Review-Comparative Police System Updated

KRISTEN JOY GONZALES PAGUD-MOSTER, Ph. D.
KRISTEN JOY P MOSTER, Ph. D.

 Guest Lecturer, CRIMINOLOGY Review Centers
 Accredited Lecturer, PPSC
 Faculty Member, College of Criminology, TCU
 Former Faculty Member, College of Criminology, UC
 Rank No. 1, Criminal Investigation Course
 Rank No. 1, PSBRC
 Rank No. 4 EORA
 Rank No. 4, Criminology Board Examination
 Magna Cum Laude, University of the Cordilleras, Baguio City
Admission Requirements
for CRIMINOLOGISTS
Licensure Examination
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 First Timer
A. Orig.& photocopy of Transcript of record with:
-Special Order (B)
-Date of graduation
-Scanned Picture/Certification (unavailability
of scanner)
-Remarks “For Board Examination Purposes”
B. Orig. & photocopy of NSO Birth Certificate
C. Good Moral Character from:
-Barangay
-Parish Priest
-Dean of school where you graduated or from
the present employer
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D. NBI Clearance or Police and Court Clearance
E. 4 Pcs. 2x2 picture with complete tag in white
background
F. Community Tax Certificate (Cedula)
G. Metered Documentary stamp
H. Window mailing envelope with metered postage
stamp
I. Examination Fee =P900
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 Repeater
A. Orig. & Photocopy of Transcript of Record with:

-Special Order (B)
-Date of Graduation
-Scanned Picture/Certification (unavailability of
scanner)
-Remarks “For Board Examination Purposes”
B. Orig. & photocopy of NSO Birth Certificate
C. NBI Clearance or Police and Court Clearance
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D. 4 pcs. 2x2 picture with complete name tag in
white background
E. Community Tax Certificate (Cedula)
F. Metered Documentary stamp
G. Window mailing envelope with metered postage
stamp
H. Examination Fee =P900
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Report to the school/building assignment before
6:30 AM on the first day of the examination to verify
your room and seat number. Be punctual, late examinees
will not be admitted.
Examination Fee of ABSENT Examinees will be

forfeited.
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Examinees are required to wear the following
attire every examination day:
1. Male Examinees - White polo shirts or T-

shirts with collar, tucked-in
2. Female Examinees - White blouses or T-shirts
with collar
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Bring the following on examination day:
a. Notice of admission
b. Applicant’s Stub
c. Official Receipt
d. One piece metered-stamped window mailing
envelope
e. Two or more pencils (No.2)
f. Ballpens with BLACK ink only
g. one piece long brown envelope
h. one piece long transparent/ plastic envelope
( for keeping your valuables and other allowed items
i. Non-programmable Calculator (refer to list
on the Examinees Guide).
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PROMULGATION OF REVISED
SYLLABI FOR THE SUBJECTS IN THE
BOARD LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS
FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS
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Subjects Relative Weight
 Criminal Jurisprudence 20%
 Law Enforcement Administration 20%
 Crime Detection, Invest& Prevention 15%
 Criminalistics 20%
 Correctional Administration 10%
 Sociology of Crime & Ethics 15%
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COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
POLICE - The governmental department charged with
the regulation and control of the affairs of a community,
now chiefly the department established to maintain
order, enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime.
(French word)
COMPARATIVE - an estimate of relative likeness or
unlikeness of two objects or event
SYSTEM – a group of related parts that move or work
together
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM
1. COMMON LAW SYSTEMS
 usually exists in English speaking countries in the
world
 there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral

system of evidence in which the public trial is a main
focal point
2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS
 distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less
right is granted to the accused and the written law is
taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
 also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-

Germanic Justice”
3. SOCIALIST SYSTEM
distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate the offender.
known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in

places such as Africa and Asia
4. ISLAMIC SYSTEM
based more on the concept of natural justice
or customary law or tribal traditions
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
Continental = is the theory of police service
which maintains that police officers are
servants of higher authorities. This theory
prevails in the continental countries like
France, Italy and Spain.
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
Home Rule - the theory of police service which
states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people.
CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE
1. Old police service - states that the yardstick
of police proficiency relies on the number of
arrest made.
2. Modern police service - states that the
yardstick of police proficiency relies on the
absence of crime.
 Deviance Control - is the modern police function
which primarily involves the mission to reinforce
community values and laws. This was adopted by
Germany, China and Japan.
 Civil order control - is not organizationally separated

from deviance control but is performed by regular
street police in the country of England and United
States.
EVOLUTION OF POLICING
SYSTEM
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Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing
(600-1006 AD.)
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ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD OF
POLICING (600-1006 AD.)
The following are the features of the system:
1. FRANKPLEDGE System. Policing was carried out
under a system called frankpledge or mutual pledge,
whereby every male over 12 years old join nine (9) of his
neighbors to form a TYTHINGMEN – a group of men
whose duty was to apprehend any person who offends
another and deliver that offender for trial. Anyone who
failed to join and perform this obligatory duty was
severely fined. Thus, policing responsibility lies on the
hands of the citizens.
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2. TUN Policing - A system of policing emerged during
the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents were
required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and
protect the lives and properties of the people.
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3. “Hue and Cry” - a village law started in Britain which
provides for methods of apprehending a criminal by an
act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents
to assemble and arrest the suspect. This becomes the
basis of what we call today a citizen's arrest.
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4. Royal Judge System - the royal judge conducted
investigation of crimes and gives punishment fitted to
the crime committed. It also started the practice of
identification of criminals.
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5. Trial by Ordeal - an ancient method of determining
the guilt or innocence of a suspect by subject the suspect
to a test or a trial. (Using this procedure it should be said
that the citizen police were able to secure 100%
convictions).
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The Norman Period of Policing
(1066-1225 AD.)
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THE NORMAN PERIOD OF
This period saw a revolution in law enforcement
ideas and methods. When Norman William (William
the conqueror), King of France invaded and conquered
England, a military regime of conqueror and dictator
began. He changed the concept of crime being
committed against the state.
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During the Normal Period (1066-1285), the following
are significant contributions to the development of policing
system:
1. SHIRE-REEVE System. When King William Norman
became the ruler of England, he divided his kingdom into 55
military districts known as the Shire-Reeve. SHIRE means a
district while REEVE means the ruler who made laws, pass
judgment and impose punishment. He was assisted by a
group of constables, the forerunner of the constabulary.
The term Shire-Reeve eventually became Sheriff, the title of
the chief of constables or police officers in a certain
town.
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2. TRAVELLING JUDGE was held responsible in
deciding cases that were taken from Reeve due to some
abuses. He travel from one district to another to try and
decide cases.
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3. LEGIS HENRIE. This law was enacted during the
time of King Henry I, which imposed the following
features:
 Law violations were classified as offenses against the
King and against ordinary people
 Policemen became public officers
 The police and the citizens were given the broad power
to arrest.
 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
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4. KEEPERS OF THE PEACE – in 1195, King Richard of
England appointed Knights to keep the King’s peace by
standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking
the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.
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5. MAGNA CARTA (Great Charter) was sealed by King John
of England on June 15, 1215. This became a law upon the
demand of the Knights of the Round Table. The knights
forced King John to sign the document which declared the
following:
1) No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned, disposed,
outlawed, or bowed except by legal judgment of his peers.
2) No person should be tried for murder unless there is proof
of the body of the victim.
3) There should be national and local government as well as
the national and local legislation.
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WESTMINSTER PERIOD
(1285-1500)
During the Westminster Period, the system of
policing were:
1. STATUTE OF WINCHESTER (1285) was enacted for
law and order. This law introduced the system of
WATCH AND WARD.
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WESTMINSTER PERIOD
(1285-1500)
2. STATUTE OF 1295 was enacted, which began the
closing of the gates of London during sunset. This
started the observation of curfew hours.
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WESTMINSTER PERIOD
(1285-1500)
3. JUSTICE OF THE PEACE was a position given to a
respected citizen, who has the power to arrest, pursue
and imprison the offenders.
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WESTMINSTER PERIOD
(1285-1500)
4. STAR CHAMBER COURT was established as special
court that tried offenders against the state.
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THE WESTMINSTER PERIOD
(1285-1500)
5. THE MERCHANT POLICE (1500). It. was at about
this time that merchants began to employ persons to
protect their property Banks began to employ guards.
Night watchmen were hired to watch business
establishments and private detective were employed to
locate and identify stolen property.
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(1285-1500)
6. THE PAROCHIAL POLICE. The people of the cities
were divided into religious areas or parishes and they
would bond together and employ their own police to
protect them and their property. In one parish in
London there were more than 700 such private
policemen.
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(1285-1500)
7. MILITARY POLICE. In 1655 England and Wales
under Oliver Cromwell, were divided into 12 military
districts as “Provost Marshall” and to act as judges. The
Military personnel under the Provost Marshall had
police control over both military personnel and the
civilian population.
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THE HABEAS CORPUS ACT (1679)
AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS OF 1688
The Habeas Corpus was designed primarily to
ensure protection against abuses through indiscriminate
detention without the benefit of trial. That upon court
order, whoever is in the custody of a person shall
produce the body of said person.
The Bill of Right prohibits the use of torture, the
use of “third degree” and it also provides for the
Doctrine of Protection against self incrimination and
other rights that give more dignity to human rights
especially of common man.
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MODERN PERIOD
(17TH- 19TH CENTURY)
1. NIGHT WATCHMEN AND BELLMEN – in 1663, King
Charles II appointed and employed male citizen to be on
duty at night. They were considered as the first security
guard
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MODERN PERIOD
(17TH- 19TH CENTURY)
2. BOW STREET RUNNERS OR THE THIEF
CATCHER (1748) – established by Henry Fielding. They
are reformed thief. He later formed the BOW STREET
HORSE PATROL whose duty was to patrol the main
roads thus secure the travelers from highwaymen or
highway bandits.
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Bow Street Runners
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POLICE ORGANIZATION & ADMINISTRATION
BEGINNING OF MODERN
POLICING: 1800-1850
The British statesman SIR ROBERT PEEL in
1829 established the LONDON METROPOLITAN
POLICE, which became the world’s first modern
organized police force. It was later called SCOTLAND
YARD. The development of the British police system is
especially significant because the pattern that emerged
not only became a model for the American police system
but also had great influence on the style of policing in
almost all industrial societies. Peel earned the title –
THE FATHER OF MODERN POLICING SYSTEM.
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Peel’s Concept of Policing
a. The police should be organized along military

lines
b. The police should be placed under screening and
training.
c. The police should be hired on a probationary
basis.
d. The police should be deployed by time and by
area.
e. Police headquarters should be accessible to the
people.
f. Police-Records keeping is essential.
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Principles of Law enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel
a. Prevention of C rime is the basic mission of the police.

b. Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
c. A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the
police.
d. Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force
increases.
e. Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
f. Physical force is sued only as a last resort.
g. The police are the public and the public are the police.
h. The police represent the law.
i. The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police
efficiency.
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Several years after the organization had been
functioning. Peel realized that his police were not
doing well as he had anticipated. He called a meeting
of the officers of the organization and told that:
1. Police cannot function properly without the
wholehearted support of the people.
2. Every police officer must sell himself and his
services to the people.
3. Police officers must go out of their way to assist the
public in every way, that they must make
themselves indispensable to the public, since only
in that manner could they fulfill their police
function
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ADMINISTRATION POLICING
PRINCIPLES OF LONDON
METROPOLITAN POLICE
1. Stable and effective civil police under government
control
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is
essential.
Commissioner - highest rank in the
Metropolitan Police
Police Constable - lowest rank
FRENCH POLICING SYSTEM
Developments in FRENCH POLICE SYSTEM
during the Modern Period in France:
1. During the 17th century in France, King Louis XIV

maintained a small central police organization
consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of
numerous paid informants, supplied the government
with details about the conduct of private individuals.
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2. In Paris, the position OFFICER DE PAIX was formed
in 1791. This was the origin of the term Peace Officers.
The French were the first to establish uniformed police
officers – they were called SERGENT DE VILLE (servant
of the city).
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Other contributions of the French in the
development of policing system were:
a. Conceiving street signs.

b. Assigning house numbers.
c. Installing street lighting.
d. Creating emergency and rescue services.
e. Use of police ambulances.
f. Use of “warrant card” and ID signifying
authority to arrest.
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AMERICAN POLICING SYSTEM
Policing system in America was modeled to the
English System.
1. NIGHTWATCH/RATTLEWATCH – they carried rattle
while on duty to inform the public of their watchful
presence.
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2. Development of American municipal (rural and
city) police force.
a. 1638 – night watch was initiated in Boston,
Massachusetts
b. 1658 – rattle watch was organized in New York
c. 1700 – night watch started in Philadelphia
d. 1722 – New Haven had a police regulation that “No
watchmen will have the liberty to sleep”
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e. 1800 – able bodied males over 16 years old were
required to serve without pay
f. 1856 – New York City Police Force began to adopt a full
police uniform
g. 1833 – was the advent of daytime police with pay.
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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
 Globalization is the growing inter-penetration of
states, markets, communications, and ideas. (Alison
Brysk).
 package of transnational flow of people, production,
investment, information, ideas and authority.
 growing interpenetration of states, markets,
communication and ideas.
 The process of creating transnational markets,
politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and
sustain a global economy.
GLOBALIZATION AS
INTERNATIONALIZATION
It describes the growth in international exchange
and interdependence. Internationalization refers to
the increasing importance of international trade,
international relations, treaties, alliances, etc.
GLOBALIZATION AS
LIBERALIZATION
‘Globalization' refers to 'a process of removing
government-imposed restrictions on movements
between countries in order to create an "open",
"borderless" world economy.
GLOBALIZATION AS
UNIVERSALIZATION
‘Global' is used in the sense of being
'worldwide' and 'globalization' is 'the process of
spreading various objects and experiences to
people at all corners of the earth'.
GLOBALIZATION AS WESTERNIZATION
OR MODERNIZATION
‘Globalization' is understood as a dynamic,
'whereby the social structures of modernity
(capitalism, rationalism, industrialism,
bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over,
normally destroying pre-existent cultures and
local self-determination in the process.
GLOBALIZATION AS
DETERRITORIALIZATION
‘Globalization' entails a 'reconfiguration of
geography, so that social space is no longer wholly
mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial
distances and territorial borders.
WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE EFFECTS
OF GLOBALIZATION?
The positive effects of globalization is that it
has helped us communicate better , stay healthier ,
because of globalization we have learned to
communicate with people from other places who
don’t know the language we speak in.
GLOBALIZATION AND LAW
ENFORCEMENT
Every nation has its own law enforcement
agency called the Police. One thing is common.
The police symbolize the presence of a civil body
politics in everyday life; they symbolize the
capacity of the state to intervene and the concern
of the state for the affairs of the citizenry.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
LAW ENFORCEMENT
The emergence of an "international regime" for
state security and protection of human rights, growing
transnational social movement networks, increasing
consciousness and information politics have the
potential to address both traditional and emerging
forms of law violations. Open international system
should free individuals to pursue their rights, but large
numbers of people seem to be suffering from both
long-standing state repression and new denials of
rights linked to transnational forces like international
terrorism and other acts against humanity.
LAW ENFORCEMENT
The challenge of globalization is that
unaccountable flows of migration and open markets
present new threats, which are not amenable to state-
based human rights regimes, while the new
opportunities of global information and institutions
are insufficiently accessible and distorted by persistent
state intervention.
THREATS BROUGHT BY
GLOBALIZATION
1. Increasing volume of human rights violations
evident by genocide or mass killing
2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global
mechanisms on law enforcement and security
3. Conflict between nations
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug
trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc
OPPORTUNITIES BROUGHT BY
GLOBALIZATION
1. Creation of International tribunals to deal with
human rights problems
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote
universal norms and link them to the
enforcement power of states
3. Transnational professional network and
cooperation against transnational crimes
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and
coalitions across transnational issues
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN A GLOBAL
ARENA
1. "International Bill of Human Rights" (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, and International
Covenant on Social and Economic Rights
2. Phenomenon-specific treaties on war crimes (Geneva
Conventions
3. Genocide, and torture; and protections for vulnerable
groups such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child
4. Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN A GLOBAL
ARENA
This is the creation of an international regime
to enforce these UN declarations, bills and other
international standards. We may call it “Universal
Declarations”. However, the very process of
globalization blurs distinctions among categories
of law enforcement due to racial differences and
states own standards or laws.
HUMAN RIGHTS
In general, analysts of globalization find that
states' international integration improves security
rights, but increases inequality and threatens the social
rights of citizens. However, neither economic
development nor economic growth in and of
themselves improves law enforcement capabilities and
human rights performance. In addition to
globalization and growth, findings on the effectiveness
of international pressure on state human rights policy
suggest that target states must be structurally
accessible, internationally sensitive, and contain local
human rights activists for linkage.
CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION
IN THE FIELD OF LAW
ENFORCEMENT
The challenge now is on how every state
pursues a strong relationship in the area of
policing these global wrongs.
GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM
The nature of the threat, its targets and
impact, and the response all indicate the growing
power of globalization as a parameter of political
action.
The emergence of transnational civil networks
capable of state-level crimes against humanity
depends upon the globalizing patterns of
connection, communication, and even
commodification (via financial networks).
GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM
It is inspired by a transnational ideology of a
radical, extremist version of Islamic
fundamentalism that is largely reactive to
economic and cultural globalization, and thus
targets sites and symbols of cosmopolitanism.
The shattering impact of threats to globalizing
flows such as air travel on the world economy and
daily life demonstrate how deeply dependent we
have become on these connections.
TRANSNATIONAL OR BORDERLESS
CRIME
According to the United Nations Convention of
Transnational Organized Crime, an offense is
transnational if it:
a. Is committed in more than one state;
b. Is committed in one state but a substantial part of its
preparation, planning, direction or control takes
place in another state;
c. Is committed in one state but involves organized
crime group that engages in criminal activities in
more than one state; or
d. Is committed in one state but has sub effects in
another state.
TERRORISM
On September 11, 2001, nineteen men
affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial
passenger jet airliners, crashing two of them into
the World Trade Center in New York City and one
into the Pentagon.
As a result of the attacks, the World Trade
Center's twin towers completely collapsed, and
2,973 victims and the 19 hijackers died.
"Terror" comes from the Latin verb “terrere”
meaning "to frighten“.
Terrorism refers only to those violent acts
which are intended to create fear (terror), are
perpetrated for a religious, political or ideological
goal, deliberately target or disregard the safety of
non-combatants (civilians), and are committed by
non-government agencies.
In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary
General report described terrorism:
“as any act intended to cause death or serious
bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with
the purpose of intimidating a population or
compelling a government or an international
organization to do or abstain from doing any act.”
TYPES OF TERRORISM
In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant
Administration in the United States formed the
National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice
Standards and Goals. The Task Force classified
terrorism into six categories.
TYPES OF TERRORISM
1. Civil disorder – A
form of collective
violence interfering
with the peace,
security, and normal
functioning of the
community.
TYPES OF TERRORISM
2. Political terrorism – Violent criminal behaviour
designed primarily to generate fear in the
community, or substantial segment of it, for
political purposes.
TYPES OF TERRORISM
3. Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed
at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious
design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for
coercive purposes, but the end is individual or
collective gain rather than the achievement of a
political objective.”
- a terrorist act perpetrated by a group for any
other purpose, most often of a religious nature. The
desired goal is something other than a political
objective, but the tactics involved are the same.
TYPES OF TERRORISM
4. Quasi-terrorism
is a violent act that
utilizes the same
methods terrorists
employ, but does not
have the same
motivating factors.
TYPES OF TERRORISM
5. Limited political terrorism – acts are generally one
time only plots to make a political or ideological
statement. The goal is not to overthrow the
government, but to protest a governmental policy or
action.
TYPES OF TERRORISM
6. Official or state terrorism – defines any violent
action initiated by an existing government to
achieve a particular goal. Most often this goal
involves a conflict with another country. It may
also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined
broadly as terrorist acts carried out by
governments in pursuit of political objectives,
often as part of their foreign policy.
FAMOUS TERRORIST GROUPS
ABU SAYAFF GROUP
Abu Sayyaf , ASG, Filipino: Grupong Abu Sayyaf)
also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya is one of several
military Islamist separatist groups based in and
around the southern Philippines, in Bangsamoro (Jolo,
Basilan and Zamboanga) where for almost 30 years
various Muslim groups have been engaged in an
insurgency for an independent province in the country.
The name of the group is derived from the Arabic
,‫ابو‬abu ("father of") and sayyaf ("Swordsmith"). The
group calls itself "Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyya" or the
"Islamic Movement".
ABU SAYAFF GROUP
Until his death in a gunbattle on September 4,
2006, Khadaffy Janjalani was considered the nominal
leader of the group by the Armed Forces of the
Philippines.
His older brother Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani,
the founder of Abu Sayyaf, died in December 1998 in a
gun battle with Filipino forces.
ABU SAYAFF GROUP
Khadaffy's death was officially confirmed on
January 20, 2007, through DNA analysis of both
brother's remains.
Both were natives of Isabela City, currently one
of the poorest cities of the Philippines. Located on
the north of the island of Basilan, Isabela is also
the capital of Basilan province, across the Basilan
Strait from Zamboanga City.
ABU SAYAFF GROUP
 It was designated as FTO by the Secretary of State
in accordance with Section 219 of the Immigration
and Nationality Act (NIA) on October 8, 1997.
 It was formed in 1991
AL-QAEDA
(Arabic: ‫ القاعدة‬,al-qāʿidah, Arabic: [ælˈqɑːʕɪdɐ],
English: /ælˈkaɪdə/ al-ky-də, translation: "The Base”
This is a global militant Sunni Islamist group
founded by Osama bin Laden sometime between
August 1988 and late 1989.
It operates as a network comprising both a
multinational, stateless army and a radical Sunni
Muslim movement calling for global Jihad.
It was designated as FTO on October 8, 1999
AL-QAEDA
The origins of al-Qaeda as a network inspiring
terrorism around the world and training operatives
can be traced to the Soviet War in Afghanistan
(December 1979 – February 1989). The U.S. viewed
the conflict in Afghanistan, with the Afghan
Marxists and allied Soviet troops on one side and
the native Afghan mujahideen, some of whom
were radical Islamic militants, on the other, as a
blatant case of Soviet expansionism and
aggression.
AL-QAEDA
The U.S. channelled funds through Pakistan's
Inter-Services Intelligence agency to the Afghan
Mujahideen fighting the Soviet occupation in a
CIA program called Operation Cyclone.
Osama bin Laden was the most historically

notable emir, or commander, and Senior
Operations Chief of al-Qaeda prior to his
assassination on 2 May 2011 by US forces.
AL-QAEDA
Ayman al-Zawahiri, al-Qaeda's Deputy
Operations Chief prior to bin Laden's death, has
assumed the role of commander as announced by al-
Qaida on 16 June 2011, replacing Saif al-Adel, who
served as interim commander.
AL-QAEDA
Al-Qaeda has attacked civilian and military
targets in various countries, such as the 11
September attacks, 1998 US embassy bombings
and 2002 Bali bombings.
The US government responded by launching
the War on Terror.
Al-Qaeda has continued to exist and grew
through the decade from 2001 to 2011.
ISIS
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), (also
know as Daesh, ISIL or simply Islamic State) is a
Jihadist militant group in Iraq and Syria influenced by
the Wahhabi movement. It aims to establish a
caliphate, or Islamic state in Sunni majority regions of
Iraq and Syria. In June 2014, they seized control of
Mosul, Fallujah and Tikrit in northern-Iraq in large
scale military offensives.
It was designated as FTO on December 17, 2004
ISIS
The group first began referring to itself as the
Islamic State ( ‫الدولة اإلسالمية‬ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah) or
IS in June 2014, when it proclaimed itself a worldwide
calipahate, and named Abu Bakr al Baghdadi as
its caliph. As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and
military authority over all Muslims worldwide. As of
December 2015, the group has control over vast
landlocked territory in Iraq and Syria, with a population
estimate ranging between 2.8 million and 8 million
people, where it enforces its interpretation of sharia law.
ISIL affiliates control small areas of Libya, Nigeria and
Afghanistan and operate in other parts of the world,
including North Africa and South Asia.
JEMAAH ISLAMIAH
(Arabic: ‫ الجماعة اإلسالمية‬,al-Jamāʿat ul-Islāmíyatu,
meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently
abbreviated JI), is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic
organization dedicated to the establishment of a
Daulah Islamiyah (regional Islamic caliphate) in
Southeast Asia incorporating Indonesia, Malaysia, the
southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei.
JI was added to the United Nations 1267
Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-
Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN
Security Council Resolution 1267.
JEMAAH ISLAMIAH
The JI was established as a loose confederation
of several Islamic groups.
Sometime around 1969, three men, Abu Bakar
Bashir, Abdullah Sungkar and Shahrul Nizam 'PD'
began an operation to propagate the Darul Islam
movement, a conservative strain of Islam.
JEMAAH ISLAMIAH
JI has its roots in Darul Islam (DI, meaning
“Islamic Organization"), a radical Islamist/anti-
colonialist movement in Indonesia in the 1940s.
The JI was formally founded on January 1,

1993, by JI leaders, Abu Bakar Bashir and Abdullah
Sungkar while hiding in Malaysia from the
persecution of the Suharto government.
JEMAAH ISLAMIAH
After the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998,
both men returned to Indonesia where JI gained a
terrorist edge when one of its founders, the late
Abdullah Sungkar, established contact with
Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda network.
CPP-NPA
The New People's
Army (NPA)
(Filipino: Bagong Hukbong
Bayan) is the armed wing of
the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP). It was
formed and founded by Jose
Maria Sison, Bernabe
Buscayno, and Lucio
Manlapaz on March 29, 1969.
CPP-NPA
It was designated as FTO by Secretary of State on
August 9, 2002 and was declared by the President of the
Philippines as terrorist organization December 5, 2017
under Proclamation No. 374.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9372
 This Act shall henceforth be known as the "Human Security
Act of 2007
 Sec. 3. Terrorism. - Any person who commits an act
punishable under any of the following provisions of the
Revised Penal Code: Thereby sowing and creating a
condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic
among the populace, in order to coerce the government to
give in to an unlawful demand shall be guilty of the crime of
terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of forty (40) years of
imprisonment, without the benefit of parole as provided for
under Act No. 4103, otherwise known as the Indeterminate
Sentence Law, as amended.
 Piracy in General and Mutiny in the High Seas or in
the Philippine Waters;
 Rebellion or Insurrection;
Coup d' Etat), including acts committed by private
persons;
 Murder);
 Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention;
Crimes Involving Destruction, or under:
1. Presidential Decree No. 1613, (The Law on Arson);
2. Republic Act No. 6969, (Toxic Substances and Hazardous
and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990);
3. Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic Energy Regulatory and
Liability Act of 1968);
4. Republic Act No. 6235, (Anti-Hijacking Law);
5. Presidential Decree No. 532, (Anti-Piracy and Anti-
Highway Robbery Law of 1974); and
6. Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended (Decree
Codifying the Laws on Illegal and Unlawful Possession,
Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition of
Firearms, Ammunitions or Explosives)
PERIOD OF DETENTION WITHOUT
JUDICIAL WARRANT OF ARREST
Any police or law enforcement personnel, duly
authorized in writing by the Anti-Terrorism Council has
taken custody of a person charged with or suspected of the
crime of terrorism or the crime of conspiracy to commit
terrorism shall, without incurring any criminal liability for
delay in the delivery of detained persons to the proper
judicial authorities, deliver said charged or suspected
person to the proper judicial authority within a period of
three (3) days counted from the moment the said charged
or suspected person has been apprehended or arrested,
detained, and taken into custody by the said police. Note:
fine of Php 500,000.00 per day of unlawful detention of
innocent person.
DRUG TRAFFICKING
The illegal drug trade is a global black market,
competing with legal drug trade, dedicated to
cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of those
substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws.
Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license,
of many types of drugs by drug prohibition laws.
DRUG TRAFFICKING
A report said the global drug trade generated an
estimated US$321.6 billion in 2005. With a world GDP of
US$36 trillion in the same year, the illegal drug trade
may be estimated as slightly less than 1% of total global
commerce. Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread
globally.
GENERAL HISTORY
 Holy Bible- book of the judges of the old testament
 Mighty Samson was put to sleep by Dellilah by
means of a drug-laced wine, Philistines were high
spirited because of narcotics mixed with intoxicants
 Ancient Greek and Roman literature
 Tragic romance of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra,
Cleopatra drank a narcotic-laden wine before
allowing herself to bitten to death by a Poisonous
Asp from River Nile, even in the practice of oracles
and black magic during the roman ancient times
were believed to be accomplished by “narcotics”
MARIJUANA (CANNABIS SATIVA)
 Oldest cultivated plant started with the Incas of Peru
 “Sacred Tree”-Assyrians used marijuana during
religious rituals
 9000 B.C.-deeply ingrained in the cultures of
countries such as India, Jamaica, Morocco, Nepal,
Mexico and Peru
MARIJUANA (CANNABIS SATIVA)
 The first reference of introduction was in Northern
Iran as an intoxicant
 Hindus as a “Happiness” and “Laughter Provoker”
 Marijuana plant was derived from the name Hasan
or Hashasin “the Muslim cult leader who fed his
Disciples a preparation made from the resin of the
hemp plant as a reward
 American Indians “ Peace Pipes” “narcotize”
oppositionist
OPIUM POPPY PLANT (PAPAVER
SOMNIFERUM)
 Cultivated and Prepared by the Summerians 7000 B.C.
 Hippocarates “Father of Medicine” believed and
prescribed White poppy plant 5000 B.C. to cure
internal and external disease.
 First harvested in Mesopotamia then spread to
Mediterranean Areas then to Asia, from there it was
introduced to Persia, India and China by the Arab
came caravans.
OPIUM
 Opium use in China was stemmed out from India and
became widespread in the 19th Century from middle east,
the plant was cultivated in India, Pakistan and
Afghanistan, Five centuries later, Opium trade between
China and Portuguese merchants became a lucrative
business, the British took over the trade from the
Portuguese and established “Opium Trade Monopoly”
The British East Indies Company.
 Emperor Yung Chen of China prohibited smoking of
opium and attempted to close the ports for its
importation.
 Start of Opium war of 1840
DRUG CONTROL
The Criminal Organizations and Drug Sub-
Directorate is located within the Specialized Crime
Directorate of the Interpol General Secretariat. It
is the central repository of professional and
technical expertise in drug control within the
Interpol framework. Essentially, it acts as a
clearing-house for the collection, collation,
analysis and dissemination of drug-related
information
DRUG CONTROL
It monitors also the drug situation on global
scale, coordinates international investigations, and
maintains liaison with the United Nations, its
specialized agencies and other international and
regional organizations involved in the drug control
activities. One of its important functions is to serve
as a main source of professional and technical advice
on narcotic matters to Interpol bodies such as the
General Assembly, Executive Committee and
National Central Bureaus
NATIONAL DRUG SITUATION
As early as 1996, the United Nation has noted the
rising popularity of amphetamine- type stimulants
(ATS) among drug users, and termed ATS as the
“Drugs of the 21st Century”.
In its 2005 world drug report, The UN office on
Drugs and crime reported that the largest number
of methamphetamine clandestine laboratories
dismantled in East and south East Asia in 2003 was
recorded by the Philippines.
NATIONAL DRUG SITUATION
Statistics from these rehabilitation centers show
the following trends:
 majority of patients are in the 20- 29 age group
 The ratio of male users to female is 9:1
 Shabu is the most popular drug of choice, abused by
84% of patients
LAWS ON DRUGS
For thirty years, RA 6425, otherwise known as the
Dangerous Drug Act of 1972, had been the backbone of the
Philippine drug Law enforcement system.
Recognizing the need to strengthen or replaced the
existing anti- drug laws, Pres. Gloria Arroyo signed RA 9165
or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002, on
June 7, 2002 and it took effect on July 4, 2002. The new
anti- drug law defines more concrete course of action for
the national anti- drug campaign and imposes heavier
penalties on offenders.
(Before RA 9165)
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Policy-Making
Body Dangerous Drugs Board
DOJ DOH DND DECS DSWD DOF
Law Enforcement
Implementors
Agencies
THE PHILIPPINE ANTI-DRUG EFFORTS
 PDEA was created upon enactment of RA 9165 in 2002
 Signed: June 7,
2002
 Published: June
19, 2002
 Effectivity: July 4,
2002
REORGANIZATION OF PHILIPPINE
DRUG ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM
Creation of … The new Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) is

the policy making and strategy-formulating
body in the planning and formulation of
policies and programs on drug prevention
and control. It shall develop and adopt a
comprehensive, integrated, unified and
balanced national drug abuse prevention
and control strategy.
The Philippine Drug Enforcement

Agency (PDEA) as its implementing
arm.
(AFTER RA 9165)
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
POLICY-MAKING
BODY
DDB
IMPLEMENTORS
PDEA Other agencies
THE PHILIPPINE DRUG
ENFORCEMENT AGENCY
 A law enforcement
agency
 Lead agency on the

government’s anti-drug
campaign
 Responsible for efficient

and effective law
enforcement of all
provisions on any
dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and
essential chemicals
THE FOUR PILLARS OF ANTI-DRUG
CAMPAIGN
 Drug Supply Reduction Drive
 Reduce the supply of drugs

 Drive the prices high and create acute shortage of
drugs
 Neutralize sources of drugs
 Drug Demand Reduction Drive
 Reduce the demand side of the drug chain

 Concentrates on anti-drug advocacy efforts – public
information and treatment and rehabilitation
 Targets non-users, casual drug users and
addicts/recovering persons
THE FOUR PILLARS OF ANTI-DRUG
CAMPAIGN
 Alternative Development/Reform Programs
 Development/livelihood program
 Education program
 Family solidarity/development program
 Good governance program
 Legal reforms
 International Cooperation
 Neutralize transnational drug syndicates

 Minimize drug trafficking to and from the country
 Exchange of information and technologies
 Multilateral, regional, sub-regional and bilateral
assistance and cooperation
Prevalence of
Drug Abuse
PREVALENCE OF DRUG ABUSE
1972
In 1972, there were only about 20,000 drug users in the country
almost all of them concentrated in Metro-Manila. Marijuana was
the preferred drug of abuse.
1999
1.8 M regular users and 1.6 M occasional users. 1.2 M
represent the youth.
1972
1 in every 29 Filipinos
2004
aged 10 – 44 is on drugs
The Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)
estimates that there are about 6.8M users
all over the country.
1999
1.8 M regular users and 1.6 M occasional users. 1.2 M
represent the youth.
1972
* More than 5, 000 drug

patients in rehabilitation
centers still increasing
* 70 % of brutal/ heinous
crimes are drug related
* More than 20,000 drug cases per annum clog dockets of

court “ justice delayed, justice denied”
* Unleveling of economic and political playing fields

( NARCO Economics and NARCO Politics)
PROFILE OF A DRUG USER
CY 2016
• AGE : Mean age of 31 years
• SEX : Ratio of male and female 13:1
• CIVIL STATUS : Single 48.96%
• STATUS OF EMPLOYMENT : Unemployed 44.69%
• EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT : College Level 27.14%
• ECONOMIC STATUS : Average Monthly Family Income Php 13,937.65
• PLACE OF RESIDENCE : Urban (Specifically NCR 42.41%)
• DURATION OF DRUG USE : More than 6 years
• NATURE OF DRUG TAKING : Mono drug use**
• DRUGS/SUBSTANCES OF ABUSE :
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)
Cannabis (Marijuana)
MDMA (Ecstasy)
*Residential and Out-Patient Facilities
**Mono drug users - abuse of one (1) drug only
National
Drug Situation
DRUGS OF ABUSE
Methamphetamine hydrochloride
commonly known as “Shabu”,
the main drug of abuse
Marijuana, grows naturally in the

Philippines
Methylenedioxy methamphetamine
(MDMA) or ecstasy, affecting the
affluent members of the society
DRUG DISTRIBUTION
MINDANAO
LUZON
VISAYASDRUG
DRUG
ROUTEROUTE
DRUG
The enactment of RA 9165 as reorganized the
Philippine Drug Law Enforcement System. While
the DDB remains as the policy making body, it
created the PDEA under the office of the Pres. The
new law also abolished the National Drug Law
Enforcement and Prevention Coordinating Center,
PNP Nargrp, NBI narcotics unit, and the customs
interdiction office. Personnel of these abolished
agencies were to continue to perform their tasks on
detail service with the PDEA subject to a rigid
screening process.
The PDEA was officially activated on July 30,
2002 when the Pres. Appointed its first director
Gen. Undersec. Anselmo Avenido Jr.
One year after the creation of the PDEA, the
Pres. Issued E.O. 218 on June 18, 2003 to
strengthen the support mechanism for the PDEA
as the lead agency in the campaign against illegal
drugs. The PNP organized the PNP AIDSOTF, NBI
Anti- drug task force.
MONEY LAUNDERING
It is common to refer to money legally
obtained as “clean”, and money illegally obtained
as “dirty”.
MONEY LAUNDERING
Money laundering is the generic term used to
describe the process by which criminals disguise the
original ownership and control of the proceeds of
criminal conduct by making such proceeds appear to
have derived from a legitimate source. (International
Compliance Association)
It is common to refer to money legally
obtained as “clean”, and money illegally obtained as
“dirty”.
MONEY LAUNDERING
Money laundering occurs over a period of
three steps:
1. the first involves the physical distribution of the
cash (“placement”),
2. the second involves carrying out complex
financial transactions in order to camouflage the
illegal source (“layering”), and
3. the final step entails acquiring wealth generated
from the transactions of the illicit funds
(“integration”).
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9160 AS
AMENDED BY REPUBLIC ACT
NO. 9194
TITLE: AN ACT DEFINING THE CRIME OF MONEY
LAUNDERING, PROVIDING PENALTIES THEREFOR
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
SHORT TITLE: ANTI MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF

2001
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
COVERED INSTITUTION (Section 3)
1. banks, non-banks, quasi-banks, trust entities, and all

other institutions and their subsidiaries and affiliates
supervised or regulated by the Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP);
2. insurance companies and all other institutions supervised

or regulated by the Insurance Commission; and
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
3. (i) securities dealers, brokers, salesmen, investment houses and
other similar entities managing securities or rendering services as
investment agent, advisor, or consultant, (ii) mutual funds, close-end
investment companies, common trust funds, pre-need companies
and other similar entities, (iii) foreign exchange corporations, money
changers, money payment, remittance, and transfer companies and
other similar entities, and (iv) other entities administering or
otherwise dealing in currency, commodities or financial derivatives
based thereon, valuable objects, cash substitutes and other similar
monetary instruments or property supervised or regulated by
Securities and Exchange Commission and Exchange Commission
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
3. (i) securities dealers, brokers, salesmen, investment houses and
other similar entities managing securities or rendering services as
investment agent, advisor, or consultant, (ii) mutual funds, close-end
investment companies, common trust funds, pre-need companies
and other similar entities, (iii) foreign exchange corporations, money
changers, money payment, remittance, and transfer companies and
other similar entities, and (iv) other entities administering or
otherwise dealing in currency, commodities or financial derivatives
based thereon, valuable objects, cash substitutes and other similar
monetary instruments or property supervised or regulated by
Securities and Exchange Commission and Exchange Commission
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
COVERED TRANSACTION (Section 3)
is a transaction in cash or other equivalent monetary

instrument involving a total amount in excess of Five
hundred thousand pesos (PhP 500,000.00) within one
(1) banking day.
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
SUSPICIOUS TRANSACTION (Section 3)
Are transactions with covered institutions, regardless
of the amounts involved, where any of the following
circumstances exist:
1. there is no underlying legal or trade obligation, purpose or
economic justification;
2. the client is not properly identified;
3. the amount involved is not commensurate with the
business or financial capacity of the client;
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
4. taking into account all known circumstances, it may be
perceived that the client's transaction is structured in order
to avoid being the subject of reporting requirements under
the Act;
5. any circumstances relating to the transaction which is
observed to deviate from the profile of the client and/or the
client's past transactions with the covered institution;
6. the transactions is in a way related to an unlawful activity
or offense under this Act that is about to be, is being or has
been committed.
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
MONEY LAUNDERING OFFENSE (Section 4).
Money laundering is a crime whereby the proceeds of an
unlawful activity as herein defined are transacted, thereby making
them appear to have originated from legitimate sources. It is
committed by the following:
1. Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or
property represents, involves, or relates to, the proceeds of
any unlawful activity, transacts or attempts to transacts said
monetary instrument or property.
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
property involves the proceeds of any unlawful
activity, performs or fails to perform any act as a result
of which he facilitates the offense of money laundering
referred to in paragraph (a) above.

property is required under this Act to be disclosed
and filed with the Anti-Money Laundering Council
(AMLC), fails to do so
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
CREATION OF ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUNCIL
(AMLC) (Section 5)
The Anti-Money Laundering Council is hereby

created and shall be composed of the Governor of the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas as chairman, the
Commissioner of the Insurance Commission and the
Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission
as members.
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
AUTHORITY TO INQUIRE INTO BANK DEPOSITS
(Section 8)
xxx the AMLC may inquire into or examine any particular

deposit or investment with any banking institution or non-
bank financial institution upon order of any competent
court in cases of violation of this Act, xxx.
SALIENT PROVISIONS:
AUTHORITY TO INQUIRE INTO BANK DEPOSITS
(Section 8)
To ensure compliance with this Act, the Bangko

Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) may inquire into or examine
any deposit of investment with any banking institution or
non-bank financial institution when the examination is
made in the course of a periodic or special examination,
in accordance with the rules of examination of the BSP.
FREEZING OF MONETARY
INSTRUMENT OR PROPERTY
The Court of Appeals, upon application ex
parte by the AMLC and after determination that
probable cause exists that any monetary
instrument or property is in any way related to an
unlawful activity as defined in Section 3(i) hereof,
may issue a freeze order which shall be effective
immediately. The freeze order shall be for a period
of twenty (20) days unless extended by the court.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Human trafficking is the illegal trade in human beings
for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or
forced labor: a modern-day form of slavery.
Adopted by the United Nations in Palermo, Italy in
2000, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children
(also referred to as the Trafficking Protocol) is an
international set of diplomatic guidelines established by
the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime. The Trafficking Protocol is one of three
Protocols adopted to supplement the Convention.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
The Protocol is the first global legally binding
instrument with an agreed definition on
trafficking in persons. The intention behind this
definition is to facilitate convergence in national
cooperation in investigating and prosecuting
trafficking in persons cases.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
An additional objective of the Protocol is to
protect and assist the victims of trafficking in
persons with full respect for their human rights.
The Trafficking Protocol entered into force on 25
December 2003. By June 2010, the Trafficking
Protocol had been signed by 117 countries and 137
parties.
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
Shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position
of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control
over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation
of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices
similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.
ANTI-TRAFFICKING IN
PERSONS ACT OF 2003
QUALIFIED TRAFFICKING IN
PERSONS
(a) When the trafficked person is a child;
(b) When the adoption is effected through Republic Act
No. 8043, otherwise known as the "Inter-Country
Adoption Act of 1995" and said adoption is for the
purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary
servitude or debt bondage;
PERSONS
(c) When the crime is committed by a syndicate, or in
large scale. Trafficking is deemed committed by a
syndicate if carried out by a group of three (3) or more
persons conspiring or confederating with one another.
It is deemed committed in large scale if committed
against three (3) or more persons, individually or as a
group;
PERSONS
(d) When the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling,
guardian or a person who exercises authority over the
trafficked person or when the offense is committed by
a public officer or employee;
(e) When the trafficked person is recruited to engage in
prostitution with any member of the military or law
enforcement agencies;
PERSONS
(f) When the offender is a member of the military or
law enforcement agencies; and
(g) When by reason or on occasion of the act of
trafficking in persons, the offended party dies,
becomes insane, suffers mutilation or is afflicted
with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or
the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS).
IMPORTANT PROVISIONS
Confidentiality. - At any stage of the
investigation, prosecution and trial of an offense
under this Act, law enforcement officers,
prosecutors, judges, court personnel and medical
practitioners, as well as parties to the case, shall
recognize the right to privacy of the trafficked
person and the accused.
Law enforcement officers, prosecutors and
judges to whom the complaint has been referred
may, whenever necessary to ensure a fair and
impartial proceeding, and after considering all
circumstances for the best interest of the parties,
order a closed-door investigation, prosecution or
trial.
The name and personal circumstances of the
trafficked person or of the accused, or any other
information tending to establish their identities
and such circumstances or information shall not
be disclosed to the public.
In cases when prosecution or trial is
conducted behind closed-doors, it shall be
unlawful for any editor, publisher, and reporter or
columnist in case of printed materials, announcer
or producer in case of television and radio,
producer and director of a film in case of the movie
industry, or any person utilizing tri-media facilities
or information technology to cause publicity of
any case of trafficking in persons.
CYBER CRIMES
Computer crime, or cybercrime, refers to any
crime that involves a computer and a network,
where the computers may or may not have played
an instrumental part in the commission of a crime.
Netcrime refers, more precisely, to criminal
exploitation of the Internet.
CYBER CRIMES
Issues surrounding this type of crime have
become high-profile, particularly those
surrounding hacking, copyright infringement,
child pornography, and child grooming. There are
also problems of privacy when confidential
information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or
otherwise.
CYBER CRIMES
Interpol has actively been involved for a number
of years in combating Information Technology Crime.
Rather than ‘re-inventing the wheel’, the Interpol
General Secretariat has harnessed the expertise of its
members in the field of Information Technology
Crime (ITC) through the vehicle of a ‘working party’ or
a group of experts.
IN this instance, the working party consists of the
heads or experienced members of national computer
crime units.
CYBER CRIMES
Computer crime encompasses a broad range of
potentially illegal activities. Generally, however, it
may be divided into one of two types of categories:
1. crimes that target computer networks or devices
directly;
2. crimes facilitated by computer networks or
devices, the primary target of which is
independent of the computer network or device.
CYBER CRIMES
Examples of crimes that primarily target
computer networks or devices would include:
Computer viruses
Denial-of-service attacks
Malware (malicious code)
CYBER CRIMES
Cyber Heist
A large scale monetary theft conducted
through computer hacking, the online equivalent of
the real-world bank heist.
CYBER CRIMES
Cyberstalking - is a crime in which the attacker
harasses a victim using electronic communication,
such as e-mail or instant messaging (IM), or
messages posted to a Web site or a discussion
group.
CYBER CRIMES
Fraud and identity theft - is the deliberate use
of someone else's identity, usually as a method
to gain a financial advantage or obtain credit
and other benefits
CYBER CRIMES
Information warfare
Information warfare is the manipulation
of information trusted by a target without the
target's awareness, so that the target will
make decisions against their interest but in
the interest of the one conducting
information warfare.
CYBER CRIMES
Phishing scams
is the fraudulent attempt to obtain
sensitive information such as usernames,
passwords and credit card details by
disguising as a trustworthy entity in an
electronic communication.
This Act shall be known as the “Electronic
Commerce Act”.
 Addressee refers to a person who is intended by the

originator to receive the electronic data message or
electronic document.
 The term does not include a person acting as an
intermediary with respect to that electronic data
message or electronic document.
 Computer refers to any device or apparatus which, by
electronic, electro-mechanical or magnetic impulse, or
by other means, is capable of receiving, recording,
transmitting, storing, processing, retrieving, or
producing information, data, figures, symbols or other
modes of written expression according to
mathematical and logical rules or of performing any
one or more of those functions.
 Electronic Data message refers to information
generated, sent, received or stored by electronic,
optical or similar means.
 Information and communication system refers to a
system intended for and capable of generating,
sending, receiving, storing or otherwise processing
electronic data messages or electronic documents and
includes the computer system or other similar device
by or in which data is recorded or stored and any
procedures related to the recording or storage of
electronic data message or electronic document.
 Electronic Signature refers to any distinctive mark,
characteristic and/or sound in electronic form,
representing the identity of a person and attached to
or logically associated with the electronic data
message or electronic document or any methodology
or procedures employed or adopted by a person and
executed or adopted by such person with the intention
of authenticating or approving an electronic data
message or electronic document.
Electronic Document refers to information or the
representation of information, data, figures,
symbols or other modes of written expression,
described or however represented, by which a right
is established or an obligation extinguished, or by
which a fact may be proved and affirmed, which is
received, recorded, transmitted, stored, processed,
retrieved or produced electronically.
Electronic key refers to a secret code which secures
and defends sensitive information that crosses over
public channels into a form decipherable only with
a matching electronic key.
Intermediary refers to a person who in behalf of
another person and with respect to a particular
electronic document sends, receives and/or stores
or provides other services in respect of that
electronic document.
 Originator refers to a person by whom, or on whose
behalf, the electronic document purports to have been
created, generated and/or sent . The term does not
include a person acting as an intermediary with
respect to that electronic document.
LEGAL RECOGNITION OF
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS
Electronic documents shall have the legal effect,
validity or enforceability as any other document or
legal writing.
For evidentiary purposes, an electronic document
shall be the functional equivalent of a written
document under existing laws.
An Act Defining And Penalizing The Crime Of
Photo And Video Voyeurism, Prescribing Penalties
Therefore, And For Other Purposes
PROHIBITED ACTS
(a) To take photo or video coverage of a person or
group of persons performing sexual act or any
similar activity or to capture an image of the
private area of a person/s such as the naked or
undergarment clad genitals, public area, buttocks
or female breast without the consent of the
person/s involved and under circumstances in
which the person/s has/have a reasonable
expectation of privacy;
PROHIBITED ACTS
(b) To copy or reproduce, or to cause to be copied or
reproduced, such photo or video or recording of
sexual act or any similar activity with or without
consideration;
PROHIBITED ACTS
(c) To sell or distribute, or cause to be sold or
distributed, such photo or video or recording of sexual
act, whether it be the original copy or reproduction
thereof; or
(d) To publish or broadcast, or cause to be published or
broadcast, whether in print or broadcast media, or
show or exhibit the photo or video coverage or
recordings of such sexual act or any similar activity
through VCD/DVD, internet, cellular phones and
other similar means or device.
INADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE.
Any record, photo or video, or copy thereof,
obtained or secured by any person in violation of
the preceding sections shall not be admissible in
evidence in any judicial, quasi-judicial, legislative
or administrative hearing or investigation.
PENALTIES
The penalty of imprisonment of not less that
three (3) years but not more than seven (7) years
and a fine of not less than One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000.00) but not more than Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00)
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
POLICE ORGANIZATION
(INTERPOL)
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE
ORGANIZATION OR INTERPOL
An intergovernmental body established to
promote mutual cooperation between police
authorities around the world and to develop
means of effectively preventing crime.
It is the world’s largest international police
organization founded in Vienna, Austria in 1923
and reconstituted in 1946, Interpol is strictly
nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any
activities of a religious, racial, or military nature.
The majority of countries (177 in 1997, 188 in
2010 and now 194) belong to Interpol, and only
government-approved police bodies may hold
membership.
INTERPOL aims to facilitate international
police co-operation even where diplomatic
relations do not exist between particular countries.
Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in
different countries and in the spirit of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
 It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and transnational
crimes; (2) protect minorities against the
dominant groups; and (3) Maintain law
enforcement regardless of race or religion.
WHO MAKES UP INTERPOL?
1. General Secretariat - coordinates day-to-day
activities to fight a range of crimes. It is run by
Secretary General staff by both police and civilians.
2. National Central Bureaus - provides the central
point of contact for the General Secretariat and other
NCBs. An NCB is run by national police officials and
usually sits in the government ministry responsible
for policing.
3. General Assembly - governing body and it brings all
countries together once a year to take decisions.
1. GENERAL SECRETARIAT
- coordinates day-to-day activities to fight a range
of crimes.
- it is run by the Secretary General; currently
Jürgen Stock of Germany, who was appointed by the
General Assembly in November 2014
- the Secretary General heads the General
Secretariat in Lyon, France, and is effectively the
Organization’s chief full-time official
2. NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)
- provides the central point of contact for the
General Secretariat and other NCBs.
- An NCB is run by national police officials and
usually sits in the government ministry responsible for
policing.
- Each INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau staffed by national law
enforcement officers.
3. GENERAL ASSEMBLY
- governing body and it brings all countries
together once a year to take decisions.
Oskar Dressler = the first secretary general of the
Interpol.
Johann Schober = the first president of the
Interpol.
INTERPOL’S PRESIDENT
The current President of INTERPOL is Kim Jong Yang
of the Republic of Korea.
INTERPOL's Constitution requires that the President:
 Preside at meetings of the General Assembly and the
Executive Committee and direct the discussions;
 Ensure that the activities of the Organization are in
conformity with the decisions of the General Assembly and
the Executive Committee;
 Maintain, as far as possible, direct and constant contact
with the Secretary General of the Organization.
The role of President is part-time and unpaid, with the
holder retaining their full-time post within their national
authority.
TYPES OF NOTICES AND THEIR
OBJECTIVES
Red Notice
To seek the location and arrest of
wanted persons wanted for
prosecution or to serve a
sentence.
Yellow Notice
To help locate missing persons,
often minors, or to help identify
persons who are unable to identify
themselves.
OBJECTIVES
Blue Notice
To collect additional information
about a person’s identity or
activities in relation to a crime.
Black Notice
To seek information on unidentified
bodies
OBJECTIVES
Green Notice
o provide warning about a person’s
criminal activities, where the person is
considered to be a possible threat to
public safety.
Purple Notice
To seek or provide information on modus
operandi, objects, devices and
concealment methods used by criminals.
OBJECTIVES
Orange Notice
To warn of an event, a person, an object
or a process representing a serious and
imminent threat to public safety.
INTERPOL–United Nations Security

Council Special Notice: Issued for groups
and individuals who are the targets of
UN Security Council Sanctions
Committees.
INTERPOL’S FOUR CORE
FUNCTIONS
1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global police
communications system to exchange crucial data
quickly and securely is a cornerstone of effective
international law enforcement.
SECURE GLOBAL POLICE
COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
I-24/7 – a secured communication system used

by countries to contact each other and the
General Secretariat and allows them to access
database and services in real time, from both
central and remote location.
OPERATIONAL DATA SERVICES
AND DATABASES FOR POLICE
1. ASF Stolen/Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) Database
2. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
3. DNA
4. Stolen Vehicle Database
5. IWeTS
6. Integrated Solutions to Access INTERPOL’s
Databases – FIND /MIND
7. INTERPOL Money Laundering Automated Search
Service (IMLASS)
8. Border & Ports Security Center
OPERATIONAL POLICE SUPPORT
SERVICES.
1. INTERPOL’s Command and Coordination Center
2. Incident Response Teams
3. INTERPOL Network of Experts
4. INTERPOL Vulnerable Targets Referral Centre
5. INTERPOL Major Event Support Teams
6. The INTERPOL Notices System
7. The Fusion Task Force
8. Criminal Analyst Unit
FUNCTIONS
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for
Police
INTERPOL provides operational data services
and databases for police to fight international crime,
police need access to information which can assist
investigations or help prevent crime. INTERPOL
manages several databases, accessible to the
INTERPOL bureaus in all member countries
through its I-24/7.
FUNCTIONS
3. Operational Police Support Services
a. 24Hour Support
The Command and Co-ordination
Centre(CCC) operates round the clock in all of
INTERPOL’s four official languages (English,
French, Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the first
point of contact for any member country faced with
a crisis situation.
FUNCTIONS
b. Crisis Response and Major Events
In the event of a disaster or major crime, INTERPOL
Response Teams or Disaster Victim
Identification teams composed of officers from the
General Secretariat and member countries can be
dispatched to the scene within hours of an event.
FUNCTIONS
c. International Alert System
An important component of INTERPOL’s
operational police support is the notice system, of
which the Red Notice for wanted persons is the most
well known. In addition to the six color-coded notices
(Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black and Orange), is the
INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice issued for
groups or individuals who are the targets of UN
sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
FUNCTIONS
d. Analyzing Crime Data
Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by
the law enforcement community as a valuable tool,
helping to provide timely warning of threats and
operational police activities. INTERPOL contributes to
investigations by assisting officers working at the
General Secretariat and in member countries with
research and analysis on crime trends and with training
courses in criminal analysis techniques.
Divisions of Criminal Intelligence
Analysis
a. Operational Analysis - aims to achieve a
specific law enforcement outcome. Usually, it
has immediate benefit
b. Strategic Analysis - provides early warning
signals of threats and to support decision making
in setting priorities to deal with criminal issues
FUNCTIONS
4. Police Training and Development
As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions,
Police Training and Development continues to
evolve as a priority for INTERPOL and member
countries.
THE ROLE OF INTERPOL IN CRIME
CONTROL
The role of the International Police in the
control of the impact of globalization in policing
and human rights violations is tremendous being
uniquely positioned to contribute substantially to
the success of all law enforcement efforts aimed at
combating global crimes, human rights violations,
and terrorism.
ON DRUG CONTROL
The Criminal Organizations and Drug Sub-
Directorate is located within the Specialized Crime
Directorate of the Interpol General Secretariat. It
is the central repository of professional and
technical expertise in drug control within the
Interpol framework. Essentially, it acts as a
clearing-house for the collection, collation,
analysis and dissemination of drug-related
information.
ON CHILDREN AND HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
The main aim of Interpol is to promote the widest
possible mutual assistance between all criminal police
authorities. It provides a structured platform for
raising awareness, building competence and
identifying best practices within law enforcement
worldwide. It is a forum for exchanging information on
current trends and investigations. Trafficking in
human beings is considered one of the top priorities at
Interpol and only by ascertaining the true character of
trafficking can we hope to adapt appropriate measures
against it.
SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS
Shall mean the procurement, in order to obtain,
directly or indirectly, a financial or other material
benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State
Party of which the person is not a national or a
permanent resident.
TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS
Shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position
of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control
over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation
of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices
similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.
ON ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
Environmental crime is a serious and growing
international problem, with criminals violating
national and international laws put in place to protect
the environment. These criminals are polluting the air,
water and land. They are pushing commercially
valuable wildlife species closer to extinction and they
are significantly impacting the biological integrity of
the planet.
INTERPOL’S CONTRIBUTION TO
COMBATING INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY CRIME
The Interpol General Secretariat has harnessed the
expertise of its members in the field of Information
Technology Crime (ITC) through the vehicle of a ‘working
party’ or a group of experts. In this instance, the working
party consists of the heads or experienced members of
national computer crime units. All working parties are in
different stages of development. It should be noted that the
work done by the working parties is not Interpol’s only
contribution to combating ITC, but it certainly represents
the most noteworthy contribution.
INTERPOL’S FIGHT AGAINST
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
The Anti-Terrorism Initiatives are:
1. Interpol planned new identity travel document
database designed to help customs, border patrols
and immigration services share police information
and verify the authenticity of documents;
2. The feasibility of setting up a special aviation
database;
3. The financing of terrorism - expansion of anti-
money laundering measures and studies of
alternative remittance systems.
INTERPOL’S POSITION ON
TERRORISM
1. Interpol is mandated to promote police co-operation
in all cases of international crime except those of a
political, military, religious or racial character.
2. Although terrorists try to ‘justify’ their acts upon
ideological, political or religious grounds, Interpol
has the authority to address all criminal activity,
regardless of motivation.
3. Terrorist acts that are criminal in nature, constitute a
serious threat to individuals’ lives or freedom.
WHAT IS INTERPOL DOING TO
COMBAT TERRORISM?
Interpol’s role is twofold:
1. to prevent acts of international terrorism and, if
carried out,
2. to ensure the perpetrators are brought to justice.
HOW INTERPOL CAN PREVENT
TERRORISM?
 exchanging information with its 179 member countries
through its secure messaging system or by convening
experts to address the subject
 Interpol has issued a number of practical guidelines on
the type of information needed
HOW INTERPOL CAN HELP
AFTER A TERRORIST ACT HAS
BEEN COMMITTED?
1. In the immediate aftermath of a terrorist act, member
countries are required to send Interpol full particulars
concerning the nature of the incident.
2. Next, they should report to Interpol on all the
investigative developments. These should include
details of any individuals arrested or charged in
connection with a terrorist incident, or suspected as
connected with a terrorist incident, and information
concerning organizations on whose behalf the act was
conducted.
3. Once in receipt of particulars concerning suspects,
Interpol can instantly issue international notices
for fugitive terrorists whose arrest is sought by
member countries. Interpol can also offer many
other backup services, by for example, its:
 Disaster Victim Identification Unit with its wide
network of international experts and laboratories;
 Computerized fingerprints capability for identifying
suspects;
 Forthcoming international database of counterfeit,
forged and stolen identity documents money laundering
expertise;
 Analytical capability which is uniquely placed to find
criminal activity connections from a global perspective.
UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations is an international
organization founded in October 24, 1945. It is
currently made up of 193 Member States.
Each of the 193 Member States of the United
Nations is a member of the General Assembly. States
are admitted to membership in the UN by a decision
of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of
the Security Council.
UNITED NATIONS
Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D.
Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This
declaration was made to officially state the
Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United
States, and the Union of soviet Socialist Republics)
UNITED NATIONS
Secretary General – Antonio Guterres
General Assembly President - Maria
Fernanda Espinosa Garces (presides over the
sessions of the GA)
BRANCHES OF UN
1. UN general Assembly = This is the main
decision- making and representative assembly in
the UN through its policies and recommendations.
It is composed of all member states , is headed by a
president elected from the member states, and
meets from September to December
FUNCTIONS OF GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
a. Deliberative - initiating studies and making
recommendations for the development of
international law
b. Supervisory - receiving and considering annual and
special reports from another organs
c. Financial - approval and apportionment of budget
d. Elective - election of non-permanent members of the
security council
e. Constituent - admissions of members and the
amendments of charter
BRANCHES OF UN
2. UN Security Council = is another branch in the
organization of the UN and is the most
powerful of all the branches.
FUNCTIONS
a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional
measures to prevent a conflict from worsening,
and may involve the deployment of
PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of
air, sea and land forces
Five Permanent Members of
Security Council
1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or
elective members for a period of two years by the
General Assembly
BRANCHES OF UN
3. International Court of Justice -Located in the
Hague, Netherlands. This branch is responsible
for the judicial matters of the UN.
4. Secretariat - Its main responsibility is providing
studies, information, and other data needed
5. Economic and Social Council - consists of 45
members elected by the General Assembly for a 3
year term.
BRANCHES OF UN
6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security
council and the general assembly in the
administration of the International Trusteeship
System
 UN CHARTER - it is closest to a constitution that
basically governs the relations of international
persons. Technically, it is a Treaty.
 TREATY - an international agreement concluded

between states in written form and sworn by
international law, whether embodied in a single
instrument or in two or more instruments and
whatever its particular designation.
The following are channels of global bilateral
and multilateral international cooperation
against transnational crime:
1. Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;
2. Bilateral police cooperation agreements with
individual states;
3. European multilateral cooperation via Europol.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION
AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL
ORGANIZED CRIME AND
FOLLOWING PROTOCOLS
 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking
in Persons, Especially Women and Children,
supplementing the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime
 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land,
Air and Sea, supplementing the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
 Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and
Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components
and Ammunition, supplementing the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
PARTICIPATION OF PNP
PERSONNEL IN UN PEACEKEEPING
MISSIONS
Peacekeeping is defined by the United Nations
as "a unique and dynamic instrument developed
by the Organization as a way to help countries torn
by conflict create the conditions for lasting peace“.
WHAT UN POLICE DOES?
The mission of UN Police is to enhance
international peace and security by supporting
Member-States in conflict, post-conflict and
other crisis situations.
 Its goal is to realize effective, efficient,
representative, responsive and accountable
police services that serve and protect the
population.
Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace
processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-
combatants in implementing the peace agreements
they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many
forms, including confidence-building measures,
power-sharing arrangements, electoral support,
strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social
development.
Accordingly UN peacekeepers (often referred to as
Blue Beret because of their light blue berets or
helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and
civilian personnel.
INTERNATIONAL PEACE SUPPORT
OPERATIONS AND HUMANITARIAN
RELIEF MISSIONS
On 3 April 1992, fifteen months into its
reconstitution, the PNP began sending its
international contingent to peace support operations
and humanitarian relief missions in conflict areas
around the world. Although most of these endeavors
were United Nations-launched, there were some
deployments made under the "lead-nation" concept or
as an initiative of the Government of the Republic of
the Philippines.
UN Peace Support Operations requiring UN
Civilian Police services may be armed or unarmed
peacekeeping, peace-building, or specialized efforts.
THE PNP'S INTERNATIONAL
DEPLOYMENTS
CAMBODIA: 1992-93
♦United Nations Transitional Authority in
Cambodia (UNTAC)
HAITI: 1994-95; 2004–present
♦Operation Uphold Democracy in Haïti -
International Police Monitors component
EAST TIMOR: 1999-2002
♦UN Mission in East Timor (UNAMET)
THE PNP'S INTERNATIONAL
DEPLOYMENTS
KOSOVO: 1999-2009
♦UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
(UNMIK)
IRAQ: 2003-04
♦Philippine Humanitarian Contingent in Iraq
(PHCI)
LIBERIA: 2004–present
♦UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
U.N. PEACE KEEPING MISSIONS
PNP
“RULES AND PROCEDURES ON THE SELECTION OF
THE PNP PERSONNEL FOR SECONDMENT, DETAIL
TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS,
PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS”
SELECTION AND QUALIFICATIONS
TERMS OF DEPLOYMENT
COVERAGE of the UNSAT PreQualifying
Examinations will be as follows:
 1st Stage: Written Examination (Reading
Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, Report
Writing)
 2nd Stage: Driving Proficiency Test
 3rd Stage Firing: Proficiency Test.
QUALIFICATIONS
Age Requirement
 All applicants must not be less than twenty five(25)
years old or more than fifty three(53) years old upon
actual deployment.
Note: An applicant shall be considered twenty five (25)
years of age on his/her actual25th birthday, or more
than fifty three (53) years of age on his/her actual54th
birthday.
RANK REQUIREMENT
 For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): Only those
with the rank of Police Senior Inspector, Police Chief
Inspector, or Police Superintendent are allowed to
apply.
 For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs): Only
those within the rank bracket of Police Officer 3 to
Senior Police Officer 4 are allowed to apply.
 All applicants must have been appointed in permanent
status in their respective present ranks.
SERVICE REQUIREMENT
All applicants must have attained a minimum of
five (5) years of active police service (excluding
cadetship, officer orientation/trainee course, and
police basic course) by the first day of the UNSAT
examinations.
PHYSICAL FITNESS REQUIREMENT
All applicants must have passed the latest
Physical Fitness Test (PFT)conducted by the PNP
Directorate for Human Resource and Doctrine
Development, as well as medical, dental, and
neuropsychiatric examinations.
COMPUTER LITERACY
REQUIREMENT
All applicants must be knowledgeable of basic
computer operations, including Word, Excel,
PowerPoint, and use of the Internet.
DRIVING PROFICIENCY
REQUIREMENT
All applicants must have at least one (1) year of
recent driving experience and must possess a valid
national or international driver's license issued at
least one (1) year prior to the first day of the
UNSAT examinations.
UNIT RECOMMENDATION
REQUIREMENT
 All applicants must be recommended by Unit
Commanders (Command Group or Directors of their
respective Directorial Staff, National Support Units, or
Police Regional Offices).
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
All applicants must hold a Performance Evaluation
Rating (PER) with a minimum Very Satisfactory
evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters
prior to the UNSAT examinations.
 All applicants must not have been repatriated
from any previous UN mission for disciplinary
reasons.
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
All applicants must not have been convicted of any
administrative or criminal offense; have no
pending administrative/criminal cases in any
body/tribunal/court.
No applicant should be a witness to any
administrative/criminal case, especially those
covered by Republic Act 9165, or a summary
hearing officer with unresolved cases.
TERM OF DEPLOYMENT
All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the
UN Peacekeeping Mission shall have one (1) year
tenure, extendable to 6 months.
 Among the luminaries of the PNP Contingent is Police
Director Rodolfo A Tor, who became the first Filipino
police commissioner of a UN operation. In 2006, he
was tasked to head the UN Integrated Mission in
Timor-Leste, one of the largest civilian police
operations established by the UN. The PNP
Contingent's first female member was non-
commissioned Senior Police Officer 2 Ester A Mardicas
(deployed to East Timor in August 1999), while its first
female police commissioned officer was Police
Inspector Aurisa I Mitra (deployed to Kosovo in July
2000).
ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE
(ASEANAPOL)
 1981 (Manila) - The first formal meeting of The Chiefs
of ASEAN Police
 Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)
FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

1. Brunei 4. Myanmar
2. Cambodia 5. Vietnam
3. Lao
IMPORTANT DATES
 1983 (Jakarta) - Endorsement of the model & design of
ASEANAPOL logo
 1984 (Kuala Lumpur) - Royal Brunei Police became a
member and joined the annual conference
 1996 (Kuala Lumpur) - Vietnam joined as a new
member
 1998 (Brunei) - Laos joined ASEANAPOL
 2000 (Myanmar) - Myanmar became the 10th country
to joined as a new member
IMPORTANT DATES
 2005 (Bali) - The setting up of a working group to
consider the viability of establishing a permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat
- Silver Jubilee Commemoration of
ASEANAPOL
 2008 (Brunei) - The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen
as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
 2009 (Vietnam) - Adoption of Terms of Reference
(TOR)
 2010 - On 1st January 2010 commencement of
ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ORANIZATION
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE - comprise of
deputy heads of delegation attending the annual
ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports
of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the
Delegation
2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT - is on
rotational basis with member countries taking turn to
host the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically
assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
- headed by executive director and assisted by 2
directors
Tenure of Services
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one
for Plans and Programs
During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in
Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally
endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent
seat.
The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation
fully on January 1, 2010.
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE
POLICING
ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY
As a nation develops, people's alertness to
crime is heightened. They report more crime to
police and demand the police to become more
effective in solving crime problems.
ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION
THEORY
Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained
migration and overpopulation in urban areas such
as ghettos and slums.
OPPORTUNITY THEORY
Along with higher standards of living, victims
become more careless of their belongings, and
opportunities for committing crime multiply.
DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
This is based on the event when a greater
number of children are being born. As these baby
booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop
out of the adolescent identity crisis.
DEPRIVATION THEORY
It holds that progress comes along with rising
expectations. People at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top
don't see themselves rising fast enough.
MODERNIZATION THEORY
It sees the problem as society becoming too
complex.
THEORY OF ANOMIE
Suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms
result in the disintegration of older norms that
once held people together (anomie)
SELECTED POLICE
MODELS
A. UNITED STATES AND OTHER
EUROPEAN MODEL
US POLICE DEPARTMENT
Policing in the United States (U.S.) is divided
into three broad categories: federal, state and
municipal agencies.
TYPES OF US POLICE
1. FEDERAL POLICE
 Agencies operated by federal government at the
national level
 These police officers enforce criminal federal laws that
are passed by the United States Congress and signed
into law by the president.
 They have the authority to arrest anyone who commits
violation of federal criminal laws within the specific
area they are hired to protect.
SOME FEDERAL AGENCIES HAVING
POLICE FUNCTIONS
A. Protection of Life, Property and
Enforcement of Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of
Justice)
 Investigates all violations of federal law except when the
enforcement authority was given to other specific federal
agency
 the best known of the federal law enforcement agencies.
 this agency is not a police agency, instead it investigates
matters involving violations of federal law including civil
rights violations, espionage, treason, bank robbery of
federally insured institution, serious crimes that crosses
state lines, and terrorism.
 the FBI is estimated to have more than 12,000 agents
employed primarily in the United States.
2. United States Secret Service (Department of
Treasury)
 concerned with investigation of counterfeiting,
forging or altering of any of the money or other
securities of the U.S.
 It is also in charged of the protection of the
president and his family, and of the executive
mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury)
 investigated all violations of federal law relating to
prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service

(Department of Justice)
 investigates all violations of immigration and
naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent
surreptitious entry of aliens,
UNITED STATES MARSHALS
SERVICE
 The nation’s oldest federal law enforcement
agency.
 Marshals serve to protect federal judicial officials,
maintain security in federal courthouses, and protect
the safety of the witnesses in federal trials who are
endangered by testifying.
 The U.S. Marshals also track down fugitives from
justice from across the world, transport federal
prisoners who needs to be moved across jurisdictions,
and maintain detention facilities for unsentenced
prisoners.
SOME FEDERAL AGENCIES
HAVING POLICE FUNCTIONS
B. Protection of the National
Revenue
1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue - investigation of violations of income
tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue-violations of internal revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of
Customs - investigates smuggling activities and
enforces customs and navigation laws.
4. Private Police - additional police protection made
by employing sworn officers through contract
when they are not officially on duty
2. STATE POLICE
Includes special investigative agencies that
concentrate on statewide law enforcement.
Some states like New York, Pennsylvania, and
Michigan have a single State Police Department
that is responsible for both traffic and criminal
investigative responsibilities.
One unit is responsible for patrolling state
turnpikes and highways. The second unit is
responsible for investigating criminal offenses.
2. STATE POLICE
State law enforcement may be responsible for
running state law enforcement training
academies, providing emergency medical
services, maintaining a crime lab, and providing
other services that are needed to support local
level law enforcement efforts.
3. MUNICIPAL POLICE
 includes village, township, city and county
police departments, sheriff departments.
Municipal law enforcement agencies are those
police departments created to serve an
incorporated city, town, village or borough. The
primary reason municipalities establish a
police department is to maintain order.
TYPES OF LOCAL POLICE
a. County Sheriff - in charged with the operation of
county jail, civil function such as service of eviction
notices and other court orders and police
responsibility.
b. City Police - most common local police organization.
It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an
incorporated municipality.
Nearly all sheriffs’ office provides basic law
enforcement services to areas outside incorporated
municipalities. These duties include routine patrol,
responding to citizen calls for service and investigating
crimes. They are authorities to enforce laws within
their county as well as enforcing county level laws
including traffic enforcement and in many counties,
animal control.
Sheriffs’ departments are usually
responsible for county jail or detention facility.
the sheriff’s department is typically assigned
duties associated with court services. These
duties include serving civil court summons,
providing court security, providing courthouse
security, and dealing with criminal warrants.
MUNICIPAL POLICE OFFICERS ARE
EXPECTED TO:
 Identify criminal offenders and criminal activity and
where appropriate, apprehend offenders and
participate in subsequent court proceedings.
 Reduce the opportunities for the commission of some
crimes through preventive patrol and other measures.
 Aid individuals who are in danger of physical harm.
 Protect constitutional guarantees.
 Facilitate the movement of people and vehicles.
MUNICIPAL POLICE OFFICERS ARE
EXPECTED TO:
 Assist those who cannot care for themselves.
 Resolve conflict.
 Identify problems that are potentially serious law
enforcement and governmental problems.
 Create and maintain a feeling of security in the
community.
 Promote and preserve civil order.
 Provide other services on an emergency basis.
POLICE ACTIVITIES
 Handling domestic issues
 Working traffic accidents
 Finding missing persons
 Directing traffic
 Filling out paper works
 Respond to calls regarding criminal conduct.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 Is a U.S. citizen
 Is at least 21 years of age
 Has at least 20/20 vision uncorrected; ( or 20/20 corrected
by glasses)
 Is able to distinguish colors
 Is physically and mentally healthy.
 Applicants who have served in the military must have been
honorably discharged.
 May not have been convicted of driving while intoxicated
and must hold a valid license for at least three years prior to
application and have a driving record.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 Applicants should have no criminal conviction, although
some misdemeanor crimes may bar applicants from a law
enforcement position.
 All applicants are expected to be free from drug use, be of
good moral character, and have personal integrity.
 No applicant should have any history of criminal or
improper conduct, have a poor employment record, or have
an irresponsible financial history.
 Generally, applicants should at least have a GED
equivalency or a high school diploma, however, some
departments, such as that in Dallas, Texas, are requiring 60
or more hours of completed college coursework.
ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE POLICE
OFFICERS
 Automobile patrol  Canine officer
 Foot patrol  Crime scene investigator
 Traffic officer  Crime prevention officer
 Bicycle patrol  Community policing
 Motorcycle patrol officer
 Horse patrol  Hostage negotiation
 Marine Patrol
teams
 Aircraft patrol
 Juvenile officer
ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE POLICE
OFFICERS
 Bomb squad officers
 Warrant officers
 Airport police
 Housing police
 Port authority police
 Transit police
TWO BASIC FORMS OF PRIVATE
POLICE
1. Proprietary Police - when a person
wish to receive service, he hires and
security personnel directly
2. Contract Security - services of an
independent security company
U.S. POLICE AGENCIES
1. New York City - it is where the first full time
police force was organized in the United
States
2. New York Police Department - the largest
police force in the United States
3. Texas Ranger - police force originally created
in response to colonization
U.S. POLICE AGENCIES
4. Boston Police Department = first local
modern police department established in the
United States
5. Pennsylvania State Police = the first state
police agency established
6. Los Angeles Police Department = police force
that hired the first female police officer
named, Alice Stebbins Wells
The United States police rank model is
generally quasi-military in structure. Although the
large and varied number of federal, state, and local
police departments and sheriff's office have different
ranks, a general model, from highest to lowest rank,
would be:
 Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/ Superintendent/
Sheriff
 Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/Undersheriff
 Inspector/Commander/Colonel
 Major/Deputy Inspector
 Captain
 Lieutenant
 Sergeant
 Detective/Inspector/Investigator
 Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal
NEW YORK CITY POLICE
DEPARTMENT
The New York City Police Department
(NYPD), established in 1845, is currently the
largest municipal police force in the United States,
with primary responsibilities in law enforcement
and investigation within the five boroughs of New
York City.
NEW YORK CITY POLICE
DEPARTMENT
The NYPD is one of the oldest police
departments established in the United States.
(Although, the Boston police department was
established some seven years earlier.) It has its
headquarters in Lower Manhattan, New York City.
AGENCY OVERVIEW
 Formed: May 23, 1845
 Preceding agency :Municipal Police
 Annual budget: $5.6 Billion (2018)
 Size: 468.9 square miles (1,214 km2)
 Employees: 55, 304 (36, 000 officers and 19, 000 non-
officers)
 Population: 8,274,527
General nature : Law enforcement Local civilian
police
AGENCY OVERVIEW
 Headquarters: 1 Police Plaza
 Police Officers: 36, 000 (2018)
Police Commissioner responsible: James P. O’Neill
Agency executive: Terence Monahan, Chief of
Department
FACILITIES
 Commands
77 Precincts
12 Transit Districts
9 Housing Police Service Areas
 Police cars: 9, 624
 Police boats: 11
 Helicopters: 8
 Horses: 45
 Dogs: 34German Shepherds/3 Bloodhounds
PROMOTION
There are three career "tracks" in the New York
City Police Department.
The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn
titles, referred to as ranks.
Promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant
and captain are made via competitive civil service
examinations.
PROMOTION
Promotion to the ranks of deputy inspector,
inspector and chief are made at the discretion of
the police commissioner, after successfully passing
all three civil service exams.
Promotion from the rank of Police Officer to
Detective is determined by the current police labor
contract with approval of the Police
Commissioner. The entry level appointment to
detective is third grade or specialist.
The Police Commissioner may grant discretionary
grades of first or second grade. These grades roughly
correspond to compensation equivalent to supervisors.
Specifically, a second grade detective's pay roughly
corresponds to a sergeant and a first grade detective's
pay roughly corresponds to a lieutenant. Detectives are
police officers that have been given titles and have no
supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls
under the command of a Sergeant or above. Similar to
detective grades, Sergeants and Lieutenants also can
receive pay grade increases within their rank.
The Department is administered and governed by
the Police Commissioner, who is appointed by the
Mayor. Technically, the commissioner serves a five-year
term; as a practical matter, the commissioner serves at
the Mayor's pleasure. The commissioner in turn
appoints numerous deputy commissioners.
The commissioner and his subordinate deputies
are civilians under an oath of office and are not
uniformed members of the force who are sworn
officers of the law. However, a police commissioner
who comes up from the uniformed ranks retains that
status while serving as police commissioner.
LOS ANGELES POLICE
DEPARTMENT
AGENCY OVERVIEW
 Formed: 1869
 Employees: 12, 857 (2017)
 Annual budget: $1.4 billion
 Size: 503 sq mi (1,300 km²)
 Population: 3.8 million
 Police Officers: 9, 988 (2017)
 Unsworn members: 2, 869
AGENCY OVERVIEW
 Chief of Police: Michael Moore
 Divisions: 18
 Bureaus: 10
 Cars: 6, 000
 Police Boats: 2
 Helicopters: 26
 Planes: 3
 Horses: 40
 Dogs: 2 Bloodhounds/20 Germanshepherds
The LAPD has been heavily fictionalized in
numerous movies and television shows throughout its
history. The department has also been involved in a
number of controversies, mostly involving racial
animosity, police brutality and police corruption.
THE LOS ANGELES BOARD OF
POLICE COMMISSIONERS
The Los Angeles Board of Police
Commissioners is a five-member body of appointed
officials which oversees the LAPD.
The board is responsible for setting policies for
the department and overseeing the LAPD's overall
management and operations.
The Chief of Police reports to the board, but the
rest of the department reports to the chief.
CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT
 Formed: 1835
 Employees: 13, 500 (2018)
 Annual Budget: $1.6 Billion (2018 est)
 Size: 237 sq mile (610 km2)
 Population: 2, 720, 546 (2016)
 Headquarters: 3510 S. Michigan AVe., Chicago, Illinois,
U.S.
CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT
 Officers: 11, 944
 Unsworn: 822
 Executive: Eddie T Johnson (Superintendent)
AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE
There are eight separate police forces namely:
 New South Wales
 Victoria
 Queensland
 Western Australia
 South Australia
 Tasmania
 Northern Territory
 Federal Police
Involved in preventing and investigating
crimes against the commonwealth. It was
stablished by the Federal Police Act of 1979 and is
under the Home Affairs Ministry, a responsibility
of the minister for Home Affairs.
 progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement
organization, taking strong lead in the fight
against 21st century crime.
Commissioner = highest rank
Constable = lowest rank
 Headquarters: Canberra, Australia
Founder: Parliament of Australia
Founded: October 19, 1979
No of employees 6, 300 (2018)
Annual budget: 1.75 B AUD
Predecessor: Commonwealth Police
DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
AFP
Investigate crimes against the Commonwealth law
which occurs throughout the nation.
Responsible for a community policing role in
Commonwealth territories.
Provide liaison officers to various overseas post
Australia’s international law enforcement and
policing representative
ORIGINAL AFP RANKS
Constable / 1st Constable / Senior Constable
Sergeant / Senior Sergeant / Station Sergeant
Inspector / Superintendent
Commander
Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Commissioner
LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE
The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the
territorial police force responsible for policing Greater
London, excluding the 'square mile' of the City of
London which is the responsibility of the City of
London Police.
The MPS also has significant national
responsibilities such as co-ordinating and leading on
counter-terrorism matters and protection of the Royal
Family and senior figures of HM Government.
At the end of February 2010, the MPS employed
33,258 police officers, 2,988 Special Constables, 14,332
police staff, and 4,520 Police Community Support
Officers.
This makes it the largest police force within the
United Kingdom by a significant margin.
The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis,
known commonly as Commissioner, is the overall
operational leader of the force, responsible and
accountable to the Metropolitan Police Authority.
POLICE RANKS
 Police Constable (PC) (Divisional call sign and shoulder
number)
 Sergeant (Sgt or PS) (three point down chevrons above
divisional call sign and Shoulder Number) - an "acting"
Sergeant, i.e. a substantive constable being paid an
allowance to undertake the duties of a sergeant for a short
period of time, displays two point down chevrons above
divisional call sign, and Shoulder Number
 Inspector (Insp) (two Order of the Bath stars, informally
known as "pips")
 Chief Inspector (Ch Insp) (three pips in a line)
 Superintendent (Supt) (single crown)
POLICE RANKS
 Chief Superintendent (Ch Supt) (crown over one pip)
 Commander (Cmdr) (crossed tipstaves in a bayleaf
wreath); the first ACPO rank.
 Deputy Assistant Commissioner (DAC) (one pip over
Commander's badge)
 Assistant Commissioner (AC) (crown over Commander's
badge);
 Deputy Commissioner (crown above two side-by-side small
pips, above Commander's badge)
 Commissioner (crown above one pip above Commander's
badge)
Newly employed PCs in the MPS are paid a
starting salary of £28,605 rising to £31,176 after the
initial training and probationary period as of 1
September 2008. This continues to rise, with the
amount of time the officer has served, rising to a
ceiling level of £39,373 after ten years.
TOTAL NUMBERS 2010
 Regular Police Officers: 33,235
 Police Community Support Officers: 4,513
 Special Constables: 2,973
 Traffic wardens: 470
 Horses: 120
 Other police staff: 14,291
GERMAN POLICE SYSTEM
POLICING in Germany is constitutionally vested
in the states. Each of the sixteen states (laender) of
Germany has its own police organization. Police forces
for each laender are controlled by the INTERIOR
MINISTRY.
KINDS OF POLICE
 Schutzpolizei (Schupo) which is equivalent to
municipal police. They are the first to arrive at the
crime scene of most crimes and handle all general law
enforcement and simple investigation.
 Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) who are plainclothes police
who handle serious crime investigations and situations
that require developing a case against a suspect.
 Bereitschaftspolizei (Bepo)who are actually officefs-in-
training living in barracks, but they serve as civil order
police when the situation arises.
KINDS OF POLICE
 The German federal gov’t also has some police
agencies as its disposal. FEDERAL BORDER POLICE
(Bundesgrenzschutz or BGS) under the Interior
Ministry which is in charge for border control, sea
patrol, air port and railroad security. They may also
assist in major civil disturbances beyond the scope of
the Laender police. Included in the BGS is a special
task force called Special Group 9 (BGS-9), that handles
terrorist incidents.
RECRUITMENT
 An individual who aspires to a career of policing
usually joins the German police at the young age of
sixteen or seventeen (16-17).
 First 2 ½ -3 year are spent living in the barracks and
undergoing basic training. A large part of this training
focuses on riot control, the rest involves conventional
school subjects, the law and the law enforcement.
 After years of basic training and civil disorder control
work, the Bepo officers spend about six months in
general law enforcement training prior to beginning
street patrol work.
CANADA: ROYAL CANADIAN
MOUNTED POLICE (RCMP)
 colloquially known as Mounties and internally
as “The Force
It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal
Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the
Dominion Police (1868).
headed by the Commission under the
direction of the Minister of Public Safety
Canada.
 The national police force of Canada and one of the
most recognized of its kind in the world.
 It is unique in the world as a national, federal,
provincial and municipal policing body.
 The RCMP provides federal policing service to all of
Canada and policing services under contract to the
three territories, eight of Canada's provinces.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is organized
under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mounted
Police Act. In accordance with the Act, it is headed by
the Commissioner, who, under the direction of the
Minister of Public Safety, has the control and
management of the Force and all matters connected
therewith.
The Commissioner is assisted by a Senior Deputy
Commissioner who is second in command of the force.
SDC primarily functions to review, consult, or advice
agency matters before they are considered by the
Commissioner.
The RCMP employs three categories of
employees to handle the wide scope of its
responsibilities: Regular Members (Police Officers),
Civilian Members and Public Service Employees.
POLICE RANKS IN THE RCMP
 Commissioner  Corps Sergeant Major
 Senior Deputy  Sergeants Major
Commissioner  Staff Sergeants Major
 Deputy Commissioner  Staff Sergeants
 Assistant  Sergeants
Commissioner  Corporals
 Chief Superintendent
 Constables
 Superintendent
 Inspector
ASIAN SELECTED POLICE
MODELS
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
The National Police Agency (警察庁, Keisatsu-
chō?) is an agency administered by the National
Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office in
the cabinet of Japan, and is the central
coordinating agency of the Japanese police system.
Is the central coordinating body for the entire
police system.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Its role is to determine general standards and
policies, although in national emergencies or large-
scale disasters the agency is authorized to take
command of prefectural police forces. Policy for the
NPA in turn is set by the National Public Safety
Commission.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
As of 2008, the total strength reached
approximately 289,800 personnel. The NPA total is
about 7,600 with 1,800 police officers, 900 Imperial
guards and 4,900 civilians. The Prefectural police total
is about 282,200 with 253,400 police officers and
28,800 civilians.
 Japan National Police Agency = a totally gunless
police force, except for its special attack team.
 Japanese Colonial Government the one which

organize the first formal policing in China.
 Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan

 Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of
Home affairs to 1945)
 Japanese Colonial Government = the one which

organized the first formal policing in China.
 Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center of Asian

organized crime action.
 Commissioner General The highest ranking
member of the Japan National Police Agency.
 Kempetai = refers to the Japanese military force.

ORGANIZATION OF NPA
1. National Public Safety Commission - a
government body responsible for the
administrative supervision of the police. Under
the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA) - a totally
gunless police force, except for its special attack
team.
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY
COMMISSION
A civilian commission which supervises the
National Police Agency with respect to most aspects of
police organization and administration including
training, equipment, recruitment, communications
and criminal statistics. It guarantees the neutrality of
the police by insulating the force from political
pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic
methods in police administration. Further,it has the
authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers
COMPOSITION OF THE NPSC
 Chairman with the rank of Minister of State
 Five members appointed by the prime minister with
the concern of both houses of the Diet.
ORGANIZATIONS ATTACHED TO
THE NPA
1. National Police Agency - provides training to police
officers and conduct academic research
2. National Research Institute of Police Science -
conducts research in police science
3. Imperial Guards - provides escort to the Emperor,
Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family.. It
is responsible for the security of Imperial Palace
ORGANIZATION OF NPA
3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over
regional police offices and provides support with the prefectural
police.
Director General = heads each Regional Bureau acting upon

orders from the Commission General of the NPA.
Regional Police Bureau = the local organizations to carry out
part of the NPA’s functions. There are about 7 Bureaus in the major
cities except for Tokyo and Hokkaido where in Tokyo, Metropolitan
Police department (headed by Superintendent General) has long been
established and shares the same location with the NPA. Prefectural
Police has the whole of Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.
ORGANIZATION OF NPA
4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) -
administrative commission functioning under the
representative system which supervise the
prefectural police. Under the Jurisdiction of the
Governor. Though not empowered to give order to
the Commission.
ORGANIZATION OF NPA
5. Koban - a system of policing adopted in Japan, a
substation near major transportation hubs and
shopping areas and in residential districts which forms
the first line of police response to the public.
Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000
residential police boxes.
Koban is staffed by relatively small number of police
officers (3-5 officers in usual), and also Chuzaisho is
usually staffed by a single officer.
About 20 percent of the total police force is assigned to
koban.
.
KŌBAN
Staffed by officers working in eight-hour shifts,
they serve as a base for foot patrols and usually have
both sleeping and eating facilities for officers on duty
but not on watch. In rural areas, residential offices
usually are staffed by one police officer who resides in
adjacent family quarters.
These officers endeavor to become a part of the
community, and their families often aid in performing
official tasks.
BUREAUS
 Police Administration Bureau
 Criminal Investigation Bureau
 Traffic Bureau
 Security Bureau
 Regional Public Safety Bureaus
IMPERIAL GUARD
It provides personal security for the Emperor,
Crown Prince and other members of the Imperial
Family of Japan, as well as protection of imperial
properties, including the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Kyoto
Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin
Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto), Shosoin Imperial
Repository in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama,
Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.
KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE )
They are used in crowd control during festival
periods, times of natural disaster, and to reinforce
regular police when necessary. The overwhelming
majority of officers are bachelors who live in
dormitories within riot police compounds. Training is
constant and focuses on physical conditioning, mock
battles, and tactical problems.
SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM (SAT)
It is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit
under the Japanese National Police Agency.
Police officers are divided into
nine ranks:
 Keishi-sokan Inspector)
(Superintendent General of  Junsa-bucho (Police
the Tokyo Metropolitan Sergeant) and
Police Department)  Junsa (Policeman)
 Keishi-kan (Superintendent
Supervisor)
 Keishi-cho (Chief
The Commissioner-
Superintendent) General of the NPA also has
the status of a police officer
 Keishi-sei (Senior and functionally holds the
Superintendent) highest position in the
 Keishi (Superintendent) Japanese police forces but he
 Keibu (Police Inspector) does not have a police rank.
 Keibu-ho (Assistant Police
CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
1. Ministry of National Defense - is the top of the
hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such
as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State
Security.
2. Ministry of Public Security - is the principal police
authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic of
China which oversee the day to day law enforcement.
(It is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in
Japan).
3. Ministry of State Security - the Chinese government’s
largest and most active foreign intelligence agency,
though it is also involved in domestic security matters.
KINDS OF POLICE
1. People’s Armed Police (PAP), (1980’s) - deals with
domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s
government compounds and foreign embassies.
Usually handles border defense but is called
sometimes to back up local police.
2. State Security Police = (1983) safeguards state
security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and
conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security
and directly accountable to the State council.
KINDS OF POLICE
3. Prison Police - a part of the correctional arm of the
overall police system stationed in prisons and
correction units. This is under the leadership of the
Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police - responsible for maintaining the
security and order in courts and serving instruments
and some also executing death sentences.
5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) - operate in many
places and hired by officials to help carry out some
unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and
ousting peasants from seized land.
 Special Police College - conducts nationwide
recruitment once a year.
 Central Military Commission - appoints police in
China
 People’s Liberation Army - Chinese Armed forces.
 Civil Service Promotion Examinations - basis for
regulation of the Rank promotion Examination for
police officer.
RANK SYSTEM IN CHINA
Commissioner General = equivalent of Director
General in the PNP
Constable 2nd Class = equivalent of Police
Officer 1 in the PNP
SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM
The Singapore Police Force (Abbreviation:
SPF; Chinese: 新加坡警察部队 ;) is the main
agency tasked with maintaining law and order in
the city-state.
Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore
Police (Abbreviation: RSP; It has grown from an 11-
man organisation to a 38,587 strong force.
Francis James Bernard = formed the
skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police
Force in 1819.
SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM
It enjoys a relatively positive public image, and is
credited for helping to arrest Singapore's civic unrests
and lawlessness in its early years, and maintaining the
low crime rate today despite having a smaller police-
citizen ratio compared to other major cities.
Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top
five positions in the Global Competitiveness Report in
terms of its reliability of police services.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
 Organization structure of the SPF is split between the
staff and line functions, roughly modeled after the
military.
 15 staff departments and 13 line units roughly
modelled after the military
 Headquarters is located in a block at New Phoenix
Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by
the Ministry of Home Affairs
EARLY YEARS
 The Singapore Police Force has a heritage almost as old
as that of modern Singapore, having been formed in
1819 with a skeleton force of 11 men under the
command of Francis James Bernard, and kept in
operation with a monthly budget of $300.
 Manpower constraints meant that the men had to
perform a wide range of roles, and required the help of
headmen amongst the various ethnic communities to
maintain orderliness on the streets, all the more
possible as the communities lived in segregated areas
around the city.
 The highest rank is Commissioner of Police and
the lowest is Police Constable.
 Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = constitution
of the SPF
The Singapore Police Force receives the highest
budget allocation annually compared to the various
departments of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)(
S$1.28 billion) , regularly accounting for about 50% of
its annual budget.
Manpower costs amounting to S$709.11 million
continue to dominate the SPF's expenditure,
accounting for 62.2% of its operating expenditure and
53.4% of total expenditure in FY2006.
Regulars, or uniformed, full-time officers,
constitute about 20% of the police's total workforce
and number approximately 8,000 in strength.
Basic entry requirements for police officers
include normal fitness levels, good eyesight, and at
least five passes in the GCE Ordinary level or a from
the Institute of Technical Education, although those
with lower qualifications may still be considered Those
joining the senior police officers require a basic degree
from a recognised university.
Officers serving in the force as national
servicemen are also regularly considered for
absorption into the regular scheme.
The salaries of police officers are reviewed in
accordance to market rates.
Salaries are kept competitive as part of anti-
corruption measures.
Gross starting salaries for police officers may
range from S$1,559.43 to $2,186.90, and that of senior
police officers from S$2,650.00 to S$3,889.00.
RECRUITMENT/TRAINING
 High school graduates who were interested in law
enforcement as a career can be recruited and those
who are selected for officers had to be approved by the
Public Service Commission.
 Career development course were encouraged for officer
and senior officers are required to travel oversees for
training such as in Police Staff College in Britain,
FBI Nat’l Academy in US and Police Academy in
Japan.
 Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer
will be placed on a one year probation period.
RANKS
 Constable
 Special Constable
 Lance Corporal
 Corporal
 Sergeant
 Staff Sergeant
 Senior Staff Sergeant
SENIOR POLICE OFFICERS
 Inspector
 Chief Inspector
 Assistant Superintendent
 Deputy Superintendent
 Superintendent
 Deputy Assistant Commissioner
 Assistant Commissioner
 Senior Assistant Commissioner
 Deputy Commissioner of Police
 Commissioner of Police
ROYAL THAI POLICE: THAILAND
The Royal Thai Police (Thai: สำนักงำนตำรวจ
แห่งชำติ) are the national police of Thailand.
The Thai police are subdivided into several

regions and services, each enjoying their own
powers.
Formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL
POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
ROYAL THAI POLICE: THAILAND
In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the
Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly
under the Office of the Prime Minister using the
name Royal Thai Police. The position of its
supreme head was changed from that of the
Director-General of the TNPD to the
Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police
Royal Thai Police Headquarters - based in
Bangkok
Police-General - highest rank of the Royal
Thai Police
Policeman / Constable - lowest rank
Agency overview
 Formed: 1933
 Jurisdiction: National
 Headquarters: Bangkok
 Annual budget 62,510,611,700 Baht (2008)
 Agency executive: Police General Patheep Tanprasert,
Acting Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police
 Royal Thai Police Headquarters - Bangkok
 Director-General of Police
 Border Patrol Police Division 40,000 paramilitary force
 BPP General Staff Division
 BPP Tactical Training Division
 BPP Support Division
 BPP Nawut Sondetya Hospital
 BPP Village Scout Center
 BPP Counter-Insurgency Training Center
 BPP Districts 1 through 4
 Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit (PARU)
 Bangkok Metropolitan Police
 Central Investigation Bureau - national coordinating
headquarters which assist provincial and metropolitan
components in preventing and suppressing criminal
activity and in minimizing threats to national security.
 Crime Suppression Division, Responsible for
investigating and enforcing Thai criminal laws
 Emergency Unit(s) - a mobile unit used to suppress
riots and public disorders, combat sabotage,
counterfeiting, fraud, illegal gambling, narcotics
trafficking, secret societies, and organized crime.
BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM
 Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei –
PDRB) - created in 1921 which is responsible for
keeping law and order and providing law enforcement
services throughout Brunei
 Inspector-General of Police - highest rank
 Lance Corporal - lowest rank
HONG KONG POLICE
 The largest disciplined service under the Security
Bureau of Hong Kong.
 It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency
to operate with a modern policing system.
 It was formed on 1 May 1844, with a strength of 32
officers.
 in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter
to the Hong Kong Police Force for their handling of
the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal
Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of
sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong
Kong Police Force
RANKS AND INSIGNIA
 The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia
to those used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St
Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was
replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong
Kong government.
 Commissioner of Police (SP)
(CP)  Chief Inspector of Police
 Deputy Commissioner of (CIP) (insignia of a Captain)
Police (DCP)  Senior Inspector of Police
 Senior Assistant (SIP)
Commissioner of Police  Inspector of Police (IP)
(SACP)  Probationary Inspector of
 Assistant Commissioner of Police (PI)
Police (ACP)  Station Sergeant (SSGT)
 Chief Superintendent of
 Sergeant (SGT)
Police (CSP)
 Senior Constable (SPC)
 Senior Superintendent of
Police (SSP)  Police Constable (PC)
 Superintendent of Police
STRUCTURE HKPF
 The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of
Police, who is assisted by two deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations = supervises
all operational matters including crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner – Management = is
responsible for the direction and coordination of force
management including personnel, training, and
management services.
 Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care
The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six
Regions:
1. Hong Kong Island
2. Kowloon East
3. Kowloon West
4. New Territories North
5. New Territories South
6. Marine Region
The Force Headquarters (Management) is
made up of five departments:
1. Operations & Support
2. Crime & Security
3. Personnel & Training
4. Management Services
5. Finance, Administration and Planning
HONG KONG POLICE COLLEGE
 is responsible for all matters relating to training within the
Hong Kong Police except internal security, Auxiliary and
Marine Police training.
 Training provided by the Police College includes recruit
and continuation training, crime investigation training,
police driver training and weapon tactics training.
 The information technology training, command training,
local and overseas management training, some specialist
courses and periodic courses on firearms and first aid are
also provided by the Police College.
SERVICE QUALITY WING
is responsible for spearheading initiatives to
improve services provided to force
customers both external and internal. The
wing comprises three branches:
1. Performance Review
2. Research and Inspections
3. Complaints and Internal Investigations
(C&II)
ENTRY REQUIREMENTS TO HKPF
Nationality
 Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong

Special Administrative Region and have lived in Hong
Kong for at least seven years.
For Inspector
Academic Requirements
 Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
 An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution /
A Higher Diploma from a Hong Kong polytechnic / polytechnic
university, or a Diploma from a registered post-secondary college
awarded after the date of its registration, or equivalent; or
 A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong Advanced
Level Examination (2A) plus three other subjects at Grade C or above in
the HKCEE (3O), or a combination of results in five Hong Kong
Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New
Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained with Distinction” in
Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL
subjects) and Grade C in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
For Police Constable
Academic Requirements
Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and

English Language, in the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five Hong
Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in
New Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in Applied Learning
(ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade E
in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
SELECTION PROCESSES FOR
INSPECTOR
 Written Examination
 Extended Interview
 Psychometric Test
 Final Interview Board
 Physical Fitness Test
 Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
 Appointment
SELECTION PROCESSES FOR
POLICE CONSTABLE
 Physical Fitness Test
 Group Interview
 Psychometric Test
 Final Interview Board
 Basic Law Test
 Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
 Appointment
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
(REPUBLIC OF CHINA/TAIWAN)
Force Size: 68,818 (2004)
Local Pop: 23,036,087
Headquarters: No. 7, Section 1, Zhongxiao East
Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 10058,
Taiwan (ROC)
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
 The National Police Agency (traditional Chinese: 內
政部警政署) is an agency under the Ministry of the
Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan), which oversees
all Taiwan police forces on a national level. The
National Police Agency is headquartered in Taipei
City.
 under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE
AGENCY which is directly under the MINISTRY OF
INTERIOR
 under effective civilian control
POLICE ORGANIZATION &
STRUCTURE
Most actual law enforcement and day-to-day
policing duties are delegated to local police
departments on a city and county level which
answer to the NPA but are considered agencies of
their local government.
However the NPA has direct control over
several specialized units which may be deployed to
assist local forces, as well as the national highway
patrol.
Unlike the police system in USA, the central
government appoints the head positions of city
and county Police Departments in Taiwan and
thus forms a solid chain of command for all police
personnel.
By calling a personnel review board, the
Director-General of NPA has the full control of
personnel rotation and transfer, as well as
administrative commendations and reprimands
over all high ranking police officers, including
chiefs of local police departments.
FUNCTIONS
1. to maintain public order,
2. to protect social security,
3. to prevent all dangers, and
4. to promote the welfare of all people.
TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN
TAIWAN
1. Administration Police - are generally referred
to those who are required to wear uniforms to
carry out duties of household visits, patrolling,
raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
2. Traffic Police - the primary duties of the Traffic
Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic
safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth
traffic flow.
TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN
TAIWAN
3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for
protecting the Central Government, establishing
contingent plans and assisting local and specialized
police units in maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties
of the criminal investigation police are to prevent
and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect
state-run enterprises and public facilities like
railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank
of Taiwan.
RANKS OF TAIWAN POLICE FORCE
Police Supervisor General
Police Supervisor Rank
Police Supervisor Rank Two
Police Supervisor Rank Three
Police Supervisor Rank Four
Police Officer Rank One
Police Officer Rank Two
Police Officer Rank Three
Police Officer Rank Four
Police Rank One
Police Rank Two
Police Rank Three
Police Rank Four
SELECTION & TRAINING
Career police officers are trained at either the
Taiwan Police College(zh:臺灣警察專科學校) in Taipei
City or the Central Police University in Taoyuan.
The Taiwan Police College provides basic training
for entry level police officers assigned to patrol duty,
while the Police University provides more advanced
training for manager level or active duty officers in
forensics, administration, traffic control, fire control
and science, border police, crime investigation,
maritime police, foreign affairs, information
management, law and other related subjects.
In 2006, police selection criteria were
amended to include all persons with a high school
diploma between ages 18 – 28 able to pass a police
civil service exam and undergo one year of
training.
This removed the past requirement where only
graduates of specialized police colleges and
universities were allowed to become police officers.
MYANMAR POLICE FORCE
formally known as The People's Police Force
(Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
 established in 1964 as independent
department under Ministry of Home Affairs.
It was reorganized on 1 October 1995.
There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces
and three additional State/Division Police
Forces
EACH STATE AND DIVISIONAL
POLICE FORCE CONSIST OF FOUR
COMPONENTS
1. Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional
Police Force
2. Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
3. Office of the Commander of the Township Police
Force
4. Police Stations
TRAINING CENTERS
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police
Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic
Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years;
Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12
Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for
6 Month
3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only
Basic Training Course for Constables, which
normally takes around 6 months to complete.
PEOPLE'S POLICE OF VIETNAM
Functions: The People's Police of Vietnam
prevents and investigates crime, as well as traffic
control and other duties.
Branches: The People's Police of Vietnam have 2
branches:
1. The public security
2. The police force
HIGHEST RANK (ARMY FORCES)
 Đại Tướng (General) Lieutenant Colonel)
 Thượng Tướng (Senior  Trung Tá (Lieutenant
Lieutenant General) Colonel)
 Trung Tướng (Lieutenant  Thiếu Tá(Major)
General)  Đại Úy (Captain)
 Thiếu Tướng (Major  Thượng Úy (Senior
General) Lieutenant)
 Middle-ranking and Low-  Trung Úy (Lieutenant)
ranking Officers  Thiếu Úy (Junior
 Đại Tá (Colonel) Lieutenant)
 Thượng Tá (Senior
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE
 Formed: March 25, 1807
 Jurisdictional structure: Malaysia (329, 847 km
127, 355 sq mi)
 Motto: TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH = Firm,
Fair And Prudent
ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE
 The Royal Malaysia Police (Abbreviation: RMP; Malay:
Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM;) is a part of the security
forces structure in Malaysia. The force is a centralized
organization with responsibilities ranging from traffic
control to intelligence gathering.
 Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.
The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police
(IGP).
 The constitution, control, employment, recruitment,fund,
discipline, duties and powers of the police force is specified
and governed by the Police Act 1967
ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE
In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular
RMP is also assisted by a support group comprising of
Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves,
Auxiliary Police, Police Cadets and a civilian service
element.
Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme
launched in 9 August 2005
RMP ORGANIZATIONS
1. Management Department - the Management
Department is tasked with the routine of management
and administration affairs of the RMP. This department is
also the nerve center of the RMP and acts as the support
services platform for the rest of the force.
2. Logistics Department - has the role to provide several
equipment needed in RMP
3. Criminal Investigation Division -deals with the
investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard crimes
(murder, robbery, rape etc) and pett y crimes (theft,
house-breaking etc). This department also specializes in
gambling, vice and secret societies (triads)
Branches of Criminal Investigation
Division
1. D1 – Administrative Division
2. D2 – Criminal Record Registration
3. D3 – Internal Affairs
4. D4 – Statistics
5. D5 – Prosecution and Law Divisions
6. D6 – Technical Assistance Division
7. D7 – Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies
8. D8 – Investigation Division / Planning
9. D9 – Special Investigation Division
10. D10 – Forensic Laboratory Division
11. D11 – Sexual Investigation Division
12. D12 – National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division
RMP ORGANIZATIONS
4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division - this
department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs
by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and
supply of dangerous drugs.
5. Internal Security and Public Order Department -
responsible for traffic control and Search & Rescue (SAR)
operations
6. The Police Field Force (PFF) - organized in battalions and
was a para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police.
Also known as the Jungle Squad - established in 1948
7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit - an elite unit of RMP
responsible in counter-terrorism operations
RMP ORGANIZATIONS
8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin
(UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was
established in 2006 and it was fully
operational by the end of 2007
= first name was Unit Selam Tempur due
to the pressing need to suppress the pirate
attacks alongside the coastal area of Malacca
Straits and open sea area of South China
Sea which were continuously widespread from
time to time despite various efforts done to
overcome the problem
RMP ORGANIZATIONS
9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) (Malay: Pasukan
Simpanan Persekutuan)- its role is riot
suppression, crowd control, disaster relief &
rescue, as well as special operations assistance.
It was organized in 1955
10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation for
Command, Control, Communications,
Computer-Integrated) = based at Police Control
Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia.
= this unit is assigned to patrol the city and the
suburbs.
RMP ORGANIZATIONS
11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan
Gerakan Marin) = tasked with maintaining law and
order and coordinating search and rescue operations in
the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas
12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara
PDRM (UUP) = is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police
with a vital role in maintaining national security with
thorough surveillance and patrol from the air
13. Special Branch = This department is responsible for
collecting intelligence for national security
14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of
traffic
RMP ORGANIZATIONS
15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this
department's main function is to investigate, arrest, and
prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such
as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery,
counterfeiting etc
16. Mounted Police = police who patrol
on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue
to serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where
their day-to-day function may be picturesque or
ceremonial, but they are also employed in crowd
control because of their mobile mass and height
advantage
POLICE RANKS
 Inspector-General of Police (IGP)
 Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIGP)
 Commissioner of Police (CP)
 Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)
 Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
POLICE RANKS
 Superintendents
 Superintendent of Police (SP)
 Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
 Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
 Inspectors
 Chief Inspector (C/Insp)
POLICE RANKS
 Non-gazetted Officers
 Inspectors
 Chief Inspector (C/Insp)
 Inspector (Insp)
 Probationary Inspector (P/Insp)
 Rank In File Officers
 Subordinate Officers
POLICE RANKS
 Sub-Inspector (SI)
 Sergeant Major (SM)
 Sergeant (Sgt)
 Corporal (Cpl)
 Lance Corporal (L/Cpl)
 Police Constable (PC)
INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE
KEPOLISIAN NEGARA REPUBLIKA
INDONESIA (POLRI)
 The official police force for Indonesia its HQ at Jakarta
Indonesia.
 POLRI, the Indonesian National Police, was
incorporated into the armed forces in 1964 during the
Sukarno era.
 Under Suharto steps were taken to militarize the Police
by means of the National Defence Law of 1982 and the
Police Law of 1997.
 The police were formally separated from the military
in April 1999.
 Although POLRI
MARKAS BESAR/MABES
name of the HQ which is located in Kebayoran
Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
 The organization is now independent and is under the

direct auspices of the President of Indonesia, while the
Armed Forces is under the Ministry of Defense.
POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES
1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda = provincial
police
2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional
police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district
police
SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) = the most militarized trained
to deal with mass demonstrations/ paramilitary role to
conduct security stabilization operations and providing
security for VIP and vital facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received
special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the territorial
sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory examination of
evidence
RANKS OF THE POLRI
High ranking officers
 Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) -
equivalent General in the army
 Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal
Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent Lieutenant General
 Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi
(Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
 Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi
(Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier General
RANKS OF THE POLRI
Mid rank officers
 Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi
(Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
 Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris
Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent Lieutenant Colonel
 Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) -
equivalent Major
RANKS OF THE POLRI
Low rank officers
 Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi
(AKP) - equivalent Captain
 First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) -
equivalent First Lieutenant
 Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) -
equivalent Second Lieutenant
RANKS OF THE POLRI
Warrant officers
 First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi

Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief Warrant Officer
 Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur
Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent Warrant Officer
RANKS OF THE POLRI
Non-commissioned officers
 Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) -

equivalent Sergeant Major
 Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief
Sergeant
 First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent
First Sergeant
 Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) -
equivalent Second Sergeant
 Enlisted
 Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) -
equivalent Chief Corporal
RANKS OF THE POLRI
 First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi
Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First Corporal
 Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi
Dua (Abripda) - equivalent Second Corporal
 Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) -
equivalent Chief Private
 First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) -
equivalent Private First Class
 Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) -
equivalent Private
PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
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POLICE SERVICE DURING THE
SPANISH REGIME
The maintenance of law and order in the Philippines
up to the 19th century was looked upon by the Spanish
government as a part of a military system for the defense of
the colony.
What may be termed police functions then consisted

mainly in.
 the suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled
areas,
 detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the
work and movements of the people and lastly.
 the enforcement of tax collection including church
revenues.
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CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD
PUBLICA
 also known as Mounted Police
 was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying out
the policies of the Spanish government. The members
were armed and considered as the mounted police.
Later, they discharged the duties of a port, harbor, and
river police.
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GUARDRILLEROS
A body of rural police organized in each town that
was created by the Royal decree of January 8, 1836. This
police force wads composed of 5% of the able-bodied
male inhabitants of each town or province, and each
member should serve for at least 3 years.
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GUARDIA CIVIL
- was the police organization created by the Royal
Decree issued by the Spanish Crown government on
February 12, 1852. It relieved the Spanish Peninsular
Troops of their works in policing towns. It consisted of a
body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each
of the provincial capitals of the central provinces of
Luzon under the command of Alcalde (Governor).
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THE GUARDIA CIVIL
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LAWS ON POLICE SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Philippine Commission Act No. of 175 - (July 18,
1901) an act providing for the organization and
government of an Insular Constabulary.
 Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901 - renamed the
Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary (a
national police institution for preserving peace,
keeping order and enforcing the law.
 Henry Allen - the first Chief of the Philippine
Constabulary.
 Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary.
PHILIPPINES
 Act No 70 - (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police
Force of Manila was organized
 E.O. 389 - Ordered that the PC be one of the four services
of the AFP, dated December 23, 1940.
 P.D. 765 - Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975,
established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed
of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated local police
forces as components, under the Ministry of National
Defense.
 E.O. 1012 - transferred to the city and municipal
government the operational supervision and direction over
the INP units assigned within their locality.
PHILIPPINES
 R.A. 4864 - It created the POLCOM (Police
Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local police
under the Officer of the President. Otherwise known
as the Police Professionalization act of 1966, dated
September 8, 1966. It was later renamed as the
National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
 E.O. 1040 - Transferred the Admin. Control and
Supervision of the INP from the ministry of National
Defense to the National Police Commission
PHILIPPINES
 Act No. 181 - created the Division of Investigation (DI)
of the Department of Justice dated November 1938.
 R.A. 157 - created the National Bureau of
Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947 and later
reorganized by R,A. 2678
PHILIPPINES
 R.A. 6975 - It is otherwise known as the Department
of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted
on December 13, 1990. Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP
and the PPSC.
 R.A. 8551 - Philippine National Police Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998, amending
the provision of R.A. 6975
 Ra 9708
 Ra 11200
 Line and Staff = the organizational structure of
the P.N.P. which is also adopted by many police
organization in the world.
 P.N.P. = headed by Chief with a rank of Police
General with two (2) Deputies [(1) for
Administration and (2) for Operation] with a rank
of Police Lieutenant General. Although there are
three (3) Police Lieutenant General ranks.
END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU
GOD BLESS
1. Founder of the terrorist group Al Qaeda.
a. Yasser Arafart c. Abdurajack Janjalani

b. Osama Bin Laden d. Abu Nidal
B. OSAMA BIN LADEN

4. Refers to the terrorist group which means “Father of
Swordsmith”.
a. Abu Sayaff c. Al Qaeda
b. Hezbollah d. Hamas
A. ABU SAYAFF
3. The is the law that punishes Human Trafficking?
a. RA 9028 c. RA 9802
b. RA 9208 d. RA 9280
B. RA 9208
4. It refers to the growing inter-penetration of states,
markets, communications, and ideas and is one of the
leading characteristics of the contemporary world.
a. Globalization c. Integration
b. Modernization d. Development
A. GLOBALIZATION
5. Which refers to an act intended to cause death or
serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with
the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a
government or an international organization to do or
abstain from doing any act.
a. Transnational crimes c. Murder
b. Terrorism d. Violence
B. TERRORISM
6. This refers to the practice of engaging in financial
transactions to conceal the identity, source, and/or
destination of illegally gained money by which the
proceeds of crime are converted into assets which appear
to have a legitimate origin.
a. Estafa c. Swindling
c. Concealment d. Money Laundering
D. MONEY LAUNDERING
7. RA 9995 is known as the ______.
a. Anti Photo and Video Voyeurism Act
b. Anti Piracy Law
c. Anti Human Trafficking Act
d. Anti Money Laundering Act
A. ANTI PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT

8. Which of the following system of policing is adopted
in Japan
a. Tokong c. COPs
b. POP d. Koban
D. KOBAN
9. Which of the following notices is intended to provide
warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who
have committed criminal offences and are likely to
repeat these crimes in other countries?
a. Red Notice c. Green Notice
b. Yellow Notice d. Blue Notice
C. Green notice
10. The lead agency in the government’s anti-drug
campaign under RA 9165.
a. DBB c. PNP
b. PDEA Office of the President
b. PDEA
11. A special notice issued for groups and individuals who
are the targets of UN Security Council Sanctions
Committess against Al Qaeda and Taliban.
a. Blue Notice c. Green Notice
b. White Notice d. Purple Notice
B. WHITE NOTICE
12. A theory which states that crime everywhere is the
result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in
urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
a. Alertness to Crime Theory c. Economic or
Migration Theory
b. Anomie Theory d. Demographic Theory
 C. ECONOMIC THEORY
13. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency
to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed
on 1 May 1844, with a strength of 32 officers.
a. Royal Thai Police c. Japan National Police Agency
b. Singapore Police force d. Hong Kong Police
D. HONGKONG POLICE
14. Which of the following constitutes qualified
trafficking
a. When the victim is a minor
b. When the trafficking is effected through RA 8043
c. When the offender is a member of military and law
enforcement agencies.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

15. A type of terrorism in the form of collective violence
interfering with the peace, security, and normal
functioning of the community.
a. Civil Disorder c. Quasi Terrorism
b. Limited Political Terrorism d. Non Political
Terrorism
A. CIVIL DISORDER
16. . The Indonesian National Police is under the
____________ while the Philippine National Police is
under the National Police Commission.
A. Ministry of Homeland Security
B. Office of the President
C. Ministry of Interior
D. Ministry of defense
B. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

17. . The highest ranking member of the Japan National
Police Agency.
A. Inspector General C. Commissioner of the Police
B. Commissioner General D. Director General
B. COMMISSIONER GENERAL
18. What is the lowest rank of police in London?
A. corporal C. private
B. conscript D. constable
D. CONSTABLE
19. Which of the following covers the International
Cooperation as the 4th pillar of the Anti-Drug Campaign?
a. Good governance program
b. Neutralizing transnational drug syndicate
c. targeting non-users, casual drug users and addicts
d. driving the prices high and creating acute shortage of
drugs
B. NEUTRALIZING TRANSNATIONAL DRUG SYNDICATE

20. Known as the total gunless police force.
a. Royal Thai Police c. Japan National Police Agency
b. Singapore Police force d. Hong Kong Police
C. JAPAN NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

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KRISTEN JOY GONZALES PAGUD-MOSTER, Ph. D.

KRISTEN JOY P MOSTER, Ph. D.

A. Orig. & Photocopy of Transcript of Record with:

Examination Fee of ABSENT Examinees will be

1. Male Examinees - White polo shirts or T-

 there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral

 also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-

known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in

 Civil order control - is not organizationally separated

a. The police should be organized along military

a. Prevention of C rime is the basic mission of the police.

1. During the 17th century in France, King Louis XIV

a. Conceiving street signs.

Osama bin Laden was the most historically

The JI was formally founded on January 1,

OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

DOJ DOH DND DECS DSWD DOF

 PDEA was created upon enactment of RA 9165 in 2002

Creation of … The new Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) is

The Philippine Drug Enforcement

OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

 Lead agency on the

 Responsible for efficient

 Drug Supply Reduction Drive

 Reduce the supply of drugs

 Drug Demand Reduction Drive

 Reduce the demand side of the drug chain

 Neutralize transnational drug syndicates

* More than 5, 000 drug

* More than 20,000 drug cases per annum clog dockets of

* Unleveling of economic and political playing fields

Marijuana, grows naturally in the

SHORT TITLE: ANTI MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF

1. banks, non-banks, quasi-banks, trust entities, and all

2. insurance companies and all other institutions supervised

COVERED TRANSACTION (Section 3)

is a transaction in cash or other equivalent monetary

3. Any person knowing that any monetary instrument or

The Anti-Money Laundering Council is hereby

xxx the AMLC may inquire into or examine any particular

To ensure compliance with this Act, the Bangko

 Addressee refers to a person who is intended by the

INTERPOL–United Nations Security

I-24/7 – a secured communication system used

 TREATY - an international agreement concluded

FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

4. Immigration and Naturalization Service

 Japanese Colonial Government the one which

 Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan

 Japanese Colonial Government = the one which

 Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center of Asian

 Kempetai = refers to the Japanese military force.

Director General = heads each Regional Bureau acting upon

The Thai police are subdivided into several

 Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong

Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and

 The organization is now independent and is under the

 First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi

 Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) -

What may be termed police functions then consisted

a. Yasser Arafart c. Abdurajack Janjalani

B. OSAMA BIN LADEN

A. ANTI PHOTO AND VIDEO VOYEURISM ACT