottom. The gas enters through a tangential inlet, producing the whirling or vertex flow. Dust particles and fly ashes are thrown to the walls by
centrifugal forces and fall to the bottom for removal cleaned air or gas leaves from an inner upward-flowing vertex and passing through the
center tube or pipe.
 Electrostatic Precipitators – consists of two sets of electrodes, insulated from each other, that maintain an electrostatic field between them
at high voltage. The field ion ides the dust particles that pass through it, attracting them to the electrode of opposite charge. The high-voltage
system maintains a negative potential of 30,000 – 60,000 volts with the collecting electrode grounded. The collecting electrodes have a large
contact surface. Accumulated dust or fly ash falls off the electrode when it is rapped mechanically.
STEAM POWER PLANT
 Economizers – a heat-saving equipment made of a bundle of tubes where the feed water, before introduced to the boiler is heated by the
outgoing flue gas. This is normally installed in the breaching which is the part of the boiler between the gas outlet and the chimney.
 Attemperator – an equipment used to control steam temperature by removing energy from the steam. It can of the contact type or the shell-
and-tube kind, using boiler water as the cooling medium.
 Desuperheater – a contact type desuperheater using boiler as the cooling medium sprayed directly into the superheated steam inside a
mixing chamber equipped with nozzles.
 DE aerator – an open type of feed water heater equip with internal accessories such as air-separating trays in the feed water, especially
oxygen. Excessive oxygen dissolved in feed water causes corrosion in boiler drums and tubes.
 Zeolite Softener – water-softening material of complex chemical structure and of sandy texture contained in a cylindrical tank where raw
water is made to pass through. The zeolite removes various ions from the water, replacing then with other ions of like charge. In this process,
the hardness of raw water like calcium salts will be removed. Two types of zeolites are commonly available: sodium zeolite and drydrogen
zeolite.
 OR sat Apparatus – an apparatus consisting of glass burettes and graduated cylinder containing the proper chemical reagents; used to
analyze the volumetric composition of an exhaust gas or similar gases by absorption process.
 Uniflow Steam Engine – a type of steam engine wherein steam is admitted into the cylinder and is being exhausted at an opposite point.
Steam enters the throttle valve and is usually exhausted at a center port or opening at the cylinder which is uncovered by the piston. Thus the
path of the steam is in only one direction.
 Running Over in Steam Engine Operation – it refers to the rotation of the flywheel of a horizontal steam engine wherein the direction is
clockwise with observer facing the engine with the head end at his left side. Opposite to this is running under.
 Cylindrical Ratio – refers to the ratio of displacement volume of the low-pressure cylinder to the high pressure cylinder of a compound
steam engine.
 Runaway Speed – the speed at which a rotating machine such as a hydraulic turbine attains when the torque is reduced to zero with the
throttle or intake valve fully open.

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  Critical Speed – the speed of a rotating machine at which severe vibration would occur on its shaft. At speed below or above this the
machine runs smoothly. If the machine is operated near or at critical speed, large amplitudes of vibration are built up which could result to
dangerously high stresses, possible rubbing of the rotating parts and an undesirable vibration being transmitted to the foundations.
 Diagram Factor – the ratio of the actual mean effective pressure developed in a reciprocating engine cylinder to the theoretical or ideal mean
effective pressure.
HARMFUL EFFECTS THAT WOULD RESULT WHEN USING FAULTY FEEDWATER IN BOILERS:
 Scaling – takes place in boiler tubes and drums due to the dissolved solids or salts in the feed water. These salts are usually calcium, magnesium
and silicates. Essentially scaling takes place when the water in the boiler reaches chemical saturation and precipitation with sedimentation flows,
forming a layer of scale on the heating surface and loose precipitates in drums.
 Corrosion – the destruction conversion of metal into oxides or salts. This is due to the acid condition of water or the presence of too much oxygen,
carbon dioxides or chlorides. The most serious factor is the oxygen dissolved in the feed water.
 Foaming and Priming – the condition of boiler operation where stable foam is produced which may or may not be accompanied by priming, which
is the production of wet steam or slugs of waters. Wet steam or slugs of water is destructive to turbine blades, steam piping, and engine because of
resulting metal erosion. Foaming is primarily caused by too high concentration of dissolved salts, floating organic matter, or saponification of boiler
water through mixture of oil or grease with the alkali.
 Carryover – the presence of impurity bearing droplets of water in the steam flow. This is primarily caused by foaming.
 Caustic Embrittlement – the condition at which the steel tubes or drums or a boiler lose their toughness and cracks appear along the seams
below the water line. This is essentially due to the presence of relatively high concentration of sodium hydroxide in the absence of inhibit agents. A
high concentration of sodium hydroxide is attributed to the presence of too much sodium bicarbonate in the feed water.
 Super saturation – the condition that would occur when superheated steam expands suddenly to the most regions with little to condense partially,
and there are no nuclei to promote condensation. This results in steam temperature at a given pressure, and a lower specific volume.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF CENTRALIZED STEAM GENERATOR DESIGN?
(Cite at least five objectives and give methods of attaining such objectives)
 High Efficiency thru proper design of heat thru transfer area, baffles, and auxiliary heating surface areas.
 Constant Superheat thru superheat controls.
 Reliability at steam supply thru well design pressure parts and joints and ash removal system.
 Clean or pure steam thru steam purifier ash disposal system.
 Capable of responding to variations in steam loads thru various instrumentations and control systems.
WHAT ARE THE FIVE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A STEAM GENERATOR?
 Setting – include all materials to support the heat transfer areas like furnace walls, refractories and baffles.
 Heat transfer areas – includes the steam drum, the boiler tube banks and super heater.
 Boiler Trim – equipments essential for the safe operation of boilers.
 Stop and check valve at boiler feed entrance and drain outlet; sight gauges or water gauges to include its low water alarm heater;
safety valve (steam); blow-off valve (steam); pressure gauge and inspection sock; fusible plugs
 Boiler Auxiliaries: economizer and air preheater
DEFINE AND EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF FOLLOWING INSTRUMENTS:
 Odometer – measures the linear distance traversed.
 Bourdon Gauge – a pressure measuring device.
 Pitot tube – measure the total pressure (static and velocity pressure)
 Temperature Measurements: 1.0 Expansion and Contraction of Liquid Thermometer; 2.0 Gas Thermometer – expansion and contraction of
gases; 3.0 Thermocouple or see back effect
 Westphal Balances – measure specific gravity of a fluid.
 Hydrometer – measure the specific gravity of a liquid.
 Radiation Pyrometer – measure the high extremely temperature.
 Optical Pyrometer – measure the temperature thru varying resistance.
 Bomb Calorimeter – measuring device used to measure the HHV of coal.
 Throttling Calorimeter – use to determine quality of high quality of steam by a throttle valve.
 Anemometer – use to measure the air speed (wind).
 Psychrometer – use to measure the relative humidity of air.
 Velometer – use to measure all velocity.
 Geiger-Muller Counter – measure the presence of radioactivity.
 Separating Calorimeter – measures sound intensity.
 Vibrating Rod – measures the frequency of an element.
Magneto Hydrodynamic Converter (MHD) – a direct conversion system using the principle of Faraday’s Law. When a magnetic flux is disturbed by a
conduct, an electromotive force driving current is induced
 Orsat Apparatus – a device used in analyzing the dry products of combustion
 Grind ability Index – term used in pulverizing coal. It is the measure of the relative hardness or easiness of grinding of pulverized coal.
 Electrostatic Precipitator – a pollution control device is used to control very small or minute particulates which not be dispersed by
mechanical collector. This uses electrostatic charges on two electrodes which ionize the particulates as they pass thru.
Monolithic Foundation – foundation whose structures composed of the same consistency of materials due to continuous pouring
 Preventive Maintenance – periodic time schedule inspection to detect wear and tear in advance of actual equipment breakdown with
subsequent replacement of worn out parts before they fall in order to minimized interference in operation.
 Maintenance Chart – a typical time schedule chart indicating the equipment and the maintenance activity to accomplished such as
lubrication or replacement of parts.
 Corrective Maintenance – improvements or minor changes in design and substitution of more suitable components or improve materials of
construction to eliminate a problem.
 Inspection Schedule – a typical weekly schedule of servicing an equipment to detect possible defect.
 Routine Maintenance – consist of the regular maintenance activities like lubrication, recharging of batteries and replacement of certain
parts.
EQUIPMENT USED TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION
 Chimney – provide effective atmospheric dispersion of gaseous and particulate pollutants with acceptable ground level concentration.
Chimneys are high enough to produce draft.
 Cyclone Dust Collector – in this type of industrial dust collector, the gas passed tangentially into a vertical cylinder with a conical bottom
The gas follows a spiral path with most of the separation taking place in the smaller section.

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  Spray Scrubber–tower type – the gas passing upward concurrently as the descending liquid. Set of spray are place in the tope come with
the various materials used in the layers to channel and mix the gas and water.
 Electrostatic Precipitator – charged dust particles are attracted to the electric field of the electrostatic precipitator
* When oil is carried by feedwater foaming occurs. Foaming causes the pressure of impurities in the steam and also slows down evaporation
because of the presence of bubbles at the water surface.
OTHER TERMS:
 Run off River Station – a hydro-electric generating station this utilizes the steam flow of the river without water storage.
 Steam Flow – quantity of water passing a given point.
 Spinning Reserve – a part of the generating capacity that is connected to the bus and ready to take the load.
 Hot Reserve – reserve generating capacity that is in service but not in operation
 Cold Reserve – reserve generating capacity that is in service but not in operation
 Prime Power – maximum power intended always to be available even under emergency conditions.
 Firm Power – power intended always to be available even under emergency conditions.
Pressure Parts of Steam Generators
 Boiler heating surface with attached drums or shells for storage of water and steam.
 Super heater surface which is simply more heating surface thru which the steam must pass after leaving the boiler in a final superheated
state is desired.
CLSSIFICATION OF BOILERS
 Fire Tube Boilers – are those in which the products of combustion passes through the tubes and the water lies around the outside of them
a) Horizontal Return Tubular; b) Horizontal two pass or economic boiler; c) Horizontal multi-pass or modified marine type; d) Round
upright type; e) Package oil burner fire tube boiler
 Water Tubes Boiler – a type of boiler in which the water is inside the tubes while the hot gasses are outside.
a) Straight tubes boiler – water tubes boilers having a parallel group of straight equal-length tubes, arranged in a uniform pattern and
joined at either ends to headers.
1) Box header type – header is in horizontal position; 2) Sectional heaper type – header is vertical
b) Bent-tube boilers – water tube boiler which is header less, it consists of drums that serve the same function as headers. Tubes are
connected to the drums thru holes bored directly in the drum walls.
1) Drum-and-a-half – bent tube boiler with a long upper drum in parallel with a shorter lower drum.
2) Two-drum-boilers – consist of two parallel horizontal drums of equal length but not necessarily or equal diameter
joined by multiple rows of bent tubes.
3) Three-drum-boilers – two upper drums and one lower are arranged so the one upper drum carries the water level and
the other, being lower, really acts as a header.
4) Once-through-boilers – a boiler in which heating evaporation and superheating are accomplished in one pass, usually of the forced
circulation type, and does not need separation tanks.
BOILER AUXILLIARIES
 Setting of a Boiler – all those materials contributing to the encasement of the heating surface and furnace region.
 Feedwater pump
Furnace – a chamber for combustion which also provides support and enclosure for the combustion equipment.
BOILERS ACCESSORIES AND TRIM:
 Soot blower – a device used to removed soot, cinder and fly ash that have accumulated at the surface of the boiler tubes utilizing steam jets
or compressed air.
 Steam purities – device that removes solid or dissolved matter in steam which can become a source of operating difficulties in super heater
and turbine.
 Economizer – a feed water heater deriving heat form gaseous products of combustion
 Low-water safeguards – device that protect the boiler from overheating, some of these are:
a) Fusible plugs – a metallic plug of low melting temperature place in the boiler shell below the minimum safe water line.
b) Low-high water alarm whistles – usually place in water columns.
c) Float operated, low water cut offs for stopping electric motors driving fuel feeders.
 Safety Valves – prevent rise of steam pressure above a predetermined limit.
 Water Column – a device that gives information on the water level in the boiler.
 Blow-off-valve – a valve that is used to removed some of the water to reduce its concentration.
 Steam vent – a small outlet on the top drum normally closed by a valve, which may be opened when it is desired to hold atmospheric
pressure in the boiler, as during initial boiling out.
 Steam pressure gage with siphon, cock and inspectors test cock
 Water Wall – a system of furnace cooling tubes which can extend the evaporative capacity of a water tube boiler and at the same time
protect the furnaces walls against high temperature.

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