Inteligenta Artificiala

C1. Intro & Adm

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• “The apparent veil between the organic

and the manufactured has crumpled to
reveal that the two really are, and have
always been, of one being.”
• Kevin Kelly

• Out of Control: the new biology of

machines
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• Informatii generale

– Proportie nota finala:

• 80% activitate din timpul semestrului
– 50% lucrari laborator
– 20% quiz
• 10% prezenta
• 20% nota la examen
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• Informatii generale

• Bibliografie selectiva:
• Intelligent Control Systems using Soft Computing Methodologies
(A. Zilouchian, M. Jamshidi, 2001)
• Intelligent Systems for Engineers and Scientists, 2nd ed. (A.A.
Hopgood, 2001)

• Resurse aditionale:
• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ai/
• http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Artificial_Intelligence/
• http://aitopics.net/

• NetLogo & Matlab

• http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/
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• Inteligenta artificiala (Artificial Intelligence -

AI): Turing si Shannon (fondatori)
• 1950 - 1960

• Alan Turing a propus testul Turing pentru a

masura inteligenta unei masini
• “masina” = entitate artificiala computationala

• Claude Shannon a descris un mod in care o

masina poate juca sah
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• John McCarthy 1955:

– "[AI is] ... the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines. "

• Patrick Winston:
– “Today's AI is about new ways of connecting people to
computers, people to knowledge, people to the physical world,
and people to people."

• 1984 revista Bussiness Week

– perioada de expansiune (1980-1987) in domeniul inteligentei
artificale: "Artificial Intelligence, IT'S HERE.”

• 1995 Matt Ginsberg:

– "AI is an engineering discipline built on an unfinished science."
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• O scurta istorie:

• 1943−1956 / Primii pasi: cibernetica, bazele retelelor neurale, game AI

(masini care invata jocuri), testul Turing, reprezentari simbolice (x=2, x este
un simbol)

• 1956-1974 / Anii de aur: ratiune, limbaje naturale (masina intelege limba

vorbita; de exemplu: reteaua semantica gasita in thesaurus.com), bazele
recunoasterii de imagini (computer vision - sau cum "vad" masinile)

• 1974-1980: perceptronul, bazele sistemelor expert

• 1980-1987: sisteme expert, cunostinte (si cum sunt acestea diferite de

simple informatii), reprezentarea cunostintelor, conectionismul (evolutia
retelelor neurale)

• 1987-1993: ratiune, procesarea simbolurilor, inceputul sistemelor inteligente

de conducere si integrarea cu teoria controlului

• 1993-prezent: aplicatii in robotica, agenti inteligenti samd. (In 1997, un

calculator numit Deep Blue a castigat primul joc de sah impotriva lui Gary
Kasparov.)
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• Noi unelte utilizate in prezent:

retele Bayesiane (pentru luare de
decizii), teoria informatiei,
modelare stocastica, optimizare,
retele neurale, algoritmi
evolutionisti samd.

• Ce probleme rezolva astazi

inteligenta artificala: data mining,
recunoastere vocala, robotica
industriala, logistica, software
bancar, diagnoza medicala samd.

• Noi sub-domenii: sisteme bazate

pe cunostinte, sisteme cognitive,
inteligenta computationala.
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• Ce este inteligenta?

• Cuvinte cheie: invatare, ratiune,

adaptabilitate, perceptie, comportament,
reprezentarea lumii, autonomie, comunicare,
intelegere, memorare, planificare, rezolvare
de probleme.

• Dar? gandire abstracta, constiinta de sine,

emotii? Dezbatere.
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• Perspectiva etica - in corelatie cu etica tehnologica

• 1942 Isaac Asimov - trei legi ale roboticii:

– "1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through

inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
– 2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human
beings, except where such orders would conflict with the
First Law.
– 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws."

• Subiect de gandire: cum se aplica principiile moderne

ale eticii in domeniul vostru?
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• Directii/ramuri ale AI (dupa J. McCarthy)

• logical AI - ati jucat sah cu calculatorul?

• search: cautare/data mining - cum functioneaza Google? cum se "sapa" in
datele colectate din spatiul cosmic?
• pattern recognition - recunoastere de forme, recunoastere vocala, computer
vision
• representation - cum explici ceva unei masini? (de obicei prin limbaje
matematice)
• inference - inferenta - cum gandim?
• common sense knowledge and reasoning - cunoastere si inferenta "de bun
simt" - "O minge este rotunda.“
• learning from experience - invatarea bazata pe experienta
• planning – planificare
• epistemology - studiul cunoasterii necesare pentru a rezolva toate
problemele posibile
• ontology - studiul tipurilor de lucruri care exista
• heuristics - stiintele euristice
• genetic programming - programare genetica
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• Ce studiem la acest curs?

• Inferenta! cu aplicatii in ingineria

sistemelor. Mai exact, cum putem utiliza
divesre unelte si concepte ale inteligentei
artificiale in conducerea proceselor.

• Inteligenta colectiva! modelare bazata pe

agenti.
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• Tema:

• 1. Gasiti doua definitii ale inteligentei

artificiale. Notati anul si autorul.

• 2. Gasiti trei aplicatii ale inteligentei artificiale

utilizate in prezent la scara larga.

• 3. Estimati unde se va afla inteligenta

artificiala peste 20 de ani. Ce vom putea
implementa?
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• “The central act of the coming era is to

connect everything to everything.”