ELEVATION

Normal water level HWL = 45 m = = 4,500 cm

Length of horizontal section Lh = 100 m = = 10,000 cm
Inlet = outlet elevation Hi = Hou 20 m = = 2,000 cm

PIPE PROPERTIES
Inside pipe diameter D = 1,200 mm = 120 cm
Estimated thickness t = 16 mm 1.6 cm
Corrosion allowance c = 2 mm = 0.2 cm
Inside diameter area Ai = p*D/4 = 11,310 cm2

Material of pipe = SS 400

Yield strength sy = = 2400 kg / cm2
Density of steel rs = 7.85 t / m3 = = 0.008 kg / cm3
Modulus of elasticity E = 2.1E+11 N / m2 = 2,100,000 kg / cm2
Poisson factor v = for steel = 0.3 -
Coefficient of linear expansion a = = 0.000012 1 / degC

Modified moulus of section Es = E / ( 1 - v^2 ) = 2,307,692 kg / cm2

m = 1.5 - 0.5 / ( 1 + 0.002 * ( E / sy ))^2 = 1.43 -
Modified yield strength sF = m * sy / sqrt ( 1 - v + v^2 ) = 3,872 kg / cm2

Allowable tensile stress st,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2

Allowable bending stress sb,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2
Allowable shear stress t,all = = 693 kg / cm2

WATER PROPERTIES
Water volume V = 4 m3 / s = 40000 cm3 / s
Density of water rw = 1,000 kg / m3 = 0.001 kg / cm3
Modulus elasticity of water K = 2.20E+09 N / m2 = 22,000 kg / cm2
Temperature change DT = 20 degC =

WATER HAMMER
Closing time of valve T = 6 s
Pipe diameter D = = 1.2 m
Estimated thickness t = 0.012 m
Auxiliary factor k1 = sqrt( 1 + K * D * ( 1 - v^2 ) / ( E * t )) = 1.398
k2 = sqrt ( K / rw ) = 1483.2
Propagation speed of pressure a = k2 / k1 = 1,061 m / s

Average velocity in pipe vo = V / Ai = 3.54 m/s

Hydrostatic pressure head Ho = HWL = 45 m
Gravity g = = 9.81 m / s2
Allievi pipe constant r = a * vo / ( 2 * g * Ho ) = 4.25 -
Closing time constant q = a * T / ( 2 * Lo ) = 31.84 -
Constant n = r/q = 0.13

r>1
r>1 ho / Ho > 50% ho / Ho = 0.5 * n * ( n + sqrt ( n^2 + 4 ) = 0.1427 -
ho / Ho < 50% ho / Ho = 2 * n / ( 2 - n ) = 0.1431 -
ho / Ho = 30% ho / Ho = 1.1 * n = 0.1469

r<1 ho / Ho ho / Ho = 2 * n / ( 1 + n * ( q -1 )) = 0.05 -

Actual ho /Ho ho / Ho = = 0.1469 -

Pressure rise due to water hammer ho = 1.2 * Ho * ( ho / Ho ) = 8.00 m

Highest water level Hd = Ho + ho = 5,300 cm

HORIZONTAL SECTION
Design head Hdh = Hd - Hou = 3,300 cm

PIPE
Pipe inside diameter D = 1,200 mm = = 120 cm
Pipe thickness t = 16 mm = = 1.6 cm
Corrosion allowance c = 2 mm = = 0.2 cm
Total length of pipe L3 = 100,000 mm = = 10,000 cm
Pipe support distance L = 5 x D = 6000 mm = 600 cm

Effective thickness te = t - c > ( D + 800 ) / 400 0.5 = 1.4 cm

Effective outside diameter Da = D + 2 * te = 122.8 cm
Mean diameter of pipe Dm = 0.5 * ( Da + D ) = 121.4 cm
Mean pipe radius rm = Dm / 2 = 60.7 cm
Modulus of section Wx = p * ( Da^4 - D^4 ) / ( 32 * Da ) = 16,023 cm3
Sectional area Ax = p * ( Da^2 - D^2 ) / 4 = 534 cm2
Friction factor pipe - support fsp = = 0.6 -

RING STIFFENER 0 0 = no, 1 = yes

Height of ring stiffener hr = 100 mm = = 10 cm
Thickness of ring stiffener tr = 12 mm = = 1.2 cm
Stiffener distance l = 1,000 mm = = 100 cm

Width for section for stress b = 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te ) + 2 * tr = 0.0 cm

Ring sectional for stress Ar = 2 * tr * hr + b * t = 0 cm2
k = ( Ar - b * t ) / ( Ar + 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te )) = 0.0 -
Length of reinforced pipe Lr = 4.67 * sqrt ( rm * te ) + b = 0 cm
Moment of inertia Is = S ( Ixi + Ai * ( yi - e )^2 ) = 200 cm4
Centroid distance e = S ( Ai * yi ) / S Ai = 6.4 cm
Ring area only So = S ( Ai ) = 24.0 cm2
Radius of gyration i = sqrt ( Is / So ) = 2.9 cm
Auxiliary factor b = (3 * ( 1 - v^2))^( 0.25 ) / sqrt ( rm * te ) = 0.14 -

REDUCER 0 0 = no, 1 = yes

Initial diameter D1 = D = 0 cm
Diameter after reducer D2 = 1000 mm = = 0 cm

EXPANSION JOINT 0 0 = no, 1 = yes

Effective hickness of pipe tE = 10 mm = 1 cm
Frictional coefficient fex = = 7 kg / cm

LOAD OF PIPE
Weight of pipe / support Gp = Ax * L * rs = 2,879 kg
Weight of water / support Gw = p * D^2 * L * rw / 4 = 6,786 kg
Total dead weight / support G1 = Gp + Gw = 9,665 kg
Bending moment / support Mb = G1 * L / 8 = 724,854 kgcm
Internal pressure pi = rw * Hdh = 3.3 kg / cm2

STRESSES
Tangential stress due to
internal pressure st1 = pi * D / ( 2 * te ) = 141.4 kg / cm2
water filling st2 = Dm * rw * ks = 29.8 kg / cm2
total stress st = st1 + st2 = 171.2 kg / cm2
Allowable stress st,all = 1,200 kg / cm2

Longitudinal stresses
due to bending sl1 = Mb / Wx = 45.2 kg / cm2
due to stiffener sl2 = 1.82 * k * pi * D / ( 2 * te ) = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to reducer sl3 = p * pi * ( D1^2 - D2^2 ) / ( 4 * Ax ) = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to expansion joint sl4 = p * pi * Dm * tE/ Ax = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to friction on support sl5 = fsp * G1 / Ax = 10.9 kg / cm2
due to friction on expansion joint sl6 = fex * p * ( Da + 2 * tE ) / Ax = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to internal pressure sl7 = pi * D / ( 4 * te ) = 70.7 kg / cm2
due to temperature change sl8 = a * E * DT = 504.0 kg / cm2
due to Poisson's effect sl9 = v * st1 = 42.4 kg / cm2
total stress sl = S sli = 673 kg / cm2
Allowable stress sl,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2
Shear stress t = G1 / Ax = 18.1 kg / cm2
Allowable shear stress t,all = = 693 kg / cm2

Combined stress sc = sqrt ( st^2 + sl^2 - st * sl + 3 * t^2 ) = 606.9 kg / cm2

Allowable stress sc,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2

EXTERNAL PRESSURE
EXPOSED SECTION
0
Number of wrinkle n = 1.63 * (( Da / L )^(0.5)) * (( Da / te )^(0.25)) = 2.26 -
a = p * Da / ( 2 * L ) = 0.32 0.103
x1 n^2 - 1 + a^2 / 2 = 4.14
x2 2 * a^4 / (( n^2 + a^2 )^2) = 7.91E-04
x3 ( 2 / 3 ) * ( 1 / ( 1 - v^2)) * ( t / Da )^2 = 9.52E-05
x4 ( n^2 + a^2 )^2 = 27.00
x5 n^4 * ( 2 * n^2 - 1 ) / x4 = 8.82
k1 ( x2 + x3 * ( x4 - x5)) / x1 = 6.09E-04

Critical buckling pressure pk = 2 * Es * ( te / Da )^3 = 6.84 kg / cm2

Actual buckling pressure pe = atmospheric pressure + 2 m water head = 1.2 kg / cm2
Safety factor Sb = pk / pe > 1.5 = 5.70 -

EMBEDDED SIDE, WITHOUT STIFFENER

Amstutz formula

Tangential stress sN = = 1,989.50 kg / cm2

Gap factor k1 = ko / rm = 0.0004 -

k2 = sN / Es = 0.0009 -
k3 = rm / te = 43.4 -
k4 = ( sF - sN ) / Es = 0.0008 -

Left equation Le = ( k1 + k2 ) * ( 1 + 12 * k3^2 * k2 )^(1.5) = 0.1167

Right equation Re = 3.36 * k3 * k4 * ( 1 - 0.5 * k3 * k4 ) = 0.1167
Condition Le = Re 0.11670 = 0.11672

Critical buckling pressure pk = sN / ( k3 * ( 1 + 0.35 * k3 * k4 )) = 45.3 kg / cm2

Acting external stress pe = rw * ( HWL + Hs + 2 ) = 4.7 kg / cm2
Safety factor sb = pk / pe > 1.5 ok = 9.64 -

EMBEDDED SIDE, WITH STIFFENER

Tangential stress sN = = 3,300.00 kg / cm2

Gap factor k1 = ko / rm = 0.0004 -

k2 = sN / E = 0.0016 -
k3 = rm / i = 21.0 -
k4 = rm / e = 9.5 -
k5 = ( sF - sN ) / E = 0.0003 -

k6 = 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te ) = 14.4 -

k7 = tr + k6 = 15.6 -
k8 = ((( Da / 2 )^2 ) / te ) * ( 1 - k7 / ( So + k6 )) = 1,600 -
k9 = 3 / ( 3 * ( 1 - v^2 ))^0.75 = 1.41
k10 = ( da / ( 2 * te ))^(1.5) = 290.4 -
k11 = sinh ( b * l) + sin ( b * l ) = 0 -
k12 = cosh ( b * l) - cos ( b * l ) = 0 -
k13 = 2 * ( Da / 2 )^2 / ( So + k6 ) = 196.5 -
k14 = k9 * k10 * k11 / k12 + k13 = 0.0 -

Left equation Le = ( k1 + k2 ) * ( 1 + k3^2 * k2 )^( 1.5 ) = 0.00435 -

Right equation Re = 1.68 * k4 * k5 * ( 1 - 0.25 * k4 * k5 ) = 0.00434 -
Condition Le = Re 0.00435 = 0.0043357

Critical stress scr = sN * ( 1 - ( Da / ( 2 * e )) * k5 / ( 1 + 1.5 * p )) = 3,298 kg / cm2

Modified pressure p" = ( pe / k7 ) * ( k7 + 2 * k8 / k14 ) = 0.00 kg / cm2

Compressive stres of stiffener sc = p" * Da * k7 / ( 2 * ( So + k6 )) = 0.00 kg / cm2

Safety factor Sf = scr / sc > 0 ok = 0.0 -

Auxiliary calculation h= rm / L = 0.10117
d= t / rm = 0.02306

n c1 c2 c3 jn fn
2 6.09 0.8 0.667 976.8 651.2
4 0.38 20.6 0.133 90.9 12.1
6 0.08 112.2 0.057 16.8 1.0
8 0.02 363.5 0.032 5.2 0.2
10 0.01 897.5 0.020 2.1 0.0
12 0.00 1872.6 0.014 1.0 0.0

l1 = 2185.4
l2 = 664.5

ks = ( l1 + v * ( p * h )^2 * l2 ) / ( p^2 * ( 1 - v^2 ) = 246

Amstutz
With stiffener
ai ei ai.ei Ixi
0.0 0.7 0.0 0.00
24 6.4 153.6 200.00
e = 6.4
ELEVATION
Normal water level HWL = 45 m = = 4,500 cm
Length of horizontal section Lh = 50 m = = 5,000 cm
Inlet elevation Hi = 20 m = = 2,000 cm
Inclination angle against horizontal j = 15 deg
Outlet elevation Hou = 14.82 m = = 1,482 cm

PIPE PROPERTIES
Inside pipe diameter D = 1,200 mm = 120 cm
Estimated thickness t = 16 mm 1.6 cm
Corrosion allowance c = 2 mm = 0.2 cm
Inside diameter area Ai = p*D/4 = 11,310 cm2

Material of pipe = SS 400

Yield strength sy = = 2400 kg / cm2
Density of steel rs = 7.85 t / m3 = = 0.008 kg / cm3
Modulus of elasticity E = 2.1E+11 N / m2 = 2,100,000 kg / cm2
Poisson factor v = for steel = 0.3 -
Coefficient of linear expansion a = = 0.000012 1 / degC

Modified moulus of section Es = E / ( 1 - v^2 ) = 2,307,692 kg / cm2

m = 1.5 - 0.5 / ( 1 + 0.002 * ( E / sy ))^2 = 1.43 -
Modified yield strength sF = m * sy / sqrt ( 1 - v + v^2 ) = 3,872 kg / cm2

Allowable tensile stress st,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2

Allowable bending stress sb,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2
Allowable shear stress t,all = = 693 kg / cm2

WATER PROPERTIES
Water volume V = 4 m3 / s = 40000 cm3 / s
Density of water rw = 1,000 kg / m3 = 0.001 kg / cm3
Modulus elasticity of water K = 2.20E+09 N / m2 = 22,000 kg / cm2
Temperature change DT = 20 degC =

WATER HAMMER
Closing time of valve T = 6 s
Pipe diameter D = = 1.2 m
Estimated thickness t = 0.012 m
Auxiliary factor k1 = sqrt( 1 + K * D * ( 1 - v^2 ) / ( E * t )) = 1.398
k2 = sqrt ( K / rw ) = 1483.2
Propagation speed of pressure a = k2 / k1 = 1,061 m / s

Average velocity in pipe vo = V / Ai = 3.54 m/s

Hydrostatic pressure head Ho = HWL = 45 m
Gravity g = = 9.81 m / s2
Allievi pipe constant r = a * vo / ( 2 * g * Ho ) = 4.25 -
Closing time constant q = a * T / ( 2 * Lo ) = 63.68 -
Constant n = r/q = 0.07

r>1
r>1 ho / Ho > 50% ho / Ho = 0.5 * n * ( n + sqrt ( n^2 + 4 ) = 0.0690 -
ho / Ho < 50% ho / Ho = 2 * n / ( 2 - n ) = 0.0691 -
ho / Ho = 30% ho / Ho = 1.1 * n = 0.0734

r<1 ho / Ho ho / Ho = 2 * n / ( 1 + n * ( q -1 )) = 0.03 -

Actual ho /Ho ho / Ho = = 0.0734 -

Pressure rise due to water hammer ho = 1.2 * Ho * ( ho / Ho ) = 4.00 m

Highest water level Hd = Ho + ho = 4,900 cm

INCLINED SECTION
Design head Hdi = Hd - Hout = 3,418 cm

PIPE
Pipe inside diameter D = 1,200 mm = = 120 cm
Pipe thickness t = 16 mm = = 1.6 cm
Corrosion allowance c = 2 mm = = 0.2 cm
Total length of pipe L3 = 50,000 mm = = 5,000 cm
Pipe support distance L = 10000 mm > 7 x D = 8400 = 1,000 cm

Effective thickness te = t - c > ( D + 800 ) / 400 0.5 = 1.4 cm

Effective outside diameter Da = D + 2 * te = 122.8 cm
Mean diameter of pipe Dm = 0.5 * ( Da + D ) = 121.4 cm
Mean pipe radius rm = Dm / 2 = 60.7 cm
Modulus of section Wx = p * ( Da^4 - D^4 ) / ( 32 * Da ) = 16,023 cm3
Sectional area Ax = p * ( Da^2 - D^2 ) / 4 = 534 cm2
Friction factor pipe - support fsp = = 0.6 -

RING STIFFENER 1 0 = no, 1 = yes

Height of ring stiffener hr = 100 mm = = 10 cm
Thickness of ring stiffener tr = 12 mm = = 1.2 cm
Stiffener distance l = 1,000 mm = = 100 cm

Width for section for stress b = 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te ) + 2 * tr = 15.0 cm

Ring sectional for stress Ar = 2 * tr * hr + b * t = 45 cm2
k = ( Ar - b * t ) / ( Ar + 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te )) = 0.4 -
Length of reinforced pipe Lr = 4.67 * sqrt ( rm * te ) + b = 58 cm
Moment of inertia Is = S ( Ixi + Ai * ( yi - e )^2 ) = 815 cm4
Centroid distance e = S ( Ai * yi ) / S Ai = 2.0 cm
Ring area only So = S ( Ai ) = 105.3 cm2
Radius of gyration i = sqrt ( Is / So ) = 2.8 cm
Auxiliary factor b = (3 * ( 1 - v^2))^( 0.25 ) / sqrt ( rm * te ) = 0.14 -

REDUCER 0 0 = no, 1 = yes

Initial diameter D1 = D = 0 cm
Diameter after reducer D2 = 1000 mm = = 0 cm

EXPANSION JOINT 0 0 = no, 1 = yes

Effective hickness of pipe tE = 10 mm = 1 cm
Frictional coefficient fex = = 7 kg / cm

LOAD OF PIPE
Weight of pipe / support Gp = Ax * L * rs = 4,798 kg
Weight of water / support Gw = p * D^2 * L * rw / 4 = 11,310 kg
Total dead weight / support G1 = Gp + Gw = 16,108 kg
Bending moment / support Mb = G1 * L * cos j / 8 = 1,944,877 kgcm
Internal pressure pi = rw * Hdi = 3.42 kg / cm2

STRESSES
Tangential stress due to
internal pressure st1 = pi * D / ( 2 * te ) = 146.5 kg / cm2
water filling st2 = Dm * rw * ks = 56.2 kg / cm2
total stress st = st1 + st2 = 202.6 kg / cm2
Allowable stress st,all = 1,200 kg / cm2

Longitudinal stresses
due to bending sl1 = Mb / Wx = 121.4 kg / cm2
due to stiffener sl2 = 1.82 * k * pi * D / ( 2 * te ) = 107.7 kg / cm2
due to reducer sl3 = p * pi * ( D1^2 - D2^2 ) / ( 4 * Ax ) = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to expansion joint sl4 = p * pi * Dm * tE/ Ax = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to friction on support sl5 = fsp * G1 * cos j / Ax = 17.5 kg / cm2
due to friction on expansion joint sl6 = fex * p * ( Da + 2 * tE ) / Ax = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to internal pressure sl7 = pi * D / ( 4 * te ) = 73.2 kg / cm2
due to temperature change sl8 = a * E * DT = 504.0 kg / cm2
due to Poisson's effect sl9 = v * st1 = 43.9 kg / cm2
due to pipe gradient sl10 = Gp * ( L3 / L ) * sin j / Ax = 11.6 kg / cm2
total stress sl = S sli = 879 kg / cm2
Allowable stress sl,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2
Shear stress t = G1 / Ax = 30.2 kg / cm2
Allowable shear stress t,all = = 693 kg / cm2

Combined stress sc = sqrt ( st^2 + sl^2 - st * sl + 3 * t^2 ) = 799.4 kg / cm2

Allowable stress sc,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2

EXTERNAL PRESSURE
EXPOSED SECTION
Tokugawa formula
Number of wrinkle n = 1.63 * (( Da / L )^(0.5)) * (( Da / te )^(0.25)) = 1.75 -
a = p * Da / ( 2 * L ) = 0.19 0.037
x1 n^2 - 1 + a^2 / 2 = 2.07
x2 2 * a^4 / (( n^2 + a^2 )^2) = 2.89E-04
x3 ( 2 / 3 ) * ( 1 / ( 1 - v^2)) * ( t / Da )^2 = 9.52E-05
x4 ( n^2 + a^2 )^2 = 9.57
x5 n^4 * ( 2 * n^2 - 1 ) / x4 = 4.99
k1 ( x2 + x3 * ( x4 - x5)) / x1 = 3.50E-04

Critical buckling pressure pk = E * te * k1 / Da = 8.37 kg / cm2

Actual buckling pressure pe = atmospheric pressure + 2 m water head = 1.2 kg / cm2
Safety factor Sb = pk / pe > 1.5 = 6.98 -

EMBEDDED SIDE, WITHOUT STIFFENER

Amstutz formula
Tangential stress sN = = 1,989.50 kg / cm2

Gap factor k1 = ko / rm = 0.0004 -

k2 = sN / Es = 0.0009 -
k3 = rm / te = 43.4 -
k4 = ( sF - sN ) / Es = 0.0008 -

Left equation Le = ( k1 + k2 ) * ( 1 + 12 * k3^2 * k2 )^(1.5) = 0.1167

Right equation Re = 3.36 * k3 * k4 * ( 1 - 0.5 * k3 * k4 ) = 0.1167
Condition Le = Re 0.11670 = 0.11672

Critical buckling pressure pk = sN / ( k3 * ( 1 + 0.35 * k3 * k4 )) = 45.3 kg / cm2

Acting external stress pe = rw * ( HWL + Hs + 2 ) = 4.7 kg / cm2
Safety factor sb = pk / pe > 1.5 ok = 9.64 -

EMBEDDED SIDE, WITH STIFFENER

Tangential stress sN = = 3,300.00 kg / cm2

Gap factor k1 = ko / rm = 0.0004 -

k2 = sN / E = 0.0016 -
k3 = rm / i = 21.8 -
k4 = rm / e = 30.4 -
k5 = ( sF - sN ) / E = 0.0003 -

k6 = 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te ) = 14.4 -

k7 = tr + k6 = 15.6 -
k8 = ((( Da / 2 )^2 ) / te ) * ( 1 - k7 / ( So + k6 )) = 2,342 -
k9 = 3 / ( 3 * ( 1 - v^2 ))^0.75 = 1.41
k10 = ( da / ( 2 * te ))^(1.5) = 290.4 -
k11 = sinh ( b * l) + sin ( b * l ) = 1639 -
k12 = cosh ( b * l) - cos ( b * l ) = 1638 -
k13 = 2 * ( Da / 2 )^2 / ( So + k6 ) = 63.0 -
k14 = k9 * k10 * k11 / k12 + k13 = 473.5 -

Left equation Le = ( k1 + k2 ) * ( 1 + k3^2 * k2 )^( 1.5 ) = 0.00455 -

Right equation Re = 1.68 * k4 * k5 * ( 1 - 0.25 * k4 * k5 ) = 0.01386 -
Condition Le = Re 0.00455 = 0.0138578

Critical stress scr = sN * ( 1 - ( Da / ( 2 * e )) * k5 / ( 1 + 1.5 * p )) = 3,295 kg / cm2

Modified pressure p" = ( pe / k7 ) * ( k7 + 2 * k8 / k14 ) = 7.68 kg / cm2

Compressive stres of stiffener sc = p" * Da * k7 / ( 2 * ( So + k6 )) = 61.44 kg / cm2

Safety factor Sf = scr / sc > 1.5 ok = 53.6 -

Auxiliary calculation h= rm / L = 0.06070
d= t / rm = 0.02306

n c1 c2 c3 jn fn
2 6.09 0.8 0.667 1954.1 1302.8
4 0.38 20.6 0.133 91.2 12.2
6 0.08 112.2 0.057 16.8 1.0
8 0.02 363.5 0.032 5.2 0.2
10 0.01 897.5 0.020 2.1 0.0
12 0.00 1872.6 0.014 1.0 0.0

l1 = 4140.7
l2 = 1316.1

ks = ( l1 + v * ( p * h )^2 * l2 ) / ( p^2 * ( 1 - v^2 ) = 463

Amstutz
With stiffener
ai ei ai.ei Ixi
81.3 0.7 56.9 150.52
24 6.4 153.6 664.74
e = 2.0
ELEVATION
Normal water level HWL = 45 m = = 4,500 cm
Length of vertical section Lh = 20 m = = 2,000 cm
Inlet elevation Hi = 20 m = = 2,000 cm
Outlet elevation Hou = 0 m = = 0 cm

PIPE PROPERTIES
Inside pipe diameter D = 1,200 mm = 120 cm
Estimated thickness t = 16 mm 1.6 cm
Corrosion allowance c = 2 mm = 0.2 cm
Inside diameter area Ai = p*D/4 = 11,310 cm2

Material of pipe = SS 400

Yield strength sy = = 2400 kg / cm2
Density of steel rs = 7.85 t / m3 = = 0.008 kg / cm3
Modulus of elasticity E = 2.1E+11 N / m2 = 2,100,000 kg / cm2
Poisson factor v = for steel = 0.3 -
Coefficient of linear expansion a = = 0.000012 1 / degC

Modified moulus of section Es = E / ( 1 - v^2 ) = 2,307,692 kg / cm2

m = 1.5 - 0.5 / ( 1 + 0.002 * ( E / sy ))^2 = 1.43 -
Modified yield strength sF = m * sy / sqrt ( 1 - v + v^2 ) = 3,872 kg / cm2

Allowable tensile stress st,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2

Allowable bending stress sb,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2
Allowable shear stress t,all = = 693 kg / cm2

WATER PROPERTIES
Water volume V = 4 m3 / s = 40000 cm3 / s
Density of water rw = 1,000 kg / m3 = 0.001 kg / cm3
Modulus elasticity of water K = 2.20E+09 N / m2 = 22,000 kg / cm2
Temperature change DT = 20 degC =

WATER HAMMER
Closing time of valve T = 6 s
Pipe diameter D = = 1.2 m
Estimated thickness t = 0.012 m
Auxiliary factor k1 = sqrt( 1 + K * D * ( 1 - v^2 ) / ( E * t )) = 1.398
k2 = sqrt ( K / rw ) = 1483.2
Propagation speed of pressure a = k2 / k1 = 1,061 m / s

Average velocity in pipe vo = V / Ai = 3.54 m/s

Hydrostatic pressure head Ho = HWL = 45 m
Gravity g = = 9.81 m / s2
Allievi pipe constant r = a * vo / ( 2 * g * Ho ) = 4.25 -
Closing time constant q = a * T / ( 2 * Lo ) = 159.19 -
Constant n = r/q = 0.03

r>1
r>1 ho / Ho > 50% ho / Ho = 0.5 * n * ( n + sqrt ( n^2 + 4 ) = 0.0271 -
ho / Ho < 50% ho / Ho = 2 * n / ( 2 - n ) = 0.0271 -
ho / Ho = 30% ho / Ho = 1.1 * n = 0.0294

r<1 ho / Ho ho / Ho = 2 * n / ( 1 + n * ( q -1 )) = 0.01 -

Actual ho /Ho ho / Ho = = 0.0294 -

Pressure rise due to water hammer ho = 1.2 * Ho * ( ho / Ho ) = 2.00 m

Highest water level Hd = Ho + ho = 4,700 cm

VERTICAL SECTION
Design head Hdv = Ho - Hou = 4,700 cm

PIPE
Pipe inside diameter D = 1,200 mm = = 120 cm
Pipe thickness t = 16 mm = = 1.6 cm
Corrosion allowance c = 2 mm = = 0.2 cm
Total length of pipe L1 = 20,000 mm = = 2,000 cm
Pipe support distance L = 10,000 mm > 7*D = 8,400 = 1,000 cm

Effective thickness te = t - c > ( D + 800 ) / 400 0.5 = 1.4 cm

Effective outside diameter Da = D + 2 * te = 122.8 cm
Mean diameter of pipe Dm = 0.5 * ( Da + D ) = 121.4 cm
Mean pipe radius rm = Dm / 2 = 60.7 cm
Moment of inertia Wx = p * ( Da^4 - D^4 ) / 64 = 983,788 cm3
Sectional area Ax = p * ( Da^2 - D^2 ) / 4 = 534 cm2
Radius of gyration ix = sqrt ( Ix / Ax ) = 42.9 cm
Slenderness ratio l = Lv /ix = 23.3 -
Compression stress factor w = = 1.06 -

RING STIFFENER 1 0 = no, 1 = yes

Height of ring stiffener hr = 100 mm = = 10 cm
Thickness of ring stiffener tr = 12 mm = = 1.2 cm
Stiffener distance l = 1,000 mm = = 100 cm

Width for section for stress b = 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te ) + 2 * tr = 15.0 cm

Ring sectional for stress Ar = 2 * tr * hr + b * t = 45 cm2
k = ( Ar - b * t ) / ( Ar + 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te )) = 0.4 -
Length of reinforced pipe Lr = 4.67 * sqrt ( rm * te ) + b = 58 cm
Moment of inertia Is = S ( Ixi + Ai * ( yi - e )^2 ) = 815 cm4
Centroid distance e = S ( Ai * yi ) / S Ai = 2.0 cm
Ring area only So = S ( Ai ) = 105.3 cm2
Radius of gyration i = sqrt ( Is / So ) = 2.8 cm
Auxiliary factor b = (3 * ( 1 - v^2))^( 0.25 ) / sqrt ( rm * te ) = 0.14 -

REDUCER 0 0 = no, 1 = yes

Initial diameter D1 = D = 0 cm
Diameter after reducer D2 = 1000 mm = = 0 cm

LOAD OF PIPE
Weight of pipe / support Gp = Ax * L1 * rs = 4,798 kg
Weight of water / support Gw = p * D^2 * Hdv * rw / 4 = 11,310 kg
Total dead weight / support G1 = Gp + Gw = 16,108 kg
Internal pressure pi = rw * Hdv = 4.7 kg / cm2

STRESSES
Tangential stress due to
internal pressure st1 = pi * D / ( 2 * te ) = 201.4 kg / cm2
Allowable stress st,all = 1,200 kg / cm2

Longitudinal stresses
due to weight of pipe sl1 = ( w * Gp + Gw ) / Ax = 30.7 kg / cm2
due to stiffener sl2 = 1.82 * k * pi * D / ( 2 * te ) = 148.2 kg / cm2
due to reducer sl3 = p * pi * ( D1^2 - D2^2 ) / ( 4 * Ax ) = 0.0 kg / cm2
due to temperature change sl4 = a * E * DT = 504.0 kg / cm2
due to internal pressure sl7 = pi * D / ( 4 * te ) = 100.7 kg / cm2
due to Poisson's effect sl9 = v * st1 = 60.4 kg / cm2
total stress sl = S sli = 844 kg / cm2
Allowable stress sl,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2

Combined stress sc = sqrt ( st^2 + sl^2 - st * sl ) = 763.5 kg / cm2

Allowable stress sc,all = = 1,200 kg / cm2
EXTERNAL PRESSURE
EXPOSED SECTION

Tokugawa formula
Number of wrinkle n = 1.63 * (( Da / L )^(0.5)) * (( Da / te )^(0.25)) = 1.75 -
a = p * Da / ( 2 * L ) = 0.19 0.037

x1 n^2 - 1 + a^2 / 2 = 2.07

x2 2 * a^4 / (( n^2 + a^2 )^2) = 2.89E-04
x3 ( 2 / 3 ) * ( 1 / ( 1 - v^2)) * ( t / Da )^2 = 9.52E-05
x4 ( n^2 + a^2 )^2 = 9.57
x5 n^4 * ( 2 * n^2 - 1 ) / x4 = 4.99
k1 ( x2 + x3 * ( x4 - x5)) / x1 = 3.50E-04

Critical buckling pressure pk = E * te * k1 / Da = 8.37 kg / cm2

Actual buckling pressure pe = atmospheric pressure + 2 m water head = 1.2 kg / cm2
Safety factor Sb = pk / pe > 1.5 = 6.98 -

EMBEDDED SIDE, WITHOUT STIFFENER

Amstutz formula

Tangential stress sN = = 1,585.00 kg / cm2

Gap factor k1 = ko / rm = 0.0004 -

k2 = sN / Es = 0.0007 -
k3 = rm / te = 43.4 -
k4 = ( sF - sN ) / Es = 0.0010 -

Left equation Le = ( k1 + k2 ) * ( 1 + 12 * k3^2 * k2 )^(1.5) = 0.0728

Right equation Re = 3.36 * k3 * k4 * ( 1 - 0.5 * k3 * k4 ) = 0.1413
Condition Le = Re 0.07280 = 0.14126

Critical buckling pressure pk = sN / ( k3 * ( 1 + 0.35 * k3 * k4 )) = 36.0 kg / cm2

Acting external stress pe = rw * ( Hdv + 2 ) = 4.9 kg / cm2
Safety factor sb = pk / pe > 1.5 ok = 7.35 -

EMBEDDED SIDE, WITH STIFFENER

Tangential stress sN = = 3,581.40 kg / cm2

Gap factor k1 = ko / rm = 0.0004 -

k2 = sN / E = 0.0017 -
k3 = rm / i = 21.8 -
k4 = rm / e = 30.4 -
k5 = ( sF - sN ) / E = 0.0001 -

k6 = 1.56 * sqrt ( rm * te ) = 14.4 -

k7 = tr + k6 = 15.6 -
k8 = ((( Da / 2 )^2 ) / te ) * ( 1 - k7 / ( So + k6 )) = 2,342 -
k9 = 3 / ( 3 * ( 1 - v^2 ))^0.75 = 1.41
k10 = ( da / ( 2 * te ))^(1.5) = 290.4 -
k11 = sinh ( b * l) + sin ( b * l ) = 1639 -
k12 = cosh ( b * l) - cos ( b * l ) = 1638 -
k13 = 2 * ( Da / 2 )^2 / ( So + k6 ) = 63.0 -
k14 = k9 * k10 * k11 / k12 + k13 = 473.5 -

Left equation Le = ( k1 + k2 ) * ( 1 + k3^2 * k2 )^( 1.5 ) = 0.00513 -

Right equation Re = 1.68 * k4 * k5 * ( 1 - 0.25 * k4 * k5 ) = 0.00704 -
Condition Le = Re 0.005133 = 0.007045

Critical stress scr = sN * ( 1 - ( Da / ( 2 * e )) * k5 / ( 1 + 1.5 * p )) = 3,579 kg / cm2

Modified pressure p" = ( pe / k7 ) * ( k7 + 2 * k8 / k14 ) = 8.01 kg / cm2

Compressive stres of stiffener sc = p" * Da * k7 / ( 2 * ( So + k6 )) = 64.06 kg / cm2

Safety factor Sf = scr / sc > 1.5 ok = 55.9 -

Auxiliary calculation h= rm / L = 0.06070
d= t / rm = 0.02306

n c1 c2 c3 jn fn
2 6.09 0.8 0.667 1919.1 1279.4
4 0.38 20.6 0.133 91.2 12.2
6 0.08 112.2 0.057 16.8 1.0
8 0.02 363.5 0.032 5.2 0.2
10 0.01 897.5 0.020 2.1 0.0
12 0.00 1872.6 0.014 1.0 0.0

l1 = 4070.6
l2 = 1292.7

ks = ( l1 + v * ( p * h )^2 * l2 ) / ( p^2 * ( 1 - v^2 ) = 455

Amstutz
With stiffener
ai ei ai.ei Ixi
81.3 0.7 56.9 150.52
24 6.4 153.6 664.74
e = 2.0
 t sb ss
3.2 SS 400 3900 2400
4.5 SS 500 4900 3600
6
8
9
10
12
16
19
22
25
28
32
38

l w
0 1.04
20 1.06
25 1.08
30 1.11
35 1.14
40 1.17
45 1.21
50 1.25
55 1.3
60 1.35
65 1.41
70 1.48
75 1.55
80 1.62
85 1.71
90 1.8
95 1.9
100 2
105 2.11
110 2.23
115 2.43
120 2.64
125 2.85
130 3.08
135 3.31
140 3.55
145 3.8
150 4.06
155 4.32
160 4.6
165 4.88
170 5.17
175 5.47
180 5.78
185 6.1
190 6.42
195 6.75
200 7.1

a a A A
b b B B
c c C C
d d D D
e e E E
f f F F
g g G G
h h H H
i i I I
j j J J
k k K K
l l L L
m m M M
n n N N
o o O O
p p P P
q q Q Q
r r R R
s s S S
t t T T
u u U U
v v V V
w w W W
x x X X
y y Y Y
z z Z Z