History CHC2D0

British North America Act (BNA ACT) (grade 8 review)

• Made up of a number of separate colonies
• After “American Revolution”, thousands fled to “canada”
• 1812 Americans invaded “upper canada”, defeated by british and local troops
• relations between french and english candians still a problem
• 1840’s % 50’s Maritimes enjoyed economic boom shared with britain
• 1862 American Civil war, Canadians wanted self government, feared American invasion
• Urgency to debate over confederation & a cross country railway
• John A Macdonald, lead all in favor of confederation
• Canadians chose federal gov.
• British openly in favor, it would free them of the cost of Canada
• 1867 Queen Victoria gave assent to the BNA Act, creating ‘The Dominion of Canada”
REASONS TO CONFEDERATE!
1. COLONIES LATERALLY TRADED (NO TARRIFFS)
2. CANADA FELT IGNORED BY BRITAIN
3. TO BUILD THE RAILROAD
4. THE AMERICAN THREAT 1861-1865

Still in the 1800’s Era

• Alaska Dispute: between US & Russia, in terms of who Alaska belonged too, Americans
bought it off of Russia
• Head Tax: All asians, especially Chinese, restricted from entering canada, charged $500
per person to enter
• Anglo-Conformity: loosing your culture to become more English or Canadianized
• Reciprocity (free trade): between US & Canada
• Laurier out of parliament, Borden in due to reciprocity

World War 2:

Cause of WWI:
• The assassination of Franz Ferdinand-heir to Hungarian throne-June 28th 1914
• Shot by Gavrilo Princip, member of Serbian Terrorist group “the black hand”
• Austria-Hungary blames Serbia- they send an ultimatum: arrest all black hand
members, apologize, allow Austrians into Serbia to monitor
• Serbia refuses so, Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia
• Serbia seeks help from Russia
• Russia declare war on Austria-Hungary & Germany
• Germany declares war on Russia
• France & Britian declare war on Austria-Hungary
• Canada dragged into war, being apart of the british empire
Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany & Italy (though Italy soon reatreats and
switches over)
Triple Entent: France, Great Britain and Russia
1) Imperialism
2) Nationalism
3) Militarism
4) Alliances

Major Battles in WW1:

Schilieffen Plan: a strategic plan for victory on the western front against France
and against Russia in the east. A French counterattack, and a speedy Russian
offensives ended the Germans into years of trench warfare. Germans way of
avoiding war on two fronts. Attacked through Belgium.

Ypres 1915:
• Canda’s first major act
• Mission: Hold 3.5km of Front line
• 5200 Canadians died
• chlorine & mutsard gas attack first used

Somme- July 1st 1916

• 57 470 British/ Canadian casualties in one day
• lasted 5 months
• only 11km gained
• 1,250,000 TOTAL casualties
• General Haig lost his rank, due to massacre

Vimy Ridge:
• major turning point in war
• high point of Canadian achievement
• German highly defended hill
• Britain tried many times to capture
• Arthur Currie (Canada general) planned attack
• Took over hill

Passchendale:
• Haig wanted to take over Belgium in 1917
• Canadians crawled waist deep in mud
• Only fifth of the force was alive
• Casualties: 15654

Propaganda: a way to describe information (i.e. Propaganda Poster)

Conscription: for involuntary labor demanded by an established authority.

Conscription in WW1:
• On May 18, 1917 Borden announced a new policy of conscription.
• Military Service Bill was passed a month later, making military service compulsory for
all men between 20 and 45 years.
• Half of all Canadians opposed Borden’s bill. French Canadians rioted in Montreal.
• Henri Bourassa and Sir Wilfrid Laurier were against Military Service Bill. Bill was passed
August 1917.
When first group of men were called many tried to be exempt and others disappeared.
There was rioting and looting of businesses.
Trench Warefare WWI:
• Trench mouth- disease that occurs in your mouth from lack of hygene in trenches
• Trench foot: rotting of the skin in between your toes due to wet boots in trenches
• Shell shock: a mental disease for various different reasons when living in trenches
• Machine guns
• Shovels
• Infested with rats and insects who carried diseases

Important Terms & Facts in WWI:

• Dirigible: a military blimp
• Red baron: a German pilot
• Stagment: to stay stationary
• Saber rattling: building an army, to soon invade another, which starts passive
aggressive threats
• Treaty: an agreement
• Dog fight: battle in the air between 2 countries
• No mans land: areas in between to enemy trenches
• Germans first to used gas attacks in 1915
• Billy Bishop: Canadian pilot, shot down over 80 enemy planes, Veteran of WWI
• U-boats: German submarines
• Convoy System: ships traveling in packs to avoid U-boat attacks
• Roy Brown: shot down “German Red Baron”
• Sam Hughes: Canadian Minister of Militia
• Halifax Explosion – 1917 – Collision between two ships Mont Blanc and Imo in Halifax
Harbor. Explosion was heard more than 300 kilometers away and left 2,000 people dead.

• Woodrow Wilson: president of United States in WWI (created treaty of Versailles)

War at Home:
• War Measures Act
• Victory bonds
• Food, gas and aluminum used sparingly so could be sent to Europe
• Suspicion of spies
• Xenophobia: fear of people who don’t look like you: dislike of foreigners
• Conscription Crisis: Robert Borden Prime Minister during WWI
• French Canadians against conscription

End of WWI:

Treaty of Versailles : Canada signed peace treaty which applied to Germany. Guaranteed
Canada a seat in the vote of the new league of nations. Meant to ensure that World War 1
would be the “war to end all wars.” Treaty placed severe restrictions on German armed
forces, forcing the German’s economy to suffer.
Treaty Stated:
1. Germany must accept the independence of Poland, Austria & Czechoslovakia
2. Poland allowed to pass through Polish corridor
3. Germany must give up all colonies and over seas possessions
4. After march 1920, German military restraints (very little army)
5. Germany must face War Guilt Clause
6. Germany must pay all reparations in all countries fought in
7. Germany must guarantee this will all happen

The 20’s & 30’s

• Arthuer Meighen (conservative) PM after Borden resigned
• Maritime provinces felt ignored
• French-Canadians angry over conscription
• French-Canadians wanted to preserve their culture in Quebec
• Farmers in west suffered: wheat market collapsed
• Unemployment high
• W.L. Mackenzie King (replaces Meighen) - the 10th prime minister of Canada & The
longest serving
Prime minister.
• Winnipeg General Strike -May 1919. People striked across the country. It was called
“Bloody Saturday” and two people died.
• Statute of Westminster – Passed in 1931. Gave Canada and other British
Commonwealth countries complete control over their relations with other nations.
• On-to-Ottawa Trek – A 1935 march of unemployed Canadian workers to Ottawa to
demand “work with wages”
• Prohibition and Bootlegging – Banning of certain activities or products, such as liquor.
Bootlegging is illegal sale of alcoholic beverages.
• Flappers: young single ladies who dressed shockingly
• Red scare: fear of communism in Canada
• Economic boom
• Famous 5: McCLung, Murphy, McKenny, Edwards & Parlby
• Peoples Case: making women free to vote, and work, and indeed persons (almost equal
humans)
• BLACK TUESDAY: OCTOBER 1929 STOCK MARKET CRASHES, WORLD IN ECONOMIC
DEPRESSION
• King’s “5 cent speech” – would not even give 5 cents towards unemployment in any
province, lead to defeat by Bennett in next election
• Bennet buggies: Cars pulled by horsed because people could not afford gas

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) – Saskatchewan party

•Leader J.S. Woodsworth
•Wanted government to provide necessities at a reasonable cost, such as water, hydro,
transportation.
• Labour groups wanted protection for workers, such as laws regarding pay, hours,
unemployment insurance

War Veterans
• 70 000 returned, either injured or disabled, got job training
• free medical care for veterans
• many could not find jobs
• Vets. Has unemployment insurance
• Many wanted social programmes (old age pension for everyone)

Union National-Quebec Party

• Leader Maurice Duplessis
• Aim was to improve working conditions, give financial help to farmers and end
corruption in government
• Padlock Law gave the government the right to lock the doors of businesses that had
communist ties
• opposed unions

World War 2

Causes of WWII:
1) The Treaty of Versailles (Germany’s humiliation)
2) Conditions in Germany after WWI
3) The rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party during the late 1930’s
4) The policy of Appeasement
• Inflation and problems with German finances
• Great depression and vast unemployment
• Political instability inside of Germany

Important terms:
• Fascism: intense nationalism and elitism. Wanting total control over everything and
everyone. Interest of the states more important then rights. Maintain a class system and
private ownership.
• Nazism: Fascism, extreme hatred of Jews. Highly nationalistic. Total conformity, Total
control of media, literature, ideas. Induce terror and fear.
• Communism: based on equality in all aspects, totalitarianism, states controls all
• Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews

Leaders in WWII:
Benito Mussolini-Italy-Facist-1922-1943
Adolf Hitler-Germany-Nazi-1933-1945
Joseph Stalin-Soviet Union (Russia)-Communist- 1927-1953
Winston Churchill- British-Democratic Monarch
Mackenzie King- Canadian-Democrat
Roosevelt- American-Democrat
Truman- American (VP. Pres. After Roosevelt dies)-Democrat

The Steps to War:

• 1933: Hiltler becomes Chancellor of Germany, expands army, goes against Treaty of
Versailles
• 1935: Mussolini Invades Ethiopia, attempt to expand and gain oil reserves
• 1936: Hitler occupies Rhineland
• March 1938: Germany takes Austria (no fighting, Nazis invade and take over)
• September 1938: Appeasement/Munich Agreement – Policy of making concessions in
order to maintain peace. In September 1938 leaders of France and England met with
Hitler in Munich to decide Czechoslovakia’s fate. Hitler got one-third of Czechoslovakia,
but had to stop all demands for territory.
• 1938: Agreement in which Italy formed close ties with Germany.
• March 1939: Hitler destroys and occupies Czechoslovakia
• August 1939: Nazi-Soviet Pact (Non-Aggression pact)– Germany and Soviet Union
signed pact in which they promised not to go to war against each other and agreed to
divide Poland between them.
• September 1st 1939- Hitler invades Poland
• September 3rd1939- France & Britain Declare War (no more appeasement)
• September 10th 1939- Canada separately declares war (along side Britian & France)

Conscription in WW2:
• Canada had been torn apart by conscription in World War 1. Mackenzie King said that
no Canadians would be conscripted in World War II.
• Hitler’s Victory in Europe caused the National Resources Mobilization Act and men could
be conscripted but only for defense within Canada. These men were called “Zombies”
because people felt they were less than patriotic.
•Mackenzie King let Canadians vote as to whether he could be allowed to break his
promise that there would be no conscription and the people voted in his favor and
released him from his promise
• Mackenzie King finally agreed to conscript men as war was winding down.

WWII Terms and “to-know’s”:

• Allied Powers: anti-fascist forces – British Empire, France and Poland, later including US
and Soviet Union.
• Axis Powers : Italy and Germany
• St. Louis: Ship on which Jews fled Nazi Germany in May 1939 to Cuba. Their Visas were
rejected and they turned to Canada and United States but were also rejected. Eventually
they returned to Europe.
• Blitzkrieg: Swift military offensive using coordination between land, sear and air forces,
also known as “Lightening War.”
• German airforce the “luftwaffe”
• Soviet Union had been devastated in war but because of its large area, population and
wealth of natural resources it was a world power, after War Soviet Union still had up to 6
million soldiers, 50,000 tanks and 20,000 aircraft
• Russians “scorched earth” meaning they set things on fire so Germans were unable to
attack
• Tommy Douglas: Invented Medicare (free healthcare in Canada)
• Women began to enlist in the army & war (not at frontlines)
• Aryans: superior race, blonde hair, blue eyed, PURE GERMANS
• RAF: Royal Air Force
• RCAF: Royal Canadian Airforce
Battles of WWII:
• Miracle at Dunkirk-May 25th 1940. After the Phony War, the Battle of France began in
earnest on 10 May, 1940. German armour burst through the Ardennes region and
advanced rapidly driving north in the so-called "sickle cut". To the east the Germans
invaded and subdued the Netherlands and advanced rapidly through Belgium.
• The combined British, French and Belgian forces were rapidly split around Armentières.
The German forces then swept north to capture Calais, holding a large body of Allied
soldiers trapped against the coast on the Franco-Belgian border. It became clear to the
British that the battle was lost and the question was now how many Allied soldiers could
be removed to the relative safety of England before their resistance was crushed.
• The Battle of Britain-August 1940: Germany’s attempt to take over Britain as they had
France, that failed
• Pearl Harbor – December 1941. Relations deteriorating between Japan and U.S.A. U.S.A.
station naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japan already decided to make war on U.S.A.
Japan bombed Pearl Harbor later. Almost nothing was left of American Pacific.
• U.S Entry into WWII:
• Americans were shocked and horrified by surprise attack on Pearl Harbour
• United States declared war on Japan, fighting against fascism and Japanese expansion
• invested a large amount of money, arms and personnel into war
• June 22nd, 1941 Hitler launched attacked on Soviet Union called Operation Barbarossa
using Blitzkrieg tactic
• Dieppe – August 1942 • the Dieppe Raid in the Second World War became
known as a bloody battle, and a costly one for the Allies. Canadian soldiers were
Defeated. Was called “another Passchendale.”
• Ortona1943 – Canada losses were high. Canadians perused triumphant. Ortona blocked
Rome. Canadians fought against Germans and best known fight for Canadians.
• D-Day Invasion-June 6th 1944: the day in which the invasion of Normandy
Began. To begin the western allied effort to set free to the mainland of Europe
From Nazi occupation during world war two. 5 beaches in Normandy: Utah, Omaha, Gold,
Sword & Juno (Canadian)
• Hiroshima & Nagasaki- August 1945: Cities left in ruins after American atomic bombs
(110,000 people killed and 110,000 injured. first atomic bomb ever used in war)
• May 8th 1945- VE Day (Victory day in Europe)- European was ends

The Holocaust:
• blamed Jews for the death of Christ
• killed Jews, and other disabled or elderly Germans
• 3 million Jews in Poland sent to “ghettos”
• 600,000 died
• 1941: Hitler decided 5 million Russian Jews must die
• 1941: Hitler thinks Germany could lose, gassing Jews to kill them is the “final solution”
• 1942 Wannsee conference (met for 90 mins) decided on gassing Jews
• Death Camps located in: Sobibor, Maidanes, Treblinka & Aushwitz
• 10% went to work camps, all others killed
• 6 million European Jews died total

Canada Post WWII:

• Baby’s born between 1946-1964 “baby boomers”
• Cold War the state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between the
United States and the Soviet Union.
• Gouzenko Affair – Soviet Union was trying to steal military secrets from Canada. On
September 5th, 1945, young clerk with Soviet Embassy, Igor Gouzenko, walked out of
embassy carrying 109 top-secret documents saying that Soviet Union was running a spy
ring of civil servants and military officers in Canada.
U.S. was equal to Soviet Union in military strength. It had not suffered bombing or
invasion.
• Only country that had atomic bomb.
• Had taken over Britain’s role as world’s greatest imperial power.
• Richest country in the world.
Suez Canal:
• Suez canal controlled by British and French
• Egypt decided to take it back
• Jointed Israel to attack Egypt. Suez joined Egypt
• Pearson suggested peace keeping forces to UN-Peace resorted
• Iron Curtain – Two new alliances – NATO and Warsaw Pact – deepened rift between East
and West Europe
• NATO and Warsaw Pact - North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a military
alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, between, Canada, Britain,
France and eight other nations. Warsaw Pact - an organization of communist states in
Central and Eastern Europe.
• Avro Arrow- One of world’s fastest supersonic jets that was to be developed by A.V. Roe
Company but project failed
• NORAD: North American Air Defence
•

Quiet Revolution and Separatism:

• Lester Pearson –Liberal Party Leader and the fourteenth prime minister of Canada.
In 1960 New Liberal government began a quick and non-violent process of change and
modernization
• Many Canadian’s called themselves Quebecois
• created civil service to give jobs to its supporters
• it modernized the educational system
• asked for “special status” for Quebec, demanding Federal money for health and
education.
• October Crisis/FLQ – Morning of October 5th, 1970 four men from Front de Liberation du
Quebec abducted British trade commissioner James Cross at gunpoint from his Montreal
home. Demanded ransom money, transportation to Cub and release of political prisoners.
Cross was released two months later and captors were allowed to go to Cuba. 23 people
were brought to trial and sentended to Prison.
•Parti Quebecois & Leader:
•Leader Rene Levesque
• came into power November 15th, 1976
• promised to win independence for Quebec
• passed Charter Bill 101 placing restrictions on the use of English language in Quebec
(signs had to be in French only, limited number of English schools)
• English-speaking citizens of Quebec were outraged and many businesses moved to
English Canada and formed group called Alliance Quebec to fight new law
FLQ- QUEBEC TERRORIST GROUP FOR THE LIBERATION OF QUEBEC
• Pierre Trudeau- Official Languages Act and Constitution 1982

Additional Helpful links:

WW2 Timeline:
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm

Canada Post WW2: http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/canada1946/1frame.html

War Measures Act: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?

PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008439

Canada & The Cold War: http://history.cbc.ca/history/?

MIval=Section.html&chapter_id=1&episode_id=15

Canada in the 40’s:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_in_Canada

Canada in the 50’s:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_in_Canada

Canada in the 60’s:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_in_Canada

Canada in the 70’s:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_Canada

Canada in the 80’s:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Canada