ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and support of a large number of
individuals who have been responsible for the success of this technical seminar.

First we take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering
College, for providing us with a great opportunity to pursue our Bachelor Degree in this
institution.

In particulars, we would like to thank Prof. Pranoy Kumar Roy, Asst. Prof. Civil Department,
for his constant support, encouragement and expert advice.

We would like to thank all the lecturers and also all the staff members of Civil Department
for their support and contribution.

At last but not least It is a matter of pleasure to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Sabyasachi
Chandra, HOD Civil Department for providing right guidance and support that made our task
possible.

We are also thankful to our family and friend who provided me with every requirement
throughout the course. We would like to thank to all who directly or indirectly helped us in
completing this technical seminar successfully.
Letter of approval

This is to certify that the following students of Civil Engineering (CE-1)

NAME ROLL No. SIGNATURE

 Pratik Raj [12001316075] ……………….

 Prashant Singh [12001316076] ……………….
 Prashant Kumar Singh [12001316077] ……………….
 Prashant Abhishek [12001316078] ……………….
 Piyush Ranjan [12001316079] ………………
 Pawan Kumar [12001316080] . …………….
 Pappu Kumar [12001316081] ……………….
 Om Prakash [12001316083] ……………….

have successfully completed their project as per the requirement of the Civil Department in
their 6th semester under the guidance of Prof. Pranoy Kumar Roy (Assistant professor of Civil
Department).

……………………………. ..........................................
Dr. Sabyasachi Chandra Pranoy Kumar Roy
H.O.D Asst. Professor
Deptt. Of Civil Engineering Deptt. Of Civil Engineering
BCREC, Durgapur BCREC, Durgapur
Abstract

Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. This was first
invented in Denmark in the year 1998. Green concrete has nothing to do with colour. It is a
concept of thinking environment into concrete considering every aspect from raw materials
manufacture over mixture design to structural design, construction, and service life. Green
concrete is very often also cheap to produce, because, for example, waste products are used
as a partial substitute for cement, charges for the disposal of waste are avoided, energy
consumption in production is lower, and durability is greater. Green concrete is a type of
concrete which resembles the conventional concrete but the production or usage of such
concrete requires minimum amount of energy and causes least harm to the environment. The
CO2 emission related to concrete production, inclusive of cement production, is between 0.1
and 0.2 t per tonne of produced concrete.

However, since the total amount of concrete produced is so vast the absolute figures for the
environmental impact are quite significant, due to the large amounts of cement and concrete
produced. Since concrete is the second most consumed entity after water it accounts for around
5% of the world’s total CO2 emission (Ernst Worrell, 2001). The solution to this
environmental problem is not to substitute concrete for other materials but to reduce the
environmental impact of concrete and cement. Pravin Kumar mettal, 2003, used quarry rock
dust along with fly ash and micro silica and reported satisfactory properties.

The potential environmental benefit to society of being able to build with green concrete is
huge. It is realistic to assume that technology can be developed, which can halve the CO2
emission related to concrete production. With the large consumption of concrete this will
potentially reduce the world’s total CO2 emission by 1.5-2%. Concrete can also be the solution
to environmental problems other than those related to CO2 emission. It may be possible to use
residual products from other industries in the concrete production while still maintaining a
high concrete quality. During the last few decades’ society has become aware of the deposit
problems connected with residual products, and demands, restrictions and taxes have been
imposed.

And as it is known that several residual products have properties suited for concrete
production, there is a large potential in investigating the possible use of these for concrete
production. Well-known residual products such as silica fume and fly ash may be mentioned.
The concrete industry realised at an early stage that it is a good idea to be in front with regard
to documenting the actual environmental aspects and working on improving the environment,
rather than being forced to deal with environmental aspects due to demands from authorities,
customers and economic effects such as imposed taxes. Furthermore, some companies in
concrete industry have recognised that reductions in production costs often go hand in hand
with reductions in environmental impacts. Thus, environmental aspects are not only
interesting from an ideological point of view, but also from an economic aspect.
1.Green Concrete

1.1 Introduction
Green Concrete is the revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry, this was first
invented in Denmark in year 1998.Green concrete has nothing to do with colour. Green
concrete is the type of concrete which is much like the conventional concrete but the
production of such concrete require minimum amount of energy and causes least harm to
environment. It is a concept of using eco-friendly materials in concrete, to make the system
more sustainable. Green concrete is very often and also cheap to produce, because for
example, waste products are used as a partial substitute for cement, charges. The size of
construction industry all over the world is growing at faster rate. The huge construction growth
boosts demand for construction materials. Aggregates are the main constituent of concrete.
Due to continuously mining the availability of aggregates has emerged problems in recent
times. To overcome this problem, there is need to find replacement to some extent. Nowadays,
there is a solution to some extent and the solution is known as “Green Concrete”. It is a concept
of thinking environment into concrete considering every aspect from raw materials
manufacture over mix design to structural design, construction, and service life.
1.2 What is Green Concrete?

Concrete which is made from concrete wastes that are eco-friendly are called as “Green
concrete”. Concrete that uses less in energy in its production and produces less carbon dioxide
than normal concrete is green concrete. The other name for green concrete is resource saving
structures with reduced environmental impact for e.g. Energy saving, co2 emissions, waste
water.

“Green concrete” is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. This was first
invented in Denmark in the year 1998 by Dr. WG. Concrete wastes like slag, power plant
wastes, recycled concrete, mining and quarrying wastes, waste glass, incinerator residue, red
mud, burnt clay, sawdust, combustor ash and foundry sand. Green Concrete is a term given to
a concrete that has had extra steps taken in the mix design and placement to insure a
sustainable structure and a long life cycle with a low maintenance surface. e.g. Energy saving,
CO2 emissions, waste water. The goal of the Centre for Green Concrete is to reduce the
environmental impact of concrete. To enable this, new technology is developed.

Fig:- Manufactured sand from concrete Fig:- Green Glass aggregate

Fig:- Fly Ash Fig:- Blast Slag Fumes

2
2. Material used in Green Concrete

2.1Materials

Cement:
The most common cement used is Portland Pozzolana Cement (Part I-Fly ash based)
conforming to IS: 1489 (PART-1) 1991 is being used.

Coarse Aggregate:

Crushed Coarse aggregate passing through sieve of size 12.5-20mm and normal continuous
grading is used. The specific gravity is 2.4.

Quarry Dust:

The most widely used fine aggregate for making of concrete is the natural sand mined from
the riverbeds. However, the availability of river sand for the preparation of concrete is become
scarce due to excessive non-scientific methods of mining from the riverbeds, lowering of
water table, sinking of bridge piers, etc. are becoming common problems. The present scenario
demands identification of substitute materials for the river sand for making concrete. Quarry
Dust as a by-product from crushing process during quarrying activities is one of those
materials that have recently gained attention to be used as concreting aggregates, especially
as fine aggregates. In concrete production it could be used as a partial or full replacement of
natural sand. Besides, the utilization of quarry waste, which itself is a waste material, will
reduce the cost of concrete production.

Marble Powder:

Marble has been commonly used as a building material since ancient times. Disposal of the
waste materials of the marble industry, consisting of very fine powders, is one of the
environmental problems worldwide today. However, these waste materials can be
successfully and economically utilized to improve some properties of fresh and hardened
properties of mortar and concrete. Marble waste powder is an industrial waste containing
heavy metals in constituent. Fineness with 90% of particles passing by300μm sieves. Marble
powder was collected from the deposits of marble factories during shaping. It was retained on
IS-150-micron sieve before mixing in concrete.

Water: Water used for manufacturing of Green concrete is potable and simply a tap water.

3
Fly Ash: -When pulverized coal is burnt to generate heat, the residue contains 80% fly ash
and 20% bottom ash. Fly ash produced in Indian power stations are light to mid-grey in colour
and have the appearance of cement powder. Use of Fly ash concrete in place of PCC will not
only enable substantial savings in the consumption of cement and energy but also provide
economy. The use of fly ash has a number of advantages. It is theoretically possible to replace
100% of Portland cement by fly ash, but replacement levels above 80%generally require a
chemical activator. Studies have found that the optimum replacement level is around 30%.
Moreover, fly ash can improve certain properties of concrete, such as durability. Because it
generates less heat of hydration, it is particularly well suited for mass concrete applications.
The use of fly ash in concrete in optimum proportion has many technical benefits and
improves concrete performance in both fresh and hardened state. Fly ash use in concrete
improves the workability of plastic concrete, and the strength and durability of hardened
concrete. Generally, fly ash benefits concrete by reducing the mixing water requirement and
improving the paste flow behaviour.

2.2Materials properties:

Materials Colour Specific Gravity Methods

Cement Grey 3.15 Pycnometer
Fly ash Grey 2.08 Pycnometer
Coarse Grey 2.4 Perforated
Aggregate Basket
Marble powder White 1.95 Pycnometer
Quarry dust Black & Gray 2.26 Pycnometer

Fig:S- Marble Powder

4
3. Need of Green Concrete

Cement-based materials are the most abundant manufactured materials in the world. Today’s
exciting trend is the Green building is in our country. The potential environmental benefit to
society of being able to build with green concrete is huge. Green Concrete as the name
suggests is eco-friendly and saves the environment by using waste products generated by
industries in various forms like rice husk ash, micro silica, etc. to make resource-saving
concrete structures. Use of green concrete helps in saving energy, emissions, waste water
Green concrete is very often also cheap to produce as it uses waste products directly as a
partial substitute for cement, thus saving energy consumption in production of per unit of
cement.

Green concrete has greater strength and durability than the normal concrete. It is realistic to
assume that the technology can be developed, which can reduce the CO2 emission related to
concrete production. Generally, the construction industry accounts for a massive
environmental impact due to its high demand of energy. As a result of the awareness built
during the past few years about greenhouse effect and damage to the nature, more people and
countries became conscious about their future.

Green concrete capable for sustainable development is characterized by application of

industrial wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources and energy and pollution of the
environment. Marble sludge powder can be used as filler and helps to reduce the total voids
content in concrete. Natural sand in many parts of the country is not graded properly and has
excessive silt on other hand quarry rock dust does not contain silt or organic impurities and
can be produced to meet desired gradation and fineness as per requirement. Consequently, this
contributes to improve the strength of concrete. An attempt has been made to durability studies
on green concrete compared with the natural sand concrete by usage of quarry rock dust and
Ton climate change and the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on our environment has
caused many to focus on CO2 emissions as the most critical environmental impact indicator.

Green concrete is a term given to a concrete that had extra steps taken in the mix design and
placement to insure a sustainable structure and a long life cycle with a low maintained surface
e.g. energy saving, co2 emission, waste of water.

5
The goal of the centre for green concrete is to reduce the environmental impact of concrete.
To enable this new technology is developed. The technology consider all phases of a concrete
construction’s life cycle i.e.; structural design, specification, manufacturing and maintenances
and it include all aspects of performance,i.e.

1. Mechanical properties (transfer, shrinkage, creep static behaviour etc.)

2. Fire resistance (spalling, heat transfer etc.)
3. Workmanship (workability, strength development curing etc.)
4. Durability (corrosion protection, frost, deterioration mechanisms etc.)
5. Thermodynamics properties.

6
4. Environmental Benefits to using Green Concrete

Lasts Longer: Green concrete gains strength faster and has a lower rate of shrinkage than
concrete made only from Portland Cement. Structures built using green concrete have a better
chance of surviving a fire, as it can withstand temperatures of up to 2400°F. It also has a
greater resistance to corrosion, which is important with the effect pollution has had on the
environment. Acid rain greatly reduces the longevity of traditional building materials. All of
those factors add up to a building that will last much longer than one made with ordinary
concrete. Similar concrete mixtures have been found in ancient Roman structures. This
material was also used in the Ukraine in the 1950s and 1960s. Over 40 years later, those
Ukrainian buildings are still standing. If buildings are not constantly having to be rebuilt,
fewer construction materials are needed. The impact on the environment is reduced.

Reduces Energy Consumption: If you use less Portland cement and more fly ash when
mixing concrete, then you will use less energy. The materials that are used in Portland cement
require huge amounts of coal or natural gas to heat. Fly ash already exists as a byproduct of
another industrial process, so you are not expending much more energy to use it to create
green concrete. Another way that green concrete reduces energy consumption is that a building
constructed from it is more resistant to temperature changes, thus saving heating and cooling
costs.

Reduces Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Among the main ingredients in ordinary cement are
pulverized limestone, clay, and sand which are heated to a high temperature. This process is
responsible for between 5and 8% of all Carbon Dioxide emissions worldwide. The
manufacturing of green concrete releases up to 80% fewer Carbon Dioxide emissions. As a
part of a global effort to reduce emissions, switching completely to green concrete for
construction will help considerably.

In addition to the environmental goals there are a number of environmental intentions.

Most important are:

To avoid the use of materials which contain substances on the Environmental Protection
Agency’s list of unwanted materials, not to reduce the recycling ability of green concrete
compared with conventional concrete and not to increase the content of hazardous substances

7
in the wastewater from concrete production compared with wastewater from production of
existing concrete types. Different concrete types are tested for workability, changes in
workability after 30 min., air-content, compressive strength development, E-modulus, heat
development, homogeneity, water separation, setting time, density and pumpability.
Furthermore, frost testing, chloride penetration and an air void analysis are carried out for the
concretes in the aggressive environmental class.

The water/cement ratio, water/binder ratio and the chloride content are calculated from the
mixing report of the precise mixture proportions and from the chloride content in the different
raw materials.

4.1 Environmental Goals

Green Concrete is expected to fulfil the following environmental obligations:

Reduction of CO2 emissions by 21 %. This is in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol of

1997.

Increase the use of inorganic residual products from industries other than the concrete
industry by approx. 20%.

Reduce the use of fossil fuels by increasing the use of waste derived fuels in the cement
industry.

The recycling capacity of the green concrete must not be less compared to existing concrete
types.

The production and the use of green concrete must not deteriorate the working environment.

The structures do not impose much harm to the environment during their service life.

8
5.Advantages of Green Concrete

Green concrete is a part of a movement to create construction materials that have a reduce
impact on the environment. It made from a combination of an organic polymer and 25 to 100%
industrial waste. Here is a list of four benefits to using green concrete for our next project.

5.1 Last Longer:

Green concrete gain strength faster and has a lower rate of shrinkage than concrete made only
from Portland cement. Structures built using green concrete have a better chance of surviving
a fire (it can withstand temperature of up to 2400 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale). It also has
a greater resistance to corrosion which is important with the effect pollution has had on the
environment (acid rain greatly reduces the longevity of traditional building materials). All of
these factors add up to a building that will last much longer than one made with ordinary
concrete. Similar concrete mixtures have been found in ancient Roman structures and this
material was also used in Ukraine in the 1950s and 1960s. Over 40 years later those Ukrainian
buildings are still standing. If buildings do not constantly have to be rebuilt, fewer construction
materials are needed are the impact to the environment during the process of making those
materials is reduced.

5.2 As Industrial Waste

Instead of a 100 percent Portland cement mixtures, green concrete uses anywhere from 25 to
100 percent fly ash. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion and is gathered from the
chimneys of industrial plants (such as power plants) that use coal as a power source.

Hundreds of thousands of acres of land are used to dispose fly ash. A large in the use of green
concrete in construction will provide a way to use up fly ash and hopefully free many acres of
land.

5.3 Energy Consumption

If you have less Portland cement and more fly ash when mixing concrete then you will use
less energy. The materials that are used in Portland cement requires huge amount of coal or
natural gas to heat it up to the appropriate temperature to turn them into Portland cement. Fly
ash already exists as a byroduct of another industrial process so you are expecting much more

9
energy to use it to create green concrete. Another way that green concrete reduces energy
consumption is that a building constructed from it is more resistant to temperature changes.

5.4 CO2 Emission

In order to make Portland cement-one of the main ingredients in ordinary cement-pulverized

limestone, clay, and sand are heated to 1450 degrees C using natural gas or coal as a fuel. This
process is responsible for 5 to 8 percent of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide. The
manufacturing of green concrete releases has up to 80 percent fewer CO2 emissions. As a part
of a global effort to reduce emissions, switching over completely to using green concrete for
construction will help considerably.

5.6 Light Weight Aggregate

One of the major disadvantage of conventional concrete is the high self weight of the concrete.
Density of the normal concrete is in the order of 2200 to 2600 kg/m3. This heavy self weight
will make it to some extent an uneconomical structural material. Attempts have been made in
the past to reduce the self weight of the concrete to increase the efficiency of the concrete as
a structural material. One of the major disadvantage of conventional concrete is the high self
weight of the concrete. Density of the normal concrete is in the order of 2200 to 2600 kg/m3.
This heavy self weight will make it to some extent an uneconomical structural material.
Attempts have been made in the past to reduce the self weight of the concrete to increase the
efficiency of the concrete as a structural material.

Using light weight aggregates, the density of the concrete decreases to 300 to 1850 kg/m3. The
use of lightweight concrete provides structural efficiency and economic advantages. Well
documented performance over a period of decades has demonstrated that lightweight concrete
can be used reliably in most concrete applications.

There are many advantages of having low density. It helps in reduction of the dead load,
increases the progress of the building, and lowers haulage and handling costs. The weight of
the building on the foundation is an important factor in design, particularly in the case of weak
soil and tall structures. In framed structures, the beams and columns have to carry the loads of
floors and walls. If floor and walls are made of light weight aggregates it will result in
considerable economy. Another most important characteristic of light weight aggregate is the
relatively low thermal conductivity; a property which improves with decreasing density in

10
extreme climatic conditions. The use of light weight aggregates with low thermal conductivity
will be of considerate advantage from the point of view of thermal comforts and lower power
consumption. It gives an outlet for industrial wastes such as clinker, fly ash, slag, etc. which
otherwise create problem for disposal.

Light weight aggragates can be classified into two categories i.e.

Natural Light Weight Aggregate 2. Artificial Light Weight Aggregate

Natural light weight aggregates are not found in many places and they are also not of uniform
quality. As such they are not used very widely in making light weight concrete. Out of natural
light weight aggregates, Pumice is the only one which is used rather widely.

Different light weight aggregates have different densities. Naturally when this aggregate is
used, concrete of different densities are obtained. The strength of the light weight concrete
depends on the density of concrete. Less porous aggregate which is heavier in weight produces
strong concrete particularly with higher cement concrete. The grading of the aggregate, the
water/ cement ratio, the degree of compaction also effect the strength of concrete.

Most of the light weight aggregate with the exception of bloated clay and sintered fly ash are
angular in shape and rough in texture. They produce a harsh mix. Particular care should be
taken to improve the workability with the addition of excess of fine material, pozzolanic
material or some other plasticizing admixtures, The strength of the aggregates will also be
influence by the type of fine aggregates. For increasing the strength, for improving the
workability and for reducing the water requirement, sometimes natural sand is used instead of
crushed sand made of light weight aggregate. Use of air-entrainment will gratly improve the
workability, and the tendency for bleeding in the light-weight concrete. But the use of air-
entrainment will result in further reduction in strength also.

5.7 Structural Light Weight Concrete :

The structural light weight concrete is going to be one of the important materials of
construction. A concrete which is light in weight and sufficiently strong to be used in
conjunction with steel reinforcement will be a material which is economical than the

11
conventions concrete. Therefore, a concrete which combines strength and lightness will the
unquestionable economic advantage.

Structural Light Weight Aggregate Concrete is a concrete having 28 days compressive cement
strength more than 17 MPa and 28 day air dried unit weight not exceeding 1850 kg/m3. The
concrete may consist entirely of light weight aggregate or a combination of light weight
aggregate and normal weight aggregates.

Fig:- A chart depicting the method to develop green concrete

6. Limitations Of Green Concrete

Although green concrete seems very promising when it comes to an environment friendly
sustainable development, the cardinal concern is its durability. Refutations are being
constantly raised regarding the service life of the structures made with green concrete. Further
the split tension of green concrete has been found much less than that conventional concrete.
Another challenge before green concrete is that of a market. Until the properties of green
concrete are at par with the conventional concrete, green concrete is unlikely to find many
coustmers.

The limitations of using green concrete can be summerised as below:

a.) By using stainless steel, cost of reinforcement increases.

b.) Structures constructed with green concrete have comparatively less life that
structures with conventional concrete.
c.) Split tension of green concrete is less than that of conventional concrete.

12
 d.) Not as durable as conventional concrete.

Given these limitations coupled with the urgent need of reduction in green house gas emission,
has sparked off a numbers of researches across the globe to make green concrete more durable
and bring it up to the mark of conventional concrete.

7. Application of Green Concrete

It is used in the construction of bridges

It is widely used in the building Construction
It is used in the construction of Column
It can be used in the road Construction

Fig: GREEN CONCRETE BRIDGE Fig: GREEN CONCRETE DAMS

Fig: GREEN CONCRETE BUILDING Fig: GREEN CONCRETE COLUMN

13
8. Scope in India

Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. Concrete is an

indispensible entity for a developing country like India which desperately needs a
continuously expanding infrastructure. India is the second largest producer of cement
in the world. Further India would be facing an exponential growth in the concrete
demand by 2011 (Schumacher, 1999).

Projected Cement Demand

Cement Demand (Mt/annum)

Year GDPtotal GDPindustry GDPconstruction GDPaverage

2001 103.0 107.6 106.2 105.6
2006 139.5 148.7 150.8 146.3
2011 186.9 204.2 210.4 200.5

Being produced in voluminous quantities in India, the concrete industry has a considerable
part in the net CO2 emissions from the country. The net CO2 emissions from the
construction agency are greater than any other industry.

Operation of
Operation of business
building, 10.20% facilities, 9.90%

Construction
work, 1.30%

Transportation for
construction, 5.00
%
Other
Industries, 62.70%
Production of
materials for
construction, 10.9
0%

Fig:- Energy consumption of construction and building in India

14
In order to act in a responsible manner towards a sustainable development of the nation,
Green concrete is the need of the hour. India being a developing country produces
concrete in gargantuan quantities which result in huge volumes of CO2 being emitted into
the atmosphere each year. The total energy consumption (a rough estimate of the net CO2
emissions) during the manufacture of cement in India is tabulated as below:

Fuel Units 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94

Electricity GWh 4800.52 6420.97 6754.60
Coal Mt 10.8 11.7 11.1
Petroleum
Mt 0.293 0.296 0.291
Products
Total Cement
Mt 53.6 54.1 58.0
Production
Fuel Consumption in the Indian Cement Industry 1991-1993

The above statistics, though old, can be used as a guideline since the technological
advancements have been scarce. As not much has been done and not much can be
done to reduce these consumptions, the only alternative left is that of a green
concrete, which will reduce the net CO2 emissions in the whole life cycle of concrete.

Thus we can deduce that, for a greener future, India needs to adopt Green concrete
into practise as soon as possible. The other advantageous factor is its economy. As
green concrete is made with concrete wastes and recycled aggregates, which are
cheaper than conventional substitutes, and also with most of the industries facing
problems with their waste disposal, put it out of the question to discard it.

Another type of green concrete, pervious concrete, is also a precious entity when it
comes to storm water management and rain water harvesting. Using pervious
concrete we can easily tame the run-off and harness it for future uses in relatively
dry areas, which would have otherwise drained away. With the alarmingly increasing
cases of droughts each year pervious concrete would prove to be a utilitarian tool.
(Wikipedia).The above facts clearly state a wide and promising scope of Green
Concrete in the near future.

15
 9. Conclusion

The overview of the present state of affairs regarding concrete types with reduced
environmental impact has shown that there is considerable knowledge and experience
on the subject. The Danish and European environmental policies have motivated the
concrete industry to react, and will probably also motivate further development of the
production and use of concrete with reduced environmental impact. The somewhat
vague environmental requirements that exist have resulted in a need for more specific
technical requirements, and the most important goal is to develop the technology
necessary to produce and use resource saving concrete structures, i.e. green concrete.
This applies to structure design, specification, manufacturing, performance, operation,
and maintenance.

In 1994 cement industry consumed 6.6 EJ of primary energy, corresponding with 2%

of world energy consumption. Worldwide 1126 Mt CO2 or 5% of the CO2 production
originates from cement production. The carbon intensity of cement making amounts to
0.81 kg CO2/kg cement. In India, North America, and China the carbon intensity is
about 10% higher than on average. Specific carbon emissions range from 0.36 kg to
1.09 kg CO2/kg cement mainly depending on type of process, clinker/cement ratio and
fuel used. The potential environmental benefit to society of being able to build with
green concrete is huge. It is realistic to assume that the technology can be developed,
which can halve the CO2 emission related to concrete production, and with the large
energy consumption of concrete and the following large emission of CO2 this will mean
a potential reduction of total CO2 emission by 2% (Obla 2009).

Seventeen different energy efficiency improvement options are identified. The

improvement ranges from a small percentage to more than 25% per option, depending
on the reference case (i.e type of process, fuel used) and local situation. The use of waste
instead of fossil fuel may reduce CO2 emissions by 0.1 to 0.5 kg/kg cement (varying
from 20 to 40%). An end-of-pipe technology to reduce carbon emissions may be CO2
removal. Probably the main technique is combustion under oxygen while recycling CO2
(Hendriks, 2004). However, considerably research is required to all unknown aspects of
this technique.

16
It is important to keep a holistic cradle to cradle perspective when it comes to the use of
a material. Based on a research Gajda et al. concluded that occupant energy use accounts
for 99% of life cycle energy use of a single family home. Less than 1% of the life cycle
energy used in that home was due to manufacturing cement and producing concrete. The
global cement industry accounts for approximately 5% of global CO2 emissions. So
whatever way one looks at it focusing on just the production of concrete accounts for a
very small percent of overall CO2 emissions. This is not to say that progress should not
be made in reducing the CO2 emissions from concrete as produced. However one should
keep in mind that whatever CO2 emission reductions that are possible will still account
for at best a 2% global CO2 reduction (assuming a challenging 21% reduction in global
CO2 emissions from cement manufacture from now on).

17
 CONTENTS

Sl.no TOPICS Pg.no

1. Introduction of green concrete 1-2
2. Material used in green concrete 3-4
3. Need of green concrete 5-6
4. Environmental benefit of using green concrete 7-8
5. Advantage of green concrete 9-11
6. Limitation 11-12
7. Application of green concrete 13
8. Scope in India 14-15
9. Conclusion 16-17
10. Reference
10. References

1. Introduction

www.madhavuniversity.edu.in/green-concrete.html

2. Material used in green concrete

https://www.slideshare.net/ghildiyal8811/green-concrete-55714354

3. Need of green concrete

www.madhavuniversity.edu.in/green-concrete.html

https://www.scribd.com/doc/49302384

4. Environmental benefit of using green concrete

data.conferenceworld.in/IIMT2017/P270-274

www.madhavuniversity.edu.in/green-concrete.html

5. Advantage of green concrete

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/green-concrete

https://www.scribd.com/doc/49302384

6. Limitation

https://www.scribd.com/doc/49302384

7. Application of green concrete

https://www.scribd.com/doc/49302384