Faraday’s Law

P20- 1
 Induction Applet
and Demonstration

P20- 2
Electromagnetic Induction

P20- 3
Magnetic Flux Thru Wire Loop
Analogous to Electric Flux (Gauss’ Law)

(1) Uniform B
G G
ΦB = B⊥A = BAcosθ = B ⋅ A

(2) Non-Uniform B

G G
ΦB = ∫∫ B ⋅ dA
S

P20- 4
 What is EMF?

G G
ε=∫ E ⋅ ds

Looks like potential. It’s a

“driving force” for current

P20- 5
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

dΦB
ε =−
dt
Changing magnetic flux induces an EMF

Lenz: Induction opposes change

P20- 6
PRS Question:
Faraday’s Law

P20- 7
 Ways to Induce EMF

ε = − ( BAcosθ )
d
dt
Quantities which can vary with time:

• Magnitude of B
• Area A enclosed by the loop
• Angle θ between B and loop normal
P20- 8
 Minus Sign? Lenz’s Law
Induced EMF is in direction that opposes
the change in flux that caused it

P20- 9
PRS Questions:
Lenz’ Law

P20- 10
Demonstration:
Falling Magnet

P20- 11
 Magnet Falling Through a Ring

Falling magnet slows as it approaches a copper

ring which has been immersed in liquid nitrogen.
P20- 12
 Example: Magnitude of B
Magnet Falling Through a Ring

Falling magnet approaches a copper ring

or Copper Ring approaches Magnet P20- 13
 Ways to Induce EMF

ε = − ( BAcosθ )
d
dt
Quantity which can vary with time:

• Loop moves through a non-uniform

magnetic field

P20- 14
 Relativity Principle

ε = − ( BAcosθ )
d
dt
Quantity which can vary with time:

• Loop moves through a non-uniform

magnetic field is equivalent to a
stationary loop in a time changing
magnetic field P20- 15
 Moving Towards Dipole

Move
ring
down

As ring approaches, what happens to flux?

Flux up increases P20- 16
 PRS Question:
Force on Loop Below Magnet

P20- 17
 Ways to Induce EMF

ε = − ( BAcosθ )
d
dt
Quantity which can vary with time:

• Magnitude of B

P20- 18
Demonstration:
Jumping Rings

P20- 19
 Jumping Ring

An aluminum ring jumps into the air when the

solenoid beneath it is energized
P20- 20
 What is Going On?

It looks as though the conducting loops have

current in them (they behave like magnetic
dipoles) even though they aren’t hooked up
P20- 21
 Ways to Induce EMF

ε = − ( BAcosθ )
d
dt
Quantity which can vary with time:

• Area A enclosed by the loop

P20- 22
Group Problem: Changing Area
Conducting rod pulled along two conducting rails in a
uniform magnetic field B at constant velocity v

1. Direction of induced
current?
2. Direction of resultant
force?
A 3. Magnitude of EMF?
4. Magnitude of current?
5. Power externally
supplied to move at
constant v?
P20- 23
 Ways to Induce EMF

ε = − ( BAcosθ )
d
dt
Quantities which can vary with time:

• Angle θ between B and loop normal

P20- 24
 Changing Angle

G G G G
ΦB = B ⋅ A = BA ΦB = B ⋅ A = 0
P20- 25
 Maxwell’s Equations
Creating Electric Fields
G G Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
wS
ε0
(Gauss's Law)

G G dΦB
vC∫ E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)

Creating
G G Magnetic Fields
∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
wS
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)
G G
v∫ B ⋅ d s = μ0 I enc
C
(Ampere's Law)
P20- 26
 Experiment 5:
Faraday’s Law of Induction

P20- 27
Part 1: Current & Flux
BLACK
I>0
RED
Current?
Flux?
t
Φ (t ) = − R ∫ I ( t ' ) dt '
0

P20- 28
PRS Predictions:
Flux & Current

P20- 29
PRS Confirming Predictions?
Flux & Current

P20- 30
Part 2: Force Direction
Force when
Move Down?
Move Up?

Test with
aluminum
sleeve
P20- 31
PRS Questions:
Lab Wrap-Up
Faraday’s Law

P20- 32
 Technology

Many Applications of
Faraday’s Law

P20- 33
Electric Guitar

Pickups

P20- 34
Electric Guitar

P20- 35
Demonstration:
Electric Guitar

P20- 36
DC Motor

P20- 37
Motors & Generators

P20- 38
 Group Problem: Generator
Square loop (side L) spins with angular frequency
ω in a field of strength B. It is hooked to a load R.
1) Write an expression for current I(t) assuming the
loop is vertical at time t = 0.
2) How much work from generator per revolution?
3) To make it twice as hard to turn, what do you
do to R?

P20- 39
Brakes

P20- 40
Magnet Falling Through a Ring

What happened to kinetic energy of

magnet? P20- 41
 Demonstration:
Eddy Current Braking

P20- 42
 Eddy Current Braking

What happened to kinetic energy of disk?

P20- 43
 Eddy Current Braking
The magnet induces currents in the metal that
dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

ω 1. Current is induced
counter-clockwise (out
from center)
2. Force is opposing motion
(creates slowing torque)
XX
XX

P20- 44
 Eddy Current Braking
The magnet induces currents in the metal that
dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

ω 1. Current is induced
clockwise (out from
center)
2. Force is opposing motion
(creates slowing torque)
XX 3. EMF proportional to ω
ε
XX

F∝
2
4. .

R P20- 45
 Demonstration:
Levitating Magnet

P20- 46
 PRS Question:
Loop in Uniform Field

P20- 47