ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
radiation (Hydrogen & Helium)
Universe
 Everything that exists in place
 All of space, matter and energy in existence
TWO MAJOR THEORIES ON THE
FORMATION OF THE UNIVERSE
1. Catastrophic Hypothesis
 Planets formed from the collision of the
sun and another star.
2. Evolutionary Hypothesis
 Planets form naturally and gradually as
the sun formed.
Big Bang Theory
 Closest theory that explains the formation
of the universe
 All energy and matter was concentrated in a
small area that started expanding with a big
explosion
 Hydrogen and Helium
- first formed subatomic particles and
elements
EVIDENCES FOR BIG BANG THEORY
1. Cosmic Background Radiation
 A longwave background radiation was
found coming from all directions of the
universe with no exact source
 This radiation came from the big bang.
2. Doppler Effect/Red Shift
 Each element gives off electromagnetic
 This radiation can be observed by the
spectrum of the star.
 8.8 x 1023 billion km
- range of universe
Nebular Hypothesis
 The universe was made from a primeval
nebula made of cloud of dust, hydrogen,
helium and other ionized gases.
 Discovered by Pierre Simone de Laplace
Dust Cloud Theory
 Sometimes called nebula theory
 However, the cloud was blown away by solar
wind leaving only planets, comets, and
asteroids
* ‘yung pagkakaiba nila, may SOLAR WIND na
involved sa Dust Cloud Theory *
Protoplanet Theory
 Cloud of dust whirling due to condensation
which later became smaller planets.
*‘Yung nasa ppt ni sir is Protoplanesimal Theory
pero according to my own research it’s
Protoplanet *
Divine Creation Theory
 Believes that God made the universe at His  Raised in a Roman Catholic Church
plan
 Interested in astronomy and science at a
 Genesis 1:1-28 very young age

 Proposed Heliocentrism

 Believed in Aristotle’s Theory of

Uniform Circular Motion
SOLAR SYSTEM
 Copernican Revolution

- a gradual recognition that the Earth

SOLAR SYSTEM POSTULATES was not the center of the universe

1. Geocentrism - changed the paradigm scientists

 Geocentric model used.

 Proposed by Claudius Ptolemy and - PARADIGM - set of scientific ideas

and assumptions.
supported by Aristotle (student of Plato)

 States that the Earth is the center of  Parallax Effect

the Solar System and the sun revolves - phenomenon of static stars, shifting
around it at the third orbit. of stars

2. Heliocentrism 2. Claudius Ptolemy

 Heliocentric model  Believed the First Principle
 On The Revolution of  First Principle
Celestial Spheres
- all common things to the eye are
- published after the death Nicolaus true and all principles about this thing
Copernicus in 1543 are correct.
- the Sun is the center of the solar
system, not the Earth.
3. Aristharcus
- explained the retrograde motion of
 Proposed Heliocentric model with
some planets from Earth’s perspective.
Copernicus

4. Johannes Kepler

 Trained by Tycho Brahe

PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED IN THE IDEA
 Discoveries by Johannes Kepler
ABOUT OUR UNIVERSE
1. Two moons of Mars (Phobos and
Deimos)
1. Nicolaus Copernicus
 2. Mars’ elliptical orbit Aphelion

3. Planetary motion  The point where the planet is the farthest to

the Sun
 Planetary Motion

- planets move in an elliptical orbit

Perigee
- Area Law: the time necessary to travel
an arc of a planetary orbit is proportional  The point where the moon is nearest to the
to the area of the sector between the Earth
central body and the arc.

- Harmonic Law: there is an exact

Apogee
relationship between the squares of the
planet’s periodic time and the cubes of the  The point where the moon is the farthest to
radii of their orbits. the Earth

5. Tycho Brahe

 Studied Mars because of its retrograde

EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM
motion

System
6. Galileo Galilei
 An entity that consist of components
 Used the telescope
working as one
 Discovered the remaining 3 planets after
 Classified into three terms of energy and
Saturn
matter.
 Named the Terrestrial and
Jovian/Gaseous planets

7. Isaac Newton
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEM
 Discovered the three laws of motion
1. Closed System
 Stated that the gravity is a big part of
the solar system  Energy: in and out

 Matter: CANNOT go in and out

Perihelion  Example: Earth

 The point where the planet is the nearest to 2. Open System

the Sun
 Energy: in and out
  Matter: in and out  The lifezone of the Earth that includes
all living organisms, and all organic
 Example: water cycle
matter.
3. Isolated System

 Energy and Matter: CANNOT go in and

Flux
out
 Flow or movement of energy
 Example: Pendulum
 Depends on the region it moves

 Changed or disrupted by catastrophies

Earth

 A complex system of interacting physical,

chemical and biological processes Interaction

 Natural laboratory because all things we do  Occurs when 2 or more system have an
are experiments effect upon one another.

 Dynamic body with separate but interacting

spheres
Atmosphere
 Composed of subsystems
 Consists of four (4) unique layers

 560 kilometers or 348 miles up from the

EARTH’S FOUR SUBSYSTEMS Earth’s surface

1. Geosphere  78% Nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other

gases
 Comprised of the solid Earth and
includes both Earth’s surface and its
various layers in the interior.
4 UNIQUE LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE
2. Atmosphere
1. Troposphere
 Gaseous envelope that surrounds the
 0-10 kilometers from the surface of the
Earth and constitutes the transition
Earth
between the Earth and the vacuum of
space  Constitutes the climate system that
maintains the condition suitable for life

 Tropopause
3. Hydrosphere
- boundary between tropopause and
 Surface and ground water
stratosphere

2. Stratosphere
4. Biosphere
 10-50 kilometers from the Earth’s
surface
  Contains the ozone layer that protects
us from UV radiation
 Maximum elevation for passenger
airplanes
4. Hurricane
 A phenomena in our atmosphere that
affects the 3 subsystems

3. Mesosphere
Biosphere
 Considered as the middle atmosphere
 The life zone of the Earth, includes all
along with stratosphere
living organisms
 Air molecules are in great distances
 Food Chain
apart making mesosphere’s temperature
-120°C - structure of hierarchy

 Meteors can be seen - energy and mass is transferred from

one level to another
4. Thermosphere
- producers > consumers (1st, 2nd & 3rd) >
 Hottest layer of the atmosphere
decomposers
 Ionosphere

- place where auroras can be seen

INTERACTIONS OF BIOSPHERE
 Temperature increases as height
1. Atmosphere
increases
 Life processes involve many chemical
 Known as the upper atmosphere
reactions which either extract or emit gases
to and from the atmosphere

* mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are 2. Hydrosphere

zones of diffuse atmospheric components in the
 Evaporation of water to the atmosphere
far reaches of the atmosphere *
3. Geosphere
INTERACTIONS OF ATMOSPHERE
 The biosphere is connected to the geosphere
1. Hydrosphere
through soil
 The gases of the atmosphere exchange
 Plant activities are also for the mechanical
with those dissolved in water bodies
and chemical breakdown of rocks
2. Biosphere

 The atmosphere supplies oxygen and

Hydrosphere
carbon dioxide
 Contains all the water found in our planet
3. Geosphere
 7 oceans, bodies of water, groundwater,
 Gases in the atmosphere react with
water vapor, frozen water
water to produce weak acids that aid in
the breakdown of rock  75% of our planet
  The solid Earth that includes the continental
and oceanic crust as well as the layers of the
Earth’s interior

 94% of the Earth is composed of the

Hydrologic Cycle elements Oxygen, Silicon, & Magnesium.

 Evaporation, precipitation, condensation  The geosphere is unchanging, but its surface

is moving

Transpiration
EARTH’S LAYERS
 Vertical movement of water from plants and
humans 1. Crust

 Para siyang evaporation pero galing siya sa  Primarily silica and light metallic
parts ng plants (leaves, flowers, etc.) elements

 Lithosphere

Infiltration - the brittle layer

 The horizontal movement of water - consists of the crust and upper

mantle
 Eto ‘yung pagpasok ng water sa ground
through the soil

 Parang kabaligtaran siya ng transpiration

INTERACTIONS OF HYDROSPHERE

1. Atmosphere 2. Mantle

 Hydrologic cycle  Primarily silica and iron & magnesium

2. Biosphere  Astenosphere

 Water is necessary for transport of - under the lithosphere where the

nutrients and waste products in organisms flow of rocks happen

3. Geosphere 3. Core

 Water is the primary agent for the chemical  Primarily iron and nickel
and mechanical breakdown of rock
 OUTER CORE: liquid

 INNER CORE: solid (because of

Geosphere pressure)

INTERACTIONS OF GEOSPHERE
1. Atmosphere  67 kilometer/hour

 Volcanoes spew significant amount of

gases into the atmosphere
4. Water
 Global Cooling
 The earth is 75% water
- large particles from volcanoes block
 2% potable and 1% are in the cryosphere
the atmosphere
 97% saltwater
 Acid Rain
5. Energy
- when sulfur from volcanoes mix
with rain  Chemical, geothermal, hydrothermal, air,
light, water, solar sound (sonar),
2. Hydrosphere
mechanical
 Formation of minerals because of
6. Nutrients
incorporation or release of water
 We need nutrients because we are a
3. Biosphere
carbon living organisms
 Nutrients released from rocks during
 Carbon containing compounds
breakdown are dissolved in water
 Organic Compounds

- Carbon (CHO), proteins (CHON), Lipids

(CHO), Nutric Acids (CHONP)
FACTORS THAT MAKE EARTH HABITABLE
 Inorganic Compounds
1. Temperature
- Water, salt, bases and acids
 Goldilock’s Zone

- distance of the Sun to Earth

 The sun gives us 121°C rays but the

atmosphere filters it making it 52°C MINERALS AND ROCKS

2. Atmosphere

 Ozone Layer Minerals

- traps the Sun’s rays  Solid inorganic material

 Because of the heat from the UV ray,  Crystalline structure

ozone breakdown bind with other oxygen
 With definite chemical structure
molecules to create new ozone molecules
 BUILDING BLOCKS of rocks
3. Gravity

 The magnetic attraction inside Earth

that keeps objects in place Mineral Resource
 Concentration of naturally occuring minerals
in the crust
Mining
 Extracted and processed into raw materials
 A way to retrieve minerals from Earth
and useful
 Surface and subsurface mining

TWO (2) MAJOR TYPES OF MINERALS

Surface Mining
1. Metallic
 Materials lying over a deposit are removed
2. Non Metallic
to expose the resource for processing

 Open Pit Mining

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
- conic shape mining
1. Hardness
- machines dig very large holes and remove
 Measure of the resistance of material metal ores
to ABRASION OR SCRATCHING
 Strip Mining
 Moh’s Scale of Hardness
- extracting deposits that lie in large
- used to rank the softest to hardest horizontal beds close to the Earth’s surface
mineral
 Contour Strip Mining
- DIAMOND: the hardest (10)
- cutting a series of terraces into the side of
- TALC: the softest (1) the hill

- FINGERNAIL: 2.5

2. Luster Overhurden

 Quality of light reflected from the  Soil or rock overlying a useful mineral
surface of the mineral deposit

 Metallic and non metallic luster

3. Color Tailings

 Visible property of a mineral as  Unused materials

compared from the visible light
spectrum
Spoils
4. Streak
 Waste material
 The color of a mineral in its powdered
form and more reliable indication of
color
 1. Cinnabar - mercury

Subsurface Mining 2. Limestone - calcium

 Underground mining through tunnels and 3. Malachite - copper

shafts
4. Hematite - iron

5. Bauxtite - aluminum
REMOVING MINERALS FROM ORES
6. Quartz - silicon
1. Tailings

 Smashing to get the minerals

Rock Cycle
2. Gangue
 Very slow process of recycling earth’s three
 Picking the minerals manually (3) types of rocks

3. Smelting

 Melting with HIGH temperature to

retrieve minerals

Rocks

 Could be organic

 Made of one or more mineral

 Classified in three (3) types

Igneous Rocks
 Ore
 Formed through the cooling and
- a rock with sufficient amount of minerals solidification of magma or lava

 Intrusive

By-Product - make up the majority of igneous rocks

 Mineral with SMALLEST percentage amount - rocks formed by the cooling of magma
(inside the earth)

- DIORITE, GABBRO, GRANITE,

Co-Product
PEGMATITE, PERIDOTITE
 Mineral with the BIGGEST percentage
 Extrusive
amount
- rocks that were formed at the Earth’s
surface
LIST OF KNOWN ORES
- forms quickly than intrusive rocks
 - magma escapes through fissures or
eruptions
- ANDESITE, BASALT, DACITE,
OBSIDIAN, PUMICE RHYOLITE, SCORIA,
TUTT
Sedimentary Rocks
 Formed from sediments that are produced
by weathering
 Lithification
- compaction and cementation
 Clastic Sedimentary
- formed from mechanical weathering
- BRECAIA, CONGLOMERATE,
SANDSTONE
 Chemical Sedimentary
- dissolved materials precipitate from
solution, chemical weathering
- DOLOMITE, LIMESTONE
 Organic Sedimentary
- from the accumulation of plant and animal
debris
- COAL, DOLOMITE, LIMESTONE
Metamorphic Rocks
 Formed because of metamorphism
 Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
- have layered or bonded appearance that is
produced by exposure to heat and pressure
- SLATE, PHYLLITE, SCHIST, GNEISS
 Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
- do not have a layered or bonded appearance
- GRANOFELS, HORNFELS, MARBLE,
QUARTZITE
Metamorphism
 Changes in minerology and texture brought
by pressure and temperature
 Involves recrystallization of a rock
 Involves mass transfer and devolitilization
Diagenesis
 Formation of rocks from any form
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
1. Contact Metamorphism
 High temperature, low pressure
2. Hydrothermal Metamorphism
 Reffered as HYDROTHERMAL
ALTERATION because of fluids
involving
3. Regional Metamorphism
 High temperature and High pressure
4. Burial Metamorphism
 Continuation of diagenesis
 Burial of sedimentary basin without
tectonism or plutonism
Posphyroblastic
 A metamorphic rock that has one or more
metamorphic minerals that grew much larger
than the others
 Posphyroblast
 - individual crystal of posphyroblastics  Process of burning a fuel

 Spotted hornfels, spotted phyllite, garnet

porphoroblast
Fossil Fuel

 Energy rich substances formed from the

Prololith remains of once-living organisms

 The type of rock before metamorphism  THREE MAJOR FOSSIL FUELS

 Proto - before, lith - rock 1. Coal

 Can be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic 2. Oil

 LIMESTONE > MARBLE 3. Natural gas

 SLATE > PHYLLITE> SCHIST > GNEISS  Made of hydrocarbons (contain HYDROGEN
AND CARBON)
- as the rock goes down, the temperature and
pressure becomes higher making alterations
in the rock’s form and composition
Coal

 Solid fossil fuel made from plant remains

 Reserves
FOSSIL FUELS - technology used to obtain the deposits of
coal

 USA > has the most plentiful coal

Fuel
 REASONS WHY USA USES COAL
 Substance that provides a form of energy
1. Easy to transport
 Heat, light, electricity and motion
2. Provides lot of energy when burned
 Result of chemical change
 Peat

- organic matter before coal

CONTRIBUTORS OF FOSSIL FUEL
FORMATION  Lignite

1. Organic Matters - compacted peat, brown coal

2. Temperature  Bituminous Coal

3. Time - soft coal, compressed lignite

4. Pressure  Anthracite

- hard coal

Combustion
 Thermal Maturation

Oil  Formation of Natural Gas

 Thick, liguid fossil fuel, formed from remains

of small animals, algae, and protists
*fossil fuel takes HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS
 Petroleum OF YEARS to form*
* fossil fuels are NON RENEWABLE SOURCE *
- another name for oil

 USA consumes about 1/3 of all oil produced in

the world

* CHINA has the most number of production of

Coal in the whole world, and if may problem sa
coal sa Pilipinas, sa China lalapit (accdg. sa quiz) *

Refining Oil

 Crude Oil GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

- the oil that was first pumped out from the
ground
Geothermal energy
 Refinery
 Utilizes the temperature of the Earth’s core
- factory where crude oil is separated into
fuels and another products by heating  DIRECT USES

1. Direct District Heating System

Natural Gas 2. Electricity Generation

 Third major fossil fuels 3. Heat Pumps

 Made from methane and other gases

 ADVANTAGES
1. provides lots of energy Direct District Heating System
2.lower levels of air pollutants than coal and  Uses HOT WATER FROM SPRINGS OR
oil RESERVOIRS near the surface
3. It’s easy to transport  Hot water near the Earth’s surface can be
 DISADVANTAGE: piped directly into buildings and industries
for heat.
1. Highly flammable
 Hydrosphere
ELECTRICITY GENERATION  Water found on the surface of our planet
1. Dry Steam Power Plant  Ocean, lakes, rivers, streams, creeks
 Uses the superheated pressurized  Water found under the surface of our planet
steam
 Water found in our atmosphere
 180°C-350°C
 Frozen water (ice caps, glacier)
2. Flash Steam Power Plant

 Uses hot water above 182°C from

geothermal reservoirs Cryosphere

3. Binary Cycle Power Plant  Frozen water part of the Earth’s Water
system
 Insufficiently hot resource to
efficiently produce steam

 Too many chemical impurities allow FRESH WATER RESOURCE

flashing  67% of Earth’s Surface is covered with
water

Heat Pumps  0.7% water is for Humans

 Utilizes constant temperature of upper 10 - 41% of water is used for Agricultural

feet of the Earth’s surface Purposes (USA)

- 10 gallons/hour: needed for an hour of

electricity

 Iceberg and Polar Caps

- store most water

Evapotranspiration/Surface Runoff

 Moving of water from soil to water groups

(rivers, lakes, etc.)

 Evaporation of water from plants

* 1.1 BILLION PEOPLE DOES NOT HAVE

ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER *

WATER DISTRIBUTION ON EARTH

Groundwater Overdrafting

 Usage of groundwater tend to the dryness of

soil

Desalination

 Distillation or membrane process