Computer Graphics

with OpenGL
Donald Heam
M. Pauline Baker
:..n,Futer S.ien.e DeFrhenr and
: \nu:lizati.n and Inhncrive spa.es
: ::.,n u"tu6itv-Prtd!. unid$itv

Upp€r SJddle Rivo. NI 074$

 caP s saPhr5 2q@cl
'

.ss rm3e 6r,6y alabdi R rdd4 P,!tr4hr

8h r',
'hitu't., dun
P

rN3e Pemr$rd c@dh oE ro-tr Di4d

DNbr dc@dE &FiG Pdl &.r/'
Mdk'Ds Mn44 Po{'i t4d

@ e, rs, F& by htd Hsn and M. Pi iEBikr

PublGidbyP.:sib'iaHdl

NoF dhnbdi
^nlidrEtnd
PsMiMdeHillEihdcN*dftrFqEduad@,Ifu

publi${nakno'dnnl/dylhd,Apls

PoEtr H@don AuiErh Pt Ld., syrii4

PdFtrH@rbn JaFrftlF
PsEotdrcdmMjaF!,kLd.
Palg EdNrb!, h{ , u4{ &rd..@' Nd! /'!j
 Contents

Eilt#il1il""--' ,

ffi"*t-' -
19'nlmd(lionboPncl

.AcomdeoFnclPqcn
 .sPllidngacmqPo'y8oinbaset

ry#i:'".-',- - 3i6 Opencl rdllgon Fill Ara

363.l7oPncl-vflblAna'3

}, " ",'m.*y.-"
sFcitjns r rueD(dsr@r '. opocl 8itup rr.6on
opa:€L 6dip Fud6
. opdl kbopaa6oG
3.soPqcLPoFudms
3.4oPoclllEFudoc }2loPoclchaGdgfurcfus
},3oP€ncLDEPlayLLb
. cutiry d NahryrnoPdcl
.Exd'!'go'€iclDisPlayLk6
. illetug op.ncl Display Lisb
32a op€ncl ftplay-window R6hare
3{ q cL cune rurcrio,

.|",jdp.nicitlgAlsolirhm
3'0Ellipe{dmgngAlgdirhm,

m---' ,.
. MidPobt Erlips Aborirhm

. PorydLand +rnecw6
$1? Pd,ll€l cd€ algod$tr
+r3 s*l Addtrine arld eied {1o'trclsbEvanab'6

.Mi'n'hi'jqceomd.PrcFtr

!.3o9encl-coldrudiN
.ll€oP€nclRcBdRGBAco'q
. rcddlrnl3cm e Foly€ms
' Selidhe CNav€ PolygG 'opsclcold.l"derMode
 otlu o?scl cold Fuftms

opmcL hicwidth [r.don

ffi,:'*;* ;
llln.Lhe|hlRegimsllirh
!r FinM.thod5loiAcsw h lrcguhr

.oPncLF'PiftmF!rthon ilT\'o'Dim.i5bnalcomPG€

.oPmcLwitFEcMdhoe
. opdcl PrmlFia riDdbn
-t2

, subpnd woghtins Misks

. AFa sii,Pring staisht Lnc

c*,lt"n"tttt'.a.y
 confudn'sT}eD'nmjoGl
Robdon^,.bc.s

LltgrahmiiEEsmple
ol]Hl'GDwfu'onJ qr:$"--;"--'"
&tu Medrods ld c€ifud.
-
N"-.1,.h- -d y.a;d
cMeri. rrsstoturid5 in
IGPPbS L\e CLPFms whd* rb
ThleDdneGidilTbBlad@
Tl1@.Dm@imlRd.rid
.IlreDmdofulc@d4!FA!i sPlir scRn rfifr and Mutb,re
ulPulD.vke
'cruajl]rleDlmelndJ c]percLT{cDnftm:lvF*Dc
. Quabmon Nredbdjfor
neDhftrcnrRdah! GLU CtiPPins whdow run.dm
r.,r c.,p,rr6o_.".i--,r cE:b,lg:GLUID'Phvw.hdok
9l4caeThleDinensioj 5€bs L\e CLUT D6 v.wind_

.TnFDhdmlRell.djm cluT DsPtry-windtu rd4rider

.llll6Diensihalshe6 DekMgJcLL[DB?hywhde
L[rcrtclnDEPb,lltnde
rrRDimensimjcoolnbab

'16Affi@Ti's6'rudons
aw a€Dclc€mdnarh,fom.hd
.DasicoPhcLcfuh.
. or6cl Mi6x Op*a6os \4etu3 CdPhc ct&t D i clrr
.opdclMahrsb&s
. opqclclffi..ThEbnhm E@hJudtAPF]jdbPqEo
.; oPenctrkeD'Msmlvi*&
Ihg!4Edmplt
 rwo Dinesid,l Lm clippbg

Nicholle Nnhol Line clPpns

ofrhosoDr.Prejdtonvrsvdune se
o hosbnal PioFdim
77 obri,rue f{dllel l,!.Fd$ns
. obrr,rw P{allel P.ojdho$ in

I'arlgl rrcFdion vs vorume

ffi--, -- 7 3
obher arer PmjEnm
Pe*pdivc rrcldiof s

. P.6pdiv.'Pnj<ddEquaridrl

. F$PNriePnjadd ue! vorune

. qmmed.P.6p&rivermj{rion
. obriqlcPftP€c'GPrcjdoi
. Nomaltrdfmpdv*Prej{hon
zr0 a.icI-nr*Dlndmr
. oFncl-\ dhg,rbGfonMbm
3-6 olaclaud'ic-surhe:r'd
' opaGLOnEs .l-Pqrtdd
. GLur Qu.dri.-etrrice FuEms
.clrrrclbi..surr.cLaPd
rtnFdFPlqKdo Ffrim
P.EPdicPnidi Fucd@ ' GLU Quidd.,Srhe Ftu
. oPa6L V'.rldb dd tuPl,y ' Ei pl. r)lsn U6iry clL"r,!a
GLU aMdncsurr,e Fu dm
. @ncI- riR-r'bE$iorr
\rieq4 Prlelu Exmpk Nse[Gful|lmbd@
zrr r1l]FDcnEEimraryphs . InhrPolasmrndapPuj rim

. .Pd!@6icconlinuitycmdrd@
c[pPina h TneDmdiNt .Ge@tliccmln[ilycdtUd@
Hdnogel]uEcddimc
. TlleDnffiiond R€h cod6
. r.G.Dinffiionn P&r rnd LnF
.Tfu8sPln€fui'ad
34 Cubn€/jr€ rnerp.ridd
. nllFDdqmiffii cae Ctjppins .NabnrcuhicsPnI6
. aribty c[PPing r{m6 .Hed']blnblPolaiim
21, oFnGL oPlidri clplry Pt,c
' Kdhftr,&eh spliffi

.'B.tuCupeErudids
EtmPL B€zis €ufle<*E6s

. PmFdie oI3.d€r Curc

Thr€e-Dinensional Obied . Dsisn rb.hi&u6 uliq 8.zir
Reprs€ntations q2 C@6
. cuhic 8€2ia cuffi
&2 OPmCL Polyh€do rudim
. ope'rclPolygdrillAHFdiN &1' BsPlh.c!rc
. clrn Re8dfPolyh.dm . Espur clre hud@
uniiomPeriodr.Bsp!ftcurc
.' cubic lJbriodi. BsPIhe €urc
444
. EEnpr.cluTl'olyhed@Pognn
. opm Unirlm espn& Cur6
. Nouil(n &splhecw6
&14 gehsplim
. Beh-spli*cdbd9cdrditiN dr2
 .cubiPc ort Be6+line Mabf .Mju'lRePe.bbdsfol\ful

.visullRepregtaliotrsb!
*1? D;Playins sPlhs cD^'6.nd

tr3 opcncl ApPnxih*iu sPline

. opdcL ezd SPlhs surac

. cLU B+'hecurcFun.rbG

96ftPth.s.ldneMdhod

ei1 cmpan$n drvsib i9 Detdion

. cun€d su rc ReP$cnbdons

e 13 wiFFEtu Visibil yMsdNds

. RandonMidPoinlDlPlaamdt

eu o?mclvr$iltt &'drd
. opcncL PotYEmaulbg rulcddns
.oPcLDePihBlffelFddlo,

.oPhclep$.cud$Furtdm
Effi
lr€thods
Sunace-Bend€rind
- rqn
Polyed,R.nddS Mdhods
. c.crotsrnd9 sulre
. conud su*ie Rmdedns
. FBi nng sunre R6d.!hs
. rndnikty D{anr Lighr sou'B .
.Radiallnd'yAftnuiliq Ea,i. Piy-Tlei$ Aleqihm

. anSrra! rnb$y atr{urm . Riy Polyhsdbn hbrsdG

'Elh<ledushlsouesmddler&n ' tudEins crhjftrh&lsm
lC' Suhe Lrehiiry Efir.6 .sPaesubdiv*idMellrods
lsinuja6gc.m*aF@ingEl'ecb

. g@larR€(k MbddEftd!

'coobtnedDIIU*andsp<lla! . fis Bdic tudidry Model

' r,r!316 !e R€tuftnr tul,ldry
tdn MuitiPle LiSht souG
, hb,ioG
suraa L(rhr
'&!icl]lufu,d6Modelwillr
h69 Arcnub md sPdli8hb
Moddin3 suLe Detdl wh

.Bad.Tacpaft!.yModel
.r'{edu6lT€xfonryM.ihod5

1CA DsPl.yiis ttrcr{ rnbctG sura€Rendsn'e Fun.rioc

' Disr.iburd& sy5tm rnd9 r4ets . orocln idrrghr,soreFft don
. sedtug m oF{cr_ ushGsoNe
. DisPlaFg cddnnoFrme rms6 .
r04 HaltuG Pahns and Dfth&ina 9P6rr4neoPqcl Lr*hr.sourc

. Halnog ApPuimriffi ArEnurrid cerf ci{b lb,.n

 oFnGLDgliomlLrghrs.ut4
opencl clohal Lighrds P aodeF
opencl surac h.PeqFun don

oFnclAh6PhdcEffsc
oe.iclT6fuPacNyFudlds

oPflclHjfimingoedids
oPmclLirc.TdlunFm'ids

oPcnclco]olopiidsfo!Tdfoc
clhcL rqtuc,MaPPhs oProB
ll.5vnfualRealityEnYi@nmenb
coPyiry oFoGL re*uE Pdhns 1l-6o,hcllnbG.dEbPd'D.vie
oPmclT*luecmirdabAq,yl
Namhgop€nclT&fucPat6s

op€nclT&furun.dKhonP'krc

A ofraft Tdru.ns ol audi. .oPmclri.rhgo?€dims

!ToPmclMmuF!rtloN
opcncl TAtuie oPrbB
^ddrtid,

.Modtt'ybgcll,TMm6

WJ,^*.-
lntefaces 668
. vbimizi\g Vemon,adon
n: Lr€i6r cla$iicdion of rnPd . Ba.kup dd Em! H,ndring
 q,,";#-1,3;-,,'o."",- : H,:;:Th,* .**...
i
r2.r Frc?ed.o L{}r ,,r lr'7 Des.3"oltuidd(.qf,eF ?t;
. n-Il@;.rsh*
'r'"'t'*s",r'h*;=r.o'* ltrr,'tr---**'-
' ,,s (.h!uF^.^ dbnslrs..
;: ' M"Ph"c ^
,,.. s",d"d Pi**;d d..
. 7j?l!/Mofun<Pduh@
. DLd Moid \Fof*bon
The Y\7 color \,lod€| ns )
'7 . fu** , l
' T1E cU chDmib''ty Dldgao n g -. ouu** ^5
," l
nd s Ai.uLh rkur&hd6 ., I

'.h+l't#'r::;#l
. Dorhdnw!.dh-. rrjo oFicl
'," l
j2, otdvodet R.Gm6
TLE RcBr n I

2{ Ihr\M\ard(MY\cololM-.. ; *| BlcMdelrnsL'aa?F ,', l

z_ . q** R.p*.h,.* zy I
cB'doqPrt
r: cdy\{od.t
ftelj5\ ,. L3 cetrra Hisa\ru.dMdj;b '- II
z{ Merhd! " ?a
. serdrssh/d6. jrb.nd ro*! _, aI
. runJqtudftB*dmtrwd ar I
pcB' o.orspaa
% . c*iba HEnftn ca. shfrj,. ,:; I
-t

##t
r2.o ( otor rriidn.rd ADorilrb. ,R op""cr D',pr"r r""'; " ,". I
'''' "ffi? f '"' H'* "' I
 .PoPsnlycoloiR€dudon

::r corpc ion ol Major Fil.

'he
.,P[ci Joinfho'ogDphi. ExFdb

56

. TCA: rruevlbn C6phc AdaPbr

. coDpterconjusrt lod MduLs or

.|,olircmdh'eR+enbhonfol

Ehr"-'r."'j".j-
LompuTer |Jrapnrcs

ia
aar xlE{f{h.nse tnksnl
lldolDlioll]ffi
sorvins ordnury Dt'eher
.c'htTrloEnloraPbnesu'ae
.Divasnclhbtm
.c'hsTbBfolmtjmEouhont
A.1' Am and c.tud d a Poivru

A c:bbrii& hdn
P,I'Pfn,a of Pot,

.solvings.bo'LbfrF4u.ti.G
.Findin3?do'NeJnu'
 Preface

emus o$s apdnadoc Asdr vaiierY

tubr, DEh or bJayt.onputu sraphis

defurlkNs,e''km,dsFdofPn
rn smqnbn ro Fodrte a rtn*k vis or a Erucl sqq a tcphjc prc3rn

. rlrnc the dnplei inrerdiotrs bc$€{ obieds and a lishtins sviMnnt

:.:i f.s ofrh. Thnd Edition

' ' ^rd p" Er'oP'c "nd Prci-

c si w"","'.
.. ......^,".." .;.oD "m,

,.-"i dindsioNr -dh.d" - b'-dR ihrc.dimssioFl sraPhic * an eiiry

-:r:c ftseidrt, a malol tu*u€ or rh
: ;cdnonar an,r Mcdinecimar bpc.

'' .,11.d".rre-
 '.P'nc'''uhf'd_dcl\,.u4!rcn
G B5PrR. F'r +.f,,i. PT:ii
trB !m!.d h. r dio aPi, oq{ +rcFuifr
'T n-H'-cnio d .ieq ndp,Dprtu. ruruD.f ndd" $ i. Fe, ,
s

n"opnct pi.l,scpturrc$_,rmdph, m.ot

.,o,.6. ns.ohpd-.s ?p !.,1. ot"),.

I tl'li:l :: j" " , r"bl" , 9""-, dl.lfo, ddd,.m:r3,4h'. prc€di,r .-i

no+d. a Bjdrc

v rrhrh- homC+!-+p,osrrtud+dovddirh.. 1ds !n u.i.B

hrfaPoPu]oPe!|d.ugeI1P{
p osar.nu.hrp.ppr ,tB r br!. p! uf,hn:r,o i.haqu_. No

gnFn r^damosr"F.hF ia, rmkuon

qampu(Fr:pr!!rrmbl b, i "
ipp,ng. tsrri.spq a.,u,"frcnd-.
ry

**'" rmr!b' id'idc\dd hF'a

;:"::"1'"^"** '

6 nnr.d b e. f u! ji rdcEbo
rh( mdhdsaid ipPrkr'otu rq d.h hpn

Su99e5t.d Course 0utlines

.ior a d;_R or o..h, L}r.."n

m!q- ^e.rd. n rhe;dd rq rh!

Esb€d, Tonv Fau int Trons Fole
cd* a li.lcdd(drh,
Hod96,camr tsubbrd,EnF(hrkh,MikeKqh,MichaerrielosDmare

c. L Mq8an, CE8 Niers, hn6 orivs, !{.Hi.n Quck L,uFne R:inli

shirryc:orsn h,sbphaniesmunen,JerfsrE,w lnnTafcwaiw.nT$i

&irryEwin&andDvidAbel,seexe
Computer Graphics
with OpenGL
e
']vnnulRel]tiEillMno8

r, advanc in @nputq brhnolqy

seL]3ics!comPadsunma(ofih€
d a platins Bcroc
btions, hdning, aid
Pukr snPhi.s, we ri* bre a shqr bur

IEI GRAPHS AND CHANIS

n edl)' 8erciifu l6phs dD ns hlsh\

&potu or ro. pEnhhdtu u5ing 3s nm
eo5. Ci;Phs and.hids ic comnonry usd
 !@EE

fr

TFI COMPUTER-AIDED DESICN

ii, \!b( ilr,lpi.dlr'q;f !c,

ir $t d\i8d,rPPrn.+iu\, dt!{r\ i
,!0r,dnr!ornnY,trc iunrustr
dd(b)r.:6s;irdhn)
Phs d sc iru $i e; i.q L 1, noris
Furd {.ncs (lrg. i r3).
qu.'\4d5 ai lgnns lljr l 17)
 D

i onr (d! Fre ii.d!(ft;iaEld

Nii$(..$!Jl*io|'G.\.'al{oilj

EEI VISTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENTS

-;:1111:i1,:,,,,liii":';- li; :,r'"liiJi

);
I
'., ,.a.' ' -" * l
T "l;'J,.i''li:.;':, ,.;,.: . i;,:l;"" ". .1''' ::i ;;;"'. I

-nl
+;*i. I
 oFif!!$rdlhc|\bt
,r\i@4r.ri4 tr !ia(44' (r rii ,..

drn \sv (Fis r r0) d rhc 6od.rordcr

. .n \ h obt$ n\rsui raL5 A

: !, r ! ni. !r !n "3n5P" obicds h i

I4 DATA VISUALIZATIONS

u&rdrtu sbsihd rhe obied shof

@rbh @E l.ofrrll drrr ri

4

ffrt
ut
4
7

T
r
J
I

I
1
 !lpF1.'h'dd6i8i!Ph]id
J m M.ad sr L.on^,o/!,r84[r
 a

iE\' !{i!r$!@n('riomo, r -r.l inrl

L /ird r . r!r irr;.r. l
IE EDUCATION AND TRAINING

\1.doLr.l Ph):n.l Prc

.... fh\-nr.rr i Ltu F,ndnt, {trh rs dr
,r Lr,, l,! :hiir$-triondrinNldr'op.$(i.nofl
rcdcsignd F!:m
. -intr1,,trr. ntr t,idL..\\5n!Lor tniri.g
r,i -.hn,\\ ! tr fir.,rLr.,*oF,r ri, rrrr..o.tol
tr,nlir!,I Iighrsi,n!li,
o{!mrl.{. pmrid8
r\o(inr.5..l.r3.
\ d,,r\ri r.i1.irrl. irrig.. I ll d I {5.\r
,.,1.r trr s m,iln.q Dd ..lor P'oicdoh

tu rl r , \;.ri L. i ![hrin!]it{ Ih. k.vb.ir.l

1i,t, f.. r ti.. ntrd 1S Lhcii+nr.rPcrao,mr..e
L

! \,,n,.,,l rl.<. r,r, i 1it.,,1,.,r r otL,P,.l : i!\n\rcd ondt

ii ., . nr, ,,.,\r ri(i T.r.r.rft \

. ! r1 -..d, Li,' rf t,lj :,r | tu]. hrli.nrtir.nen

n,rd \ hf iriL
e ui.l it hni'nn8
inrn, tt b.u uor!1.n.^ i'r lniL
,,r,{Fr,. rrt,or(L,Li,rL. r rhd osd r\ i basG
A srrut ofcrrr\tt cnrhi.s

a
(

r rull<dldr , indl 1$.n ind sn deg@5 or lGdom r

smorion (cdfk\y drrsi fun dbd l

lrdorNith, lisu,r imrsery syncn tco&rv4

l(ut:]lFshlLndnqmBg}lclftr!ql.e^!sdl4,[?)

iN
 Ed CONIPUTFR ART

I
>S
 d4aEnr\ or. glP.n. Jb .io s
trZ" 1! d d
.1 wrir r.n .n

Fisl'3,who*€DbbcbusydnaGadqrollheno\!n

d vaD co8h. rhe sryrls lmdds (bnBifs haid pc$urc rnro ranabfu rinc

ry Prcduccd wrh s9h5 and wj

'hG
 E--tL't
I .-#--r'=-:-.ral,

rrt

i
 PiAch\!*\sli M (ai r!!i r
,-",,\o$N;6' ri, N.rsiqi.
,ir (.rlr,., rB/i,,,r A,v4 i,rr

'.'''l.l'

:..-..,.r:

. nr.rrh.uoroni\tid.rsirnlsrdiii..r nernrgchl! ln&th

.obrfrcrtrrfl')bi!k
-r.rreftim$ !trnslFcdtrriLmor*ordLni\
aond rltrnn 'oi n\qq{c lJ
 )G)
61Aut4lt.
l_:^ljl ax. L,r.'"1"*::,-,r!.,is,@pue4gaF,dd,m,gq.r4,4.r4
d\6t dn,to. MA6E,Lr.'
dgim. an auronobile inb a tisd, a puddte or sak inio a
nPle of morPhing rs give

IEl ENTERTAINMENT

Glevisi.n pmdldids, 4ohon pidm, and hEic vid* rculinoly uF

m-ouhr8rdphi.. nRhodq Sor"r-n grrpac inds6 r? onbin.d , h

Varv rv *.ie. tsula'h .m?ts .omp,Eryrrpnr! Terlm. o prcdu..

speor pn4. sl-h A rlF <rp in hslE t+lr6m hh\ brcn s;e D?p
se, \I'? som" retec,on pmcram dr{ Lk.rnborrherRhnjqu! btorbir
ompuhr1meratd IBUE9 ot pe.pre. un .,k. o, od-. . *,ud;.. hrh.[u"

EDri npro\ omFuh s' o swidF bJ,t,rns!. rra,; tsd 6 o,odr-

aph,F
b&r gr rdi lor i ffic. \u? l{5 .t-ob, h.sN j F;t.snc"omaEFserfthd
!. or rinrentF .er run Dadu i r o" Be,jhs, ro . t.p:F* pHi..m budca-
InLlll]l]nA!]\it.!](oupd.rm

. i {.1r ns t' qtrr rh! (qnf! Lr

 { inh -.nl rr+ | on(i flr t.l'r qr.!

IE IMAGE PROCES5ING
 i^ur. i ,l ...r
tr.xf !r itn hb hm,-h. rh f, r. r soi h " \,q+ !r 4l, LsL kln.,1 h{',nr,, ,

r'r r4or rr / N!{ ! I i,Dr

L. Fi r
\1., l& . rr ., rrvir u
i I

Ig GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES

EI 5UMMAFY

II REFERENCES
0verview of Gra ph ics Systems
 "b;rd -g.orA-PhGh"to""rer
-h'h kJ;olm d rhrced
E-"-.--.**-s*" nc.rgnel]ofhbddn€hP

EEI VIOEO DISPLAY DEVICES

Ref rcsh Cathode-Ray Tubes

on o' a cRr A b"an of derreN (r

mvt, cn red by an el<ron sun, p.s

.h",sFdr.F!u,f i n,';r,r

orhdde and a.obl gnd (Frs.2 3) HE r stppled b ihe aihodc by dift

rhs nhnoi hide rhe orhdn;' a
"boedol'"lh.hdca,lhod.aa
lheFe,nqivdv.ha@d.le.bl
c@drs brr a hish po5taE relas!
wi'h a pGidwly dllA.d m*al ;

n4F'JIq"mtJ"adju-'mjli(

!!- FI
. ,i,." tr-"-!h .*."*-ri,

frrM Lj\ idiLrnd* rlr. trdr

 5Por rh qulliy rad$ rrs rhc c\.ircd
phosphor.hd nshaycntuDcdrourcirsrc!odcn.Er t.v.L. rh.&equen.y(or
.ororof rh.rishr enir.dbyrhephdphdr LFop.lhdnar b rhcocrsydircrcn(

Dffcrcd rinLrs or ocphds tu a

a majq ditrqlrc bdNeo Ph6Pho!
rbuc co iisht (hr
b ih. 'osiound n*O nb $c cRr bc
drclime6Jbl.slh.m]l(edligh

fordisPlavinghighr'.omprcr,*i!.

lj1grn 2s sho\$ ihc in'q!9 dEhb

dnhbrfon oul ro rh€ ldgaor rhe5

dn be PLofred hortondry and vrdar],

to. (fi8. 2 5), !d h$ adj?e \pd5 Niri

olacRT!&Pcndmlolhc'yp.ofph

syn.ns lrcolkn rcf.nd ba,{,' ftl

i. i- nhn! E tuiod dn iin d* (or {t to sn. intrncdhb rrl\.) b ft.it a

:- - dcmd ro 6 r ri\d or pel(shodcmd roms or pi.tR dehcd) shc rhc

laycd by rhe syn.m (sondines rh.

: . nr0nns.lA5Pcd ado ar nso b

 po rL o.c ."tp! -.,ora..!4.d
rh. h".ofr,j o;a,,o.:"i-p. _c,_.

'dlho6.lkisAo'tdedbvFb'sh'
.,.rnFd,.t","dd",,",".,)tsEn
oi qYd nrhcLPrt.di EambP dbrb

re nFF: ., -rr o

: E13 or''L ' bfr4en

rrs tozaau
tr. oior (t.m-crblrF
ue db.' pa pr.f .;r,,:m"runer.,
'ed"Plho'lh'4tr4JQo''h.lun(oIbtr
rPNrr Prq+. B. irrr bns otu;
6- - u, sth,,;"v. wrF,br ftPn
ekndbReihharc*aMerh

d ,h. P.ruf:Ftu,, a.I v,.o d !rir;r

k n. i eE dn dqd.n lorG.mq m
'hi
.\"btuhepda.sd h.ri ri,
FrF.ts d "mr o,;F o4,Rmd rh.
ro htr 4 n prcrb,d_m,h;, ,T

-dn d,p iJ\ F,b n ftFr I a r rhe,de d ,{ m

e tsdn ? p., !.,,uo. rr,hoLgt -rc
sd.;aa3,ipi.!rn
rh, | .j ktr oL rd e +iaEd b"

",.r.. ..a ihp; . .. de.

"c,rd

roP hr coner oi ftu <ls {Eiicr d

 -.4.r7
,..at

idiianr*inlin$otrhLi !n

hn ilxotr diddn { D;i ."!

:.:d !d b s wdo! diphy' (or nrc
E cn b. daf hd rcr$rrcd iry a
cH!prE3' c., /^.r4n^
"- 4lc

- r€d irshr frcn rh. d '.rc ;hG;h._

'{oloJla4dPrc.ollh?Fa'1.{'o

po!J-reddog4{bclTd'|ol
erd$ 6ough rhe i€d ray{ dd d;6 lhe nrer scn Ai hbj DdhF
'ai.4

!0106 are po*ibr4 and pi.rur qrarry E nd 4 aood is dln dbr mc,hods
v u*d in csbr.an sy$chs (indud.

.o.,"._Po:,.
bgh',andhcremltsa*knliqht,!nd'he
rhird .nib i brue rEhr ftn iype or cRr Ms rhreeer&ftn su6, oic ror s.h
dffislhequalityoldisplay€dma3s
TV96'h*.''owby"asol'h.bfud-
.omb ft'd 6dm.maJFr "Fd
nb r compoeh d3tul d rhm *PaDd by f6it( thc Esrhs PI.tuF
'lt
Fd:'RcBmolih'fuJrd
lo'.'4.h"dow.r'Jm-!od.ddb}erchT'ty'.dtPyn"?d.ngT
d"helo4'trullFqdlLyd'fi.3
(he rraG bu6ei allouins 256 vorhge sngs i'r d.h erEhn gun and nea y
tTnillioncolochoic('lerthpi\.I'^
pc! pid n gerenlly rctq'Ed ro a , f!

m. A sisnirkanr rcahc oI na+and die

.i€- . -. ";,,.
:FJ{d'{!b;a.Pdle'no6d'
i"onp .-pu- .*'*.a.-

".:";- ^" n^,. d Fh'Bdf'cm'hareidtpdedbbcs

oennie daplays (or nodifr!*) uF
elfm'tr"-d'rpodJfe''m'
' ns;r Fek,:r$..rrdF&drBh'ts!dFphF.rrcM.a E bt h i1s
bbds G phcd m ue 31a$ Pml, and a
s builr in'o orhei glas Pancr (Fis 2r 1)
'he
,'.^.*"'^..dlb,dt,qt6o
, * ;*"., o a" --
"r* d 6n.s sl'rs€: "- b (htsh in
bnfier aE .PPried rhe pi\er PG ions Gr rhe
'h.the .ondudos) o
bE<hons ol rde

d'.lo.P'.,1,'\o.",hq'&
.r F:.r. inc. L, P. r'".
 r(
tl
-|
l1

rfr r.i., ino( !r.rL.n(rr1 I jn

 shrcn (hsdiod€(LED) or
^mr
nlru]d$hh3oJ.]cRl,un[n!'n!

Liquid{,fd't disphystLcDr).nc0
riprdp.o,nNtuA ind o dnos(tig 2 rr. rh$!noncmi$ncdsrspiodK!

.onDod' tr{ i.n.nr lrhrad ilo ri

''' r. J.-Pi
tic.osrurrdrnhanlm ( riquid !$!hl, A dondiictd N ri! 21r tuo
s1r$Flits,fth.onhirLnsilis[tfilin/f th rn'snld inshtsst!bd]c
 , -dr,ir ,," .-i.i d^c"LcB b
6, rDhNib' r!.r;do$ "1rr
l.l.'l''\d,'ls.11lLrl| r .dr rie. ds.nG ,u! !.nrn

--..-D nensionar viewinq oevices

'.'l-1..,.

jd\l](fd]d].i..

'' h p oid drtrq dia\i{r ohj\{ i. 5r,

"1i.-Nr..-b\

.'illil:l'lr"' ' " Br.rir!. n nli d$hr:\ oh sri h

'
r(
 n't.-q:phlindc{1.,'d*lF'
trr.o..;:lippl- .* o:nrJ^ oP
."rd"n*'.s.odobF . . ^'

St€reos@pic and Vntual-n.ality Syst.ms

-*",,s,diFc"Fi Ih..;, *
m..on:lllhlqPlernns'ol:"''r3\
.; Ftu 1aed""*-
ro.irbh a sblsopi '{rhr""l*de.pp-'olde&psr'B
pbierion, u
B s.lna
'Er rhrPo
-.',aF)b$*"i'" *-- *
'onortu,5$r
i'"r
{m5d$diligdlmqlqpcifio
phddiaphr ubn or ' i
\ h,heid,sedd E..h' v -r'

.mrc- b.;' n $.br "d,,ad

.t*.^ b"-**" i. """pn - ^
-,*k.,;";-rkdn. rc'c'.\ + rhe Fn'qcd,FE-s' brxs
hH6!oimeoift,i$! r'*+
-".h' *". h Euo -N5b !hin€-
h rhJ,reN;o lhe tu
"ed*s\
**-.'*"..1.,.'.p-h'mviftJ.{:jltJ\y.4m.'h'
.^ ..; do r ;Rm "d
"*,.
," r, ;"rhs. " "c',r 1+
 . i, ir.n rhr tofl .ur Li.Ekor obi<!
.\ drl \ b s! rr oiedo\ b ssoq
..irA$*i d .r grol$(sldiodr1l
F6||]/]^io|ehrbbb*]'delPhA
!d\ h.4woptrsrc.hiNdj s-{
rrhah,$ {dhdceoG,hq.,o;d
rrfFt tud 6r€!r itr r Do ldn +i(
\cq lt ehar.htI r rL iiatuLtDr
sdfrEMr4o,Mrcr rr /,3r' )
'sdr'
EEI RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS

IntddivcnsklEcPhis'nensiy
.n"'P"'PurpoF'."1o
o pli)d4',.(}! n^rdurdrap .".-.,y r ...- -iq:r..l*.
''t."-,.v"rc*'.'".'o
srcm rn ad,rftin b ihe vtds.mro q

er.ameb f., d rlie !i.r!!@ rerkia

g!v4 dn!{r rrcs b $e ftahebdf.! ncmoiy.

-l I
 :l I

I ri! asbn n€noryiedd

++
+
sdFPotnnd.Phddob'
. . .i., o,h, ni!J.6d.FFfrilr'.oF..c.o'di i"
rckfadn.i",,F *0 tsn d oc -
. odr,r- a;i.dro. Fti;tu,.6.h
a .m. ",i,ih -,r, ,:,h"L^-
I *...'.,. '.'; "
p6 F'-. en" rFed ne8s \r!.
"D.r;
-;ob,-...bdtrhbbD H."='-,
.--.ns.*.i"nas$-c-rN';"f s
PiEk bftny, fie 1 Ie8inq n sd b

.rdvPoG.;.fe4r.d
oPv lnc nFoo.edu+
lhlrr'''..F
.€., .. i ,1 Jo,...n

b rhe r$t Pnd P6irioi on rhe bp

rr.rc.pnrcuF ru.h idhr,s _, n"\.df !.oh-i";qrp rr

@ io" o.oN.pp,,e prc csnq ;d-

',"1,,"'.o llm6

Bnrlr*']'l''|n9me.!''cn'|o'

s obtEb ian be slGsivct, tcded 6b

a bufis wnboui inhituptins a Efrcsh.yde. andhq vid*odi! er bsk is

sR.fbjtyslu6'andlmruPb
b ar10w 6e vid6 oitulrg b mir ri.

Raster-scan Display Proces$r

FEue shows @e My b oieani
'-r3

N'4 ob.E'F.;,o," { "a*r

 ao
aa oa
aa
aaaao
ao
ao ao
aa
aaaoaa

i;..
t))
,*),

/!
EEI GRAPHICS WORKsTATIONS
AND VIEWING SYSTEMS

.' ,;r ""

' .- -i. -..
D h.hd b orc; x 0d$ !i+ sd

ri$. bl b rbor( *m bv ,m. r

m, r
- -.,i. ..".-.br " -r*.i,si\
0.
rh r$rudo5 uF rd 256rJ b! 20r& ire

n !4rd r( F;!i.
I
I
EEI NPUT DEVICEs

rtaak, Suttoi Soxes aid D ? r

trde,sn0 is:rotdlrP0 5
 1>a

,..,iir,i!i^Dh
I
. r! orirr!r\tr.,Lrrioynid,,r

I <rt
I
 @

-.s,!ani nrbs L\ r! lirrdr,!,44F".", bs" b6rdn 6-

"'
D: \ ., Fr. si

I
^!n*
 -n Li,.ntr!,,rpr.rhL,iDA!

1*-.
..ia
oPha]bKhPrd!!\'oiLrcd
 Addlom4Df'tr|b!.lril|,!s
'".

i ''''b '

Eg HABD-coPY DEVrcEs

rdttn d, \s.i4
. i i : ! itl!\.r siq!n.i,inil\e[0r)bp]odu(,rnr$of.otor

)0arrFsondu r hr.jcr tr

' ''' . ..P''';

ndtrloh cidr F rbs! ad i
t@rurbnd0drTnn (cd6r

Eld GRAPHICS NETWORKS

now (trnmd dftn€ in @ny gEPh

reyhIldandamoufqh{kb''h
ieell s bsi$ an dbut *ivtr ]l'e ompu€ on rhe nerwolk ihai t .x&ufing a

when openrins on a mMorr, a dien

tq dbplayns a piturt io n\e hdb G€4q). rl"icny, drL L tr@npbhed by

individud sEPhns in*ruri(N oe a

EIZ GRAPHICS ON TtIE INTERNET

r ! .ow done d rh. rntn.l whrh n i

elobal nerwo* d .ompuh retuorks
6ing rcP/rP (,fr*n,$id rodoJ FrddJlt/4trd'd'irt probd,). In adddon

0i64 Eorr. roai,r (uRL) Ea.h uRL,

 !.1{crodornd)istr\o P rs (L)
ud (2)rhe5{\sdrr!o dN diq
i,
n0')or$!fno:F o.nnfl f-
i /t,, (!rr! r{ndrn!:ido(or
(p c |h G (sLccr^PH).rd,c

Piis. iDd rrqon$ (hws[nk)

(tsdB(|A^t'l..loNl\cs^)

Eg GNAPH C5 50FTWARE

-Ni|nA f nure!onPor! 51\hris

-r!cL(c rhL.r Lfti !),opo,.r,!R\n-llutNr Rs!r) voddrs

:. . rili 2D.rnd h\.r rD
nh8 inkd{e 1cG b( ,* rh!
^Pr),

i sn r.r inurcotr io ourr

@(d&vnrcod,tu6b.ha .v 4b" npdr'h, rt .p, s, {n
04 \:ge< rhd a- osi3n, o ...,,,
' ' ,
!brh6eappdfi' "i..*,,.
,_",-F'"r,;,..- ,.ro i .. P,..

're.i'1"''"-P"'dF'd'J''

bPLDc.bobr,'-"pp!pn..
Glledrund@qdinn6,ThnsbPh

€.haribF{E(whers,tuame* ;hadrchF.s$i'.hih.;.dalr)ha5.}:
r bo b'.J, .\FFr, d+ .h, .; " .- - .; ..o

bn.'.'. trieop"-ns .moo""L od' r.

@mldcdc{iptimsmnoddinscoodi
hhge, !d .F. i^u rcar.d fo'
^ 'rr

h po"- ..[drh, \'ryhqei'eri;".w d.

c".otuh :o,n-o. . \.oa h

'.,

....,..."., ..;,,.... .,_..

Gn3elalanysp€ilicoutpuldcvkclle
Nnds for rhc lisy fe wd b sMs on rhe
dnPhy dem.e Fjmn, th. Pi.run is r
 -,r'
't(1 ).,n

l f r i!rir{!1Lr,i)!)1r,,., /,,.)nr
jr n.\ dj.i Po!tro].1\ ,1)
 ii!!, rr d.D oh{' \trhf,r lorc

,!Nn r{d$.rbsA.o nf r,1 !\!d-Gn! l

x.rrrNdr,i r rcuroribnrdc)rldri tr(irNr,nrhrt,nr{nLtrtr! odrsrrr

b.Ld rs i Dq !.,,r u.r ior ni

'.rH(,

rr (,rrs]] ,!L!r![ aKs \!,].!n1 ,,

ar hrndir. cnphiis shrd d),\

I
PibitrL!! tr{iL(ddnor ohj<r,ndi
 behg&EbPd,lhesnehtswdk
-- i.n f(n sirrd cEphr,, rnc ($r) b€cane b.Rinst), popubi fte
ms olcd cL (cEPhi€ ribr.rr), whrh

.::.'156,A5ac!l,oPmclN

9Pi.nty derined r I *r of sp6fiG

vel pmgrahEins tansuasc rhr binding
: .::hesrnb\rDia(anigLteraddsEEphics,undi srmnrhdlaiguase

"rm,ro',n ptp. "nr'.dg-:p,^ .ks! ' rp,.

p.

ee rhe sme orh& oPdL bhdhss arc

/cr+ bindfa in opencl a5 i rrane

mring gGPhis rundions

i -- :tuldc ccn.ral gnphns n,udrc

dPhic, s!.h A inid*ion' v'bal mli'
::(ras.61red op4, rivdtr runishG er ol oler{tund re h6 ror
F- :rg i !tu rhrr is robe dapllyed wiih clis
' ro orcnct ft vtrfJ rn/lt
". : : Lr {r,f. (vRMr), {hi.h besin d I s!b*r of oem tnwnto!, alrows u

s sEphi.s libnries dev.loped tor ih. hva

{-:r llirh14{ rD, w..andsk {ss q irhinJava apple's,
'wcdinensi@r
dimeNionrt yeb displiys rith tir{ 3D.
-.. . r ihe turdv,4r ref. ftom
-:b :!lrtrs r v i.q of lishhns md
:. ndhq9P$o.sydcms,su

Eg INTRODUCI 0N TO OpencL

h oP{cL ror sPdlins siaphrs enf

: - :d bd$, gbneri hansfona
tkhf,op4cl!dslArcdbb.hald
 M, inPurfd ourpd @eEm Dtr]
ddtdnd nrdioE.F iva.rrbre i, eh n rb,:,te d; ha€ bei d-"br;
(' OFncL pr.Sraft.

Fqho n|jg in dF orqcl b.!i. llb4 Fl!. lrtjsd rh. orkcr_ on

ubErrr # pFfrrd wirh gr. Dd dh rmpl,6r s'd kdn a tu;rin ntr.
h8 ib Acr r*r cp'bl*d. rlE buNm3 Amd6 itahh *E IWtus

ctub tunom lnlr de (q nG) or rJF. E,Eunmb b€ snsd

a synboir '€qlr b rtlre. r Fl'trrs @
ffirsr rpd'u& , brue tu i
crpibrldrq dd rlEud.ffi ( )b6€dsaserabib€lahdrltrhDmnr
wouin *E dm. FollrsursN r fd curpl6oift s nthbd'"d r;hoh
.Nt*:v:ilrble ro! us w hlbcr 6ii4d4

tu opqcl rundG rllo.rpd rpfte ddb r)?€ For .\rph. m

opocl llfrd plrllr]€ hhhr aFd I \d* rh.r iarned 6, r.b!. l
inhig6. 8ur ft sj,e or m DFge ,pdiiio'im .r b. d'fn;r
'. o di'cmr tu.
diE. To lndkab a .p€dric d.b type, crpdcl. lg secdil bnurb, dab+yF

I alndM+v?. besb fr6 d{ opIJ ltu @ and du pnDnd., or r

'm.
mEi.dddlbiFd6@b,qiMslosq.*1.@
SoR rlgl':hb olopdcl tudim @ b..*isned nl!6 6tnS m @y
@d6b\Fde' Lr orvidrs;
Porh b f rr.r nrhn dun !F ryns 4d dMr or riE tir .\plody 6 r
p.nmhr argdhr. A rypi..t ewpr. or dr e or rtu apom 6 in sFc yns

In:ddldm b rrr. opdl bav (or) tibl.ry rrpE *: 4mb.r d rffr

,m lbr.c rotr htrdbs sp@r oFb.E iL oFncl u tfiy rcLL) po
udn muhs fd 3d3 up ws8 ind ,oiR'ioo ruEr. d€obbsonij.)
dbis{ hli lidpor}3d,ppDrjrri6 drpt yursqudn6,ndB-?Ln6
Bhs rnd ,pps\nMnrc. phftf,3 dE uf,lFmdeffs op.ddqB hd
.dF (mplq bda Evd opdcr ,@rDPbh urrudB dr cLU tjbr:'.
dE oEtu sr, n*r B.to u oq&i-
turd budr b*d o opdcL .dl'h
fu6['ipFdelffdohF'shrFMmh#klEedlnEhmnjlidlidbm
 ,"'qP5'J'o'

: :dsbnbrherwindowsy{cr({rlr)podesiscrof nubo$ihrie
5 on u{ rt,! APpL cL(ACL) in

?E5cnhrion Mriasq {o opencl (rcl) L in inc, h.o to! ih! iBV os/2,

d F{cdrs ror rec..di aie

'he

:: |]h mslb. lskd heft,rc lhc Cb

.cLLls$rcs6aIthA!willbcb'
Display-Windos Manag.m.nt U5ing GLUT

s rhc oPocl uriri9 r@lljt, ou! tu$ ieP

usctr,6.P aodss {o! our nGternpL

rc ftd. a pntrn 6ms opocl iuncdoE and P*s rhe ptt!rc

'rctin
ion ro

esqelr ft.n the rolLowbg tund'on .ail

rolloNjns ndenent, ill J Lpla! wnd

urrtug n Ir disPhys the hidal g.aPhn!

d'na'.o:q@do'o'1.'.'.h
n irr ju{ aidnue ro dispray ou pttu
n fodiry our oPlncl Prcg6ns to handlt

ushg :ddn$nal ur
cl,Ur ruftdoE. we

h! Fdnim b speoricd !n inbss *c{

lhdbple't.oDqo'lhedLPhlwindo|
shourd bc pbftd $ pNk ro rhe rishr of rhe klt edge or the {re€n and 100 Pnd:
 d 5Ph! \udor'.n Ni ;. li. mi)

ishrofr!0p*.15(Fis 261)w h rhc

rDpray \udoL ind rh rhc RcB trcd, srcn, blf) .oro. ode E ro b

::*r ele openGL Proqnn

 i€n dbF.on@,m>"0 ." rch!
nd Io wcydd; . {-crhdo.orsrd}
, .'e srfl4{o o!..tr ;!,r"drh. r,4.Jr.,r
qh4ea'l|dP'.oPrllbhdnsoF'dML'dph'\J|uF"'dneJA
daod4LmrsobiftF srprr,:rJe,
,"n"pdm.obr6.a f "h\" \rf d..0rond.!-n

. Alldsr dre3r s.,o o. ffird.ddlisi. r.oto, rc,hcor.plnyhr.

e bl]oPhBoFncl furc'io;

il,irs& .'h.b,r,u6.r
lr:dd'bo '.*l''$ \
!r our h,br PEardrng6,aaFle
.oF .otor oPro , u r,l I hdP F 4

PorrL,\rrua. ft*.c11.. n.{ e n

ie emDh d,.phv r No d;e, m! ,.. ysnc ,

hd:f :) drdo- tr"",f 8Fn€i:tu pi .F .hdbdd

.m.rcD ,,^-s s: 16". r
""cr.
{,nr o pd.ft r vs . mptF ao d 04 mlt ttre. opruL Dm"!F o..
pnlFrhash.!pfL[,tRdren.!e rry,.g4F!i.m\n" rer
Prcia r or h pe 6 ode) and orlF !
'4
;".,.,-.,",",
""",...,"",
Tl,b spftirie an onhos.tul Pmj
tuqdnlgsiml
'hnt (2D) Ebnsular a@ or .ddiEb r; rh. eier dq
yoild
' hisFd,nsleungg'.frooio2m.0wI
0 ro r00 q de_ obh.r. {e detri
re w b.+oin dnhf Ge otsPh] u,.

'T.m d ndb a rcrcrte ridoe 4 d, n,i

.: :. \L'do$bb100,00) rh! row
.00)* rlF upp.rnsht windq\ <,o
. i.nbor {sjcd, ih. drthogoni prcl

e, ri)iid 00,1{5) hchiPbr3,rt

. .,,ir' .( "" bdnph)i,hro

d"';d.'".
srchltdaL,lde G4r $NoLB i

or.Jll''''ol'q\'i

emPrtrd i;d rhe opmcl tuncdoc ro b!

"qishnd" by slutDselay.unc as rhe @udre b tnvoke whm4d t1E dit

pti)nno.!Tsrner' b.d.
Irr"i boi "r o. r,
E8tsdlhem.Ingene6l'oP4cLpq
@bin {rio; d.r
ElfE sur,/tMAFY
Id€d nb$e,.rroqia ,
"B-,^ ory.,..p.'pnliri\^ "hb,b se.

fte op6cl syn€n ds6E or a dcvi.eindepend4r fr of murin6 k:tled

rhe .m lib64), rhe udriry ribnry (cLU), and tu urirlv roolk (cLUn h rh€

mh:sis d;Play wt'do's. h6&r

I REFERENCES

, x26b c h riirts crn

11es).!rd h eEC
F!' p&d d6 n6 iE di*Nd h hpp aid Ho$rd 043) Addrior nhnjrq o.

uq) ind shehs (m) oFn hloto

hnan$(te3)Grh@G hdrfr dqu

II EXERCISES

dd'ncNv&b.4'E5hsFlens,ph

hrlnt! rre 4si

Fa bn(Pnd5

nhdEP@PqlbNddrcEai&nih
 BF(]nbtktdo{rd d6eneft

. m: bia{e e riGrtrd p{ s6d? Ho

;- *h"r'*' F-
",
,dMbyl&dt&byl@4Hq{
"{ d r.! | d.F ' h b ! d sLr

b''o:{rd!dc[*ddnan6

PlrPnd) RGB !6br sFrq b at '

Jalilftdnjfurtoifo*olasbNKoPis'stn
]tr'hediftEdirydaidoulPul@DP@{t'hhEt}"ic[yudd'ruhJ.
dadsbE@qdcnqids
ushdsislFliadw'htrE
.n€dbePPLiJim,hYn'eLRLly+5h.

hP[hdedI€EE$khv@'r!opdlloE[b&ry6eoFcLudljt,ad

:r&nden5tfufub*'uPoFcLd!PL}9dq!wbtbwEighl

l.h[NfutEn€dtb'thgEd"oPtrc
Graphics 0utput Primitives
 3n9ollhcll'd^rirFsdrN

rcde! lcc Arl, prc! 6 i ljbEry o

rihLi|.msFm;fA +isrnih
,\co,,i.Ar*\r.n:b,.{t,i
. .r-,,^:n .o-D. o{"' - c ^e p"}"o r 'rr
,....'d'''
..*..o1.'*autwa',"" . $rudue of iidr\td$r obi.ds
, ,=' i""at*" t-*r"^' "*n o 'he

-i" "' r"

..-^; -, '6n"'-nF'!''''rp"'s{m''pl'.|'.-ad
::ihiGtucri'$
^fts'heiFn€hou'PdFrin iv6irePrujedd'^' B_

$".hmri "! -hitdo'he."'p pimiisa*iribh h opdcl d

...JEo.ith".1dt.t*l.lgdh^'
rcrh; "o"o,r" d
;or.:r.r..o
lo: rr mJ ho"m'e
'b oh

"-'F,,'o'."'ry.*-d.p,d-

EE cooRDINATE REIERENCE FRAMES

 sai.vi(incDrdrtodi\td{ordi{i.Rrt44.F,ruofncr

his inb rhc lGne btrtlcr hbSd

--;L{,rir"" bbeabreb*ki-e

': FGB.ods J.rcd 6l rh! s

- -i"- - b^.1{ls
"dd
-..-*'i."-r*-* ds5imnfcrclle'hed€pihold]d

:-. -a and Relative Coordinate Speclncauonj

.,'.'*,dmd6

'..'..s"ph.lrellg$h.p.,bll5]
--- .- '"4o""D..'i ao.dh €polilonisanofsd'remrhch*Pds id
-- ,r.*n.al (tld rh" drc", p6 im). Fo, $anFrq r ro.arion {3, 3)

'"',-..|h.".d-*1...n',
"dbd"..'iobF
.'.".'',.-*o
-- ' " -.:b.,ts" p-
,. i".. h'h". -. f,
""",""
-"Pi' '- -

ElA SPECIFYING A TWO.D!I\,IENSIONAL

WORLD-COORDINATE REFERENCE FFAME
1N OpenGL

- ".- "i,.;u . '

^" , "" d-,,; r -
(A^PIERI.a,rlroPdlnql@

duodrDfundonsp&ili4 qrho8omlptu'ed4wai€eddebbe5E
bPoee'clPqeTomdu'lniddhm
3tupqn'm tuh. b€l@oelwB rh.
wqrd<dodiiaE Enge. nrL wdrd 6
hde PtruoGry d for rhe PrcjEdon ia

tramc for L\e ffi display wbdow frdr rhe iollouil'3 3bktrn6

o*4len iotrr.no b, l@dir^.rry, l'c d hupp' agl't rcms 4

s.M;?nd6'Fr..*d mmF.
odhdertjenftgsF.iJi€dhdes
o ur plu ha {ll be dbp ayd o'h" * onl|ho* Pd L or dv Pntuhv

d{'oBolL\eoPfrclP'fi''\F.ui
b€giv6in'b5.1"b.t.idhae'*i(h6PdlolhenfeMeftrrede6'Eah

EE opencL POINT FUNCIIoNS

Ta sFcily rhe seod€by or r Finr we ,tryly giw a .mrdinat PGtd d L\.
aE Posib{, lldg,ih other ssmsh(

h..F'1dlwdhruFrtl'F'op*
.V!rno6lofTh"dfr&l..oo1r'P.
. €qnar b $! nr or d* s.1a Pixel
PPU'.I.' rr' d !ri\.i , (rq
rH^rrErr 6E,6dtuhtu

iG'rnEi:i Dqhyddredd@

al'gmdv€lj. @.dld rpcify dF , rdiEF !'lG fol oF pted4 @ b

rnd ou fie opscl hn 6ru f.r prders $e $E Fi.B 6

t'd}Rlrher.nvledlFrFs
tuE[imj Kdd fr.liR h[*. h di! @ m eG u..6ftrJ@ a6
.r"lidtaddnc.Fnlvrlg'

ritr old .bo d.6m . C* dE e rtu I rlr qcd ror spmrmS p.dnr
P@!ffinvarud'ogl5c'rde,@b,

&hg0$dEd.6rnd@weollds?edtr konimjddut,qdtdff dnDb

Poiir Fcrdm ddl0! 6liffi
.trtGns.'hco?sclPohlPh

Eq OpencL LINE FUNCIIONS

b-F\1'bi 0 F
'i.p6L6! i op--
.:.t glv*r.' turcr-*&h*d rhc alBesio/s:tDd par Ddr troN st ur

.. 'dn.?.1*.-.
d.d i" sr c;..
'
"
--.]ritrl*lolulonnrtl€dl'resude
...-sid 6.."nbsor,rpoh6I
: -{,sbml { , ,hd rh. rorrowhs di

\hlheopmclplmihlsEbc

dhC'ocLGqilhdme
. odmt6 hl An ui.oitudd aI o
.-,cL Lrtrls (t)Apdrrirs{srd'ihcL rrE sriD (()adqd
 tsnF44'hdAPLt!1r'quheo
dd,hc^ddhoFr,6e;do n€

,hedEPh) n Fi3 rr(br n is rhcdc

b e Lr_ qrpn." ;on fte pnos

F'sUF.4'l''how<1'dkeld}d'

oblh".@dndAFr.a4lr''tou'PI

bmp]emmdng'heoPcnclLrefui.hoE

EEt LINE-DNAWNG AIGONIIIMs

tr h,"r r,' o{Fi 6€mdFj1. b n.sci- + @d,sF "d

d4nine

pltF dg,vFrh.rrnroa 414o,vFtsin,ela p6i.ir.@. i. geF,.

be\.mp...M\lfubbi,.tPG
vd"F ro,lbspavue,rLhu io /o,b rid.4tsdt hareb€;LoLd\!h
.:. ePreryFd f r,g \. rh;.ireE!.
F.dxry E sbrp;, a.bm. w,u rs,
pp.,f {.o n4\-. w iri.Pb)hs +er
 aaa
aaa
aaa
aaa
aaa
ronB ih. rhc prh (krion 4 r7)

::'s6s'oPcol6dhc,d,*thcy

:i:{hds ror dGplaying s6:ishr lina

ir .ny siven r rbnal tr aloig i line, k Gn .ohput€ the @tup.ndins

idning dellkrid eoxaga h iElo3 dL

::lafupo*ibleforlf6Nhslope
r- rx{ JI..."r .,''!... I
'oDd) .5 4 rtraF.;-orc (1 ,

we cdcider riEr I lin. knh posidvc slore s shlJn in Fis 3.6 n rhe stope

subqap'rb\ts n€s.i r,^ dr.

Inahs,ue enprea( unii y inrdaL (6v = 0 and.atftlah@6€orie: valc i

&ddms3+! 3.7 aru ba*d @ asumprim rhar lines,rc ro be pG

Gsd frem rhc Ierr eidpobi b ec shr'hc
endpoin' (Fis r-6). r, rhis pse$ins h
6d6cngh''hsati]Eluehcl!=L

or (,hen rhc srope is srcar! ihan r) wc

,\"'oFll'''}.'o{e\Ju.
r"io+"{d rsinoF,!i.-.,h". "!-'& ,.d
he*{6smdNinrh' rhe rqhr (or rhe
$ne sloFe, we er rr = r and obbin y Fxirids usdg [q ]3 For a nesahye

dpojnr poshoc ar diisrcd ro F{ac

.er qr:nd dr.r ?o 4rye!irh,h., E'., TErra@d*; n-;!. i/
o.P:'d1d"g-AP9qd''ngs
ned.d d 6.h iep b ssqd h€ R
reprhf.3 itspr{r,sips'.ne. I p ir,.@,dd.F;q.s
mred,h".aFor+" ;.m4,,,r

dtu ) in the y diHloi and an r hcrcmsr (or dEED@t oi ;

 ,I
d
d td dt.ulatug pixet ts ions ih.n
erioiDr6 rhe nltrjpbGdon h Eq 3.1by
ih* appiopriar€ in@nb arc appricd in
frPcl oro,rorhft turg.n"llr.P:rh

- r,rom4eor ne DDA 4d"hn

rua s h.rrml r,146 {.ps
'

b.nhad s Lin€ Algo.ithnl

b and ct'nieni nner linee€Gadi3 akc

ehmsdfadisPlayffiwhm*roi8h!
edi.r arca shN $an.jm pcidds, ,nd

: Jdenjneairhee'rsdphpddowherturbpro hepilelarpo$hon
-. :: .. rheoe d0r,12) sinilarrt
c{APrsrc4,]Fo/l,lil6

co'o'd.r|4or.-hryqsioAdbqf€hi'h

To irlEbare BE*nhan s aPPuch, we

snu'\'n4"',!hmh6ee4
4dPIal'lol:F'mWBe'ePt'd''.u(AN"llJru''FG'on'
hd pro rh.PA. d-c!.r, L-a-.
ab ptr\. L.uarq Nr h!!"ddemrir rM.

F '.'T6bdF&.'1.|F*'mPd
rhP p fr.r P6abn!,r ,.rno
"

n.. bwh.\" nop fr*Frr'oi.

Adr!.onp. hea p. 6.'Fcrrt{"

rhbby $b$ihrine = vherc
*pa'dons or the €' poinr
^y/^r,
p.s ids, and definins th€ d{is1m pa6Ede! d

M pa'h rhe pirel .i r + r (hat n

4,r),
dr"".. < d6sid parare
rhen 'han
rowtrpler o'heBs !eP o|hc up!6 P +t

"s.,*o ..,"-,i".nnionp.,r"...
 nel plEiio( hi, $) ord {iih r

:'6ctrhrm\ line Dri{i'rq Akroiihn ntr

br rh. lel .nrpohr h (!, h)

rir :0, rh.na'Poi'bplois(i - L r),nd

orhcRe, ihe ne* p.'nr ro pror t G. + r, 4 + r) ind

@r*,,,,,,.o,,,,1
rir Nnh mdPnin6 120, r0) ind
1s) nb rirc his r slore or l] 3, snh
 ue phi rh. iddir pohr (i0, rb) = (20, 10), and dtuire s!@ive pid
Po3id@ rlons il* lin. Paft nsr the

it
Irl

i,ctRElr E*r

FiB llt
An rddf,btun dr sltqhb r,re dFyrq {u d(F n dE
0.4-r.0B8Nh ndEbrdNrncpusff.Ln4;rrudFilicb! ,{s. @
rm * Pad b B ptduP. and P

!du< ror t! \ Lo.

I
 : e,--'.i-.r
*.lhF.'''
r /dlKtu; nrd i' Nc nep ndns
:.dsive tr vru$ nsdr rhP rir P*h. '!A

., .,-..i"p ".,

.,;-.- r 1'

'idt\]djFd'hbiheh:n.bul

." ,: d;'.c. e.o..d-

.r odha or aP dlPliydrioblcd

EE PABALLEL LINE ALGOBITHIVS

 hh
- ;,"-r.,bh'h"dd;s'.*.d.rero,rh? P:nirimd

;;;;. .i -d .r," {,- c "t e'ir'ho'ich''

. .

l.J,^'li",'t'rt'.*.".";.e--mc c hor''ubr'
i^,i" iir""Jdrt.-'r";"-
;;"-;".,"s*..-""-" o..dnrsr' nvxLb 'oLp? r1
-' i-,.i, i*
""'+.r..
-.,i""-'a,,"-.u.;I*'.;'
i* n".;;-.and ^. irid widin
linc dop. n ta ^rri

Ar rtt tth piniiion, the sb tng v.mdt tntb

y=,l+rcDid(ldv,

.e ;i ri;a.g *a.s aa";- p-mds st,€ md rhe sbrd$..dh#

iii;iili ;A';,t"g *'"- *.nd,ii, subsriturhsarsen'hm
4 F
i-IgJgi .w.-";ua,r"p.rarl.lBl$nhar birin' :
-= ^v/&-ind
iiii.i.i"iii ;" rrtyp.a,i-tgr
 .JelhGnbadaPkdblhedlsphybyasiFhgo.epfte*oloea.hoflhe
-f
1
,) sobb nd ${h rhrGto ahoi
/, I
I

^: fL

^ordd. f m,h
. rc.o n,LF...;c' o,
r;*.F;w,.
'Fdo P?,', on,3 *". Fn 0^.
rd of riie *$ ihe horhbi rcn. o!
'he

I r.4 rhe thc c,ruahoi ; ervcd ror i

'b.n

EU SETTII,{G FEAME-EUFFER VALUES

hbeled rDm (0,0) ar rhe lows ren rlm

ir trd!, 6i!) d oF.8hi lons (Fi3 111). Fd a b cvet synen (dre
:-.-:i: r\d), 6e nanebufr{
'h bi. addrcs ror pnel p6i.ton (r, v) E al.dabd as
add(tr,, = addn4o + y(r_i\ + r)+

. : rD as rhe folowin3 ofisd ftom

 I
I

rlM4

:dd65orir+1.y+r) s hrhe.?td ahdn

tu hf I'r L)a_unrr\i6' d $'n'€'

q. er"d.o rh.€,$,trPiisa. r
5yttms rh, Gn display a range ol hbEit vdu6 for €.h prel, f.rneburro
rh (tumb€ or bi6), d wen I *F Pivr

-g Op.nGL CURVE FUNCIIONS

Rourinsioi godarbgbasi..u E,s
a5plimjrive tundions in rhe op.ncl or D rtG hbnv dc s Ef
tundims tor dbPbFE Brzici sPlinA 'rbcrr
n h a drcEc poinr sd. hd rhe oFencl u'ir y (cLU) h* m6G fo! rhR.
Pdducing Edonar BBPlins, whrh a

dfr" .ddrlf "Fi;tui b* 0.€

olenclUririiyTooftnGLUr)rhdue

$wsder*fu!!\erdiausiuo.this8tupof nrcdosu itchapk3

Eb a disrhy oI a dmPle ode n r.
rDpb\ m:F i un g d poLr r wcN\r f6d'o td.k d fr o' poi-ts rtdg .
 iiG[BE add*

CIRCTE-GENENATING ALGORIIHMS

m P'dffiand etaPh! . Purdf

f .mLr 'rm
ci^16 6 ddud.d in rut SraDhG
6A;lnehm6ar4nrutu'
irr,a"tu Lhi or;^-, trrudm

&l,tr.
* I .. r.o) 3 &frnpd a rlp d o! pmb $n rF il r i 31vFel,holhiP
.m;qdtuL\ &,.b dy.iJu r'
Pdr, t' thr! dtutur
db:yi}EPyL\dgmdd€nlicEsiu.oardimss

hmdPobsmiffihofu6r
ts+44a'o4r*lu"ud"a?
dndiqv!i1U6*€.hPclfu8

- ; not dr. bct hernod ld Fns.

t- !i. odo ad@' dre*in; by dFrGnsbs r md / FkPPry 'nb$i

E:nd dr.abb4: \,r;) wec.i rh" rkorub la\f d 0F .raP. o/ w
lhe@n'Lblim'ndPd?qing

,.h. rrE.iob, b.ur'd.ry *-s p.l cdhE,sdrrrts lr6)

e rht(rtk eu'im r orametu pdlar ffi iel& dF Prk or
 equadoc us6g i nied anslra! neP sLe,

dkuratioi,s. n€ an u* a ri4e auur

ihnnigh!'fe$sndsbappb\imd.
*, the dpl.ar sbp si4 d :. ric prob
ud apan Aln\oueh poltr osdbibs Povide eq$l Poitrr sPacin8i L\€ 6gonc

or *od\. ^e.3r edu ,uPu."

,/';,,!nqm-r-h
oE:f rnmc( n hFPrlt'hPL!
;"- -" ; - """. - ,noh
'h. 'h 'd by.;siderhs srrmdy aboui ihe aris
'
nok'h*'herusalsosFneFyb€lvd
chnE. ci{L sdio6 h adi:.€n' d
lingdiidinqtheuofhnt.T]rc*symehl'.dnd]
rto5 ar lus6r.d r FtE. 3 s, wh& a poinr * Posidon G, y) d ! orodshh

i; "r p*d p6;n a o;no d.oL br ok. h..ns on v,h

, d a..e rq 'bu ur. t3 r'1. d gd *r o olP Loq -l

'!q 'F
btrcE. Min .ffrci. .Nb argon'hn

<uF tri ,* -o'.d e aq

'*
.ri\urdtu 1BF{srm. r
b,om;.hq s"{d€'d,hcpr'( rF-h.i d,qd$
{} rr^F "ho lfb... ;,, o
hn,od.r,drNnodBm.-Pd \
dde n;i', ih. rrdpohi "ppe.h
BEFrlum drct roiirhm ior a 5ba
su\..h !'r.. B;{nLr r'-rao
pi." p.... ,,-s ",.-. -,.
\,:oo nt Circle Also thn

te Parh @cn sbP. For a siven ndius

i: dcen (qk pGidon G., k), wc on fi6r *r up ftr alpi$m b alcutab
ai onsiD (0,0) rtren
nl.ul,hd Posidon (r y) n novcd ro 'he.@rdhde

icsf!
-j::,drsrop€ordreorcv
*-he wh.h or the rko pdsible p

Pobr (i, y) cn beder.mmed by.hrtldn3

r.0 (\ y) . m. de rhe.rthboldaD
r.-i u{=0, (\.y) 5mfhe.rebou ary
I'o. (,') "-6dc,hend,ebohdi(

r :. :,dpoit algo hn, dwea

B: i. x se dtd h lhe rine aba&hn.
n se tuo a.diddc PixetsaisnPhg rrcfuvld""
jun Pb ed Pixel a' (&,4), ve nqr
i p6id6 G* +'he1, l') q rhe one ar pclrn
e -: . 1) ! d6q b rhc.i(r€. o
atj:ltddth.mldpoidbesdihe*koPneL:
.=,."(".,- )

=-,, .(, .'

)'
le and rhe pret d kn the { ie d€r

c(,rEhion p amer by ev:ru:6nE

*, =i.-("*. , -,, - l)
=11 ,+r'+rr+(u., :) ..
.N^tErlclPrcoo4rPn4fu'

Pri =rr+r(4+1)+(dr, d) -Q^. -rr)+1

I depodhs d dE dsn or pl
IncEnots ior dbhhhe pir aR dnd k*' + I (i, p! i5 nryahve) dz!{ -
1 2$j Evarubonortu tuzq+r and 2r!+, cdaLob. dmtumbllya

At fte sd pcjrim (O ,, $F eo bG haw tu valc 0 and 2l, rc:pdil€lJi

n obbircd by.ddins 2 b rh. pdioE
varnr d €.h suc€sive val& (f ine 2er, ltm ts obblned by $bhdi$:
fte b ial daisim ptan*r E obhird by aarudng rhe.ircl€ rundion tr
tu 5bnpGind (ro, ! ) = (0,r):
(")

t i)'-'
II *E ndia
'
E ryEined 6 rn bbgd, *e m simply nud p0 b
r!=l-' (for r rn inb€d)

sin.u i''@b ftbc36.

ab BIwnh'h! line,lspntn, rhe nidpobtnethod €i.drbpipl pd
rim.los rhe doflere ofa cftle usi4 intl:s.dditru and obba.&6
vr'.on,imru.D f.hF< h rre mdtsinr cin.. rrpntu 4 brroR

Midpoirt Cd. Algorithn

, l ). rhd d rhe ocdtr for rlP
fiEr poidd df, ffi oJr.n L mhd q tht@8!' a
(elb) = O'r)
I c.lcuLb dE n'jsrl v,le.r dE d.dh pnal'@ tr
po=a,
r 4r e.h I Fi[m. tutns { t - 0. p.'lcn dr [dl*b8 b rr
pr <0. dEd @rrrd's rh.drde 6hEd m (0.0) i! (a L l|lrd

Prr,=Pt+24+r+1
ohwtq du ui ({ + 1, r -
pohr alory dE dr.le E 1) md
trd-n+2!r!+1 &+r
wh.G2a+1='{+2'It2*+l=2r-2'
 (i,r) onrd rhe .i(d Pa6
drftd d (r:, { ) ard Pbr dN @odinah vrues

ReF*neP53d@ughiuodll:!,

E@! /, cnrlDr nLg

5tdehemFodtkJgqithmbl

P$ d(Ds ($rid litr s) doB i

iGs hn o+i ndb{) 1

 ca^ttEi t ottbdtpad4a
Th. tolsnB.o& *gFd incbB p6€dffi dEt ould b. E€d b im-
pl.'ddEn dFinr.ide.lsdionv:lEfor.&d.ndiar.drorfieqr..
.oddiMb ot dE orL ft p's.d b pftd@ cirldldlolnr. A F6al po
db arms dx cftJr Fui h Jr 16 (fur i! dH onplbd hd Plscd b
pmad@ cr rc r.ProrPoin!.. Ina pmceduE * *E oEk @lor h thr IEtr
bltd Lr.n dd. stllwby pdit@ rp@d sls b du n-
'ith
t*,rl .hr! hplemndrin' tuoFnclpohFplobry '.tPL.r
ftedG.

eold rrtPr-r (@br r6o.d, dbi t ood)

(0, r.dru.): // 3.t coold! for

EID ELLIPSE-GENERATING ALGOBITHIv'|5

1c-...
\':,

PonEon el[P! 0rig 12r) rr

'ho

d + 4 = lonna

! rrr+(,/ rt !o.r)'1+1r d'=

g
I
 t 10 Elrv6tdd)4ako hn3

'2qr.rn FPc6qd '

,- . 0, ,-d,b-.d'-\'oi'
- -. 'mmndtr\br
J!
r.
w;@uddddr.
- --"
E: nirtu. rrc; ui sqs h y b unit deF b I sb slop€ kod* "."\
.. rn rJh hF,.rrpd6 'he
; (em,,m.rbr{ur, turl
-. ..";"{ "rrc.-- ."i,'",r"
& $,i in d6Lwk ods $rush
errip'.I'rtdm fn- Ec.,37 wiii (a., ri) = (0,0) I
'.:r!dtr
J.,',*t' ti-'ir +'if 'li

rF. "-h"u,F.b*d.'y
1=0.
Lo r","*.a"u"aL,*u*ory
L e /,-'1
rMrhon
'o-
J- -,.g",h" rr*o..kpt.BpG, o" "- -r{rrr'etr d 4, m3 "'
- 1rh;c-dh* b rhe 5ts,;t rI; dltp* iudio ryiruad * rk ddPoin{

bi"bve";s!onI dEsron,(Fts 35).nPnwe5w.nbuibbPs

;.-". *;;;;;i;;.;d"i i^it'.r;.r q*a."r ee*t
"r*';.,i-" "ep
Thec',Pf JoPeI.ci[ .l"d
€, .^.

d! ,1.
d 2tlr
r.rtrddy bem csron r .nd csron 2 dvldt = -10a d
bi, =,,iv
:::!fndeNlofEadlwhe@ei

nihetuo. didde Pt'lsal enPlhg n6URIr{ MtdFh'

a- -l in rhe nrerrFo'i A$uring PGition (t,r^) hasben sledd in the
! t ,\etrmn;dr€P ' pGrta
^.F.-&lm^de!|lP*fu
a' = r",'* (', + 1. ll - ,)
+ 1,' + (ra
= 'i(\ '?

Eo 'd€o, rheerr'P*
-b-"i"ryo '"*r... 'h" 'rdp*'hoi
Arrhenen'nprinsposihon(q L + r = :r + 2), rhc d(Lio Pdaher lor

rr, =/.""LqL+L,e! .l
:rIL!rr,rrl +,i4L rI riri

. '' '' .1,

l r,r , r,l,'l
l l^

lrjr, +,:
tlj'- +': "iv,
. trP1, -o

, p6 $n (0, r), the eo tlN {alun.

^=/."'('" i)
='j.':(' :)' 'ii
t)l
. I I /" ',l

pr = /. dt,r +:,r rt

1,,'
.,,..*.-"-,;, -.-*-

q 316 d crd*b; ruer iojhss

-r r ; e ryrurd m& * ihe besh"r;s or rh. !b*d,* h ,hc rol

r,:idponn nri|xc Atqorirrrnr

: ripdr,,r,,anddLip6.arFi(r,{),:ndo6binrhcrirerpohidan
 inEgionl,dljngair=0,Pglonlhefolld'
rhg mir pohr along rhe ellip* .hbFd on (0, 0)

orh4 ie, rhe nqt pdht a1on3 rh€ elliPle ; (!r

P1!, - P1, +'r;&., .a
'?e,l
bi\,, =ti +,,:. ,:\,,=ti\ t:
sd oitu* mnr ?;r : ,ly
toPdamerbqlon,d
p4,=rilr+tl +.ii4 r ,;,;
wie* i&. ,r) ,s ,he b5, pct,to; caku,a,ed tn Esr6 1

aIi=0,Fdormo*,o[wjng
16r. tf prr > 0, $e nar poinr alqF rhe €llip* .enktrd m (0, o) r

P,a = t'^-7,i! -,+'?

rip*!'1! +1,$ 1)and

r4i = tL + zti+- -rii-t+t:

nret'Poinbin'heothg'hE
7 Mo? ddcatuLd p el posidd (r, y) onro rh.eDprir:l p h en
trcd onG, &)and plotrhco'dinrbv.lu6:

@ua-r,ue.ra*g
ajlll'=6,welu{ehihesbPsh

ri=0 (wlhh.anstlj =2)

,.1,='1, (* hft*hhi ,/i: t,3)
 x4oEniry&n4di4^l'vinw3

Li, {) = (0, 6), ind the in iar dectid praher valuc i3

rh=,j ,i,,+;ri= rJ:

slcsive nidPdht d*id.Prame
:ie.llip* Nlisbd i. L\e i]ll in8hble.

;'
:.r astonXins n
'rupoi
(' a

Li\-

dr ftt Ft6 c4Ed oi rM q'dn * rh

r :3a; r =! 6ns,tumdru'

ror *€ e[ipp ddh dE lftt qrdflni i3

ePm€du€aaglEnidbpl.ne-

\niois coreeponding ro thep Pcirios

-
l.o!.. floti r) ( ..tun jf k + 0.5); I

(rftto'i.l'!t'.!itr.'hik'1ltry)
E5I OTHER CURVES

trn!tun.ioisrr l\Id ir obj(' i,

.,r.r.bq*|]'pt"d!-.lh*l
..nrlpddni$Nbrc.(o sti'

ndn (1.6r siluircn io aFPruri rc

- nth!oan) iftrJrNh6Nlhi

.! an d!{nt)| r co.i *dbn (n.oii)rnfr the {oid dqrre.

rrrl nct^ 4 ! a, D, F,ind r d

 "rr.{:

1,

I
l, I l'.)'
 _:hiak and Sp ine Curves

. ..r , i N,nt { r $i$ o ir,nf ohos, irlur'{dr!d$Lg, d obi{'

..r,.,.;ih DrrDuLorM\ r
"
,. i,i.sko;D;Ld\r.(, o, L.dr
. ..*h;,,1,r{. d*-,b-L hP"."d . 6,...

EI PARALLEL CURVE ALGORIIHIVIS

i.:ii;,]ir:l
. i., !o Niqrn6 !\Dd$\s'
bca;. r.b"sr.s,.r*, d

;d -,*r, h"" * -*pt," p*

o;n.""-d"F,n.rdb\',-." "
;d dli.*s n 6is €nh $an rin
'o

in6{hm FltioN r'oF ib as,sie

f rhe ctuhkd dtshne is re$ rbn a PF
dehncd !tu€, rhe Pliel G pro ed

EIE PIXEL ADDRESS|r,IG AND OBJECI GEOIVIEIRY

$red ,ha, narebuffc! oqdinah Ffefl..d rhe rtnrei of a r!fl Ptel P6r

"s !pa^ p" l:tF 'r,rdrBc{r.

dTnJ.'o'|hliTJohFlltr'''-
orvo,bob,<'ruP;,-o-r-'
r '.mP!ldi i eP ald'r"ria
mdlt.mnr" &. dmd c"en. rq-:meh r" n*BrP \ lp6icJ
,diwdrho;4mfthtre.
^*b";-,""...."op,..
.rF-:er Ardh€ ,m-"i' "
b"'"a. p -! { is" d
^
'h"i;e "

-."" -r -u 'r'.
r" -m ., . Fn 6 b' . &*r n 'rc
p.-d .,
' ,

ro! an\ o rrL;o! , ,a rsq,Pr'

.*.i n- P,
rhe ;dhenaital" "-"-'
li.e p"d. ior"-"d "
i p.lylinc uid 4dPoft .miriErs (0i 0), (i 2),

L.-s . *'i -.' -'

wlh ffi ^. *,d (i,
<rnlind.s v)
""
a5 L\€ d
d(1,r):nd(r+1,,+r).ihispirl.addE<dstuhodMsevsaladv:nbss:
 l.\1|ob].|l!

iiF;r.-d*6ar! r n

hbtls pNi\cobied Gpt*d in5

. -pL,{trs di"pi.**hg "d*dh m

:: . nq Geometric Propeft es of D sp aved 0bjects

- -..:-"'..i,-, L;.
me q,*srr gFDcirn no$tundb s!

. !$rhows rtrcDd a h 6e 3
'h.

-.. --.i, -. ""r.c .,'

ne ,,
^ p.. .si.r
- r\!r,,ri!,.n;eh6$cbeddp
Fi\dr(2e,11 rrhdGPbr5a
-
- the s'i-. s--d.i. n.s'ii.di$s m*h.nd(al rhc rroF (20 10r
'hc

*,;-"i,dh. .
h. r-"o G" E! q" rr.n.\.N
dr' rb b P.,rt,. (emF ' m
+dlp'4Fl'fnB}'mund'ro
i l- r ,;-";L n.heR-.rt' -6.1r m! d.pLr s"qr'"uhrc p' d
sro.(lm tuF b h.l+Mle r
i-",h. ".^.tron. -rb '
iiEadrgrek v = t $ s€ *, $dop p^a oN ro. rh" dBPrav€d ft6"s1".

d-d'nc.nor ;'.n ru^rc bd-ro,'e r

-- ;trd !Edh-,oon, " -r d.n'a F' or C0 r0
'
^.in
*..,-;- **rdb.dr," "*d..,8 L'ao,u, ."dudrna
34,hptr'dp.r'
.Pqs.de.".. P; m--,bPc
.i;, r -dd,h. i^h",i.redanNod dp or,0 {e d rodn'h!!r'
.1s.' h. *.h pnd -- Lie md och p erolumD6r Fig 3],
';.h"tu

qsii.r' iu:+,! rcr=+

EIE FILL-ABEA PRINIITIVES

:
bod{ orhs f'[ a ndhods ftrr ob]aE ,iih od-cd booeics iru Bjwo ri

Ellt{ POLYGON Ft(L ABEAS

-. i, ; "q';" *;-;.s'o'onrrb 'hePdi* {glPlrs
,'"p;,s'^,'-p. -,-*!ff aienmbrcl dr"aBo"hi"
. - -"';h;^" -"; "
-^ a.o."*
. ;"-.hoen[o"or' ior!p. hb" -r o m''ePohso'
* .;;:."4,"'h;--Frlm.piT+cshsdso'-"d n"Poh'
., ;;. ""i,*-'..,.d; ,m"gr"pi''Pa ri36
; ,""d"*"1d."d,hrN ':;pei'cLbIaD
. . ..' i.-ut,-:r "*' .:"ilr.'r 'mpr* ruN or ''" d"P ^

e-:i nq Concave Poltgons

- . ..L"i"i*-...*-"pr!Bhw rrk {rorh!-"dse r"d.-P

@""6 - pddr.; l[i
-. . -*-c.;h* rBmmt tr'i d'e]*h 'h' m\sor
^ "e..i' s mt -
.-'.^"'.o.-..'."'"tvrc
!. roForFrb' d511
, ."i"i **." "."-';,-p
-J " ."*-i"^a-.",**,,i.F\rJ" veFd"a ond!"Pohsm is

rolysnBbbk€,16k * de
!:.!hdwayloidmllfya.onsve'o'yg P.lYson

!o - .q Concave Polygons
..'.hiwtd.ndJieda"fteFl
* n"-"**"-trw.";;"ds"'eh-:mdse c'prci'c
i l m" r'F'od-''-'
".**" -.-^ "t-'.io"i,-c'"
*.1.'n"'
- "- Lfi-"' " -.'*. a,*t"d.. drccdr"Fru'-b"s
$€ryddebu!qe.milwaysh e
ndhodsdin*dhc]rrPb5.
\.,*tpoe' mi v^.Fd!! Lweoer n!

E{=v!'-vr
N-' Ei oLb,mms pn ru ,o
rh. p. )3.1 p.nrek- l, ru . dFtr{ or {re.cs prcdu.N po- f
while orhs.ss prtdu* hlve a n€Sarive z (mpmnt, rhe polyso! is'. ffiv.
olhetrjg'lheFlvpGdvd'fti
ric4 ,E .onircar we have a d€c@6r
Pory3o G:baBhi rire) rb€naPPly
c6 P'urud has a n%ativa: .mP.*fl
(6 h Fis. 3!3' rhe porysm i3 cmcve and we . spht n ,hng rhe lb. of rhr
fiBi edge vee in $s dsprcdud p

@ vdoMdhodrorspLr(hston. tporysd3
uiih sir edg*. E4e v€!ft
pcl$on an b€ erpIlsd *
0,0,0) q= o1,0)
Er=
q=O, r,0) Er= (0,2,0)
Er=( to,o) q=(0, 2,0)
whm the: (mpde n 0, sde al
PlodudE]xrrfo!Mo€@e$ivg€d

stu rhe crcs pldud E, I q h*. nqa$ve: .ompmL w€ spt dE

Flxoalo$th.l''golvftbE,,Tt
sroP€ ot r and a , b@Pr or -1. t\b
lim yirh rhs orh* Fryso edga b s?
drher .d3. .cs ptldlds aE n€sarive, $ rhe tuo rew p.lysds an boE

we cn .lso sPlr a .oeave Pdry8on u

@nred@Lwr* aond tu porysm ed36, ea shift the pdiion ofrhe pdlyB€

Pory3ddhd rhedn€b bac14*w

, vr+?, b betow rhe r aiis, ilE Poryso !
o,'hc Hon{ Poys.L h."bF,bo.,
G @6red f bl w hrE bad :x di!6 b f Polrso [n Medods f.r
kf ja5 Jx<ErE dr Fbddal nerhod Li 3putrlns . 6fu'w pdy3@

lalitting . ConEr Polygon into . Sd of T rnglcs

c..nthivervcdliglidrad'gpol,goqwe.ouldb'Bn1mitinb.
ed bY hur drfinq rY cqure or $R
G- h;di€bb"r mw Fl]p(,ffisrr oEriddlet/sslevfrb
iboc..dlffirhcciciml@lr* IrE he .lm Plwdu ts 'PPlhd
aflodded lfr rilr bspoff.notl@ brinslP h?.ouF f.trns buryle
-tBmlredbllh.cicitrF|vsonisEdlo-do16llhR\11116yhkh
*. d'a las tiu€1. h *E d A d,b. by divided inb I
@re Pol)€d
-dtriuAl€64tt'j3.Fd.h* _ovq' :.tre)
G bm ; rE@ dur. du' B 163 $r r3o b

F.pht6 pre oM Erd b 'd.nd4 hreidFSffioro6Fb k'

l,! rbic d r lbDL oq4 suln a i ovo Po'tt@ I de oi I
b;. B s.rc.nv a .bashi@a,n Plws
r.@'^."8! r-*Pk,*-yw i D lF'ry a .dPlo lx l€rd
nE;nde edc. x m I'a {6 rc $!h 6h:Fs ir \ o ilbrvr.ls
, ur''y pr,m @ BtF"rd .in "bMq'dd wrn h @
'l@;
d; mh s "A;riol b d* ohid bour,* l wo ldnrdJv "8io!
!.d .l_
bi,md4a -tu lE, oi' pram 6s!F a+ dr odd{ o rure rni
" lr.dm{ubs rure.
-E@
* :@.y df d;d*n rr.. at a
h ;r .dalh drA6r lire hd rv F ion P b a dr*n! Poid
4 dp. md;hA;Fd u;do6.d ' pory.ir i1He.6Jn,rh?ndb{d
@' msinss r.ong Bbft u *; rmb.r d s.€:mb ffi€d bv dir
.;d.lhaPbffiid.,€dFb t
lo ohuin m lnEb osr d h *3nhr ffiur3! k 66t b. 3uF
I uY [Fegffir sdPoft Fs_
!*d .t6s itrtu d ntu r!@ otu n€d 6n3 dr odd{o
: *l-bbdins.lcd
'lr polyliP. l1,.6 u*in*Predue taiffiPle,
 'Tbo'rd'ld'loo.'ldmo',ouo
a hLo.djm.donat obird can be dcrined h

rbTdnL.'F'll'q

.c nitr i ro rh;!' d,
dd"-ne he-d,..
pGioolP'trlh€sfdfgnumbcr ^.be;,o.,d
n e{e!ior poin1. FjFc a.!6(b) sh*s rhE
) rh?rd4-rr;ia..uRe d..o

enorior qtionr, a5 in rh. .xanple ot Fis 3-46

n'.ld"hs''.-T{?l'Fh''

. . - dtr . o;,; . +c _.,r_ e h-

Ir$e: f Fr-rdr.o\.p.o..u. I o. dpd, d,o!ng .p@a.,
r hn b -Fr d d si .strd.i irom m.

d.. . L dorh. y,s'.,Dd iRro. hd

o.. r. !" b."rc. 6u.d"; im\a o

FFFr"0enil'b'Ph'"'d''
ndslo.lasifvshbiollmexs:
nd,d1d, ".bi rof \4n.,n{!

ion syhbols), ne{cd polyss,ard lqRo

"rcn4rc\hd4-'unb
b6 b th. on 6 * rhe .Ged rnkF<
iionpoinEwhlbrci€Fn.elfuflonpciiionP'
 Ai,'ae,&r.d
=,FE:,
.:. rruqd" oEpE,qr " h

delid!arcghwh?Pcthw
i,aEErtuddde 4-3.d
t{oEgio6,fuE€3fu^h6a

?.''clyo.6ll+aP€'5omdiE'8@kmcFBimsat!*dbsFcify
e w+ ro ammr Booldn oF ,
'ap
hdbg.numbgnle'Mlhlhissh€re,
r;dne;inFle.nod eI*dns boundary i'r.a.h or tu asio5 na
6 who* windins nunber L Posi
Fq-.m'la'ly'he[eR'ddeoqlc^'l}oMffldlic.
nd ng-umeri ss q 6m I
- "o,d!o'bn rpdmtshre{
ihfbhedfPfeofeots!D'
r -. "" ,im.b*Fda- F"
,- bod€. rhm dilr@e nsion
(hc (Fis !e) ts the $! ol au Pdhb

ie obFds in r sere aE dEaibed a

trn pr,id6 tuMi6 tordftnrgiru 4c'EF

Fpn6 or prcpd.
- , ,,j.h,,..r-.raaFT.., d
'
As
 I

L $4d '.'D(.1D'^ "

c.,;d. eh 6. -; $
th".bieds

och rst\ in the oriEiiR nord h

,h. .dq$6 sd rorygm tE ;eFe N irdNrcd F hg r-.i ro, hLo id:

lslNll*dheEqdobrelnv6!
lgicd objNi ao(i ra-r ircd trA if 'r_

o6 ohd Arso, de objed si i

'or
u,':h". c ''

",".",i"-",," ,J ,.,,., ..
t'8."".'.,.d'oml6c\4t^l'.
utdiiddqka ondhblhed;
';';i;,i;* *Lbe "'db'A'mdedE-F*F"
' ',.,',,r. 'h"
ro'h5k..inrodon -h*ar
;;;i;,",6*
";.;d-.ede'

i-; -d."br-*h- d*rL-h- "rs-rh.'

"-,,i"'i:*-*i,i F'* i'
"";"u|*-^ "+;, "e'''d*"i

1";,i; i;;; ;o;dq". oi" "ier)podseDpddd, b,

b*r6ePor\8on
me \a*d "i-
. ,i::;;;i;; :.'"1d '. ,\.' "r'h vs" l hr'
" .*"ds.-I"-.*d
r

. i, .:l,i;;;;;;;.u -F".;'ip'dvs"*
. p"Lys- p..ri t' , * p*"i p"'E bel b the Portsq

dm. oD' .tre ' 8!:Phic Y tsm Ph F+

or€dJ-' rhF'Pd€a*ft dr run'rd
;.; r "Nmg
-- ;.. ";;;,js;-.",,
*".J;;"*a -l.-. {h,kd*i'd m'F-'sh
! '", ,.i;i.".*-;t .
"' ":". Md rb
lfDli': l:l.Tni1l'X.l*
","t"

-"i.i-r ;*a t*,n"** - dt;b-r* ddr€q*id"rh

]] ..,.i.=,".-^" '.a;" "nsi$e4k Pden6d ner'$eqrlw'

,n, e i,,Es. n 3 :no Dbr €rms c fl orrht PLn€
-l-.'r**;.-"i"t*"r- or,d'po*r'\ePi "
'hF:n 'o

--,r,J";",, i;'it"*.q*** t ,tbch'//D indc/D

'/D

.beohtah€'linddenhintloh,6jns
(NlFERlclIP'FoP,hDE

I'

E\pandine rhe ddfrnunb, rc c.n sdh c

'j€
a=btzl ., + k<4- zn+ y.tz\ - z,
3 =.r{r, -:' + 4(1j rr)+4(',,4)
c =:ny: D+&9j-u)+'r(y ld
B'6\
D= rr (r44 - }5a) -:n!4,! _ !h4) _ r{yl:, - u:D
ft* dilallrios .E vild fd anj rhR ontinrF pG tu. b.ruohs rh@
( r, -. rnd Ddbco-DuK rord
Folygffbdrnd3!ftwlhlhgolhsedlpdab'
rt rr Po$ibk rhe cddrniB de6n4
bin€d 'h{ plae. sb an stve rhL probto hy dividiq rhe hdi.b
w hin r si$ra
aebf dmsr6.orw.dtd tu'deappqjnarinsptmrairh€vdlier oli
Elnodtdobhini$ appuim'iinspt .Gr.djdderhevqr.xli$inb$ts
9h'Uh@@.}"ub*lfrbElhR

r b qb\ rDr db rh rood

PmiRr !\e
Prcpmodlblh.atollh€Pol'ts
PrcPodoror o d! omidd ar m L$
ro h prc6-,@ m fre r u phm. rn" prqdio mrh.d s oM d h

FDnt.nd Back Polygon fac$

s€nedbdcb8ui!ft hemrhehosid6of eche r..Tn*idetapolt€m

ddtaeinbrheoqdn'bdd Laued ihc brt* rae,and rhevilibrc, oroutu:r4
6iden dl. fi. ira. rdo$tyi$ rhe
frdr rnd back I|€ oI a p.lygd b a h
ftr d,m!r€, h deffis abj4' visibdiy Every FryM is ffihined srdir
Lnjnib plare rh{ pani.i* sptr
on ihe Pbre and rhit ts b rhe
eidbb.,rr'o ot{or o!6ad '*inb $. etaft, and, rhus, Nrsid€ fi..hd. and rir
poirrutirvNibr.blneb'J treo hep.hsn (ur,drqd,ddrhepir
A p. r rlur i! bFhrd nBrde, itt pdru@ &lfue DrG E mnd. e ,birr
we need b k€er in hhd dDr lnft imide/obids .lasidlado n Ehrw b d.
phne dd.ing dr€ pol[on, shaR3 d! Fedo6 insids/oubd€ kb uein,
i]f, whdi,g{umbei & odd€d ture yn
in nlehd b dE hrenor ot u;
thgpAbrol<pldjlrd'bP.cdl.
o ra po yed b,fR d.n oqar rn fv Fb, rr . ., nor on i rbm h.h
I
cd^nErlcnprk!@|fuPfune

EIE op<ncl PoLYGoN FILL-ARE FUNcIloNs

wii\ ms aeprid, the op€ncl pt(rdus ior sF.jryins fin FolyFc aE sim.
rlarb rh@ f@ dtribins a poini d a polylrt. A s1v.!.* tun.rio is n*d b
inpur the .oordinak tu i sh3h porysd !d& .mple e.lygd 3 de
s$d a sr!.siD/s1hd
'nd ' Paii HN*€,
an ue ts dirhyjn8 a Rh8r. $*
hsdddElydifl4nllorur
3ydd rr,. poly3n hhdd G djlphyed in a sotid oroi d!6in.d by rhe
ffir 6ldr s6ngi a5 opds (which arc dadib.d h rhe re{ o\rp@, \r
@nn'r.Fly8mfidraPahm{'dweddlsPlaypo'yEoedsBslircbddeE

PoryEo 6LH' Tne i

io b d6qibe
r{ryk'lleo'ygm:ddu]r@t
6n pdyBN. or € *t oI lmrthd h p.lygdg
I
lroFncl,frllr':Tclbe.Pejl'l
l].l1r.dfrl'eoljRoT6'lmuiJ'nli{
eds.xancauhb,d.nsle!fd. Fpohs nB' e t5. rlM t30 . tud a. nsi
pol}td fll ffi on b€ delined wirh d{y de vdb: [$ whch pccludB aii
sFcifioiiN ll,rr mbin hdr6 h the polysm jnbior su.h as rh:r shoh n
Fte. we.d,nd &.aib€sEha risurc 6t'sso ddlipphgdwxpolysoE
's4ch FryM rh.t we ee.it he ko r,ee ab ktae ,latunrrae
E
h opancL frn .dh d odE rfribu* cn be *t ior €.h tae epa@rlr
and b.ck/fmt idhrifi.rrid is ne€d€d h borli tuonimsioat hd ihle
dilldml @hg oufi6. lt@aoF, Forysn veiic modd b€ sp€died
d* Polrcd hdn "o6ide". rhis iddF
fr6 ihe t d rae frl! inar Pory3on.
Ee e $aphB disphys of6 ndrd€ k:ngnlr! 6n rEGi oF€nGL pr
vid6 a sp*l K*nele tudd lh*diEfly acepb !d sraiticrrids rn d-
arpl4. h 5E iopremshlimoto?€ncl- rh. forlolhg mfift cn b€
efrcieni thm seGatins a fitl fthgl 'lle

u:tsPGFdl'''Jll'!d6ru4
(r1rr). sulnx md.s tor slRect s
ffi DrA aF b be ApEr-d s .
ntsse".€ iror sho r."itorncr, q ro d
bl.).,nd v lao \- qr rh. Rbrre L dlpdved w'h.dgF pa,drtr ro h

FrcinEk- F yp^.6 " @.pht

btgiqqhdt ^ de5afrd\s''de
 1!1, nr),hr,rr),(Lr, A ('r, v:).rtrd

l
 (
)

FcuFr ;Ii tuDb@,dlFdlE4rL"dD vlbpdld or^

rfib@llEddid,;E4dq
uttviEd;d b!n*b iffi.d qh cinrftu' G' e ffid
Arnd6E'6d*tidi nrMu-ens Otuqi*bdd'Cq
'b'I10

u s. rod6 dr\fu lid dd d,4. tf Fi''ftiE (Il@t ln tr€

od. drllple b e!-tirNurs, n .hbjjl dt heo.rfd ti-EL G[ i

In$n.e,ih.f ar$eoordntbPohbd.f re d€v.rdGr.r*ti''sle,

mr thF FnE &aN $. d bunde, Dd o ft'dr tur lrd b'JEh dn
re#in hvrft FiliN! ' o;bdcrvn:otd{ a dotlllgn
bdl\' b d4r:t€d wi6 dBPnniM
m Nothq i' dbDhy'd ,J m do d li$.r led rhE Ed.E And
tl* '!qbd
i"ber d dica lP6!.d b d r sddPk o, rhE rh. 6rd m d
Bv Hdaq dr9td lieroRl:@ rnd.hlnsnls dE plffiw
b dlBraclB-tatE, e d dnPlry rh. d of .ffibd tiln€r* 3h
k aq rhd no c@rdinre pGitims ,r FlPatd n : lirr oI rV vd6 we
\ z h.nd6 in rhe >bD Clarlv w. mutr hrve N . 3 o' nodrnS 6
&'r..d
-.- h llrb e;ple N = b and M obh'n fou- h'aasl6 Ea.l''KN\e
E .\dd an edR h dF previouny dtued hiarSje s rhe ordmg or
.r r-ar listm$l be set up'dllo eB* a oEistent dhPlay o:E tridgle i5 defitud
rsf, \eriex e6ition lbted arler th€ fiBl two vdtices Thu, dt li$l thR v€F
be iisted in c@nbtlo.htE ordea who vi{ins the lbnt (oltside)
-;'iuldo. r F tusle Ar th,r. rhe !.1 o tlFc ttrh6 ld dch b6€9umt
b,nansed m r ounle(ldkr,e oder wnhD r\P Polr€.n lables lh'3
Fpl.nqdbypGryngd.nPothon r n lns velle\ lilr in rh. order i = I
j 2 and d-r$s Lhe o-der ol lne o' epondhA *t ot rhe
=:
,v
"=
rF -..,dins ro wh€rha tr is dn odd lunbcr tr e even number ll , b odd
a ,-ordbh 5tinqlor$plrdelcveni.e.6'nrheordern nrl ' 2 if,
reEuTl-verhe:Tt-bd in lheodq,- L i ' 2lnDFPmedmg
* on riEirriJn|l.'d ItwouldbelisEd:sh:tmgqerb(esrPl,P2 P6\'
d - o ma.Rle (, = tF \ "ft' odelinc Lpb p2 p1] vdF. c
zJ s ould have
i: rrrerh;b..ele(i = t)"dldbe(po.pr.pq,.Andlhefodhh.ngle
r h o rl. be ii\hd rhe polyso rabl6 wlh vetu\ ord.nnS rP5 Pr' p4J
rlrns war to Ferrt'; . d of cotrlRbd tr'iangl6 is to us the "f6"
: u-u.rpd in li8 J 5dd) whft all b,ngJ6 "haE a @on veF
a oora'n _hb .rdSdmr of ru8le 6ii8 thP omhv" .oturrr
-::-\c!E rAN and rhe onc,nal oidering of dr six v€dic:
.:!1:ii (GL TRINCILIAN) I

\ .n.e-, wo ,@ obldin N - 2 hanBls. Prct'ddg no v€de\ PoJbN

*!:N im B; md l"t.l hd5r lnft rer1.6 In .dd nm rhe vednts
i ak '5ed in lne pDpc'ode' to (ffid) dPhne Nnr,nd bd.l hclo'
-o.t n"rc'd t''r mra,-* po'non lilrd (in tlu_.e pI) T a vdP\ fo,
Er{c.n IIr..Saintru.rak rhe Fi gle'rd rh€ @din,r€
rE lLIed as, - 1, tr = 2,...,, = N - 2, rhen veltices for tianele, @
i. .i€ polygpn tabl6 in the ordd 1,, + 1, , + 2 Th@(@ &irgle 1 is
lisi (p1, p2, p3) hi.nsle 2 ha, tie vsd ordering (Pr, P3,
"rihih;redex
''e' h.r ( vertiG )ppded in fi c ordF {pl. P4. P5'. drd hEnde a b
rhe pn6iriv; tunctids lor kimSl* and a SeFal Polygd, O?..GL
-,i6 T- rie sFifttrN or No rtTF ol quadrilaFmls (touFsidPd
\r - r\pL- ouADsp a riv. .Gbnr rd rhe bllowing lilr or.,8h1
!r3 (NA4ERr crod'aa'rd P,'dlj6

wldc,sFofi.dasGdtnsbdl.mdhik

,ouNinbo.rFte; qJdn dna

.dd.Dl;"r;@d *dEPr,y:
rB, L'dL€n;r@de\i'hmlFnm.hw o'hfs e nmns 3d'5Prs{
A,ldlhenLobso,!e'FG.Ftne

.dmded qua6 ,ba 5 shown h Fig }'zb)

\"

- r qudnhkEh.poidrg 6r N 4 n{-dam-lhPbof4
-;i r@;iBh Ddddm h L\e rkt r
iirlEsdoe;qriclnkd6n= 1.' = x,r = g I rhenpoly.
ilis wiu li,t L\€ vedes ior h Lhe v€d oltq nmbd
'ruad;l,bal,
I (r = r) d Isbr 6 h:en8 , vd{
pr. pl pr. p4,
-qo
io]F'p\,'Andlheemodry
'i-li,o,?;" ""N€d
srh.s *. *, o, appdha,ing
irtb Ihb is b.or
"".""" "'"",.,equ.rio
PliP
ms qudd! or orh{ }?6or.u c
; tu so c'Fncr ;d odP rn !F
ob* cP Fod"led N'rh PolYgon
* ;;.d,b--"rc*"h.-d"
:.!+rAd mPoF rL rnctfr
i* :rc ui" rm4t .r,,, 'lr --d. ri
rut6 in@ \d' qu:il! sFPht! 3F
i h rh! .aPbrit! fd dLpLyins o* h urf or mE sh.ded Polygh F,_
i EDnvkaql6),bdudhgrherPPlbbonorsurraedbF.ndsFdal
{i@gn theoFnCL (ft [braiy.Utrsonly.nv.xPol'3N,rh.oPecr
, \ t-, pnv.d6 ru.rios 6 d€Ing w h 06" pdrrc sd dh*
rra adetordvdia,u.h6hips inba 'lolclu9r]Nt'&|4hafu
*' o,brsls, da$lebcsh4,
b5 and sh ghllrrt *!ftnb one i.n oq* h@ b€q d n'
{p\ an he prllB3€d w'd, b*k oPstcl rundio3

0penGL VERIEx ARRAYS

' i " **;'b-s -' -.l.bt" b u sa mkh moe @nPLGbd ro

:-,." aF (fi der;€mb ns r 'nsle v?r, bar ob6. k cd! ohr
- r s !s3. { 'h,s,dNs Er\d m nks6 bsmd4 $",brrMr3
r A skqBhitoBlrd Dethod rd defirn3 rhe v*r @rdtuE d b
ro (HAEET: C.,/r4 dtd hwi6

:)

Aobnddldgebdrori. F16URE35e $bprdE&

dy't(rcFdub&rtfu
E&}*
e. douUerubeipd lmr rudr.r

o' .dild fiEr rLfiru r d.b 9.

od'eil6 gre rh. @rdhr6 toi ad v.d p6idd 6 d .l.lmr or
lin.t}Eb€ipHary&f.rgnPlg,

Nd.{n.dbd.6me.hotnEdhGort'isobtRlFord !.re
n r.a*ou!drhaio.t3..rD (eL ?orftox)dto.rB..n (cL aNs
ln. hs.*,*our6€reb lu h.st6rca.hhhrtu
oldo wh{ vicwrig $i' sriGe nm rh. dBd..f th4 .rb.. h rh. fo
od.s.':Ei, E +Ery.dob€ rae.E. qu.<titrb,l,nd e r lucdm
bpad,ysbdlptval6lorheopacLpiddreotu Flg@3-59
tn.ruhsi*v,l@lorE ypt olllrydbgb rtuob€v.d p6bru.
rb,$€3p.dfi6h'ofad''aeEqlhdop.ncl'nd@mdwe
d h.6 b wit wrH we .dd olq sFitu,rN .nd dhs FtrlF
tuncrio c.!r And seG *itn lMy omt xdidmqt'ir€much
Bh!cn€ ftm 0Eprudingob.d&iple, rdPle Iwd€ffiptim
qld hudrcd! d rh.E:nd' or (ordmE ipeiiibdoB In iddhio
& qnderdibubr.<lvi&inspd,lll.@ 6.tnsrb. d lo!bdividurl
Ihltobid d mrdKiptiN.aurd ain mo':lMsnhberor
.rlG whrrh pub i d€nurd d 3y3b ft@@ rnd q dd eteh
lrprld p'!sr.m.. A tunhd prcbLm
{sud 6 in dh€ h Fig. 363) Gn,rly hrE 6turd vex .oo.dn'ab
nw,'h**.FdPcitim'my
-b€sp.dnednddpl.rn@
L:lk\'irt?dE.Prcbl.m'oP?'GLP
o, fii.nd dft nr.d€d h pIllltds @dhb n'fomar@. Ulins,
@, w. cn r!.nP dE infomrtm ,o. <t6.dbdra . x4 s dut re
-\ a very li:w tudm.rrL TIE shF tuolv€d ft
t5t.te (cr wREx aM!) brc
-& dEv€d{my f.a@ of o?6'cl
r,. dp luldd ,1v.*.r!oht.r b Epdfy dE lo.it'q and d.b irrn*
Er.y dE 5@ u!i^s ! onrE 3u.h ds 31D.ir!r6.!t., wlu.n on pc
ndtiple pdmitiv6 with q f.v fudim c.U6.

6eptayprcvloGlydcnnetti.iin.db€,relfipl@ldl*inft
-dlfolltri,E.od.*hPl..
.3ab1lcuoisi!t.

t)'(6,,,r'r'5
.l]:.9816r.it!lct-om5'
tu6d.()ll'lrm4cutub1ec11.ntstate (@ rRnLARt),
& i 6pahili9 (h d't d4 r w :ny)
rlM B6.ue dE.li€rt (!h.!-cld4 dut i. rufina rh€ mh F.s!am)
ft dab tor a pitu, rhe t/td m.
1rh. se (drdlrbu@ 6i @ple) coE G@EDnd!rnt
dE pitu of .dlE. r dnsL ncnjn
 IEren*aoay'cahcdoPhclk

oFncr$mboh tura $'h.€dp",,TE h! ;6r.

"q-
Do. & 3 wihrhe;dEo"

s.ha.lalm,hdo..
o, .. b bc Dc, \Pd rccerhtr n dF,r.:
trr. p :mfq ft; h.. ifutrd- h h
{h".ch\h:y drii h.dhs h< .

)m a qilhar
! q.prry ho,-.u; q," F,".-

rhe No a,ha ,ndc. tu6 i .b e ,,"" ,. ; ur,:,wD sHo;: ,

".

dorvdruF:noodaao,b isdoh^,.Da-r.rhd.,;bf r epn""dtr a

EEE PIXEL.ARBAY PNIMIIVES

Inidd'mb.g!Bhn6'Fh3d..
:gFo m$po \ rc rnF rodFPt.v.
n!pr%!ah ..hob !a
ro br sepruinq;!hf.H +,spl
fn rh"".,J F r;i m+p; odecm@..R
2:PuelddvUlioq!jJ!Etypr''

.d rhi< (4 dra o d dhed b, a

 I

i bit urus 1 b;.h .lseni oI

'he 'he
:5 b ssigncd (or .mbin€d vi$) i tl€l coror

EE OpenGL PIXEL-ARRAY FUNCTIoNS

'o'['ol'roFn!'j'!cv''
" 4 ov lo miPad'l'ao s 'dpnnlP
:a{L p@vid; *?rol r@6rcs ro suns opvh& and naniPubdns

.'t.ilni0A\JFo''rd
. .. s,
^*mn..€.;dd
.-."-h;d ts,hP.oo
" ci6onlh;bh€.onsidcEdihe
.re RbnFl ;rrtu ong; Po
. n€, d trr$,F
' ..,,- "."";.".'5"",
r1. b;io . ""
ibdr".un! d{{psihon.
. . . \ ar,6A,rE @.-..'
"d ';
elnPhs,wccnsF.ilysoldiuts
qoid{@ain.b ongm (0, 0, 0)
 l19oqdcLPa.AnyF!|.1fu.u'
&1 !rl@s ror birsbaps aE spe.ilied rcw by rcw, sbrting at th. botron
. * _.Ri.nsldrFid padd. Next<w€ et rh€ sorase node lor dt bihaP
opitl drine grPrxe o-.i l"PP:mmeerv,ueolIinthts
b€ rligned d byte bdndarie. witn
\hrPoiihon ro (10,40' r'ndll\. hnFol
gr::arsFifi6rhalheb partmhsivoin mybrtshape.aldth.tdts
T 9.olws and 10 IlM, The ddtues ror lne origin olrhisP.M aF
r: \Lhich is rhe loiveFleftcone.ot the gid. \^b illustar.a.@dituboifst
-! rJr. /2r.0. l<.0' :ltrough $ e mle ro ur ot ore orrld 'n '\ ! cdmple.

n delmd as an anay of olor valua is appli€d ro a blftk of tam+ult r

r:::a,PiErs (lrdrh,
gr\. Jle.dur rnd 6 dimeEiN
- rrlo.rherru) p- sp.Pd!rdp' d!-!Fo-u' F*!gn.dropncl
E sPedlied for tF ,raI For snpla
e.j .oh ror all pixels wirh rhe conshnr cL 8iu,
spdly , 5insl. blc
, o.p(ifr lnRobsmpl)mts in de od* blue. rRn. Ed h'th
cL rcR. A nunb€r .l dhd @loi tF.ifi.atim aF Posiblq and
e:ine
-!nt 610r sl&tioN in gnarft derail in th€ ndr.hrprd. An OpmGL
rM. or c! FLoAI- is a$imeil
:- e ro d6ipb itedata t'"e Itr li. olo' vatus in rh€ anay. ane bweF
:r! dr $k .olor .'ay i3 napprd b L\e cuft ns& pciiim, a *t by
ole. he bllo{'ng.a0 -m' dLPla). d
i.ined in a 123+v 123 adav of RcB olor v.1u6.

*\.OF LI prc\id^vqaclbufie'..@lanpt.F:n:na\ orvilarb

:rr bufiei by eldins ihar builer .s rhe raBet ., ir slDllvPir.l3
\ -e bife', !@R.olo vaua rd $m. noE other Lnd. o pr.l
': :n-q.rd,rfr br iJBLn. e. h 6.d d .be ab.d di5bllA rron
pditim, and a rdril ,!16r b u-d b sbr bo!.dary'depds'
pad€tr Id
re fled o.e of the eo bulleE by drin8 pa.anebr d!r!?o.Drt
: or rFe* butsra. u. wdld r.cd to *r up rhe Pn.l ,nat
I NDEX. l
r.f,d ocorh vilu4 ar \Fft il inlomahon llt e um'fborh o( $Nin6\

::f ,rc iou .o'or t!rt^ availabl. in Qencl- ihat can be us€d ior klm
6-is two or the olor bufi*s @nbte a leR-rishr sm. prir for di3Pliy-
a;.opi. vr#. Fd each ot rhe sreH*opi. bufEs, rhere is a frontn..k
v douhlebufteEd aninatid displays. ln a padcdar impldmhrion of
aL, eiLher sksK@i. lidins or double hufiedrE, or both, ncnt nd be
ccd I ri vr.l.'l€6optreif(E 1dddoaburlciryTruPPor.d JE
i _loly a sinsle fth?sh bufen whi.h h des*nared.s dE lMrbn.oh
i. F deiaulr tftt duh* h hm doubl€ buhcrng nd rvriLbl€ or <

r' r." U 'heoouble bur/E re E m e(.ri ed"IarlberherrFeba.Ilefird

-:qht bu6.6 or dly {,e b..k-leii bnftu4 depmding d me dmr sraie oI
 r, f..,, r,,,tr..,,,,s c: kcNi
",d

0penGL Raster 0peEtions

'l''u.'''l

coodh c Po'rion (xruq rhrd)

1l+se m fLldd h h, Bi.:
'h.

reL i N r! rh thq ruoirbn

r € ot opncl buff6 usn'e tf roll@ins ofiE.

rdiriiblcrtim(hrr r!li,
'- i@FilirudFl!''clodF€.
nunberar.obms md t\rc, rsFkdvel, rP b be oPied P!cn-
rhar
:=e:valuesL6s€*d.i$re!_co!o&cL DBPil,dcL srdclrro
? rhe khd ot dab we wanr b oPy: olof
And brdk df pirer v.ru6 is.oi€d tffiasnc httt to' dattwr@
ib'hel(reden onr mPFd b t
"ith
nd'BdhdtEebbbe.opied
rery srhh ,P bNds or rhr 3l*r

Pv vrlsaP adtudbulbe h
<mbhdPiJ'smn'8du6do'
sanArnp'ese(4ldap'lylogiGl
,su.hszd,04aJd'r.]!'E,'l
. oFdcL ss rlRt a dM 4.lo*n

eJrdbFi|mffi]o3i.0Ph.
*. ' ro aL oi dcr ioR.haddi'ion.nft' semminsbruLE
*;dt- bir*r.- -^;" h*d.d (inhrch.nsins 0 and I vat'6). vth
dEfuning.ololbilBlU6ind
inwnar hofrre blE A,!r w
| :-FLr n'slhe d-tutu bit
"al
r1;,^,!McL rw"r rle w
't''Tq'ogi9|..dol,nd.nd'f.ioFi'boGh'oplimn.
4ue dll rh. di6 Bro bkm!* \drso rlL CLBAPJ oT tu8 r $€
^ " ,;" b d* ,,r* r ,cr
' I. coPY. wlits mPlv mb6 rh.

*5"tulopcncl. o"tus rF N"tlhle Ior m iPulads PrEl riiaF Pc

-,re'.t," %dPr^.
".r6.s
elemr''r.l1lsffih'ddcl
i:u*@roi vais,6rc, ssk-r urs. vib €tunbPreropeF
dep'n
r -Hch,pFx"e;'plc.dF rFEo' trPUk SraDhrs P!.Lsts

CHARACTER PRIMITIVEs

ionm'lvislLibnappliod@'RdlnEfolgfratn$ch.la.k
 ri!dtrhn y)d.h d{5bGrLlq

mdeF0 ndr) rhrbms6 rrdiy

'
Trpcri.s(or6,af hdniddnr
|'hcr${lltyPed*5odhc{
*r n i *nf Ioir lPird ml
ionr 1un vers) en,!P!i5sors

[Irl'.shc$N0llhIF'sa|b

dcrrcr b F ! bnnap 6nr (u bnmrppd ron0 b nappld lhnadd \

^

rrt p*t€n i ris :r 6?(., is iPPriar r

rl'.drodu d!|)eh Fii r.6r(Lr. rh!

tu d diPh) 1r! iu* ned r, r

 n c fdi,rl nln $ 5 !d
^,r\r

lE DcenGL CFARACTER FUNCTIONs

or bih,p .hrader * a ionr b$ A kit {ingn &h dGplar€d by nippdB ;
6d risrhbadF.4'Pc toEh sen,m,
c6eaalhbhbdeoF€nGLU'll]
Tmlkri (CLUT). so we do nor nee'r r
E
fonb arc genen!€,r uiih Fryrire (GL,.L]NE srR! e) boundaies

whecp aEek rotrt is *ngned : syobok CLur.onsbnr dentilri+ a pll

Al,.poiline$nonlodisal$a
tnry*snci*isdisPh}d$th;
ihe o+b 0o$ { Lerr .ons) oI rhe bjh

disPlays a loi wjih 6cbnr rPeds. r.

h;GdgsbysPcifyhgtms'0mloioF
{dio5 (chaPrrs) beldc.Eutug r

ddcbiheijgh'ofthaoffi'.hrtt:
€U P CTURI PARTIT ONING

E op.ncl D SPLAY L ST5

{. r drd r$( Prif (tf D\

o\n. n{NJar) ir,, r,sui ,$

:n Nar nq an o0eicl Dsp ay Ln

d".'"...."*-'h.L{As
hnr rc erled m rM rts,. B€ * ;isphrisi slues iamd b chdsed. n.

*; ^*, m\ N^e - s4r

lcvbslc'{halhadblrna$ignedlh:
onle'oFnclsmg'einidenljliellol6:

d-i ""r'^-a,'- 1."

-, -h .,
^,;"
+ o o'isuoJ.b s
'g+,i4'F;'d
-;tu..=-"rd(hckbh -,ha' r s rcto

.F . rrs!. "Fh; bc,nNd

salLimme'lhcsllslstlion

Ex.cutinq 0penGL Display Lisr3

bh-rr'w,dFpld! a 4!' tl"cq- Pronro rF8dd rn

oemdr'F; p'o",na'-'o
,^ -**-e oi " .,n "
 ]aoFcLD*P&j]rnLlo

' %-i. r.. s. h-4- -'

!.f{ - i.r nF
llllr1t'r4{!|'cl-oxlIrrl

e'6uFb4s'gndbDdd@
-.;ae".* '" tr *' "' andhu ddLPr'F
;a;"M,."v.-'--.'"J.,mhso'er"ras
4]{lb.l€l-Fcm--fl0^l!de>Fd
- . ,:".r*.ia". t*s *a p"6mtd elravDaurvle i5 used ro
d
rM, c!
:. dd.ivp.. -"h*e!-BrE. Eeilt*bhd rM.Gr r-!s'r'
l" a;.t'-t". d;ndin d.dd4 \di'" inan
-i
-: ,i,"oo^i-'.*..p' 'h.

,r,..*-*";ft';"'.r,EddqDvrbL w\N'drhh*d
. -,^*r,. *i*l** evG i".-Pre'"o' q"he'a
. - d;.6- ntua\cn\crFd.@

hrdd on
--ih r obglous d ordsP ay h5b w h
'tu
ranmetrsta!tlogiv6lhehidaldi'p

4rific6 t, t z and 3 h denhfic! vduE

'h'Ehan.6'.mqlhidsplaylhilslFued
EEE OpenGL DISPLAY-WINDOW nESHAPE FUNCIION

rn our inrrcdudoiy oFencl Nsam (9€tjon 2 9), we dihsed the fundioF

-. -"---; -"* -";d-x Doin

" rdn@n q b.b'ne n5 stie ch,
KRi
.raose ih ap{, Erio and cu* cb'e
i; ,bt 6 b (-pd:k a .hm
CLUT libErr poid6 rhc 'd
rollowins loutne

nPftedurc in ourPrtg.an, alons with $t

do.. " . "." i;" d'.p,

d,nmid, - - "h";rciR rp.,
suchs.hanqin*lhcdtPlly{indos

'Rp oF:_{lrdEFr 'q \'rdhr'i F

'
 .r:\l'.

!rc ! rmrd Nr$ tu noild ir thg

. i., lsd \sv { ntu iir;odh
t10N
(om $rcE | 4m$r;
EE SUMMARY

. r id hrpsbds) co 5! fhtror r

i r dt $crdnolon\ d objds'

- ., ai,r5 fdddnmsdlqrn'{N$,tr
r a{tr'sobilds nimino,qimPrc
^ tr, !6, Nndrbrobjed5dlf ri
sPNyi,D'dddld'Mtd.6e

5pl.i6!nhagl'6tr!fudn'ser]r

DnPlrya*d5bighdb.4ffib
\1h@odFi@dhah:tsP&iit

DsPlavaP.lylho,siidujqlhe

DnPh}:.ePdyliM,sFjddsF!

D5Prlya4lNhstrulh'yPDi€

DJCay r *d ir quehh, rFd'-

sPdt i afly dc@di@h rhs.

ephy a 5Fftd Pnhrdwe 9F,M
auq iuEd{ b ddft qhe$s.

sFyindklvdue6in:[r'ol

sFdlyaedMsidJd'6
d'lMsi6d(rJlBtsifuolorlr€

sFjly!blqF'hfurtsbb
ePP.dbpidFi6rldrebe
gFnly.@bFlbn'fulcrh
orPPdbPdPddmEhdt€b'h.
s.leloGdruEbuft6ldsbnqi

fuPld.try'6gabbgs6lb
sP.dlylldadabth:p.lffi61
sFdlyahtrdlobe&tdlfu
sp6i.yadNb&bhfu
 'ld'"'-.1"P'd&Ph'.
t'ns'rdh'''nn'cB'!ddb"olh'bF'.oNL|lblnle

'. ri 3 Pcrtr.t i e.rort..,oord,L

:^:..:'1:.:: r!v*" :-,_,' st%''hnhqedo.@rci'

n. h. r....s.,.i, p".n,e" ...u,rd
" 3. ee.r 8rL. o p" r o .d! mn. {..F h:. e,f hc..e, .ocn.n.
_,," .."s 3.g:^,,;.,- *h", "-
rhcdFcir - nsoF-c

olsd n thE bdc:

I EXAIIIPLE PROGRAMS

H,nepryr,4,.{pr-6,LtpFs,r1 .qdns.16t'i.o.I
no"o rh! ru, Lq i.bdniib l

br rrppd.r"rn 4 Lb.L -.o;.rtdd._-.

PclonFslR*75hoh5]lcou'PufdrhcucAnphpm'rdm
 i6uRE 3r apdyh

elbti.l.hrl 116l - r'J, ., n,

|lta,telrat2i Irttctt, rr.Et.t) r

(4iot nldidr!,

W. ue fte $ne d,b *i b ths smnd p@Fan b pinue i\e bar ch,i
bi''mppalcha!fulabels
 lllr rIl ,ll

t-- ,/,"
',:
,
"-t{.-

a- .G, rnd ihe ouFui lDfr ths pm

cl'i'!i d'vldrh - 400, trd.int - rod,

lrl / d.r.36 + r!.Yrqq's1rc!be1.i

- -!bardnsoirhe.rreequahdns
cqudioE (3.4) to oopurc poirh arons
*d x rlr ddpqd pcrsN ror shrght

endL!slori.ide't!'endin*onhow

t/
r) .-\
L-?f- i
,.,, '! -
.q!v.rit0,.i - ;
 cu.v.Prlrr.r - d + !. cqr {th.ta);
cu.wePrlrl-r - r. rri (tb.ra):
ro +
rrneseFerr Gurv.rllol, cuR.rtlll) |

.!-!PiI0r.r - cu'wlrtlrl.rl

dcrn! (eL_coror_.ur!ur.) |

r{ corr{eqnifi io\D"l

llqF!x@-r ll cq{!q - r lorytu-.

(0!1nt iedldth, cllf 8ed!rdt)

0 0, (cLdoubl. i*rerot):

oM rcLZ L cLfl Nddi

I REFERENCE5

rcqh;d nPd rr'q,rE

h cr6iq 0s), Aflo oer), KrL o!
kMos),'dPre0et.
o'elcl@'d€hjruE!fr
Al,dnrddlopdl9dn]fu!
dd3 L lvaubh b tud cm). ro

I EXERCTSES

D^.kqtu a@4nutu,f
'Dq'
@i6 A dnstpo,Lbepr@-b'=,
Exkdksn3LrcalsdihnbglEaE
dni€ tuEri@, sts 6e.rgdtu IlW & PEvbw q€ds
rnebttgr r
dlphvft*'dnFightlb6.@ddgrltslolthPultsb6fu,=]
FFm.h'h.rdiuqFhI

gBiqhdre4hmtssfrysbF
 pithn 66hiBhl rire! N h yroPe

a { iddls (q ?ddM) d rhe pi{r w h als (qdhiks (,, y):

r 4 eaFb q ddcs €r
i r'i}ubrb&sbnrh.4q hm.

i: rbi | (r,, 0) :id Fii€.F h E 3F

.are,Is!'pL.(,qMqd!!tb

.=t
unL d\ bhs ji+.r \.dd bd! r
on @n fhs i$r rh!n*c'
ldrteGnpEptrF:ohsc'io9!&rh{sdrlcarJ'E!Fn!dw4
,lie.okdedi*L'{fda'4d
\n€a.opheFsuf$diel4b3
{ eaA drprard !tr 6e iqr
'b "
ndeiPoFanbdl'P'ayibdriy

*r bb Fbr aF bb dlpuyd sreld joid

d4brp 'hnnishdiE*&asq
sFi6(rd(E (rErad or

dbpl'yarenwisaPPqine
$6s hp b,brcdiELbrdde
d6epb.ha(ad$!no6ds!
aIlh.orcFdhgpG*ol
Al lril)ulcs of Graphics Priririlivcs
 rr4 o}{lcl FrL
^4i ^ribd.
4j6oFs(;L.hEd0.Alftue

4 re oP.rcrouflFudios
4-?o.r'jenclAtribdrcouFl

d Sdnedl, a prGmeter rh affe.b ihe wa) a pimihve r to be

dbplaycd is rct a\-d to rs an .tribure parrm.r.i Son. rtdbutc
r in.tc6, su.h is.olor.nd ize, detprmine the lundrmcntrl du.
.d.,ish.sof i p.mitirc Oihcrttltl esspc.iiyhon iheprimiive
L n be displayed und€r spe.ial.
*$ut.sarc rhe opiions su.h as visibiliil or derddabllitl' wnhif,n
obj.ds.re.ri.n proEi:m rh.* sF{nrondrii.. arribuks aft e\
n.r.hapre6 He&, sc hJ o.ly rhoscrrtribuhs rhar.ontrcl thc balc
: .Brtieiof FaphnsFnmiti!6,snhoui4gird frsN,rl siiuations.
. : r lires..n b. doitd or drshed,lii or thir,andblu.ororinEc Aras
':rd rvrh one colf or wrh a mulii.ol(trlahern ln(can iFFarrcad.
!r b ighr, slantcd diasondLy&ru
: rharad€K.anbednph).d in diftcrnt tuns, (.1.r, and si/es And
:rlr intensitl,lariarions ihe edg.s of objods to snoth out rhc nsrer
r b,n.orFocieatnbutopri..s inbr g$phi.spa.kisahto.\t.nd
:rrrr lisi asciried alih er.h Eraphis Fdniti\p lu.ction b induda
.rrtc ithlbutc vilL's. A lind dravjng run.ti.n, ror erafrPle, ..!ld
.:J p amcieG 1o s.t ihe.ol.i s,dih, and .rhe! pnperhd or
'oml
,herapprca.h is to mannrn a srsrem list.f.uneiiaftibuie \!lue5
FdnrsartheninclL'ded i'rih. grrphtrspr.ka8ef orscttingthe.urrni
i. dtibore lGt To gdentp a primitiv.,Ihc 5I cm ch(ls ih. rclcrmt
- ind invokes rhe di5piay oltnre lor tlrat piinirire usi.E rhe.urpnt
--rh!s Somc graphics pt.L:se indr use r .ombi.aiion or nerhods lor
ibuicv ucs, and oih$ l$r'ids, d ing OPencL, assi3n tibures
::ire lun.hons ihtri updd.. systrn anibult ljri
::hi.ssy en rhai mainbins a l$ for the currnt valus of atribuhs and
: i,et.rs is pferFd r. is a srar. sy*em or dr!. mJchine. Atributcs or

i-n ive! Jnd lrme.th.r paraneteB, su.h as rhc curcnr framc-buficr

F)stn n, rr. €Icftd to ns drre v.dabl.s d dik par,nereB.
valL'e to one o. nor sbre P:ramehs, t c Pui sr5rn inro
ihc
And thd $aE ftmains in efi{t until q e chanse th€ v,lue or a

!E op€ncL STATE VARIABLES

Arnibur.rr!? orhq PrrnP,e qtq dr!or.I'ad { r.rpaidFt
bds rhai d.rine rhc curFnr Openc L $a t The sb re Pararere6 in Op.nC L
biL r1 1'rTnDrodcF!rh
of thcnod.l-vic{ natdr the .uPnt posiiion lor the l6fre buffe4 and tne
rands5 ror the lishrin* cft(b in a $m ll Oteicl *a€ pdamdos
dLI q,u.rJT.P \i"nn
we . query the sFbn io ddeinine 'lr
rhe
^
.uiient value ol i +
'f'"d
e paramid
rhe foll.wins €rioN oI riis chapb', w. dF.u$ only nr€ atribute dhns:
ortput primitiles. Other aE PaFmeb( :F emin€d in 1ab! .haprds
A Faptu., q ,. A. ir onacl 'F d..pL ed h h 'hP u b' -- -
dreni skh lisr chan8i.S om or mor of the atkibrh *{i.8s afJ.ds only t
p.hniv€ thai ar spe.ilied aftq rhe o?encl $ate * chrnsed Prinnives
wc+d4uad ocl a' r r:d.t"r8p,4d n h. -dr'buh. 1u r. ; 1d rl4
gFn r., hd13c he, drefi olo r ''.d d"d d" mP"aot F I'n" e3nen
i FdnorheRd neq rrl -oPd.oli "d A, o.'otuoF . . " rt
'1.s4
mscanbesp€.ifiedwithin BrBesi!/glEndPans,along ithLheoodintP
ues, so tnat parander setings can valy Eon one .sdimre Positjon ro ano

ElA COLOR AND GRAY SCALE

p' _ irc- \'o,o \r'or {u .P'on. r be

rvail le to a uer, depending on ihe GFabilihe5 add daiBn obiedives ol a
ii.ular s]5rem. color opbons.an b. sP€.iried ntrmed.ally or -leded r6m h
or displayed slider sals For : vidco noniioi thF cdlo! roda aF rhen
vened b inbnsilv l€vel dtin8s for the el{hi
h.am tlirh color Plote6,
.odes mjsht .mrb1 inr-jet dcPosns or Pm sel€dions

r ol.olor cho,@s rlailabl€ dep.n& d

amort of $orrse pmvided pft pixcl in ihe tane butrer Also, .olor inlomdi
.an be *.rtd in ihe nane bu#er i
diredly in rhe Irame buftet or w? .an pui me colo! .od6 inb a rPantc
Jnou.e,nFp'.el Mr.tuT.rcrndA lLe.+F q nq,hp L r+blerrh
h. hhedn.d ioidge - h!m! rrr".".aPdrrui_rco'. dc ..pqir'eit
fomation is Pla.ed in the rjam. bufer:i
lo.ation of each componar pixet in the ourpur Piinilive ro b. disPlayed in
olor A ninimtrn nunbcr of .olos 6n b€ Provided in thi ehem with 3
.r st sEe per piael, as sh.wn in Tablc 1-1. Ea.h ot rhe th R bii Positions is
ro.ontul rhe intensity r,v€l (eiihcr on or or1, in nris.ase) of the.oresPd
d&tu3!rird R-Bnoflh, lh"l.rmF oa onrcl.rr.Fdp' em
bit c.nhols rhe ren A!n, and Lhe nehbo bit conroh L\e blue 3u. Addi
ro? b,hpF' p plr'*"ramAbundr.?d..'F''Tb.'ol olo r\v'6
have wnh 6 bib p€r pixel, 2 bib .an b. r*d lor ea.h gun. 1}is allorvs
SfiT NG3 COLOR CODIS FOR A THREE.AIT PFR Plx'T FR^MT 8UFFEN
Stat.d CaL' votu8

r ini4ity$tiinSs lor e&h of rhc thN .olor gs, aM a tdal of 64 color

ap available for eacn *@ pixel. as noF .olor oPtiN aF Pnvide4
age requipd for the liadeb fer als. ina€as. Wth a resolution of 1024
r, a tux{olor (24-bit per pixel) RGB rysbm nr& 3 ne8abyt s of sroraSe

(.lo' ,bls:?salhrnft TpaF.ro p'or idinB P\ mden t olor t rPab'l'tits

E wihout teqliring larse Gme buffs. At ore rinq ihis was an inPor'
dsideration Bui todar hridwar coss have d€reased dramricauy md
mlor capabilriies are fairty mlrlmq s in lowrnd pdsmal con_
slsiems so nct ol or exanPls wil simply 5sure thrt RGB coloi c.des

+r rlurhrF r po* be - .us8 oor\rrrEnr.olorl@rup

henp for
oror m,p . tumhme
"
ol.' ub,e i Flprd bd- ' qd.o ldtup rrbr..

E Ad".l@k pbbh*'ihlbnstnsbv tharEaccs€d fi6rft e

irr.," "J aiJ-"o o"""a; p'vrp-,ho'' ' -Fr'.-+'
ti.iiul" ; ;.." t r"-+,."rn.6032 ox'mcr' rdor'03rr
E
 Dl lishr 6eiEr radiarins in a Pafricul,r ditrbon over t period of tine,
B dl€ psy.Mlogical ierm lul@,.. ro char.d{jze ihe pecived briSht'
IdE pha hedhb,ll1*Fm.:nd d Fr'o o-rcn<.pL.neearP-dcu'l
E d;jio€r nc,hod, o' ne"l.na,jqh 4s?fffrF (chdprd t0,rd,he
n d€ls fordexrb'n3.olor rch,pr€rl2)

0penGL COL0R FUNCTI0NS

'€*nple prcsrm at 0E dd oI ChaPrer 2, we intaduced a ts OpaCL

Futin;. we rPd one tunction b sr the oloi tor rhe disPlay windov, ed
do+e, tdrc1,o.peory d.olor ro' +r stiid,t be -%nd Aso
dp cold disprry nod. io RGB wiL\ the stahdt

odadde' s hedr*mFnr li5r!uh. rhdsq.FUrnEd.rsl-butld lor

:brhd a.d r\.- ;dpa.tr.brpur-u"nro.l'eRLBrorRLBAirmc
. defallt color node. we an us efther cL!T,RGB or GLUr RelA to
rhe
$js colo. node If we wanred b sp€dfy mloB by an index inro a coloi
Elould pp rl'eODmcl .onsbni cr u P B r rrh Gtur tmF"
"E

O!.nGL 8GB a.d RGBA Color Modes

obr rftrgs for OpenCL Prih ives u tude in the RcD ftode, whid
dlv rhe s@ as ift RcBi noa. Tlp o,rlv difturence bes€n RcB and
.;hdn.' o' ro' $" dF erplo" 1A rhp dlphr value for color bladng
r re -pe.trj a p:rticurdr *r or <olo' vdluc. rn Pnn ve5 we d.tue $e
f o: Op;nul rhp.llffir rcto' , dDp cd ro r .Lb6.quen ) dehned
mlr wc chanae tE color setnnss A mw colo spe'fnEon aftu b
r obied! i e dehne afte he .olor .hdnBr
nCBrm. wp "pR,l), \ a'u^ fo rh" Fd 3?6. dnd blue onpomnF or a
henoFd in;bon2.o.Lhe_ourhrcluJ P,rareh' $"rlPh.(o.16.i.n1
, and a lournimftional olor sptrification i5 c.lled ihe RGBA .oloi
dh.olo, oaorh- cr b€ Js ro rcntul {lor Dlerdirg for ot e'l,pPing
E an;torbt rppl,.hor or.olor olaomB i' ir rhc 'mulabr or
v el&cts For $* calolations, inc value ol alpha .{repmds to
;.y (or, opa.ily) sedins.ln ihe RGB (or RCBA) mode we *ldt the
ol.r.ommnflb with the Imctionl

.ole ap similar io rhos for the glvertex 6m.nm. $& & a code of
3n4 to specify the RGB or RGBA node al63 w h thenuserical dara_5F
nd an oDhonal vedor suffn Ihe suftu.od6 tor Lhenlfti.al d,b g?€5
Orf), i(inleseO, d Ghut), f (oo.i), and d (doubl€t s wen a6 sisned
; valu6 Floaiins-poi.r yalu6 tor tne color.onPmeb ae in 0!e ranae
ar 60 1.0. dd
the delault colot conpdmb for src.1.r, including rhe
io whfte a.d the dlPha
-.lue, aE 0.0, LO, 10, 1.0), which sers rhe RCB colot
b r 0 As an exdnPlq rhe lolowi-rS staremd us ndting-Point valra
 I'Lsl'qn tunini.snnFlnr l'ruo

L\j,{ i, a..zJ rt*in:znoh tz t't? tte

$iEn d io irdividuilPodiPorliD\ rf i

mFonen! d.p. rd on thc .aP:bihE

rhe{{ei' Forilurl <nor5vd.i,,\'hi$ oGti3b spspr.r(2561e\eL'
c{h:oLor tonron.nn, old
'nteqs
ins no ins polnr ralu6 ro; rh! <,lo
r dr55 0,
.r550r5s 0 = I 0 w hirull m ssvncm,L!.onspdturhr.
oldi', rh. FnaNs dampk bbs

\'ed.!'d!
tu ;u^b..
"funs
r?bb^. ;' .' Ffttd," sr"Ffr.

openAL Cotor-lndex Made

sp€.it-vinE an irdc\ Db ! tulor hble:

sitrDr rr $brq uenllr 5p{i6Rl p rinlhl

h! .an sFldfv d'e .dlor i'rdd in ar
d P 'io' "r"
bblapDs ion depends on rh.h dN

4iP . orrJh'i
rr r+, a,.r .p
 oPtlcLcatoF|rcliuln9

ft, we do hale a GLrJI sutine rhat inbrd3 wlh a window sFtm lo st

rF,fic:rions into. hbLatagivo sde' Pcitionl

paramer red. Breen. md blue,re as'gned

dng€ from 00 ro 10 Thi5 lolor D rhen ldden sb
ded by rh€ \rlreorp,rmeFr lndex,
Roi F pm'n*
ror $r*oti.rrcro' rabres:?Pbsded ac\Ensiors
6r oFill Tl*
.;F hb'r'i h
FUh- rp P.d or isrsira subtel ol
r.( olo' vJdq{ord nrhFbb "-.rnbpuqd l,o modil P \cl\.lu6a
r* pdesFd dmus! vaio$ buf6c. som€ ennpld ol usiq lies r.bl€s
rftirg.d€,a euiirg cffc F f,lF'in8 our ci,m mloh fron an ituge
.e rn nFn\ire. or mdb8 bnSh@ ad u"hents. Mvedrg r
$ pl"ftFdph,o
h4l. mlorund rul.sm8. dLpbJ And be!.n Lrerhe
L h m;.q";;-*dd. I dr i. *ed.hmse RcB @loF rorao+.riPfr_
rionsins ihree otlFr "pri'Ery''coloE Gu.h as .yd, ha8€nla, and yellow)
A particiiar .olo. t ble in the lhaging Subei of OIm'cL is a.iivad
ile grr'sore furhon LrlgorPot,te bble nams: cL coloi-r{BLE
oR raB!!.I{e on lhen up butin6 in fie rnEsing Slbs€t b selRi a Partie
.olor rable, * olorlable values. copy rable values. or sPdify wlti.n con'
r or a p,\el\mlo- $e wfr b. \d3..do hos wP xdr
'o,hmBe

nGL Color Bl€ndinq

mn\ dDDlicador-. 6 ronvflisr 'o be dblP o onoir" rh. d6of ss'
dF
rds obj;.b o' o b.end r ob{t M$ +e bavsmud Som ^'mPls
rMs / Da'ntbru.n eda t lo''4 d ompGti? inaSc o' tuo or noF Prc
r\e obiRh ids me-Mcr
-oi"t".t n,nrp,-.*.rs -a.nh.li,tas .o'ortu'na e{ab
I "-r"'"- -.'t'.c., pDdu.'nB \ rrour
"tila"
;;6du:,r'.ll.d oroFbl.ndina ru.(!oro o in4eldti3irina
*li.o"*cr u'".a.".*oohid anbcbl.ndeobr 6NlGdr3
L -'-,r. r'"-. u"tr* tt- *u'ni's rF.ml.,otthe:rc"oto asobi'o
iii-*,te. .a." t* .*t Iranebdlerobject@lor i3 Frered rhe
is L\€ oPFCI- s'rt
A dErd,io, @ro' dd €6d
ine colot or dE
a;d'ne..hod- -. b. pe.Ld.d dn) RcBo' RcBA mode lodPPlv
*J *d b nh"*'h" ch""cr r*k
'n
'*"1.i - - "pptr.-;. ".

F brn oft ihe colotblsdiry srtin6 in OpenCL wfih

blddins isnolacdvad, anobied'scoldsioPlv FPla'es rhe framFbultur

wav' dependirgm rhPerRb

^, -*ij-a"an"*.*,.t.r?Fn,
i6,.h.e\c ro *. PmsaE dftr.r i olor efl<6 b) sPFlnnF {o*b
i*,,,. o* *' o"t""a.e r,, rF i" Lh. cLtlmr
ror obie'r m rhe tam
F rn' $e
rt'"" a-;".1.^"u;"a ' -J '* orhnero' bFimB tudots
 (5R. + 4nr, S,C. + DrCJ, SjA + q a,, gt. + o",1,r

s ! k.
r' 'F
dc,tr
&c "

wa *rer rhe ble.dinS tad.r vatu6 {r rh rhe oFe,rcl fundion

tu,f :- % r-:, dllcF€

nq.pT'l.o''AiFlndl

rnsthe.umnr valu6 i. the Inhe bur6r

Add otuttuaI
, rF-g\ud.i ,i+r'i.1.f. n d.,,. np,o.4,o_d,T ,.,
inoth€r IniliN !u 5F.h I bhhdns Nui hon

we Gn arso spkitu color valu6 tor

values i'r 3 veftx aray (s(tion 3 17). rhis on be don. eiiher n

1ne4 for ncB .olq modc we spdfy ihe toadon and f,rD or rhe ob .

colo!^..ay An O?enCL symboti

assisned ro paianer. d atarype to indnd he dab
Fora scp e.dor ara, \r Gn *sisn rhe Mlua 0 r,
 +3 (NncLcat Frdbnt

itu coh dara with vertex d.h in the e@ ana, the offs€t value is
ffber o,b!6be$mm.h r.l of rclor ' ompmnF m tlP.dav
6ia oro, rr.'5 ke,,n roi'rr rheve6\da) eampre
ion 917 to indude idlor amy Ttt lolowing md€ haSm6r ds rh..olor
^rdtum;'.d
qtic6 d the tsnr Ia€ of the cub€ ro blu€, and aI whe of ihe ba& Iace

Pt lal - { (0, o,

hletBl-(I1,

.1hab1.c1i€ntsrste (GL-6Rfi x lluY)

(cl-co!oi-Ae!) ;

dve.!€!Pelnrer
rrcolorPq!ntetlr'
* ln even stuff boih lhe rcloE dd the vedex drdinatB tnro ft tnrc!
ey.E.hof thepomhu woJd tlPn refeme rhe 3ingL intena@d ma,
.ppBpriate offset vahe. For ebnPle,

d.iic slrnt hushdPr t I

(3, c! tm, 6r.i,eor(cdnr), heAndPt I3l);

(3. c! rM,6rrlu.of(clior), hleAndPr lol);

tlxp dffits ot lnit d4 sPe.itv d RCB olor v,lu rhe 6t tlF

Epaily, q of Lr. l. . \ eft^ (oidinare! rd this Prtler mntiru4 b
.oloF\d€' bppnt;b. nedtf.of f 4' pr.m.broherunb.r of
t rwgl sn.c;ive colo. or vdie{, ralue6, which is 6' .tzeof (cilnt )
coltr valtrB std at lhe lsr elmenl oI dE inlFl,aced anat which
dPt IOl, dd ven.x valus stut at the foui0\ elemnl whi.h i5
e. 5€c g4.rauy corrsr werdl obF h. dclt w'rh mulhPle Pldu
, op6ul ; d.: a MC_io n wh.h we d 4PftiN all fi€ v.h .nd
mvi I onc!, as welt * .*er ttTes oI i.fomaton ff we chanse dre.olor
Etei va1tr6 in the abov€ emPle ro fl@ting Poinl, we lE thi6 tufttid in

.rrDrerleaved^!ray3 (cL caF-v3F

Da,6d€r ! m OMCI cNtanl hi indi.rt6 thlftlemmr noadnS'

lihdhon, !o bo r. olo, rci rd \ .ft\ cmrdimks ry) And lnePl4dts
hueAndPt a€ to b. inbrl.cd wilh dE olol tor eacn v*x listed b€IoE
imtes This fnction also .llonati.aly embl6 bolh vd€x and .olor
 In ..loFindei node we deti.e M anay or old i.dies wirh

colo uo.a dF lisrdd,, rt-. r d oro .1der rd,b,ypr an,l

ds $: s nstc v,rrue

Othcr Op€nGL Color Functions

In or trd paE-4llrru8 s4mph .n <dro1 o -. nr, du."d n. toxok
tud,m thr f *lRE FCB lotor ompmhb for J dsp 4wddow

Feh.olor mtunp" n rhe d4 gruho1,,.d gltr, r. btur, ! hex tu I

dp$ d:ndq Las.eed: tturn3phn, ri Ji .n g. idrF 6om 0.0ro I
rrreder"rlr\arErc-iu'or pr: 0 *"., , p-d,; h"..t*bt
"h,, " ^ . qhjrp )had6o sia.
obLr.d \irh denri.dl.atue ro, rhe otd.orpor{FbetuhO0;;
wnh $e c@nt.oloi rlis c acu only ii*. erivar€ rhe;bniins realuF
openclj olor blendin8 cnnor b€ p. o1:n€d wd\ vatu6 3BiJied in a o
A. ne nor.d r $.bor I lo d,T4F *'e'dl lorof r{,}4 in oprct
h bur, for di-otanq a ffip rd
appty tne derr coroi ro dE 'he .oto, m, alt rhe.o; b6d he
.ord bufers knh fie.omand:

we. ako us the Blcrear fun.tion roer inihat ratues ior o$e bulters L\
: "brenoIFt. -\?4 ee i? a4la.h, m btir w\,i h dm. blerdrd{
iJ'rohdnd rled./ r,r,fh \ !h.roe. ocp.h v.ls rd,,bn-6 fom fie \1
inBpG'bon'ro-obsrd*ap and $F vqi r,r'jE .hj,I Jm! nJo
b defin€ the rinib ot a pi.dc.
j.olcuoa modF idu.crt.rouowaSr n.honiitursdorsrc..
coro.)b*rhedisplay k nddcoror

fte s indow ba.rednd .otor E then a$rm€d rhe .olor rhrr

rnder in rh..olor bbte And the w6do; sdupayed n

v4ny orhe|oio hf, hotu dF r'lab'€ f L\e opfll Lbi.ry rd d"a

w hdlcnehofL.r!.1.r "..h sirsmd rdet" dhis lrslh;s eff".B
I {-c..p4 hn8,am-.4+ N.,nd Enl4ins dc .LdalF ofd oqr I
ap mslh of rhe.omp{rer pn{'.g
"imp n grapll.s.rrpm. Fd 1c. hF timjr our lllfu$,o1b l\@ rb(b
rlariry io .olor spe.i6.arions lor snphiG priniiiws.
 POINT ATTRIBUTES

se can tuo ahibut$ lor poinb: cold and si? In a *at systen,
d
tpd .old a poi.t is deknined by the clrrenr valn€s doEd
and size ol
ibL'"1{ coln' (onpomllaEerw \Rcs!alu""o',F'nde rrnr
bk hrdru.s,l,tr poin'sueban'rFgP-nulhPlPof rhep:.Pl'/e
I b'qe @'nt s dEplay<d:\a sqrrPblrl nrp .€ls

IINE ATTRISU]ES

rr F*gn4r6oedTlr)edtir\hPM{ dhouA mlor w'dd

It Lre.olo- . tv!.alh .c rtrh rh" *nedrcbon for Jl 9aph'6 Prin'
'-ni" .n. dh ;d l;e'ty.,* { R rd n.t} eprare ln? tonchors
"
U) hne. r:v b+ grp?tsd rirr otlPrPlPa. .Jcl :. Pcl "nd hru'h

k do rs.dj\oPhnNdePend.d thc dP"bl'htsof heourDur

Ahe^) linercddb."d;p.arPdon..'deoh.riro-d'ldFmrParurel
rhile a pm plotter miShr Fquire Ps chang6 ro draw a thict lim
ister ir"th-dh6o.t , qidrh the t sqa.led widr siryle
n each
"hdad
lanpl€ posihd, as in rhe BE*nnan alSorfihm ni.ter lines ar€
n€d as posi$ e ;hg.r nurtiPles ol rhe st ndard l ine by Plo riiry addi tionn
.ronr rd^enrp:ara Lr"pt6, rfd're l-r."lope n,Cturudcls$ rhf
d rtl.o, q"..r tr.din d d-ddwing tub" rootsplay dr I r-by
a rdii.al span of pixels in each coluon (r Posihm) along the line nE
;ofp'.e|.rob.dtspdy.d i e-h olrmn 6,ereoudlbrhenregs va ue
lirp " drh ln -ie. 4I qe d'.pldl d doublF- d$ line bJ gmPdhng a
tjne above thesiginal line path. At ea.h r mPlingPosit on, we Glolale
mpondins { oonljnae ed Plor Pirels at s.rcn .erdinabs {:, y) and
- l). ive snH aisplay lines wiih a widt\ ol3 or gFatnby altetnarely
alletnarelv Plohing
Plohin8
I abor and below ihe eingle-width Line path
r$lh a line sloF grcabr rhd 1.0 in nagntude, we €n dhPlay thict liB
!l$d/ontul "im dlFrxcl) Pi(bsuP p eLbrheriatrrnil hr' n( 1.
F$ Tr,-Em bddm.r.hd m ri8 4 L w\flea bersffir h'$ t
of 4 " p o'hd G nE rrlnple pD.liaf, o$ead nr lre
c.nib \'a thi \
ih.lop.le$rF"nor"qual,oI0dbPd'5Plr)su.irgveri rlp'\elsp,t
inpimmt this prcdn by comPari.S ihe nagnituds ol the hdi4n
lttical separations (^r and Ay) ot if,e line endPoints ll 1^r : Ay,
Fixclsarfpli.red:rdd8blumns oih.ni*,nuxiplep\ets .ptoflcdi.G
llthoush rhi.k lin- r! Sqenhd qukkll,br ploiiinS lj.n,onbl or rcnLs
pireripans, the disrLav.d sidrh of : LLne lnEisured !erp.ndicular lo rhe ta
lrihl is dcpcndc r on s dold A 1i
r/./2..mp?pd bahonbnialorve i.allinaplotrad wrth rhesamercnSdr F:{
Anorh.r prcbr€m Lriih impllncniin! n idih oprions u\hs honzonrrl or . +
ri.al pjrcl span5 E rhit drc m.rhdi podu.et lies whos.ends are hdDzo:d
or rcni.rl reg dle* of th€ noF. of rhc li're ltris dfed is norc no!..ibh in
veil' thi.L Lnes wc.an adju drd rh:pe of rhe tine cnds io Sire rhem i bcE
app.ann.c byadding rin€.ips (Ftg r1) onekinddflineGp is ihc h -.
fhithhar squ ! cnds rh rpFe?eddnutirio (h. tinc paih tfrheTe.iJ
Lrchasslop., thas!tu,.endso
.o Po,. od,rr. .rF in'.ft.J
. . F, dofn, t., !. F'r \, .r" tr'iP.
btadding.frrred*mdrdcroea.hbufl tap The.n ubrarcaF.enrercdai-
m,ddl. or ihc ihi.r rine:nd h:k a dnmcicrcquatro ihe lm€ thnkncs ]\r!j
rype of line .+ \ ihc frrd,{ Itrft. nr/ He(, $e nmply Rrend ihe lfe rn
rdd rruraps rhararcposiii.ned one,h'Iotihe Line !ridrh bepnd rhc spNt;4

Othermc(hods rorprcdu.insihi.l lhes inctudedkptavingihd tinc asi iJE

isranS r. o I Benerar ns rhe luc wlh a *l{red pen or brus h },rflcrn, I di5iu.<
nste reFrescnbrion for rh€ tfe hundan E
1ir '.
"i]]"\"'
p hsorh rh. i{rangr. v.ner (ordinates arc dkpla.ed fnm rhe orisinatL>
endF.inr p.\i nsbvon. har dPl
 iib. p' @/ " -""J 1tu b'.

fis.4-4 (a). W€.ould add rtud @F ro the fined ebngle' or w"dld

l6dh !o displav prcKtins square c'p'
'd 'E
c-l,u"g 'de:d(,l!ftl tmdftbro
o'd e;l) ,;* *q'* Il cm-
*ir.;i" *L.1. -*ai,-a ror dGPlavins a sinsl€ litu eslMt win
.-1r.""" -,r,ry **a *'L"s oI lire *gnob DisPlavinS t&L Poly'
*.r'or'-*.;rat*i- p""1'P.c irrP"mPlP lPa\hPDPI8'Psr
;;":;;.;;;; ri....sn.;,- *iir' d,rr"Mr5rop€ wFeF rhft Lr {iq
L",""ii o"a 'o* t ';.*. "l .pr. t'!e u 8€ner.h hi.k Pol) lnsrJuL
*urlr r"-"4 a ir" *, o ,la,nandl pde$ins 'r rte eanent ead Points
t5 ftp todbh mdods b' mrhlv 'im8
5irows No Lne Q8mflls
or 6ch o Lhe Bo
;db.rctrph;edove hdirs the dFr bodd,ls rne o"dim
Ory mer' e o*a;o- 5 Pmduced by
-s *"unur*g-" whov diatrPkr ts equ'l b
'aPPrrg
i*air
"" Jai0.""t,". ""t'..'"''*Udrddry
d6pLtr8lhehre"8mmsw'$
ip. ,.a tiline - rh" "e*'adb)
esP wriPa rhe esnd6
r-81€m6n U he
J' wo..""i "a * '-s;-
*e--s
t
o
r> t.'v smal' Nh' pn can 8meft F r

iit. 'r'ur a".* ,r'".pi*,* d the Polvline.A 8EP\'

uhd
" P{ri3'(an
ir-t'" ar. uu '-'ta-iti"- " - elon;o: b'(el Fs ro
"dPL
ndebetqd ' y so;nRUhve*slrFb
6small

Stylc
ela tims liner$ le,hbuEra'ude old lre d"\ed lir' rd
for dE
"
;e. !\e modrrv r Lrtnrawmg also 'Lh n b affi'b suln luEbv *flina
;,'d m&neor dDDl.ld ;[d anm abns $e lire Prrh w hoM\
p*r+j". * *n i,r" t-g' or both the ddsh'r dd tF trF dd'h
-! "
Fot
;;k.Ln"drndft .tispL! linF Dlethibubb\ PlofrinSpu€lsPN
rd, dotled, ;d dd d.s;Bj Prffitu $e line_dFwins Pdedw outPDb
, pi*t a-g tre Pa$ srJPP'ng ov* t nuhber of
"i-"i",",t
."ip'*Eu"*i*r'"-t'a'p* 't'" Pi;r. nr5 ror $e qPr l'n8rn rt
i ph.l .El whi.n b r rtltm or bindn
'o. i;edl". pt"r
',"i.,.1''' *n *p";'t* a.oa r liF sLh nF Lner n-'l
-a..juc'*h,.h
imj. i- i.,i**, -,,u u",*a t; dGpbv tdasl*d li@ with dasn laeth oI Si
a

j'"i,i"a-ilt*a"'t'p*;g.t$rep!'L lireri6itioN-cPTqq
i, i ri" .* .*i*a 'n .-'Jt .olo, .no P -l Pdbotu orr'Pmdhs b
ObiB d displdyed in th. bac*36uo.ol
aJ", .',t' r.*a .'-*r or pi'el' ftul1 n uequil LnSth d'sh6
"rli* r*
irr.-i "
- u..rdbd tr Hs a' Borh ddh$ shown rF s *.{ftr$
f,'".m l*l*L """"r"n.-,
t it" a"e"r"r da,h i;rd8er b '/ bdtror "4 Fo'
a- a:'.rp. a"'r' r"'g,t"'t i,ld aPPrclmarerv mb .forar\
*.'"i"".11"..-ptL; 't'. *c '€lM
ould adi;rthe P' 'l'ounF rd dF 'old
JiJ-*i"p-.p,. i"e *-d-s hr $e rft > o!" rnr is 4a treddsPbv leMh da+6 dspbjad \ iln
odBda' da'h b rhF Puel!
i*ery rl''g'hi^h* q_"aucins rhe
"i,,r
{3mtr6. Etrdpoint.oordin a tor €

and p*ten t$ the pen or bru+ $me qaFFls pen and btuh shap6 art si'

''' ld b" nphn".Fd -rh

'l
'rorF \P r, F ri r ,,r e

'Pn r.4rd" "" L'

Ld6 gln€ral€n Niih pPn lorbnch) sh

a0.ldh od.trmenl Bn3hes

-a

alo\

0t(
 il
G) q,
@s'r" ai6[Ri;a c@.6"e rtr -ith i]*
66uiE;i A r"rd'l ("ir"" '
fl .i,*.* tr#r.i:,:i :s Fi:'"i,liffi

CURVE ATTRIBUTES

F^ w ru. e atFibute' r the vN 6 tho* td 'b'iShrlfe €gndb'

ffpfi ::;:;;i;;;l;;:.-t9t j1 j1T"t:1;T;.:1*":
Hi$"[;rl":x["y"';*'x*ff ,*':xl1*'J.*..
ff ff nT*rru:m:**"*n$q$TF*
ii.ff r".x*ilx*a*6q95=1P6*gq
#r*i*r[**r"'*x.lx"rt*::lii:r;ryff:::
::*#H{"n*;i**w;.**:f4:fi :l;J
ffil';*x*;'r'*t'*i:x:4q-1qg*P;gg
Hjffi"::il:-;i,;";' fi;tr' w@ dr. ha me+ s,oP. a

fr rr:g*;"t'g*"m#:;q#';'qffi ffiT;
ns.b:'*sf i:*x"n""'xil*:3.1i;61,9i.T
:ffi $"fre*';Tilg*':,$f ffi $.*:'"*Yi'*iffi ffi
ffid;si##a jjY'trn"$ff '::i",s'#""Y
+:**3*;f*s:s:;*x,ni;r;5;;Pilq
#*"Jj}; ruj*l,l *:moamr *fl ffis*#iffi;i*li
ro soo'm*thu ci^ra
ffiTli;:;'ilG ;:;:"h.d
 dEd6lbdEPbydb]61'13ue
;*. d"Fia - !\e 4oF qhhsNo.on6d16'

itpovides,ingmeral,mly apporjmhonbdEtu..eorob\drhicltu
Forenmplq tne illM ,nd eb boudanB oI a f,r . iF€ gedared wifi
ne6\od d6 nd h,E nF l5@ fci.
rne pirel msLs dinMd for inplenmhng liFstyle oprions @ld
ebmplc the M3* 11loopnrd1l€ cide sh(rn in FiSuF !.12. I{b
tne dash€d
Smerabrh€dash6 in ine vado8tub
usingcid€symerry, butw.nud.
rhe Pi€l positim b n.ituin fie ffit sequence ol dasls dspa.6as
nd€ lrm @.dmrlo tlE nd. Als., .5 in sba8hclire argarinnr pii€l mr
dhplay d.rl6 ,l inh-dxh spa.6 ihal vary h ldBih a@rlins b rh. st
ol rrE cwe. rf k wrt 1o display cmht lensrh dashes, we Rd 6 adisr
nu!'bs of pirls ploedin€,cndash aswenoveasmd the.irle.ft rrtdE
LBbd of .pplying a pir€l l@k w h llmr r spatr, we pld pnels.lm3 a
a8!i,r a4 ro pDduce equart€4tn da6r6.
Pen (n brush) display, of d*e6 @ E€1]med ushg tne sme kh.lr
dieu*d rd shBhr'lim *gmn6. vrib €plieb. pd sh.F.lmArtu lin. p
astlJsrrhd nFiSuF+r1rd aomLre in rhc i^rquddr I HeF rh€.r
ol dr pm B noved ro .u.(* re dde pGihm ro panule
'lru8!la'
dr. elup€ shoM. cu,6 di.plaled w h . tfuFrai pm in $i5 nrler
be $ickd whee rheiagnihde ol rhe.une sloF i5 r. A unitom cwe fink
dbr dtuplayed by rcbring$. et ngular pa b alignitwifiih. sLp€ diR
6 w€ mde aiMd rheore or by sinsa.ftdar pd rhrp€. curc.tram r
Fr a d bruh "hnpB d bc dlp :wd u d.Ilremr !u6,nd w .h <up€mrF
Paem or sinur,ted bnah sbt6.
PaintingaiddrawingF rnsan@pidabbe(ffitu tedhr.radi.
by usi.g . poinrhS devie, such as . 5ryl6 ed a gbpN6 hllet, b stdch \
@s o3€ 5hap6. s.me .:dpt* ot snch Ne p.tu R srrh h Fig. 1
an additio.l patrm optid dut .m t€ psirred in a paint p.c*age is fie
pby or rmular€d brusl smr$. FlR
pDdued by mo&Lna dr flrmr tvp8 of btrh sht6
 aaa
_o aa', -
aa
a
o
a a
a a
c

))\b)
.';n, .r L
'.!.;r.rrr.
i.run, ! ,,8 . .rc ..r,.u!, rL a1 ir .h $DrJe,u Lr Ni(, P;,rtrli I 'hsrrl!

EZ operGL P0INT-ATTRIBUTE FLINCTI0NS

.1.. Nn ri.!'n poihon \
lrt .\rd i.oll{ i\ \P!.irid

.r Poihr. t,nrn* Pftrt I

4 nb,k. al.n n,hintiE
n\epo,h is ro b€ tiaii'*d) 1l€ nunbe..I hor,zontal and ve i.r pid'
ih. display oi the Poi.t is debemined by P amrd 6ize Iaus a Poht
ol l.o drspLys a 6i+le pixel, aid a Point ste of 2 0 dnPbvs a 2 bv 2tiael a '
er \.F r" ;r. Frs ?ito?. "rOrcl rhe.i4 of 4 dBpldvcd bl
tr de
Jrp*15bil be rodihPd ro imuuh h. {3P T}ed.rau r\rLu<(o' porr'e
r

Ab'buhfun.hon.n"yF rho 1.'deo'orbidPofdglBesi, srEnd

For €ianple, the following code segmenr plob rh@ Poi.b inv.ryinS slos
size6. Tte liEt is a standad size red p.inr, rhe sond i6 a double{ize gd
and the nrnd is a tiple*te blle point.

gr!errerri (50, roo);

srveftexri (75, r5o):

31colorf (0.0, o.o, r.o);
grvsrte,ri {1o0, roo):

!E opcncl LINE-ATTRIBUTE FUNOIONS

W€ .an .6irol ihe appe.rmre ol a staishtsline e€nst in OpenGL wiL\ I

.rbiblbeettingsi line.olor, lnEwidrh, ad Linestyle. Wehave aleady €een ho*
mk€ a.old *letim, and OpenGL pbvides a lunction for sfting th€ ndth
lire anl modEr tunction lorspe.ifyinaa lim sryle, such as a dashed ddotted

OpcnGL Une-Width Function

I-im widrh b d in OpenCL wfth th€ td.tid
slLbeeidrh (!ldrh) |

we .$irn a neting-point v.lue ro paramft vidth, ihb value is

and
i ff rcmds ro 0.0, rhe lia
rhe input value
dtsp':ved wi$ : sbndd'd wd$ of - drdulr r'dit. Hos
.0. $h'd rhp
whd antialilsins is applied l,o the line, its edss ae s@tied b Edu@ th€
d.u.Fp .Ppe'.ae dnd F^no, \'dr\'a'e p6-iblc.s.me ihdoPnbb
ot rhe liFwidth fundim night 6uppd only , linired nunb.r of widths,
$n€ nighi nor suppod widths othd thd r.0.
T1E OpenGL linewidth tuciion i3 implenmkd usins the nethods
srib.d in Serion 45. nDr is, the mgnitude oI $e horizonral ad vertical
r.liN ot the line odpoinb, and are conpared ro dekmim wndh6
^a pirel
aqdat€ a thi.t line using veltical ^, spans or hdzntal pixel spans.

OprnGL tin€-styl. Function

stai8hdim *Ahmr is displayed as a $lid line. Bur we cm
By defa'nt, a
di+l,y dashed lins, ddred lines, or a line wirh a combimtion ot dashes
dd. And we can vary lhe lenSth of the dash6 and ihe spacing Uw€n da
 l.sopdcLLiv'AlfublbFlrdkfr

ft,€ *l a ruEnt display slyl€ for line witn lhe O?6Cr 6ftti6i
.llsdr+PrtLreg4f6dor'F!!eo)l
.'at.e'n i! u'ed bF!@J lo+ nF8fr *Er deF$e" hd tIf,
a'*i;pr,J"a a, u'ri"urP"tmdooh";n m" P''o Pdho( 'nd
t^a",", .i' -or *a nP paftm i! dPPli€d b tlE pifl5
'long
. p",r' ^noi uBin rhe P'h'm ThP dPfaull P'em h
tumg " Lt' rt'. i.-.'a*
id.h bir D;bd tus, '.lue or l) uhid pdL.P' a $lid lhP lrbge P'_
i i,. *. t'.* dn; e"'l' b jn tfie Pttiem F b b€
'*.. 'p.;tt' ^"n,
b.;;hen6tbir ii hePalen B;PPLed nE ddaull FPsrrtluc ts I
, polylsp. . sPeoftrd uF"ryh pJftm j'nor Eded al tnP b€€lll 3
*i.*' rii.'iou"a . -,i"',i*ti a('d au rhe *snoF 6brd''3 'r 'ne
#., "r ur" p.iit "" -a *ai,u jr th€ rl%l ddporI lor rhe l'sl *shflt
m e*npL * sp<ifying ' line styl€,IPP9* Pdm:9r.P'lt:::
J'r'" r'.'La*-i q;*;^ut"" oimrF m Lhe rePot rd'br L I rhEl:
*ply , J""r'"a L* *it' .,gnt pr€ls jr s'n d:'h dtl eisN Pixl P6!
;'; ";-i;; eishle*r .iic;' bde6 tu oa'h^ Are nrP row-
;*,ppir"Jtur"llxi.*ct"*i$ ershrPl'ldbh'hins'rhefbt
i nri. ,i".t' i, r"u-"d ti- "shl Pi'€i spde then fothe €ighl?kl
nl e forth 6ril th€ seond ddPomt p6tion ie Ea'rEd we m6l ac'
;? r lre d b? drspl,!..t D the ru6r line{vlethiePahrm
r--r*""i" r","" * 6-Ct lte acmPli+ u'ih lhe folomg

.:6lbLLGL[Msalrul!):
kd ro ii lude tnts mble frich@ oud LnR e di'Plavtd:
tl€r b dr
-;h* o'FFrr 6 u*d b di'pl,v litr s€mmh At inv b€ w.nM

dlsabre {GLJrm-9tr?PLE) :

t 6 ttF ffinr Lcs$l. palh sirh $e def'/ullln€)

PatrPm r$hd
;;fu.;B p'"s*;',lLi* ". illshk u' or rhe oPdCL LG
b tun.tiG bv oloftinc tlwe line sr.phs h dLftFt srvE m!d widta
rn +-" *i ,l.o otot. ttr* -'ld b€ sftratsd bv rhi5 Po8lu

rcu-FE;,6 Prdi's *d"hr'dsbe*th

lkd rdr 6.ncl Ltr ttle'
sdlb3hs]e$dthdaghndFlh'
ddblF'ddi d,5h p:M. ud E$ Ldth
'iP
 +rb 6rIcrctti.hinrws

/' Deflne a trt

void lrnePlor ('cP,D dataPt' t5l)

31Bee1n (cr LDrLslirP):

fo.(l-o:l<5:k*)
31e.rt.x2r (dr pts Fl.r, dr pr! tll.r)|

s1h.b1. (cL !r[ srtPru):

8[rnestlPrre (1, 0r1c47);

31!!n.&1ppre (1, o*oorF);

/r rrplr thlrd r3t of (r, r)

.urr.8r1pD1. (1, o:orot);

r1D1.!b1. leL-L LsrrPPB):

other opencL Line Effects

In addirion ro sp€.iJying width, sryle, md a solid .olo. we .an displry lines h
.uld Srroaho\. l or p\sDlp \". .dn rhe.olor JdB Lh. parh ol a
hn.b) r*.Fi.q,diFe'"n .oo oe4h linee'dpondiw.de'r.rhFlmp
the followi.S cole segment we illrsirate ihir by a$igning a blue color io
adpoint of a line d a Fd .olor ro the other endpohi. Ihe $lid line is
dispLyed a a lin€ar inierpolahon of the colo$ at th€ nv. sdpoink

grcoloi3r l0'0, 0,0' l'0)|

slcolorrf {1.0, 0 o, o.o);
glverterri (r50. ,50):
 rrsbdedodercanalsobeswmrheargmtc! r!Ar. IncEtcae,
' *ment wonu n v€ bccn
displayed n a sin8le color th€ color of the
endloint, (2,u0, ,s0). That it *e would have a.n*aled a Fd tim Aduu,
$o-c i,rlpd"rdulr sowetould STerh a.nmlNq rlfulrFd lolor
mtevenitwedidnotincludethistun hminourcode
r.dDrcdu.. orhe' edqFoydbplayrAdid cnrline,hrhav.d'rfeFnr
ldd;rkm" Ano we cr, -o rrre u* ortrP.drblmdng EdrF ol
;I br .uperinpGms r- o' ds ob,6 F w th \dling,lPhd .4lud A
*rie,dd o.herr thlqdRb c:n b".in'n"bd w rh, p'.dmdPdnd
Hen'lins. The pnetnap.an rho be noved iniemchv€ly to Smeiat€ li.e
b. lndividul pnek in ihe pixnap ln be a$i8ned dilGmr arPha valles
t lmcs a5 brush or p€n shot6

FILL-AREA ATTRIBIjTES

thpllG prd a8e 'mr FU.Fa. ro Povgm _irl.Fb bq aus

i.;..q,:rj- A E,$e' *'- hor rqL'F o be conve\ poly_
tilE do not intese.r nor€ thd hvobouda'v edses. However,
-dur*
6! we can lill any sp{ined eSroB, including cncht elliPs, md other
iith .Ned boundarie. And appliotios slstns, sfth a6 Paint Pr
DF\ de fill ophoro furarbtrrar y sbp€d c8io6
;.p No balstr prer rr",o, tirh8 rFdd,d.k,\tstet mFth.
of rhe fin ESion hrs ben naPPed lo Pirel coordifrb oll€ PlwduF
fo'r r 1tr" rharnNrJedFd Thm Pi el
bE 'rsbeoverldp
alds th* overlap'nF,\a.
inr?Nals ae d b rhe fiU.oloi Anotier merhod fd
EinS is i; id lron a giva interior PGirion and "Paint" ouiwar4 Pixel
i{;m lh^poir iol"cen omhr3Pr.ihed bounddn cond'ho.. nr
-E app6a.h is usualy appli.d to simPle shaP.s such as circ16 or E8ros
rolylin; bomdaries, rnd Soeral SraPhie PackaBF us rh; 6ll neil'od FiI
! t"' d+d {dnns mk'ior porr.r u*ru|/or SllnA,Fd w'th more
boudand d in inkr.ctive painrins sFtft

Slyles
i. fill aPa an ibule provided by a g€ndal AraPhi6 libiary is the disPlay
.a tlt interioi We c; disPlay a Fgion *ith a single color, a sPe.ified fi
orna n.lloh -tl'by+owrAorl\ tlPboun.arvolLFeFgm Th.'e
6II sryles aE in$haied in FE.4'17. We can also fil *ldted !€ios oI a FTGUiE ar? er"
6ing varioE brush styles, coloFblending .onbimriom, d i*tuE other
E ftllde .reliitrrm lo' rre d.p,1 or rh. bonoari6 of. 6I aF,
,dtSon.. b" ould snow L\e edged m d Emr'ooF $'dh',Jd'Dhi
rid *lar d't{pFnr di.pl:v a b brF ro' heforrrdbd lEcesofd
hlodhFtu.d4denredsFunA dr co'o- . rtr 'd difiPet oloh
i! pdnn(@ld "rd] bP'P''6.d 4'a b' anr)
S;nr po- on. n fi .,nay or. a
rdi. d^ rtu(h furqo ponhotu "T bP d'Pla\ed rn
ro a.ir8'e eldd
An aray spdilying a lill Panem is a m* rhat i ro b€ ,PPlied to rhe
r:aa sone sraphics s)sbems proYide.n oPhon lor selding an arbilrary
t sihon for overlayhg rhe msk Fmn rhis staltiq Pos ioa rh. nast
iakd m rhe ho, ronJ and 'n.al d'airft uhl rhe d 5P'dy .Fr ts
* h nonoverlapping .opies of ih€ Patrem. r{'neP rhe Pattem ovdlaPs
A dt.\al.ntht Pq4tus

,rllllllltr,

.pc.,fpdh[rr{.l} .x'A p".qm..o,.",..\t .Fpr---rL.db(osp"

_hi.
d pam.',,oln, psts.. r Lu S d1 r ?d wi'. :,durSul I. FaHn
'n
cired rilin& ind a Ftangular rill p te; is sometin* ref.rPd ro as a til
prtreh.sor{mF.ordelirtunttpnpr."F:.".trot, r.,-y.<n .u.,
ratrr fiI paHen5snoqn in F,R.t.t3. ^
we can inplemenr a par;m lill by d.tcrnininS LVhere rhc parern olerl
rhGp -.r ilc rhr',m.. d h[ dft. d€gm rE hom. "|e,t;d . "I p."
r.rd o:fr mr .weriprhe'e kner .p" r"..q .Ui r.'o- - Ttxr^,
hu'ronrr.lvd rG.pi,e poiron..,'-.... || -... hFiti ....,"rr-pr,
JiJ\ \ F d. in.4alrdeHTnpd b! -p w'o h r d F-Bh . |' r< m.
"J'tr.dorcrlaps ihe 6ll ae, pirel ;otds
wner€ the parbm ac sei a(onr;s b ihe ral

Hatch nll could be applied ro egions br dra$ing ets of hru s€Aneni

display ei ther singlc ha tchin8 or dosshakhins spa.ing and slope tor lhe h€
lines could b€ Ft as paranchG in a harch rable Attr;atvele halch fil.ai
epe.fiedasipademaniJ rharpr.,ru(sscsordiaonr ine;
aerp?tcporr"r {pr'r' t.".r ,^e.. ,.;.,r tor enrr be*
fl\.onve,if,r poruon. in.'deo' to;tr.un( t-.F
en€ooir..oLld be.qar : po lgon\"1- O t.r -'{ep"ifl o,.dbp r
* rlelo$c-rcl (om, olhe b.L rd -d F .fs p o d,.,nd d-cr/
by the coidinaie qhnh ot &e iegion. To simptiry el{iion ot ^b\
ihe rereronce rt
dirr16.,ur- p".trFAdtwr\i u+ 1"..,1l,.! .n8r, J1"di.ptr) xmo
it 1",F B:L:l :l*li i$il'pr, 4 *"\: f !1 E,,,'r' "- | \ wrdxrb dmaPPe' e1
sinotles lhe tilins;Perahos rvhF ea.h elehenr ol I Padem is to be
i'r,'i,j r''4eP
,."o"..-r.r- !*L"t. "'t'.-" p . r ot . FP _,11" r

no-"r.n"- - rq r.i,-r " + r,; r'.I . " 'r"n r.' PF

;r a*:'."-'.^r'
' p.t m hun r n od r
' i
",""..,.-,'
r-,j ", rl, tt.- +-""'.p- lr\e'ub," o t' 'o' ,rdnlrbnoroJ
-,r'.""*,.*-' xn-+"o,t"i nru oordlh 'ea5
Jn-"'err,irrte.J"pir.n 'or ',rr 'p-'
! b: rcr Jnd r\d
-- Pd 'd'\4
hr\c.tfrFp:rem$
rhc ti fF-r. cd! cnr.ro\"-ldpp r3JT
' a - -p$ir'orunr a d i
-"* ."",-.,*. r*"a"" **; rn 15. -"..
P''l' a: fh n I"d'i$red-
-r-"b;(",hr--.;p"r.1 n.\ins _oulr rpFd rubP rrtP"
de rhe cbr. r ']b.r: a
' ";r, ,".n"
obr
'
,,q." -n" te oJnd u n aa o mu osr 'r" F\Pd 'n
".i "u"

colol-Elended Fill Regions

Il h al$ Nible to .onbine a lill path with backgroud
'o1os
in var
-.". a-u.- .,U *--l-.dr 5b,.Crcund
d.roddb.n'"dhr
,, ,r,i, r."" r," rFb+LFo
"., ""----
ooa ."". Or h! rcd d ",
rr rnpr locltd urepld'o*'iror r'Pr?
;.-"^h"Aho" loe,.rrd,a-"upe ron w'dd onb \ ':b\
paitem viih a backgrcund Pathm ro r a bn ry (bla'l and_( hie) svsten
 ffi
m
to
fI
lo
nl
t xl
q-c Ljtmerntl, L..nrbt4ded.ol tu\"b,f ?r'r{h a 3oncllor
4i,.""r... o""'" -,,t* l '
metoi'''h'on'nrheril uloDr
t^"*.,a--ar.rtuIa re ed8!' korhe rPPl ahor
-r'
:;;i., '.,-.'l" - odrnrp,nrns ia('o-"Firhdrbi'or'sndr\
',.-
.r,..,i.,.J..*.. -''-+ ".e'e ir .L'Rntheo ata
^,". J' F rhcl " ri'u"or
. nrr, ."ror tli U-l*-,"a .olos "t'ehind" In ei6er cas' we
^.a
r ,i" ..* mr ."r.' ," r"'! ,r.. *-e vaiaiions over lhc rea as the 6I
'unsi
\.---mnl.or h!m.ol I r\eld ",? IlloiSd FPdrBrbar*ar'
r ;- ;,r;-' l'. ea'r. d\ r' ?'rq : ra's'oL o ur Fw 'rr t'r d "iBre
s. *' r 3:a{;;s"errowhe\,lu-tu
-..a.'
;h, Jrd . p.Lo rh.r'.tr.;urt, bd"h'm,\ \o" he-'arL'r
;.o l|".'dPca..? Pw a.lfv,4 !rr" rrPdP'rhP ntl<d'
of F and B:
- line,r .ombinarion
P=II+O
'B
E€ihetanrparen.) rad.rr has: \aluc behven 0aid
e"rr le$ ihtn 0.5, th. balreFdd.ulnr \nnrdbuts
a*.I the F8ion than dds rhe fill coloi Vecror Eq 4'2
4nent or th€ .olos, wiih

I d ths caldlaie ih€ valm

AMbttA oJ ctqhn, htulids

whct t = & G, oi A; dd a* + AL. Theoruh.ally, paranebr I has the sane ri

tor each RCB compondt, blt the roud olt .al.ulatio6 to obrain int%er m
. r6ult in difieEnt values oI t lor diileml .omponents. w. .an mininizc
6und off erbr by sel{ting rhe .onpondt with the l,€esr dilisFre betu
F and B This lalue or I is ihen u$\l to nix rhe ns
fill .oloi Nt with the b:
g6$d coloi \de can .(omPlth this niring usinA eiiher a nodin€d floljil
boddary fill prcedure, as d.sdib€d in &.tion 413
Sinilar .olorblndins prftsdurcs .an be applrd to an area whose n
gtulnd color is b be ne.ged w,ih nultiple back@und color mas, such :
cn{*erbdrd pattem. wnen tuo backgDund cob$ A1 and 3: ire mired q
Io€smund .olor F, thd rsulting pii.l color P i5

P - riF + rLq + (r - h- n)31

where the sm of rhe olor tqn coefri.isnb r0, rr, and (l 6 rr) musr eq
I We .an st !p tu simultan€ous equatids usjng eo ot the rhr€ RCB .(
oneonenh io slvd for ihe iwo proportionality pa*rete$, r. and n Th
p";.8,.,. h-*"d b*,q"nd h r..ro,\rF u "suoa,8rodo rc
ioobLn rt-" n." p,,d.ot, I l\.r I rhh ba,.B.ornd (o.F ad {m ror8tuI
cold, or wiih rwo bmqrcund and h{o toreground colos, we ned all lhree x
equa rioro to obtai. the Fla uve anouns ot the tou r coloE For sonc lorgror
and backEbuftl .olo. conbifrtions, however, rh. sy*m ot iwo or ihR F
equahons .ffol be solved. Ihis m.u6 when the.olor valu6 m aI very sih
or when rhey rF all pspodionai ro each othe.

EIE GENERAL SCAN-LINE POLYGON-FILL ALGORITHM

A san line nU of a Fgion is F€rfoned by hBt debeminin8 the inte*ft]

oo-.hobol'tebouadd'tsorrl-"hll'eeons'lnP.flmrdr l.16 nDr
i ll .olo^ d rppl,ft . pa h -pd'on rr '.a.l.F hdr!c.r' mrrc en.
the 6ll Egion. Ihe sanline lill algoridm ideniili* the sane inrerior r€gim
th. odd even rul. (se.tion !r5) fte simPlesl area lo li n a PotySon, bRa
each $anline intesedion point with a polySon bomda.y is obtained by $h
a pan of sinulhneou linear equarioE, where the €quahon fot rhe s.,n lin

lieuPa-20'1.-.1rF-r\eb..' -"n lincPsedu?tu a:.io r.l r6ll

poha;. F-ru'l- hd crc.* ,h.p"ry8oa bP.ds" mh
;o'i"d I'on left in
""".re dd rhen the Pitel Posirions betueq and'*<hoN
rn lud
'iShi, -p-.n<d ill .lor lnrh--.atrPleotFg 4
$c roi p \el rhGpfl d pn.'..n5 w'u l}e Polyqor bou.Ln+ dLhre
.rethp, or.1h nor p.pl5. ThJ- l}r hll ro n- s roohed ro rt in" p' "r. f
I'ob' = I r rld rn rhpeLf p'\sl. tun - - 3-o I - 24 lf d lrha
is io be applied b rhe poly8.4 rhen the .otor fo. ca.h Piiel along . san lir
deternined frcm its ovedap posftion l ith ihe lill Paitd
However, ine $aniine fill algodihm tor a Pdlygo is not quik .s sinpl
Fiq.420 misht sussesr Wh.nse. a <an lhe pasg ihrouSh a \€de! ii inter
*. po
"e.; ",is*:r hd p"i., r.-on. d"^ rn .drBLrndn6onrrb.
bod;dd! nter'e.ror\ro' r 1m me F'qm4 tl
how'so dr"n4rh: c
a p"tlso;6x dd,nd
oi.dqp ard F" Mo pai\d lols r\' lne ofr
ideniify the interior pirl sprm. Bur
'ar
san line y ,nkse.ts lile polygor edger
 Cddtt sut Ltu Patwrn FiI At{till,n

RE 4-2o hknorpre 4aron8a!6line

h'€]gtNl!!o v{h.6 ka; La!setudramodd
vsm*a6 s4
rEd
'oddrituordll

h rhe nbrcr p*L ror\r Li" y wemL{rcur rh.relret mh's.fron

vorponr ftus sqepd.N*dnhnF we nN !o d stu3L'n bew.s
W€.d dphr rhe l@loqnldinec' e bc$ een lan linP rrd 6.an.re '/
14 +21 ot rorhs ln; pGi im o h" nr€Rlna edgF Flrrive b l}F qan
id {,r lne a rhe lr"o eds.- s dns ,n rr*(tio \ eic\ dF un ooPciF
or rh. s.n iire Bur ro' vtr h?, rhe o mhr{tu8 edse5 rr borh
r rhe s lin€. Thus, a vendx that has adjoining edges on aPPosite sid6
n mpq@ <anrrc.houlo @.ounrd a, jD{ one boud y th+chon
d lae.n'd;nhry,he* \e-b F b) !ac nEmid $. polvSpn boudrd in
.lo&wise or caserldl$i* ords dd ob*niry ln€ elative changes in
y coordimi€s as we nove hom one edg€ b the next. Il lhe inft ddPoint
; d ho.ol.&ti\. ed8$ mo' o'otuJv increa* or dRM e Le n*d
@r the shared (niddle) ve d 6 a single inr.sedion Poinr lor the Fan
e. rq LhmuBh lhal qpd€ \ Ohe i*.hPshaRdLedP\PPr*nNdlodl
i'- 'minu- o. *.in-r "n
rhe porvson bomad4 ad
'hP
tuo .dge
tioN vib\ the sn lire Pa$ina tlrcush that vertex can b€ added to the

Oieserhod foJ impLmenting the adirshenr b lhevellex-inrese.tionomt

+onen ene polygon ed86 lo splft tho* vcti6 lhat sholld be ouhd
'E inrer*tion. we can prds nonnorizontal eds6 aoud rhe Po\go
ary in rhe o-dcr ,pqsed ejl,her ddtwi'" or olnknlels.* A. t.
ced.h cdB". hc (an (hecr bd+llft wl'ette'Dur €dAP rd rhe.€
$ortontal ed8e hiv€ €ither nmolonically incPasing o. d{€asing fldPoinr
lE. lf so, ihe low€r edge an be shorkned lo etuue $it only lm inhs..tion
r i5 qendred lor rhe s.r line going througt ih€ olmon verter joining th€
,.dA6Fsura., ubdEs 5ho{.Maor an edBe who ihP cdpon u
dft 6o th€\opdRA,F n.Gadn&lheIvaluPor L\.uPPr'4dPoinr for
.rm!r ed$ L ddMsed by 1, 4 in FiS. 422 (.). Wnen th€ endPoint y valu*
@obnicallv d4reasins, 2s in Fi3. +2 (b), we deG.p the y coodinat€ oI
ep€r endpoint of th€ ed8€ tollowing th€ cllmt edee,
!pi.all, ertain popsries or one Part ot a s€ne d Flad in son€ way to
Fop.dF s dhs pa'borrhe !trrP. dnd $"f !oh.Ene p6p.ni.r @bf
t r 'omprEr saphr6,lsonrhm ro Fdue Pt16-ma aoh.,mP m.thod'
ar tutrtLnlrn t iutia'

/ seu*r 1

'

s. rh. eds.-m'\ bch8 P^n'{ !

'eK:reo
.;,".risn;"mir{
fi. !im'd-"tr d ,tu
'pF.-
r ;ib),h.!.*rdmab^,heupr!,

I NJPPIcd 'ln Cr 'rr8l"' dnL 'cnrbt '

l "^ i",-"-.r. ad;;m nr! irr'iPdsrin*s ion
ll. -1,.""-.-
*' ,. --'",i*;.r -',:'.:"'"
. dr' ur, r"N i;"3 :n' eds' b)
"Dro
':.i;,;.f:;;;; i.-.,g",-..".. ', ' d";r n' onsne'r 'ns I
r'.ur
-''l-- *,,.".L". -- rr^ " ^'nE hp'clh."edseor'; rnrns' +"'loP'
ihi:;;;.a;;;.o;...d '. r,*d di; -.. i.*dh.. *d'nr*

line B sinPlv
sin e L\e .hange in y cordinales be$ em the hvo san

i4' Yr=l
rl-e uPk' srl linP ran be derPrlncd ftu1
, nnhMttion \rue4 on rhe pre.edinas'an lin':'

bv adding tnc inverr c

Ea.h su<ce$ive r interccPt .an ihus b€ caLulated
ddP and dudFE io the ne.re{ intqsr
*";;
.-^";;;i.;;i;;.Hn;orLhe,ure.r,hn^rc.$rsndc\
rI." ;.;:;;. ;;.;;'",*prdeom 6.0:'dBe "k*""n4nra
l- ,# *".-*"a'-a"'"*a-"i o"i d' edse q A roPe a rhs ih*
'tr
 4no cdtlt sdn Lin PaWd tit

r.he ior rcan lire t abovc the inli, *an line can b€ c.ldlaied as

+qucni,dl{ Jl3u.irl'n.t}Fn(-l''mFro. r valuesb\ rh.mour + JlonP

.an be acconplished with inrq€r oPerations by Ralling tbat tfie doP€

':L
Ax and y aF llE dilteren es k een ih. edge 4dpoinr r md y .mF
valu6. Ihlr incEnenral calculatims ol x inrereph along an edge for
i\€sd lrn6.d bec\pl€gd.s

this e'tuaiion, tr peton inkger 4aluaii6 of the I inErcePb by

w.
Elj"-S . *8, h" -fthPntin8 rhe our"r b\ rh. \ alJ€ ol \ caclt
l,o 0
seno.pLproanei 16l.n. Ithcmverr\..ourFr\: LebcmmP..qutb^
arerthm ay, we i.@llHt theorenl r i.k'gtion valueby 1 and d<e.e
drrerby $p \rlre A/ FrnP1r€L- . equn dlsr ro tunu ff3 'nleSer
,rahotu prrblor,mh-ephedD.rrpnM8rher&r.ondlpdd'nhl$e
Al an evnpl- ol Lhi. .nregcFf <\emP. suPoN $. haLe an
wn dope i =,. Ar OF'nibal'nclhE s" Fr rie.odrer ro 0 rd t}F
{rn.r".
h m pfdr .o I A, qe mo\" up b rre re'r urR ..J lne. alo18 dri'
- lhe cound i3 sucesiElt asiFed the Yalu6 3,6, and
9. On rh€ $ird scm
.bde rhe ininat sta Linq the ounler now hd a value gtai.i tia 7 So we
err +.r !m'd mrF bJ '.,tu Fs4fietounh b tlE vdluP
'nFrsron
7 = 2. we ontinue dcremininA Lhe e.n'line inrereections in this w.y $nl
Ech ihe uppe! endpoi.r of the edgs Simild cal.ulatiotu aE erried oui to
d nrelwbmsrored8ew h mS.tive sloF
tte.dn ord b rhprdrcnPi.el , iGread of rM..hng
'ahr*Imvdlue
in inkfei positions, by modiryinS the edge inr€'giim alSorithn e thai
iremenr is rcmpard to Ayl2. This can be done wilh inteaer .rirhm€tic by
€ntinB the coukr with the value 2Ar at ach sl€P and .on?ariry the
flt ro Ar when lhe ilrendl is geaei than or equ.l to Ay, we irrEaE
r \allpb .Fd d.ffiell'l-P ouh b) lnevaluc of 2^! lnou P€vid'
ple wilh r, - 1, tne rcutr valG lor th€ n6t few *an lines abov€ ihe ininal
Ile ." thi" .d;e {old be 6, 12 (Fdued b -2), 4 r0 {ftdued bo 'l),
(pdred ro b,.0 t dnd".- 12 r4du.cd ro -2r \oh, \o'ild be i.menled
*,n d* 2 4 o o, rd -o $nh ,bo\e rhP n'hrl qan line for duE c4r
dtia calculatiotu cquired for ea.h edSe are 2Ar = a: + Ar and 2^y =
+ A, which are carrid dl as preptre$ins stePs
To ;ificiotly perforn a poly€ln fill, ve @n 6Bt stft tE Polygon bomdary
rrrel.dA. labk thai .ontains rl th€ info]mtion ne.esrt ro Pde$ lhe sn
€fn.iddy. Prdeding dound the edges in €idEr a dckwe o. a codber_
wi* ord€r, w€ can Ge a Sucket sort L stoE rhe edg6, sorted m tie smal€d
u€ oi eact edge, in the corE.r st{-tin€ pditiN. Or y nonndimtzl edg6
o.eFd rhp $dpd ed3e bole a5 +c ed3f6
'c PrcNd wP cs abo
ed.m -d8* lo reso've the lea inle*trm quabon Edch enh in
'nb
)"'\ru*l
4ffi|
:"": :.:: -"""
Lr'"'.-*reori.t,er.r mt.".
..,_""^n"* -.., *,* **,.*" I
rd rhe'lveMJoPeorrrP I
orrheedgc
'€n"\,
edee l-o-.,.nwa.|tr rheedse.drn{dedorda hom eirroriSlt
r'8tr42l I
tn;h,d oolveol.nd lhe,$ ared {n"d sdse rdble l
r.r.i *'"1c*- ,t'. *, ' t''- nom ro. bonom or rrrP Polvscn ro 'b roP I
odrns e; r@./qrbr b' dd 'cr b! ( t'ss the p'[soF bo$'trae I
'rhe adi\e€dft d r;. <i hm.orbin.dU ds$
'm"€d b)
rh vM liG I
i nh nerarh pioh! d' utic L'rd b obtu'n Lhe edse srP' "c'tft l
LnDlend6nm'enP
oloF rrafror ' al. r'd iotutr be l'.il'u "d by sroriB I
dd Av vdlu6 in rhP {ned edEP lin Al.o ro msure l}ur we co'F rlj hn I
^r nrn- or 'p".n.a po\S"*. we un "Pplv hP . odiddr otu dMu'd
+e I
<tim J l .lor cr.h ae line w" hll l rhe p'\el sPrtro' edch p"r ur' I
'n srt nh^epr \: ucrd endrgr me Po''id I
b'"'.ih.'bhh;t^ -kreDl At ea(h oo vqon <dse
'rn
br "hoJcred b) tr |
rdr n rhe !"diFfrunar Fiop6dponr' Tt* T"rua Eri' dntec L\4 |
p.'eLin'd; drpolvson.wir n",o'drap 'l5o

I
EIE SCAN-LINE FILL OF CONVEX POLYCONS I

When we rprh a -un-.'ne t'lprNLfiod on\s pol)gm itFF!dbeoJ

--" rtan j i'.e,. mu"-.P,n FAe torc/h s@n [ne so be ned h Dn6 I
,he po {4". ody mrilw. '*
foJd Mob'Jnd,'} trhrtbn h0'edcn
"Son
ff lne (o>sq Lhe Po non 'ranoi
ft"r*'a;.lyBo.; r.". sorrhr d *usPd rne pR'ds8 s'm
'n d8.i u*
.," s" . "^"t,t ei.o.iia*.av "r.m r' polvsol hll vte 'oo_dmb
dne lrr{l*rion truradr' Mrh
-h . h;dehue whi.r ;eF.16r.;
lhffi 66 thd oerFmc rh. inprio, pi e \pr lo'thar'4n Ine wh're v
.*ing -,r"a ^. bo;d.') rhh..ton ponL w\o r ar
""r- " "nBlP
 Ftt Mdh&s 1a. Ata\ uth n4tut s'tndoru"ot
)
iPe\ ro' e\'mPlet q'Po _h'm:h
orl\ $tl Poinl
I g'.pi- p*ie- ,,",\", *,r.i dl. drd' b be h 18 6 5ll'ne
!ld-iei aaur each tuncle\d id{r@eedg6toDffi'

E i8A$;b.t'o,iiiblS,txEcroNs
wrrH

kan ra s'th ruded boiddn6 i dsd'bed hr m nonlnear cqlatiG J

r' r9*".n ..* nme rh,n a?olvgon he hI w€ d,ue
[U,* *"i'"r "r.- ntrR rion
--. ,tt.,.r' a."l"a - Rrol 4 10 bur rhe boundan
pi'.-"a *itt ur eqL.hor And r\eiloPe ol inc*obr
lhe bomd,
"r,m",,*
;; *ir;;i.""shp - ." .m; use rhe sh.ishrro ard
d.hor rhar r po$lbl. wih q'rig\LLnPedrs
r.,-. ,ri"r. .*:' .,.,' ,. .";o, eu+; t' an :P'l) til
m'thod'
;;;ro;;;' m\$ poryeo* rah s;n rsp (A'nB a dnL o' er''pe
.' r,"' .'' u" u-ai.v'-"*rtotu And dwed' dellDr derPrminc rhs so
tne in.F
1""" point;o.e-i'er" *"a",y o'd r(lc wP mP^ u'ma n dr hon
i ;,aLi;;od 'n tr:dpomr ;p'l.od rc'ten 6u
P'btue
p,'"r.p"* t,- *" t. **" Poinr rhe orhs 9vmetr
i, i-a L** t.. *;Ies) aE us€d to RduG ihe boudarv
""-t
Si-ii,i.amt, -. * *"a . Ssndate ar'rill:d aF for a oe secton'
-+iii... - .",
i-.r", t.."."a tv -;lliPh"l p t 'hdiehr n ' <tio a-rs ht"-
u" r'rl- ,.r.e. ..-t.ar'oa d c^ d'r bc PdslrF sm'
FICURE frU

*1i.i ;.**t"t -lii"t"tt.* "F explofled whemvd P6ible ro Fdle

iJi.*.ii*.,^",-* - "'awoF @bbr\ no*P'dNina wercird
*'ri, i.*noul mano' m.omb'n''on wi h Funenc'l Fchniqu6mro
tr'. .-.r,"" rrere.l'oN our u6ual v 'J'o i me boudtri6
-,."
$mired Mrh {ra'ghtsline *8noc.

FILL MEIHODS FOR AREAS WITH

IRREGUIAR BOUNDARIES

E ioDdch fr r hlljnq d .pa ed aF, 'Ln at dn ft'6e pnqh'' d

B ro
; -;:;;;";.;;';y p.-'.'r tu rE bomdd^ nri'b'P rtuuih
.i"-r...,; r"i irr,"e "":- * + fterr.r boos"
qt '"'\"'de'3r're'&r
, p,-ip-s'.-.""i*u1n"* -;-d, 'lP:l " yPyl:j:oi
* sI"J *a j;-" 're1' boudarv
ii"
"'i"i; -r' in,o'mtion abooi either the

r$!dGllftNlar reA$N witha !m8le old or

hm lilr wr o;rl.v a aolor ma5! as drfl$ed s
m the pFd E Pree<s.d iu.olorredeFmsedbv

b.rndddorlome@or''.pdiied masingl"'olo- iqenr rlrScmrer'o-

.*..i".iripr.i *,,r'ti"-ud:^ or;'rPr'ounh.d ft 'mersod
 Atbiblks ol GnPhB Pn iti6

FIGURE4-26 EiamPle.olor blMdan6 lor a

bMdary-fin Pr@'lu!.

(a,ld rh. bdnd4-dll rlronth4.. emp oy.d linre-art\ep.inhrgPa.laSe

q h.E im€rior @ b are €a"'l\ *le(red l nA a snpll6 tabler or oth.' int€
ri\edeur an:r!h,rdd*iF;ien.rdha5gwoJrliF *lerrafiUcolorta
'."1", n6tr slrtd rh.;. bord:l rcld and phl m,nhorPod It
horp llrrmor tren porea o ut" hI (oro. Both imr dFd oure- bordri
.i^ i".i'p r" 'i+n"" !' '*' '' bododl dl md ri8 az'rlr^hdeee 'nPl
'" qd{tvins
lnr "i',.h'1,color rcsiffi
i.*ai,.-r'tt ,t*oarlr nrh @r i. Dho' Po'nr rr !\ d
dhD;ved
Mb-i;; ;;';. .i noa.borus p;nhotu L_od hn.d PG'non D nor '
-t .is.a.ii,.nmseo rhe nl old
';nd
L nqghbo.u
'i.-l'.-.a-"
i.'Jn'..i-*at"-"M,**d ; Ip*l'dFPre*d uDrothedFi3ru!
'--r'* .;br
bomdan ro the a@
4 ii +*' *. .",hodr ro prc.*n8 nes5boru8 p'\els
Fom
.,--i;t *iu.. h r'q !27(', lou ne slboina poinh ar te"hd nE
,*,i" "J --** 't,i*.sht eft "bate dd bPle ln€ \rrnr pn!
i -'.irr"J ti ,r.^ ."u"a *.ned +ldnftred rhP reMd mehod shd
t_ii" r.lirui,*a r.tl .." .mde\ hsra H'€ th' s'r or mshhod
&ffibd ra b l*';'-. i. "*".a *rta* u. fo; dkg;.1 pl€t '5 w'Ug.**ted a' thN d d
G) md an "
iJ."ia*--' r'r..*-a ,EnB rNs iPPcc5rv 'rerilr ldlh'r /
ii."""*J**a.r t'lt ,t,ao't* ; o',ld .aF rh' ol rh' d
'nknd
ao".J. i,. +x. i,', ri*Ared bounddry'ril dlso-ittrm dodd onlv I

*"fl"*i:,ffin ,deduF ,uchne' , "*,{v" menod d @dbng

..-"*a ,*-.i* . - A..br 'p. tud in P'rdnft' r I Llcolor' uP
, i"uao oro.
'p*i*a " '*r
P,

;iGIRi a:ti ft€ aiea detimd sithin

'he.olo'
r
boufttary (a)
G dry paniany !'d in {h) 6in3
kMeild boudiry_fi ll.leorjn\In
 rsion br inc lud ng fou r additional staie men k

(inr r, 1.! y, int rilrcalor

setPix.l (x, y, hteriorcalor) |

!- hordercoio!) r_ filrcolo!)) {

boudalyFilr1 (r + 1, y , r rcolor, bordercoro.)r

bouidqlypi1l4 (, 1, y, f rcolor, bordercord)|
boqhda!yFi14 (: , y + r, f rcolor, bo!dercorqr)l
bouid€iyFi1r4 (., y . r, ritl.orof , to!d.rcolor)

&-, .pborndd. i "ls ' \n'm,l rn_t Fg'o".c.'e h'lsm! .h

r,,. .d. ",'dd\ ol plr.' d nrref ll.olo nl.. ! cur br Jrra rrr^' 5n
s.ertpi\elsboihfoibound y cold and for fill oloi Encount€dng a Pixel
an l o -d rd. ler 'Sorherinre-'o
E unfilled. To avoid rhis, we can fi6t change the .olot of any i.rerior Pixcls
aF iniiially set kr ihe Iill color befol€ applyins tht boundary_fill PrfteduE.
ar{, sin.; rhis pro.edurt rcquircs .dsidehble sta.king dl neighbo.ing
s. moP eI6.isr merhods trr 86eral1y enPloycd These merhods fill hoF
'e o pmtrd'rs w 4.otr" Fd o'
,.i "r-'.tu''eo" . -lrntP'""dorlr
'n.rP.o r"N3r 'oPJ 'a
"
dih horizonlal pixei span, instead of sta.ting all unPrmcitd ndghborina
.ns ,round the .u(e.r Posihon. Starhng frcn ihe iniiial jnterior Poinr I ith
rprhod, w. ftsr lill in th..ontiguous sPm of Pireh on lhn a ingscanline
: Ne lo.are and na.k sta ins positi.ns r.r spans on rhe adjaceni san lincs
E,o-r!iRdeh' pd d- l-e ulhau^' \ozm n.t aAor po' r un' o LanPd
$r.ii prr!.d n I' bo'.' .i. a o.'.'"-9. I I o * *t"'"t -
.u ou\ hon hom thl tupurrh.sri.l Jnd PP€trh€Ptu.e$
* . .-p.. t.- p'el p"n .orlo m lrl"d , trg h.:Pprc . "
ned lor ihe 4{onne.i.d resion in Fisur 4 2e ln this e\adPle, we list
s{an lines suc.csively ton rhe start line io drc bP boun&ry Ati€r all
r {an line aF !ressc.l, ws fillin ihepixtl splns on the Fnaining $an
r order dovn i; thc bo ,om boundary. The lefho$ Pia.l Pciion ror ea.h
rid,o"nllrare,i" o Lr\rd 'n a ru !1o'oPr iTssu^F're dn
r hu; r i" e +lo ln'a of lbrFLn tP nn' o.n.. bPenI' l,'d dd
hs posfions I and 2 for sPans on the next un litus (beloa and above) are
ial h FiA I 29(b), posihon 2 has ben unsta.ked and Puessd to Pmdu..
1Rl.p'i o"n , '.I F{ar.,iPrrIrp.rhor 1 r 'D.inPlP'P"n lrle
:.r'--ha.bFn{.r..d A ",po.'hor1'.p. e.-.d i d.pd'-drd 'l-
a"d posljons afr as shoun in Fig 4 29(c) And IiS. a 29(d) shows rhe filled
! rli€r proce$in s alt sllms in the uPP.r riSht of the sPco6ed ad Posiion 5
rr pRx;sd, and rpans are liued in the upPer left of the region, rh€n PGittun
rriar up r".onrnueinepr".$.in8 ro, tht er\inlms !
 cH^?tEF', A nb'Btcd ftPdn m

aaaa aaa
aaaa
a aaaaa a
aa
a aaaa' a
a a aaaoao
a aaaa' a
a a
a a
(.) aaaaaaaaaaaa

aaaa
aaaa aaa
a
ar aaaaa aa
a
a aaaaaaaaa
a aaacaa
a
aa aaaa, a
(b)
aa
aaaaoaaaoaoa

a a
a aaa
a a
a
aaaaaa' a
3@shwiqtrpjliool aa
aaaaaaaaaaaa
rt!€ 3kr.d siriw fn rer

aaaa aaa
tub of {E sb*. (c) FdLd aa
a5 aaaa
a" aaaa
oaaa
lor dE uprnthl Fntm or
a
a
aaaa ' a
a
a o
rd aaaaaaaaaaaa
 4
'! +ii.rlr, Li,!r/ ,i r

- -.,,ires\r$antbliLln,(rF.olr).nircaihrrFf.rdefinedy,nhma$n8tp
: i.lndrry fisrrc.I30 thou5 an ii(ir bo ertt br se\erat .llrerenr.old
-..! $t.r. p.jnr \u.h irisby tuphcr.3a sp{iai.d rnrenorcolor msr.ad
*.f.hi.8 f{r i tiniNlir bomdaN dn.r Th s nlt proce.trre i!.3 ed i 0oDd_
i::lgorirnn.r\nsb tomaspe.fitdrnicriorp.i,r(r,!)andr.asiSnallpir.L
5 rhnire(rcndyseii.a 3n enif iedn.olo.|lrhiltddsir.d aj .olor tf ihr
-r rp lfanr nr prinr his mo..drin oncnn.n.r..lrtr, rle..n 6Airc.BsiSn Firet
6n,rh.n, lntcriorpointshivethes,he.ol()iLlnFenhara.tN.ncdrd
. -r.n.d.d.ppro:.h, \'c th.n $cp rhror8n pi\.1plsiiions unhl rll mrdnl
- s hi\. bccn rcpann.d Thc ldldlins pntrcdrrt flood I'lh : ]{on.dd
:.irdursivel!r$iitlnsfronihe,nputp.sirion

(iqr x. int y, iot

3e!Pi,er (i, y. coro!J:

// set co10. or
iot!!iorcolo!):
froodrill4 (, 1. y. firrcoro!, iote!1orco1e.);
r1oodrill4 (x. inrellorcoler);
r1oodrill{ (x y L firrcolo!, i!!erio.color)

n. arn mod:Iv rlr.rbolr pi{{.durr io frduo ih. {.age requiton.nb of

-.- $.1bv filling honz.nbl pir.l sprns. is discussed for rfu boundary titl
,r 3o.,. ,,. . '-,.-P,,t
::r: h lns thc v.nur ioteriorcoio! Ile $tps i. thn nro.iilipd fiood fit
: J hmaresjnirirn)thcs.rJlusirri.drnrra,rr91.r:h,undryfrt Sr.uring
. I irrn positnrn ol ei.n sfrn, the pivl vrlucs rre.+la.cd unhLr vtrlre ollrer

EE ope.CL I LL-ARLA ATTRIBUTF FUNCll0N5

. lop.ncl3rphi.\pr.L,ge,li are; ourinlsafr ivailabbnl..nveip.ty

: --!nl! N?ge.tnicdEplays ol hLled ond\ p.\g.ns m four ncps

: hrlrcihrPallgon nll nntrn..

1nnii.ih. polvg.. hll Lrturc.topencl
- Oes(ibe ihe polvsons t. bs hll€d.

. lnr go. hLlpa pm isdirth\.d up bind nrcludna th. Fotvgon.dg.s Tnus,

. :!,..noboundr4 linosi,ounddrcailrrcsi.nriresrespccjini vrddihem
at b,,l.qh6PtinttF
rnadditionroiq^ @dil pJFr for " P' vSol mre'ioi thet dF a nJarba
. F b dnPrd* hort( pol$' I wt"ftre
",i.i.,n".,..'t"u" t".^p1on onr u;Pd8e' dr send -d aho oE
-*".'.i.i.' -*- '.,pp; 'nd.. po vlirPPJ nil\r Aaodraop:m
""r.'"" "-,r'juro+.i^p,1o \ih ';d
in;o I rdd no Pdse' c-{ h'
i,-;4";;; .h" @!rc. **; "o
J-a-.a't*,,"n"t'e".,+sho'drdba''a'e or"pohaortUaFd
OpcnGf Fill-Pattern Function
SvdelaLlr d.on\fl tEon!ohPL..or r{rid'olo' ?3'or'usirgrh"ard
po

'1.",."i*. r. Itt"."oir,**-:"r;pi bnsomGL qPr-41: babr rr

hr Lhe ort"poi'n8Pi ' 'b
ii*,if'.*"'r'-'ri.."rrine cJ!r,r\P\rlror rhtr rrrm'bduerPo i6
""*i,",r."--*n-r""-a,o
,^-r.-J n",ir o.,* "'p. hed nst n'isnsd b\ h bin3 r\' oPe' Ldcb
b"g map u' ro' w"dedrcdb Pahn
'yr"i._,rr,.."".;,".a."'t
w h hdadeomdl\alue\,s {re ampe
crubyre r rPatrelD II- I

rheb GnuelbP.o..hed.iairetr rh hcbodotr T$ orfiPstrP-rrnd @

i.'* - -u.,,'"-- -" rtt o, l}.p: Fn ,'!"d d N \ bits apc n
c iq n',, *"arpd:.;* hee'
-*-. ftaPr or'hedqlavwin
""i
i...'"*" r: r.". r";'ndob o'nP, rno'pcnhcd Po'3o!rF en
polvsons iFlS r'llr
-ctthe D;t€m cverlap, thF*".d;;-boh'\
where
tf"urqr r"' parhns'd
""r'*"q,i*t '

uIPolysensriPpla (iilIPatrern) :

Ner $e ne.d b ablc hP nl ebP {e 'PAL\ 'he \PJric$ fo th

p.rrg.* r-i.* p rr'"a *'our'rF l^e d^ _tt * rh fi
"
srlnatle (Gr PoLtcoN srrPPrE);

Sinila.lt we tum ol{ Patern filling wiih

grDi6sbre (Gr rorYcoN strPPLB);
 Or.fcL I t1la6 Attdhh Etndids

taa
aaaa
.8.E.7 FIcUnC4-32 A 3by rbn
erh€n o) ,lFmpcnd m .

a?/ bFn*hl(nFof'h.Plftn

!32 iUstrard how a3 by 3 bit Patl€m, Ep€aied ovs t 32 bv 32 bil ffik

b€ applied to IiI a Pdallel€lu

L Texturc and tntcrpolation Fdttcms

mernod o, Enins PoltSod h b F E\M p.hft 's di{h'ed in
r0 nrL. muFfi! p.ftm! dur BImuLh rhe'ubeaPPeram
, bnc}" b .iled .kl d .m. oLhs rutdial Al{
we \r obtdin d
J.t"^. oro,irs ., , p"lJ s* intfu' iud ;s s g did with the lim Fnriw
a'*.*': a* o ml'€on "fr6 lr?poLuon f loi'
ir",
". *;g'i mp'oa'* *t .t JsPla)'
!
or shadcd nndn
'urta€
"e-i". "-,r"a
.r * i.*.pot,'i"" nl rhe rouowirB t odr Fsllmr asah
-'*,ipr. g*- -[' *'}' or rhe dw redie or a tidrsle rhr
. u,,", - oF vtu
n 6ll B "L "
L\en a blls mFrpohtio of the oloB
't
alsh.dalod.l (cr-sHo@) :

tDesr! {e! ErNc!8s);

rrv€.te:rr (150,5o):
g1!e't.rri (75, rso) |

:.t r -uEle.olor ts*l fn $e ErmBIeG a q hoLe, ttFPol) 36 n 6I"d witlt

,r *..r'.,ts. tl*.s"-dr n th? grshld€nodel firn'fio
-ro. ,"ia ;. p.l]B; b 6ll.d sidl d* h* olor iPR'n?d
-ru*n.".lr'j. *pb,
;;.
sx@n .tudins bur we(M rJu& $d
;; b ffiirldu $ai dE " 'h.;daulr
pdtxm is ro b€ fiiled 6 d inr€rPol'id ot

LWkr-flamc M.thods
rls. chm* o lhe onlv polvgo ed36 fli' Podu€ t wiPfr.ft
a,.pra1 .r m po5 3o o. 'ii todJdis?b$ polvSo bv dr) Pld_
*" Ji"." p-u* ftR ;Pdms r *reftd wi$ dr
" ' ";;.
Antib,k. al itaphi. P'ntLB

w" H pramph iace ro oc-iF F wl-'.\ !a.c or lne pot$.n se h,nr

.he ,, ed8p. onl) or \ed,c onlt. TlL. p:rtrc'e ." d-.r 6,cned 4d
cL FRONT,GT BAc&o'eL lRoNr N_BAcKTtrqifwewantdlythepot
gonedsesdisplayedlortu.seledroweasrs.th€cocranrc! lrBbpa;!
er€r d13p1lyfiod€.plot o.ly the polySon vdtex poinrs, we ssisn dE con6t
To
yhode a rhrd o'tor.! cL FrrL Bu! rlb
rheoeLull d\p.ry node..ore u{, tr oni\ nvo; rtpo rraonrrode hhen t
$.nr b set arhibutF for rhe po ySon edSe or veme.
Anorher ophon n to display a polyf,on with borh d inftior tu and a diffe
color or padem tor s ed8$ (or to. ib rcdic). IhL t ac@nplished by sp{j
in8rhe polyson rwi@i;.e w h p4amero dlrplaylod.;tb @ ![ra
thfl againwithdislrayuodesttoeL LrN.(orc! !orM).Fdample,
Ioll@ing.ode stion nlb a polygon inhrior w ha srts color, and d\d
edges ae a$isned a ed olor

ercolqr3r (0.0, r.o, 0.0) ;

\. Invgke poryson.g.ne!alinq loutiia' ./

slco1or3f ( r.0. o.o, 0.0):

urPolrso od! (cL !RoM, cr_LrNr);
\. tnYor. PolysoD 3eierstilg
For: .hFdn?tu {Dl potvSon .om rhr d6 nor hJ\c rI qprtic. r rhp
plancl rlu\ nehod fo. dr,pLyDS rhe ed8ts oI r fitcd potyEon ru) pmd
8ap- dlo' 3 rhe ed86. Tlb .ffpd. .o n6fe, rfp-Fd b.. edt.hin& N. ,u*d
d,fipF<e. b.NFn, .lcubtiotu m rhendr-t! I ateonrhf, Jld . atculaum
rhe ed8r lim-drawi.g algorithm. As rhe inrerior of a thRnihensioml poty8c
i6 6nrd, the depth ralue (d*bn e lom rhe ry plane) is okltaied for e.ch it,
psftion. Blt this d€pth vatue ai d edSr ot rhe polySm js olb nor ee.tly
t
sme, tl. i4Fwn4.*i?rsr}.! theJ,sJorim6r,retirts{rr\n;
rr r\ponon nrpftF. wh qLj6irt as,r ru"oe,ih. ntenc d[
surd eLrd ituhadof dctt8e oro.iodj,pt,vbmcenGdl68rt_.bor

one r.) ,o .lil]rftr rh! Srps alo$ o,.pL) pd eds.. or a JrF.dll]rrui.

.
poiye.n sro.Mbcdeph qalu!"cdl. r,atsd bv lhe 6l oLsc.odlrk
nor o\pnap n'rh rhe edse deph \" u6Id rhd potyad
lte do cJ.;;i
,osMa No Dpencl runctioG.
slBnlbre (cr_p0lycoN_oF.srr_Fru) :
(iactoit, racror2) |
Tn.IiRrlrtrrion r.h.re. rhp ofH
rcurine for{:n-llrc fith*, drd rne ft
@nd -u*dtoq,tuupLor ndtnB.poinrvaluF..cto;r mdrecro
rha aF rd b,.lrut.F $c;trou-".a9ri n"*r,-,,i- r".tr."a
"*,.
depriorer = Iadort tu \stop. + fa(rod . cosl
 -: i\sh$ rhe frrr,mfn, roPr.t llc Porygon rnd.obr in rnf,.
lionconnr.(^ foripolygon,.iheryplane,{heslopec0 othenie,ihe 's
.irn sl,)pc is.al.ul.ned N rh. .hingc in dcpih of rhc plygon divldd by
.: rlre.hang.,n r or thc.htr.g. in ! A ryPl.:lv:lue ln ihe rNo f.r.i.n r
. - rr 75 ur I 0, rlthlugh omr dpcrincniaiion * ith tho fidor \ alu$ is ofio
,--.r! ropmdu.cg.od rsults As in .xifrple !r :siBni',g vilue! b .ll{t
odesesne.i is lolLoas:

;rEnable (Gr. roLY..N .FPsar FrLL) |

:-eorygonoffier (,0 r o)l

,i.inttriorfillof thepo\gon lrpL'$eJahtl.fanhcraaatiind.pth,soihrt

!-n.ti erlerehiihihedepihra]tesof iisedges ltn'hopo$lbler.imple
_, rlnsndhod by rpplying ih. oller b in. h. drawin8 algoiihn, by chanS'
r rsumenroIihe slEnable hm.inhbcL PoLYcoN
r-.., $. wint to u* ncgafi e fadrore ro bm8 the €d3c dePih rilu.s.los.i
:.f,relud irnted todEpLay differeni olor points ar the vertei Positiont
.i olh,ghlightcd rdsrs, thr irFrmed nr ihe slEnable nLndFn Nould be
\nother mcthod frn cl,nmiiinxthe +ii.hin8 elfe.t ilong polySon dlg6 r
i the Open(:I- ddftil brffer io l,nt thc poltgon intenor hlling $ th'r it
.. 1.r ov.rltrp thccdgcs. But thrslppro:dr is more ronPlnared :nd g.ncnll!
!. $rhcp.lyg.. depinn(sern€thod F pnfcnd
idsplavrconc r p.lyAo. usi.gOpenCL routin6, r'. mu{ ft*splitii
, !d of.onvei polygons we ryFrrllydividc a con.ivrpolvgon intoa sei
n'tls, unng ih. m.thdls d$cibed i. sr.rion I 15. ThPn we .oul.l drPlaI
:r.cavcpolygonrsarllregionbyhLling rhehrngl.s Simil.rlrit{enant
. \r .nly ih. pollgon \ cniccs, we pld ih. tirngle vefti.ds Bur io disPlat
lg,nil.on.rvepoly8on jn : wne-ham.forn,rvc.amoi)unseithedisPlay
:?iocL rrN!,b..ausihrrwouldshlrvallthctrirngleedgesthataFinrerior
r? original concive Polr-g.n lFlg 1 rll
:flunarcll opencl pmrides a nc(hinisn thatallows us to eliminare se
.: dgts lrofr a wnefrrne displ.rtr. Er.h poltgon rc .x is dord $ith r
- t aa8 thaindnaleswherher ornotthaiverter is.o.nected to the.eit ler
:. r boudary.dg. S.rllrv. ne.d dois*t thri bii flag ro ot" and th odgt

.onca por_r3or {i) inio a {t

 be displavcd $e ser this na8 lor a' edge with tr'
tullowiq ihrt rcrhx will noi
 ,ln fi.ng Thnt)pencl nniur..:n b.usd b$it ii(csoll
n i.L..L\!i$.rdd The ..nnini
''r l.-''" 1 . u'.iloltri

EEE CHARACTER ATTRISUTES

rrt.l the ippeii.rn.r ol dbpll d drinrd.E t h ittrblits su.h :i ldn,

.,,l.aind ori.ntrho. i. fr rnr pa.lagcs,inrblt$.inb.\.tbo$Iorcnhtu'
:nu sblfss li( rt) rnd lor i']dtr u,n .h.tr.reF tlft . bc u{d ntr sFA irl
:f{snL.h is pnthng i Lldi g Ph
hr( ir r !(!i 'han\ posibl.i.n dntl:!.Ptionr tun ot all, iherc is thr
r.oininr ny tyF ofi rc ), rLhi.h \r sciol.hrracicF \jihi Fini.tlardesign
,u.h rs \c,v $*,( orr eq Hohehc,l o.d.n,Im.s ltonan, rnd viri.ls
.ni!n'h,lAnn'!\ lh..hiri.i.isi'raseL{iedlont.a.ah.bedispl.lled$ h
-:ar undr rnrns $rres (!r:!l!, d-!:ir(.!], ,1!!!!). i. bordl'e, b ,t"! ,*r t
.,,]ff!.iiings tu di\plav.{i kn crn b. Jtnod i. ihe {+em ntibut.lilirnd
r L.\ drc F({cJutu\ thn Spnrr.re !hdrr.trrdtliniiions tu thc r.imc b!rler
. ).lmn.rnrns LJ tu brnistl:ye.l, ihc .nntni cold is us.d b lrt FLcl
.. I thc n ine bu arer .nru5ponlt,ns b th..hrrrd.rshipes d Positnr.s
.,r ()uld &1i$r t.rt \ir b {rlrn8 thc.rc'ill djnmsins (h.iahi and
.l.hiradeb or br 5.rli'rA o.lI thc haght or the tidth. aharactu size
I rPJ \a n,
_h'' 1t' rr'
: rho.hi .t.is ln thnbG,kifr s.t in I10 P.nt fo.i Pon mcisuFne.k
r rlrsiz.oi rfu 1,,{lrl oi r .hind.r (f_,9 1.rl),botdltrr^'nr nifGulththc
f.ift ipe.rnlil s.in hi\. drfioa'nt .hrider sz.s, deP.ndrng on lhe
:r or tha tlpela.e. Ihc dbt.n.e bctw.c. thc l,(il0,rlti' ind ihd ,,fr,r ot
iird.rbodv is thc lrnc fd rLl.hiricirBi.. P)dntrLar riz.rnd tyPefa(c,
r bodr \ldth 'nrl viN lr.rori.rrr'l t,.'d lotrt! isisn i shilLer b.dy
-iiff ow rhindc* su.h F Ji r,l, and f.omPJrdd r. bnld.har].rcrs
r. r1or It Crrt d. hr{rrrd.fincn isih.d^tan..bcn\T.nihrh'vJtuan,i
: ,f.lrhii.r.i.^. Krnd.har..t.r, tu.h rs i ind I in Fig r:rr, rqr.illr
ibr!..!lihr.hrtu(tu.b.d!hnnts,iraleft6\' hd.eendcElx, i, J),4, O
.l iirr"'I oi i;:tsDh
iir dc'Encr insuch i Ntrt'thit \niiabl.spr.lng ^-ir-
is rtbinPd rlong rnd bt
..fnfiliies kh.i r.\t Ls dfpl.r!ed riih.hand.r bcdic! bu.hlnli

H4 f-f] T
Height 2
Height 3

nRF|]9Dltdoo"''h.uP..hr(.) ircuRE / ao r-'p*h dtibds o.

.;,-,.s.."d*-d,.!h,.rb,ilr h,.d.'h.s.
..-r,;-',
 5p€6cho ,nd as&irtsd
(a) vkbr in Fi3. 4.42 !mdu.6 L\.
d Ebotu r0 lne k. r Frh (b) displ,y (a) frrr i d.,, pid' and
rhe dtplay (b) ,or a rt,!, pa'h.

r jE..lersbiryF Aftrated b, vdio6 rext pa0r 6ettings tor a 45' uP vdror

idpls ol.hara.ter sl]'ines gensaltd lor bexfpal)l varus doun dd t'grr vitt
E 4 \ (lor re ilLskared in Fia 4 41.
.rnohr pGiblc .tlr'ibute fo- . \aa. rer rhnEs 5 ,l'gmenr ' ThD ,mibue
GnF how Fr i- b be dhpl.Jd w'rh F.tF I b a cler6@ Po{ro1 Fo'
Elele rd tr .hi' a(Er. co'id be JLF.d a(odrg ro rhe b6.ld.. o! the
3:ie,mm 'dulris-" a-a! 'u,*nater twtrdlcnddh Pothon. orhorbFral
d \di.dl dl,gntrb. 5tu3.l g-llrms.F rl$P6'bLc dnd I'9 4-45 6how.
sns alignnent psiiions lor horizonlal and v€di€l teit labeb.
t sme gaphica pacligeB, a bxi-PRjsid a$dblre is also av.ilable Tl\is
rsder speii$ ihe anomr ol detail and th€ pdicular Ptueing oPti@
! e lo b€ us?d with a r€xt sking For a low_pFision lqt stin& nany al-
sE Fletidr slch as rexr parh, are ignored, and frte. Pd.d{Fs aE usd
r !resina rhe .har.cbs $ouBh rhe v @trl3 PiFline
hndllt.Lb'aJyorF prce5rEdrtinesofien\upPl'AaqolsPda'.hd'
_

G,such asa snall.irl€ mclG, which aeuefin in varid6 aPPl&rioN Mdt

*r rhee cnara.t$ a€ lsed as mrk r s)mbols in nerwork layonb or h SraPh
q d,ra *ls, I1E atlnbuts tor rh* marker slrtbols .E g?i.ally.olor .nd *.

EIA 0p€nGL CHARACTER-ATTRIBUTE FUNCTI0NS

r. displayins.haEctes with ihe OPenCL Pa.kg€. Either
have two n€thorts for
-r ainrote
desisn a foi sr nsins ihe bitFaP fudioE in the co€ library or we
tire GLUT characleFgerer.tion ounrc' ft€ CLUT lib.aiy .ontains
fttub d ilDld{ ne DFd p5n.d brrte d.holP.h.trder *r5 ThePfor.
r *,u.r"' .n;ue1" .un *r rF rho:. Lh.r tpp.y ro Pitle'b'mPr or rre
Ainb't6 rt c phi6 Ptdi' n6

r.r e,lher b-ddD o' ruts",onR rn"dr.Pld) (.lor '' de+rm'ned b' rl
..,";':;;", .';,. rn qse'ar' ,h. 'pr'rs i' d 'e ol n'-' FF dP-
--.Jui ,r,. r"r +.i'r- - crLjr tr up-' 3r I dndc u
-*":n* *. "j also st rhe line widih and line ivpe for th'
"_**i'^i w1.p*rtv $" -uth ror a he wiih the sr'lire{idth tunchs
i"iir..-r*r" "an
;;;; ;i;:i'ry**'","" grrilestippl€ tunctio' rheclur shr'
i-,"*il ,L* be ar"iriv"a ""i"g tlie cuddt lalles we sPe'in€d ror ih' opacl
rinF$,drh ed lnetvE atbbuE\
*.,"i.^",'i *...,r." P'-dDpat FJac'Pffh6L rqrr'eh n':
-
.p.' FrP.r'rom:dor nr'n^'lr't r'o'
-,.--" --j...t-.. tu'ar* ne'r4 Hoirr'tu
-,. i..i"." -a."""".1 p.- r'horP
:;;.;:,' h^;-d,-"-'..,, 'r ddo '1rFe r\r+d mm'uur
,'"""^" r.^.t-t' A ;r bc d*d ro seFhf " l-' d ol" ts{\''e(

E@ ANTIATIASING

|ne.eqmenBedo.h"-F"phcpnr'h\F ;c.Pi'sb rhr'd{qalqo l

ru*iJ - irua". 'r..i. " ue;o.por{di';tsp "ppra' "rr
n'%a 'P
br(au* $e
aer'r^.--;" oriluheIrod'Pb
"i,i".--*.
iiii i.. n. ;"-; ro' o, e," ro*r' qdr-v imPhs rmd
"i,.*-.r t^",n nP'' te dpPe' 2n c or d'P -,ed i'
'.-.i.""r:..,J"r.t;,,l.s rn- IT'or'P"iF* np Pr
i:...'ij ippr1..g -*tr-_'-s "h'd rhdr'
- "i:*".,* npr'rs 4-4b ror
- .L,r "'-4p." " 'hoq.n
pP'rc,r'( brP'' v P T d ro'e's
rhP vnP rP I
I.."''*" """"
'-,".,i'.-i,
.-,""i, . ,i t.^' *.* 't"' ; \sf. t nq F' duniP r rh. ob-
.
i*, ia '",, ir'.'*vq'i,, --pti"s"" r*i"."'v ;, \"q"-d nP' d '
t=21'-
Anoth$ wav io srate this is dlirhe emPljry interual shodd be no l"8er ih:
f""rta ,he Nvquiii sdPling intenrl) Td r-nren
'"_'."-'".tr
*"-*1. ;t"'-r
enpling, d;Nyquist samPling inte^ al is
^i'

1/f-, ou sarpling in@al is one and me F:

whee Ai*r = In Fig 4-{6,

Fr.drc ihipe 0 G) r L\€ ind .

'P6m$Podu6die.'6d
 :. rhe cycle intd al, so rh. sanPline inierval is at lead due tincs too 1ai8€.
a ,rant ro ftover all the obi€i inJormtion for rhG eianPle, we need io .ur
'1pj-B:ite'-a d.ta ' 'P'i/P .o$n'n_hP,'gd1
Onc Nav ro increap '.oner\ 'd
samplins rate with rasrer sy*ens is smPly
to disPlay
- ..r! at higher rsolurion But even at rhe hiShe possible \dth cu.
- '€$lution
:e(lrnologt Ot jagges will be aPPaPni to $mc cxteni The€ is a limit ro how
: ,rp .an nak€ the Irane bufler and still naintain the releh 6re at 60 ham6
:. . r. per *..nd And io Fpreant obje.ts a.cu ra tely rviih continuous Param
:: ,re nsd arbita y small enpling intm als. Iherefore, uless hardwnP
lology cderelopedlohandlearbibirilylaracf ramebufles,inneaed s.IM
- .!h.n i\ not a .onplele solurion to th. aliasing Preblem.
!\iih rasler systens rhai a E .aPable ol disp layi$ noP th tuo inlensitir
.,:*rcolo4we.anipplyantialhsin8nerhodsionodifypirelinteruiiies By
i: lprirr.ly \aryng thc inldnsiliE of pixels along rhe boundades ol P.initiv6,
f, n \nooth thc edSes ro lesen ih.n j. $ed aPPea ra n€.
\ ;taightloturrd anhal[engmethod h toin.reaesnPlInS.atebytrdting
' rrt'en as il ii Nere coletod with a finer grid thm n a.tu lyirailable We can
- use multiple sample Points acress this hner Srid td deternine an rPproPrni€
-tii! lo cl for ea.h {rs pixel. Ihis ie.hniqle ol enPling obj{i clfh.ter'
: .rtahiSheolulionanddisplayingthereslhs3i3 loweraolutionis.alled
{-endinB {or pdfllenn& since ihe general neihod involves .omPuling
'r arities ai subpix.l grid positions, ih.n conbining rh. €su1is to obbin rhe Pixel
.itrhes). Dsplayed piiel posfiions are sPok ol liShr coleiing a linie arca of
- {r.n,and nor inliniBinal nathenancal poinh. Y.t in L\e line and lill area
: .iihns \Le have divuss.d, rhc inteNil-v oI ea.h Fixel is d€ldmin€d by ihe
::.n oI a nngle point on rhe obiect bomd y Bt, suPNnPli.g, we obtain
--,ir inf.mition fron nultjple poinb thar .ontibute to the oreral intosity
lnalternarjre rosupeEanpling is to determinep,xel inimsityby ral.ulalirA
r: Jeisof o!..lapof .ichpix.twlhthe.biecbtobedisPlajred Antialiasingby
-.utine ov.Tlap aieas is reieiied to as ma enpling pGdlbrin& sin€ thd
(or
..trri of the piiel as a whole is detmined withoui cal.ulaiiry subPir.l intm'
:.. Pixcl overlap arcas are obrained by delemining wh.F obj{r boundaries
...<i individLEl pixel boundaiies
tu.rd obie.ts .an al$ shifting the display lcation of Pirel
be antialias€d by
:.:. piR! phasin
This te.hniq ue, cal led s, is a p p lied by " micmPosi tioninS the

,ern bean in relaiion io objd geonetry For examPlq Pirel P6itions along a
l rht line *gnent .an be noved cler io the d.findd line Path to snoorh out

;r.rsampling Stlaight-tine Segmentt

'. rn perlom supenpling in seleral ways For a slEight
j^1d. ca.h pir.l i.to
line Panent, we
:- a number of subPirels and couni lhe numb€. of sub
-.:J that ovedap the line padl TIe inlensily level tor each Pixel is then s€t nr
r:x. ihat is proporh@l to thir subPixel comt An ex.nPle of lhh nerhod
:rd in Fie. ,l-.17. E.ch square pixel aFa n diided inlo nine equal_si?d
.:a subpixels, and the shaded regions show lhe subpixels ihat would be se'
i -l bt Brsmhamt algor hm. This &hme PFrides for thR inbnsity seitinSs
r r e zero, since ihe naxmm nunber of subpixels that .an b€ *le.dwitfiin
i .nel h thR. For this e\anPlq ihe Pirel ai Psition (10, 20) js et ro ihe
 \r.1ri 4.\ttt h i'1\

't
l

iir.mE + cB ats*".cry*hp, d
ndlahr Ltr lsncd $hse
ji FtrronAd
16
irpo bd\rtd.mdGF r0 ror

naximum jnr€ns -a
(level r);pixels't (11,21) and (1121)areta.h set i. thc nc\:
chF ' cr{\JL4)i
lo$o,n1'.i'idbr- 1 nk' ) P''"l' o -
"g.'r rr;-! .r"'6 ft,."a.d-
d;DL,\.".., F, u.t,,,,1 t "'r r \ ..tr yo h. rd' eo, br.dee,r''
" ".P 1"1.n.
ir\
'l
aaors erh pircl Sixttr
nethod, ws inc€ase ihe nunber of sanPlms Posiiions
subpireh gn .s !s lour ini.tuitv ler els abore zerot ra eniy hv€ subp ix.ls gircr E

In the supesafrplinri cMmpl. ol Fi8. !t,

$e.onsid.rcd Pixel sreas ol 6ni:
si-, bur \ie ircakd th. titr asa maihema t i.a1 cntiiv *itharo width Adnalll
displayed lines have, widthapPilxlm:tel| equrl tothatola Pnel IrreblE
rhirfih.idthoI th.li.e intoa..ount, we.a.Pe on supe6amPling br *r
nn? clcl n(cJ'r oD r "n" b r\' rrmbe'.f'Lbp' r ' 'd l_Plg
.0". '1. \.Lbp'"1 J.b'
n'd-Pd
".cte,':
rb"-o.to*'ol. ctur'1.!r. o' "aht e
,,-*ri;rheob,riF,d -o.p.w',r'p'.pr"r" I"'rhPP*nPr :
'_r I " drF '"Po'nor'nr '' ooL e _

bo' rc, l.orFl'nPP"_" trls4d \'d." 'p l"1nnb"q

'L-pr,'ll
toon.orn'n. po$ bl.br Bhtne- l.\cl\ aho\e zso
Ano,ho a rLseo rtr'dnpl iis 1d1'r'_rdrl Fhrl-rr\' _

h' me dm. n i-.limbL.d.\pr rore n - | I'r r.lll !r" no- h ( l'.

..;,r,"d"..t,olrI l
l-, r"'iml d ",r1 oe or " id rp'r!! r\,o .a I'r' or r
.run.0 2, ".-At!."'..'rm
\ehd.r, , .:J.pLl b. ..-qo.hrtrerrd'o,{
b-lg'"L oo^'rh " '1' \pdr'L"rlr ner"rc*_\!: nff"r "
nca r"' br'Dr' lr'-rF
..1J..'.-"" 'n" ,s {bP'e '1" Fd (.d-frr edro\
"oad?dacm
.jdp,h!burlo tr$ o' "eo m""nd l.'.n i' rsr J Jop "l'f. s I '
a blue backgrolnd aPa, a e can fo; thF piiel as
.al.ulaie rhe ..lor
 tade{tr for these qains rron suPesanPliry a finitcwidL\ line is that
The
ts.itvna inbnor subpixeL requlFs hoP calculaiions than simP\ delerminins
,.!r {DD'fb:red6re rh..tre pr\' { $ w' T€d ro 'ak n or oJnl the
---.-i., h.l .- s e dho" 'o r\P l.ne or\' Tlu. pGitionir8
rneq.oeollr]e br lcr , rr Lnc rh.bppar\ !.p pFdui he
"o,."*..
r,:on aea; but f;r €ither a horibntal or a verhcal line,wc wmt rhe lire parh
' -..o;
y lne ol hc ooreor bourdanP- A.r"arpPrho'./onb'lTPa$nA
rd-@;d;k"'.0 r0,.ould be FpP'.nred a'd y6..'epr'cnrng "Do r3on bn d"d
-- -.,*n/;r.l rc ..e. v = rumd ! = 21 s m larl\' he oo :
j,d hn.lhioush(.0 20,cr\d\ctedd boud4 is ilorc and l.n6 l = I

-:, ll rorlm F.rh>oF - . horc hndru lD F hFPoiruned

-.'F)diomtelv der io the lower polySon boud.ry; and tor lines wiih sloPe
-, l,thelinepathisPlaceddoscrroiheuPPerPolygonboudarv

n pixel Weighting [lasks

.ntuTDhnqr'q.-fir'd eol en'Tplcmohlq StinenoF$eiSh o'rb'
- - .. +; he-dE r a o pl.nt, r a c b" w-t ld ".pP' I rhc1 rbp'\d' ro
ddq'lrlmB
, s4all rF,'r)oraPsel o'rh!lb\
-" -""ii j.n' hcha\e(.nrd!'ed { Lr J beishrrg' h"m"a' i' I 3 4_10
'he
LJ be used. Ihe cenrer subPiiet het is weiShred folr tin6 rhai of the 'or
E rbDixels md tuice lhat ofih. tnaining subpirelt. lnimsih6 calcularcd lor
-- r,ne n ne5uoo'. i IF $or.d l} c1 o-a\e1R"d'o rr:'te.Plh' rbPnel''
p,butr'dd'd Jop''d'drra r bc'grrrd
. -*-Uv,,'t' i'
- .,..' r :,-",t l"-", rtp' d.dretuiF br'Shhd b\ J tu r I o r, an
re h" Fl.r;P
'npo'une. 'dbP"l"u'L"lh F"ned
- .,,rrryrut.s;ulr.tu\"drbe'erLP'o a'qe- ubpN gnos A'o
* -.st ;.rtei e*e^d"d b inctude rcnhibutions ftom subPtels bclon8ins
i rqhborins pirels, $ that inrensihes .an be avcraSed wjrh adiadt Pirels to
,j" a $;dh* inie.sit-v beM d Pixers
-. '*ntion
\la Sampling Straight-Lin€ Segnents
tttofr areasanplinsfora raiAhtlineby*rtinAPiielinreEiivPoPodion'l
Fdo,o\e,laDcr'F;D'.e' ",r; rh"r n'F hidb l n Inr':.e r o tutsd
" - *rdr.e dd i\". Noddronr\e+'.tl'o'
" , r^ei".,orr"rr.*ndIrs
"_-,lxlitd?dFslf
rl'en d r'P"rc'd overdprad'lnr
-
---- aF calcutat€d bv ddtemi;ing how nuch of the irap€zoid NerlaPs ea'h
:E m ihai colum (o; ow) h Fig I 13, ihe Pixer wirh slrs s d
:, .o p.r.nr.,\e*i b] rhe p dpd .o iF ahND'oonlsatsd.J d bP
".,bo ' n
r\"r'.e r0 2,qddd
-. {*--,d;e-,*,.. r.p Aneb.dro'ernJrs
. -.1"in"."n o."",
:rr {d roiF.,b,llu."rPd 6\ *e-upc' nprre"\'nP\ 'nli8 !A ft<
* '"nb., d 'JbD'rh " nin ihP IoPb.rnod'B ' aPP4{rFl) equalro
* a erlap aFa, ana this esrinahon is impro\€d bt lsing fine. subPirel gids'

- ne acarale n€thod for antialiasing lins is ro u* dherin3 i{hniqles The

lDn.l b nm,lJ ro rptll aq h"lghFdp'{lmrJ bJn " "e r rgir'..or
.-r' i"''ttc l ?.xF',o\er8 I r P e r'cr* +r0'h h'
^-.'^a,.r
At'b ttlctdtns P DE

iHl rl )

.tdmDl6.r'eLn2ullr'oaJlrrd r' r' 1'h ' ' 'n ror' MFhod f ?pph!
r'.r'"r-'n^";"^.,.,t. t r -obdro' "pr\'
'DaNPislmr
r"+ burn
t.""", rwaar!! -J3 r?tu' Ic
E, e.;m/urrT" kol" lmr, o d'c omnu l\' e'r r'-\d J: e r\P'Fe tl'
^!.."".-"""o,

on ra$cr svsrems that lm addre$ subpiiel PGitioN vithin rhe sctuen Srid
A hnr di Plr) roorled
-. t" -"J --".'$o6^ "S
"',. "r".".
t'',i.r.-.,1" u, p'erro' h E lc{ r' r\' m
*,"-' p.",;'ra -111J+ stud '' F. rh"r' '' l berr
-. 'N;'.":. i' T"h ' rr ba'n i.1p,dU,
". *;o,, ".J plorporR
1," r. .r*.a s, " '1" "t..16lbd"Irpdr\d
."i e.l b\ -r:!rdo ld;1d 'L
-L, ",": .^"-. ..o. loq , 'e i/. i hd\ ',rJr' p l'rlh
"L-*- s;.
'diNed -" ne;is r.r dntribltiqq ntunsities Fisla +s1 illLBtar6
addltunal
r# anialiasing etfe.ls of Pixel Phasing on a varierv of line parhs

Compensating for Line-lntensity 0ifferencet

r!-i'ttF
An.4tidrlsJ,mrh-oFn hp(2u-.rcplra dl'o mnp"nYF
,,,.' !ie 4 B. h ".a'epr'-{ h t"€T trl€
"tr*i,ttr'n.u ' n" "
i...Io-ol,:
ot o*er. va r,," oi"c*"t '.pb
r-.',-a.,r"""i,-zo"utt'."t"d:lene'hor l0e'andel hedusmJl w
\j'".l .q l "r-.*rF,' im m.b_ T\"(' udleh'' or'h ' 'lr
""'.
r" d'q'nal T:ppe"r P- on-nr r rdn rhP no"6' q b lre \i' F r\r d'd4 E
-ei-d: p;v a -iri. to". r*i - rl pq Lr'!' 3rl- rPd'."'8d son\F
r.,ai"r.r re';;-"rc. r bFdr''nnr'h. 1k.. r or.:c
^; ---*.*r
trne4orcme h . roo;'rd alct r m \"r,r line- wou d o! ai-plr\-o \'r
qhn! Is a$oJdFe cn heIs\^r16') 3r
'".,"*..,,;,..',h
iI mtialiasins kh;iqu6 aE aPPlied io a dnplat inreBitid:re aurohaticalh
--"".""r.4.It'ie" ti* 6iite width or line is iarm into a(ount, Pirel int6iis
a

ap ;djusd so rhai the line disPlays a toral intensitv PsPotrjonJ b ns l6sor

 lines (a), ploed on the Merlin
92m sr.&m, arc snoo$ed (b)

",,-bl"r.di*-h"763ir
on rhe s}5bm nom
"","k
576

FlcUREa-52 Unel]ullhslhlic
d6pl!!dsh die sse nmbtrof p,r sn

r::i!liasins Area Boundaries

rrnnaliasi.A concepb w€ have discussed for lins .an abo be aPPlied lo lhe
--dri6 of apas to move their jagged appeaEn e. We.an incorPolate dw
.FjlE into a *d line alSorithm to smo$ the boundarie as ihe aPa ir
:i s)stem capabilftis pehit the EPcitioninA of Pirels, we could smoth
aundans by shifiing pixel p6ilioN doser io dE bohdaly Olher nerhods
r pixel inttuily at a bolndary pcition ...ording !o the Percent of rh€ Pixel
:iar is inl€rior to the obi{i. In Fig. 4-53, the pixel at Positio. (r y) has about
I au inside tfie polygon bouaary'r]tEfoE, rh€ inbsi9 .t that Position
I be adiusi€d to one-half its 6s'8ned value. At the nsr pos ion (t + 1/ y+ 1)
 Athh| olcnptc ?nnti'if

nGU8€ a-s3 Adiati$ Picl

mtm5itus aids d ea boundrY

Jms tlE boundda the Dr4i tv L rdrl'Fd ro dbour one $fd the as gIPd valle
ror LLL mirr. s;l,r.dp h nh b,sed m rhepelmrd Pi\el N"ove68e
id r..,;ed b the othP' inbeirh alues ,rcurd d'e boudar)
i'i"*."tna mr"oa' -n x,pp 'ed bv dcrminina th' nmberot'Jts
irur are i. *ri inr-, a. ob|F r { parthoniB JFme wi0t fou<ubaHi
"-a,
;- "nd ^.h6M,nria 4 5a.Ih; o-rqiral4 br 4gnd orPivl'* tumed
"r nro
l. sr' r *" i.* p'*e*P'ihr - a.lr^ i(tu thB srid itubJd oI
"ria,,."
ri-ir:.'t'.*-".tn'epre aFsnrhLsndrh,ro\er'P3dobid
'"'i
bound; Abqh€so-.n I'n6 Ecddemire'.r rhRor$squoPilelr%
*. d Mimu
"- b.id: s" b;d".y. s" the Pnel inbnsity at 7s perdt ol its

Anotner nerhod lor dftmining the Percoha. of Pnel aE wifii. a 6n

r€sid, ddeloped by Pitleway and Walkinsoa is baed on tfie nidPoint liP
alsonrln. TnG argorilhn el(b rhe next pixel along a lire by t sling tne l@tid
of the midposition b€twm eo pitls. As in lhe BeenlEn .l8dithn, we el uf
a d<qm pran€ter p whoP sign tels us whjch of the n€xl hro ondidar€ Pixel
h cloFr io tlE line. Ay slightly noaiting the lom of P, we obtain a qll riry dd
also sivs the pqcenlage ol ihe drent Pixel aF. that is ov€ed by d object
We li6t osid€r tn. nethod fo. a line with sloP€ n in dP rdSe fbh 0 io )
ln fiit 4 5o., nra.Bhllir pdr\ t).hoM m aPi\ei gad a$ming lhlr dF pu.d
arposihon(n.,{lha'benplorhd lhen€\lPi\Pln".6tlheline, =r' -Ib
e rher$e prel,r h or rheo.. ar h l WP..ndeffiinenh'!nPl cli'trfr

v r,Li = [fl(r* +1) +t] - (!'1 + 0.5)

Ttu! E6 lhe \ rmcJ disEfte from F rc[.] / coodituh d rhr litr t'o dt
hdlN;v Finrbess pi\el-dtp6uon l ed g lUDurdi(eFnlecrl\ti,bF
Fnesdi,ie,bepirldrv^',,|(H bthelie lrrhpdxknce'5PNbve th.oB
dr u-+ r 8.,&i r\p.r ddru.r rhb.c.culrro" ro lhar ir P'tdR5. PcibL€
1u;bn n rhe rde" hon 0 b lby ddnathequ hbl-':
p=lni++1r+rl'$+0.5r+rl -d)
Now the pixel at yl G n..Er it I <I- h, md the Pix€l at yl + 1 js ne@r n
 OpdcLAitidtEingtw iw

A
/ I
)
, /
/
FrGaiE;:E o€Lp *.r. pirer crrslo decd dt
mE th.n ft bouddY
pcihd (4, ![) sidr o* iftrior or, p.ln@ tn arcr. sirh
liE pa$t'e *tnush n'dividud

P.iamets p abo re6lE dE doul of tlF cudt Pirel that is derlaPFd

r !k ,ru. Ior th€ pixel at (r*, !i) in Fi8. 452 tie inl€no part of Ot Pix€l hd
- ft thar qn b€ cakd.idd 6
.H=' !+r-S+0.5
L dplsim tor tlE ddap aE of ttt pirel at (&, y, is rh€ sam s th.t (d
:Ers , in &. 415. TtdfG, by 4a1@tin3 r' ro deiemift the next Pixel
3i6 arong the polySon bouda+ we al$ del€rhjre rhe p€(4r.3E of .@
ere l0 th€ (1ll@r pu€|.
rk.f stre.lize lnis a,Sorirtm b .(omodare ltffi witi nca.b\ e sloP€
.d li6 with slop€ Cmtd ilh 1. nis cakdation lor Pdmet€r P @uld lhq
L @rpdded into a midpoint ltn .lSditnm b l@te Fixl Pcitiotu .lmg .
dlFn edse and @n(rlfud, aaiust Pixel inbreilA along th€ boundarv liG
b R cd adjust the calculali@ to dem€ Pix€l coordiMr6 at d€n ls+
*.ddinai6 and minbin .h prcpodiG, 6 diets*d jn s€.tid 3-13
$ polySm veni€ and toi very s}jmy PolygoN, a dDM in Fi8 453, we
h m dE {m houd.ry edSe psing thrcDg!. Pirel aE, Is lte ce,
i Gd b nodit dE nftvay-wa*jMn .lSdnhh by Pming aU ed86
F* UNUSi r pu€l dd delmhing thP . {ffi dltnor aM
Flbrllr?te hniqusdi*b*d ldlinedtialirsing. JloteJPPLedloa@
+. And rhe'riou dtiali.ei^g neihods 6be apPlied lo Polygon a@d ro
Et Mrh cwed bounddnb. Equtiom dffiiura {he boundnd e u'€d to
Ab lhe ntrt ol pirl ovdlap Hrh dF .d to b..bsPlar€4 ind @h€fl. .
6*u*.€usdalmg d h€twd s6 lic ro simPlify rhe c.lolati@.

El OpcnGL ANnALnSING FUNCTIONS

Liivab dle dtiali.sirg Dutre in OP.nCL wirr lhe nfrid

.r&!b1. (rlLitrverype) |

*. parameter prilltiv€type i.
.sign€d @ of dE stnbolic Mli.nt
GL POIN! StrOoln, CL,TIII_SX00E,
-
Arrb -lIa PL].' Ptin
'!6
AssuminS ws ac spe.ifying coln valu6 using rh. RGBA node, we also need t
achvate ihe OpenGL colorblerding oPerahons.

Ncxt, we apply the olor blending nerhod ddribed in S€dion 4 3 using ili

srsrendrunc (er sRc ALPtu, cL oM lrNus sRc rP4);

The sm&thing op€rations a€ no€ effedne it we us targe alph. valles in tlf
.olor soe(iti(ahons for lhe obl<E
A;fi"1?'m.d, .l-o b..pn["d qhP wc u*.o o' tbls Hoba.' in lr'
olornodd, we;6ta€ri.a co1o. r!np,whi.hisalableof colorStd!'bG
hm the bactgiomd color io dE obje.t color This color ranP is then u*d 1r
anrialias obFdboundaris.

lEE Op€nct OUERY FUNCTIoNS

w. cm rhicre cnrPni valud lor any of the *ate Paraneie$, including aitnbtE
$ttinar usins OpenGL qr€ry functtons. These tunchons .oPy sp{ined sraE
valu; inb .n atray, which we.an sarc for later ftu6e or ro chtck the .uiis
+*P of rhe svsbm if an dor oenrs.
Ior cu;nr atbiblte vatus w€ u* an apPiop.iaie " grcet" luctio4 such -

) glcetFroatY ( )
) 3lcerDoubiev ( )

la ..!n furdon. s e .pprf a o tu 3unents T1rP 5Fr 4 dlma

or rrc preed'nE
L-ynrcl,r.or!rr. rhr'delhh5a.dtrnbLho' orre .ldhPah_
',,nOper(
eb n; +.ond areunenr F d ponrcr i. an d"dJ or lns d,r, lPe'd'dkd F
tttc fucrion mne. For ,tutan e, we can retiieve rhe .uienl RCBA floaiing'Poix

0R, col0rvaruec) |

Ih€ (ffit olor conpments olorvs 1tr.d. To.i

are then Pased to the anay c

tain lhe inleger values tot the curr€ni .olor cohponents, r'e i.vok€ the grce:
Int eserv fsction. In some cas, a tyP. .onvesion may be neGary lo rerur

OtlEr OFnCL .dslants, suh as

curmt slale valu6. And we muld .heck the .an8e of Poinr sizes o. lia
widtl's rhai aF suppoited using ihe .mtanls eL,PorNr

Alrhoreh $p "rfhevcmo?u\ *rrmg ro' a sinBle ahirbuh I rh r

g c" _u .;on . OprLL p-o|dc- ur\q fu1rhotu ro- tL mB 8FuP. ol .tlah -
'
and reusing th€n valus. We cmsidd the !e oI these tun.tio6 for savin8 allE
altiib!te sttifgs in rhe next 6ection.
fieE m nany olher sbte and sysbem P aFeteE rhai aE often uetul :
query. For innan.e io deiemine ho$ nany bih Pd Pixel aE Provided in 6
fiafre bltfer on a pani.ular sysrem, we cm ask rhe systen how hdy bils a:
 +ldopncL^unbnonqx22!
ti ailable tor e&h individul cold comPqenr, such .s

sreetlnreseQ (cL RE! Brrs, !edBitsize);

i4, aray r edBit s ize is a$iAmd dP nmltr of re'l bits available in ea.h of
+ buffe6 (ftame buffei depth bufftr, a(unulahon buffe4 d stancil bliJet
innr rwe@nakeaninquirylortheoth€r.olorbits$ingcL cutN Brrs,
We can also 6nd oul whethe. ed8€ llags have ben sei.l hethei a PolySon fa@
!E r.ssed as a front face o. a back face, and whelhr the st3beh snPPoft double
And we can inquiE whedE .e*ain tdlines, such as color bldding,
=i€ring. or lialiasi.& bls eabled or disbled
@ siipphng hnye

IEO OpenGL ATTRIEUTE GROUPs

bibules ad other OFnCL 6tale Paran td aft affanSed in rtribui. 3btp3

a-h smup .ontais a st ol Flared state Paraneie6 For insian e, the poinl-
8p(P.orb s lnP tr and poinr -rooth / n"lia{n8] P"rdnd"\'
d be lin.-rtri,bur. smup or u -lneE,aA.qPPle rau.shpplPD.km.
-bure
{4rk FIt:rrodh'.:nd litr.'m@th srrtu. r'T ldrl\, $P polySon{ttribute
pol] goa parameF^ \uch d\ fill Pchem lrcnrfdt P fl.3
;r . onbin. els .1 jru\
d ts'yFi-moo$ , 5in!" t o o' b d ttriture for rllPaarq .r h6! lr
m,ri.u.g'oup a.ao-.pa'.m+'"dF,n(ludPdnm"Fr. oneADUp
About $enty diffemi attribute groups aF.vailable in oFnGL .nd all
rElFrq-'n{mo moFSrouPunbe(.1"dorrc'erwiiltrsdchrnon
Lever Ipa'amerei,h rhin|.pe.iied8mrP dirgrl-caol u$m8.omnaFd
slPq6Mttrlb (€!r!croup) ;

b'€rer att rcroup is a$igned a. Op.nCL sldboli. conshnt thar identifr6

rfribuk 3Fup, 6uch a6 €r,-!
r! Io sve color paFmeren, we us the syfrbolic cmsta eL cURREM-Brr'
Id * can eve all sbb Pddebe6 in aU attibute glePs wifi rhe cotutant
nrhesp{fi edgmuponroan.tkibut€sr,ck.
lr€.an slegre pirimreF w'du Moor more gtoups by combining their
ic.oEt b w,lh a lo8(aloR operahon T1E following stal€n€nt plae
es for poinrs, lin€s, dd polyFons on the

goup of stab parmel€s, we can Eimiare all valles

nsbamu5ed the srPopAtrrab fdtim since

'n
.a Op€nGL aing all valE on L\€ stack,
fh.* .omnds lor s.ving and reefling shte P..ametes uF , effi
r}cP ts.l$r.jrr, otrt i r4.{ .vailable in Op?ncl fo'.avin8
',,,.
ettins client state paramebs. The tunctions for acc€ssing lhis stac! aF
Arnb.ol.aph!.P'lrif
crP,6hc,re1 a-tLrb dnd e.P Oilv ho 'LPnr arriblr
;aup-dJ\dl,b. o.-ro' pi el{or4c n@esrnd $eo$.' lorverc\ d!.
i ,"l.,.daqep,Brc,e^m.lude dom"_na -d -h abJ kal smm, dd lhenA
ot anaE ;ed io sloP subinaA6 ol a diplay Vdler_anay Pdameles 3rv€ in
romd;n aboli rhe drht v;dex-aray siaie, su.h 5 rhe €@ble/disable siat

ltEN SUMMARY
A$'durei lmNl rhe d .Div .trd re' 'h . or rAidplut' p' m rv* ln nd
s-rptu d .yretu..dribu; vdlu4 d .'oFd d- -rdh varidbP' r1d PrimiirF
lre ene-i.a il'. -'6t attribuie values Wlrs ve .ha.ge rhe value of :
"fis
al; variable, it aff;cts only t]top Primitiks defin€d afi.r rhe dtr8e.
A mlruon athbuF lor 4l o ir.'r\P. b olo' {h'.h h rd ofler 5PA 5N
iniermorRLB,o-RUBArcor;nP1ts fte'ed spn radolu.o'o'\illesa
n"*d n rhe rr.ne outei rrd il-e, aF u.ai rorcnh r\e 'nhBt] orheL\F
e edron erb r a_ RLB roniF ion -le.hu. rMbe m"dP u' ngrol i
r-! " ;b", r. h,G* drc'.' o rF. -drebulrq'. mdudr.. 'r kDre rdP.
..i ri. -hb ldr"on d rhd. hde\ .ro'". J p rkL ar q o' FcB colo- \l'uF
Color tables aE uetul in dara visualization ;nd iMge'Prc.sinS aPPli.atiotr'
and rhe\ .dn.$be u.€J pdridea b dp anre.f,.loF s rhou_ Fqutnt.
;qpr'deb, 'o
ohr.co;PuhFsr.pr.6Pa.i,sP.Po\'deoPlm'ro'
rrbr u'r-
..rh-d -olorub F or .bNe.; o' \6lLP' d q, ) ,n Lhe +d. bJlh
+cbJi. potrirhbuFsrre.o o_.nd /e Or r,!F' 3)iters tdnocPor
i,s.f di.plvrc...qu-p'"lr"al' olo' widtl
.wle sppnlr'on. F- l:ae dlh "ncrhoute'aFmJtplc.ol';{rdr-^'
w dF c "r '.,m'of
rcD i€l wde lrp The line -hls at'bJb a.lude.o.id dd'FPd,nd d@'
k6 6".ll- ' iobbru.h; p-.to|+ T\* dtrrbJ,+ (an b? ,pp ed:
bolh nr.Eht linee ind (u^6
r' rr;, arhbutes D. udp r .olio. rn f l, a i.lpxren or a hoLl.w d^
bL\ ln.rshuds onl\ r\"iFa oudJ c \rno! p"h4 rils cdr be 'Pe 6..
i" ..r"' anan t"it' are m* -dpped _o t}c rr"no' or rrP Faon *"n 1
melhods aF.ffo " y used to 611 PolyAdt .ircles, md eliPs Acrcs e-
Km [ne, th€inb.ior fiil is aPPlied io Piiel Posftions between each Pan of bout_
arv inrerstioB, lelt ro nsht For Po1y3ons, $d lire i.te'*rioN wiih venic
;eult in an odd Nnber o{ intelsnN This ca!b. si\€dbv shorle@
.omebonsdedsF Ya.lse hI r'Aonr\tu..n b" ' mP 'fPd ffilla@''
e,u h; 'nP r' /nd 5 a.lxA ed iJ aI I'I .e
-,,.i"aJ-^'1pdrx^
-'";h. rn /rr aR I.i8!
^ " '-."" "*
appEprn€ oJo. nruet depddi.g on .he li {.h'rue sPftr.abotu Pat.ir
prograc gderally display lill egioro 6ina a boddary'611 nethod or a nlc
6I n€tiod. F:ch oI these tuo fill hethods requiEs an iniii.l inr€ior Pohl. D<
inrerior is then painted pir€1 by piret lbn rhe iniiial Point oli to ihe reAF

Areas can d$ be 6led using col.r blending. Ihis itT€ of fil has aPPlidtiG
in antaliasing and in pairti.g pac!€g€s. SolLfiI Prdedures Pmvide a n$ a
color for a €elon that has ih. tne variaiions as th€ pEvious flu olor ott
qanple of rhis appGch is rhe Lin€ar soit-6l.borithn thal asunes tnar ti
pEvious fil was a lin@r conbimtion ol to€8rcud and backgmmd colo6. I}:
sme linear Elatimhip is then detemined fmn th€ frane bulld slt.gs N
used to Fpaint the aEa in a new color
;JMMARY OF Op.ict AfiRISUTE FUIJCIIONS

sdd ine color node, wH.h cr be eirhd

Sptrit) an RCs or RCEA .old.

speit a olor ains a .oloFbble ind€r
i: :setcolo. (indBr, r, s, b): Led a olor inb a ola.bble posftion.

: :rendrunc (rFact, dsact): sp&iIy ra.bs ior .olor blending

achv'b .dlorir,y tualrft of oPmcl'

r:?e. !ype. €tride' srray);

spRiry a old aray sine olorinda
::;Pe, 6!!id.' !!rly);

lnable (cL_!rM_s"rPPu ) :
;-!5re (ci Port@N srrPPLE):
;:ies!ilple {r.peat' Pattern)
#:iyBonstrpple (pa!rern):
Disphy n$i o' ba.k ra€ as ether a *t
S€r 6ll polEon edge tlig b Gi
tRuE
or GL sALsE b dbplay
'lehine
Sp€. y tort rae vd*oidd a

ordl PoLYcoi srood. (Al$ ned

vano6 query hr.tim. rcquidng

spein.ab. d.h 9F, synbol.
or
nime ot a sak pammehr md m

saw.11 ate padmebc wi*u i

Reinsbe all sbh paratub v'l@ L\at
a nb 6ol.toPht.rd rw,
Characte6 .an be displated in dfifrenr sryls (tonb), .olos, si6, spacin8
and o.imhhore. To *t the orienbtion oI a.haa.rer shin& wc can specift :
diFdion tor rhe characier up vrlor and a dnRrion for rhe rerr parh. In addiiior
we.an $r the aliSnnor of a i€\r sring in ro th. stad cordimtc pos ior
lndividnal charactes, caled m 'elarion
r. synboh, can be used tor applkatids su.:
.' DlohlAdr" Caoh.. \4d-ler.Ltrb,.. (an bc ohplJ/sd m di,ou..k."
colo6 lsing stand.d .ha.acre6 or spad symbols.
8€uuse ran .onvesion h a digftizinS pues on rashr sy em, dispb\e:
priniiives hare i jagged app.:rmce. Ihis is due to the undeenpling of n
formhon, which rouds coodinale valu6 ro pixet posihons we can impr.\:
ihe aPpearance of rastd p.inihves bv applvins anrialiasins pdedu€s thai ac
jud pinl i.iensiti6. o.e method lor doing this N io superanple. Thar is, s,
onsider ea.h pixel to b. conplFd oI subpjiels and we .aldlatc thc inrcEr:
ol the subpixeG and averaae the valu6 of aI subpixcls. we can ,te wei8hr itr
subPixel.onhibutiom a..oding ro posihon, Sivlng hiSher weiShts to the cenbi
subpixels. Anernarivel, we can pe.foin arer sanpLing md derernine ihe p-
centagcof ea.overa8Efora$Rnpixel,ihensetthepixelintensitypropo io.:
to this perenraSe. Anoiher nethod Ior antiitiasing is ro build sp{ial hat.twa:.
confjauratioE rhai can shitt pixel pcirion.
In OlenGL, attribute values Io. the p.iniiives aru hainrain€d as srare !.-:
ables. An athibuie pting FmiN in elfdi lor all subsequentlt d.finrd priniiire
mtil thnr atriibure value is .han8ed. changinS an aftribuh value des nor a8n -
Previouslydisplal€d pim iv6. we crn spdty.olds in opencL 6inaciinerilt
RCB (RCBA) colar node ar the .oloFndex node, which ues colo.rabte indiE
to selri colon. AI$, we.a blend color lalues usinA thr alpha .olor rcnponc
And we .an sp{iIy values in cold ara}s rhat arc io be used in conjlnction fi:
vdex anays. rn addihon io coroi ophcL pDvid€s hnchoro lor plecrhS poF
size,line width, Line sqlq bd conv.x-pol)€on lill stylq as well as providing hn
rioro lor rh€ display ol polyaon 6lt areas as .iiher a pr of edges or a er ol ve@
points We .in also eliniruie ekred polygon e,iges lon a display, and a p d
rver* rhe sp{ilica tion oi fronl nd back f.ces We can generare re* stiin F !
OpenCL usina bihaps or muiilB rhat aF alailable in GLUT Athibures thai r
be set for the display of GLUT rharades inctude color, font, si4, spacin8, lir
width, and line iyp€. The OpaCL libriry al$ pmvidcs tun rio6 to tialias rn
display ol oulput prinilives. We .e use query tunciions ro obrain the.u'rE
valuc for sbte uriabls, a.d we can also obr.in all valus wiihin an oF.G
abiblie 8tuup using a single tltrtion.
Table {.2 summnzs the OpmCL athibnt€ lunchons disus$d in rn
chapler Addiriomllr rhe hble lisb some atrdbute rela€d iun.tions.

I REFERENCES

till h.hiqu6 @ 3ry4 h Frhkin id BrBky 0934). Aniiariasiry €nnjquE

sofr
dlhs€d hR cway od warlen (1e30), cmw o*r), r'nkowsrr o%2), Furdoro d-
hab (1e33), KoEin and Badler (1e33), Kjrr and avo oel), d wu 0e1). Gar:
,pprF6osaaqploEdincns09n).orherdihsioGoraftbucod dep;l>
eb6aEava able i. crassr 0ee0), Aro o99r), Kiir 0ee2), He.kbd (re4), and p5

Pms6nmi$ damprs sins opscl dribft td.hdB ft srv4 b w@, Ne&

Davjt and shpiner 0999). A complde ln63 of oF€ cL dhub tucdos b anri
in shEher (20@, and clt,rr .hand€r a6br'€s ac discused b K satd 0ee6)
I EXERCTSES

r uP a .olor bble fd an input d of or0

e dsnPdon Id a *ft dtabn$ l€s
wib r prsBm h dt5pli) L\e eorlinensioEr rene desiPiion h dre Psids
lfg v6r€x and .olor aiiars, ser uP lne dedpdon for a Rm ontainins d r€d
rou dtr*rimsiomr obja6
rvrite a Program b drsplay a twcdi

iz4 ud inhrFint 5pacd8 Gai example a very lign' ned on b. nodel€d sith
ndr, frdely rpied, lighrgny poinb. simit ry, r ddr rteo .d b. hodeled
wi$ la€fl, noE dn*ly etaed, dark-sny poinb )
vodirt dE pi{an in i\€pabaeEd* ro disPhy rhecldds in rcd.n'r yellow
olor pa(etr as rhcy nigh( bc Kn at sde or ar sun*r. To ehie a Elkdc
y€llow (and pshaF Ben) to th€ poinb.
lnprcned a Edsal ldstyle hmtion by nodiryins Bftd'hant LnP-dhwins
:rsoriL\o to display $lid, d*hed, o doH 1b6.
lnplen r a rire{tyr.lu.don 6i$
Devj* mttni t' implenf,dns
a parallel a liGstyte t'hion.
D€vieap alle! rerhod n' hplem{rin

polygm with tou v.die and db dGPlay.d Gry a sn-Uns mdhod. D.veloP
d.fii.tsni alsorithn tor .mputus rh€ foui veni.6 re€d€d b deline su(h a
Id8le, sith (hs line e.dPoin6 :nd
inedr.winsPta/m$rhit ydsof the
ltu n idrh€ cn b€ dirpli)€d.
Nhr a pmsrm to ourpui a tbe EnPh of thft dab * defin€d der rhe &E
,rmdhde onsc I!p!r ro $e pro8rin s ro r.hd. $e thR *b of dab !al!6
:Jld the rab€rs ror rhe srlph. rhe dah s m b b€ sled b fir within t d.4*d
oiriMb nnsp 6r dGplay rido$. Eacndah d n h be plofted drha dJleHr
'
voa4 lhe pq1m i. the psio6 qeEx b pld !\. inft dab *6 n diff€Bt
olc,awen*diff]ercnt[ngslyl6
s.1 up an aGondw lol dGplryhg thkr Ines wiih but cF, mund oPs, or pG
Fflusi]u4T!aP9'}troPhmtd
h& m al8onthn ror dbplajns si.r pdylh wiih a mihr join, a rcund iob,
qib€vel join.T.eoptions6b.Pldidedh otiidmnu.
vodit rhe.ode s€ll6b in sdid +3 {or ,ltuplayjn3 dda lbe Plob, $ rhit ihe
lft.widrh pd@der; pas?d to pn€dup rberlor.
vodi4 rhe .o'ls psm{b in tud 4-3 Ioi dcplayins dak lire plob, 3o rhli dE
hsryle pxamu i5 p.sd Predn lin€Prot
ro
conpleb rhe pn*r in s€did 43 tor diepla'fi3 lim Plds sbg inPlt vdl6

conple lhe prcEEm in Sdid lift plob uing inPur v:rc

e3 for displayins
itr a ,rah fe In addidm, L\€ pDsrm shdld prdide Irb€liry ror rfte ffi :nd
rh€.oordimb for rhe dtplay area d
Ahdn-tc tt'6 tnniia

b! dlfieedlhe vle widtl! md oloi

Mod-A 1.in.d dbnsdlso 'sn o 4|rurn'h'r'r''

{tPur'rFq
-- 'djsoophoErcundJd\quirc5naPe!
42
;;;l;;.4; ri,' ' q - *r.9. -t-"*r"'
;;;..x,-;.,*d.""'*.'' .;nme-ecsPerL'r " s'h
De{inemd mPremdb lundon lo!'dntrelins
lbesrtle ($lid'd*hed' doh
+s rhe

.:' *-l-.. -q { ustr-erdFordbDd}"d"rr'os

ro
"r".-, ","
-' .;;,;i'";:.*L, **:di."--; ;d hed.din"A-.,.5" ff .
ii.-*-;;d. a''da rba 'tr'
"*- ''t."6r'i!'dqR
,-'"," .-.1---,*.
;";;;;
a.-,"
d""'. rF"dFpr" {'
-.,rc'orr"'p".ih'desroo d P on "
;:'-;:;;;;;, tud"" -" * ob.; prrc'd ho'uoabr" ardir'i"
;,;;;;;; pii';-,.".---p? {n -f no.%d L
'
-r.,;" dd."d 6rrp,k. r., rh' s'*trd b"'
a27 Devs alsPdrhh Io! hPle
" iiii.",,* *r' qrdPoeod i u Pdhi$"ar$
p*.,bh, *;'.brr' ro tur"-rb,ti" '
'"--'-tup!b
";,J;'-."i
-' Du'L Howra vdnb
-*"-dpdr" \,!bFpib
I
:'-,;;;;:.;;'
i".i.lJ-Ji." "i:;;- 'r".. 'r;" -" d"b"''" "^*
tro*c' FdaPb'-d
L

]""
'-"l -*' -r.a"""*:rrq*tu'r '-
ra;i;; t *
"
n. r.o*u".!nlr"dls!'r! n b'PP\,n'Fi
oolq;lhes r s ' " de'€turd P"lbr ponnol (
iv'i". p-g."- ** -*- rh. inhld or a spd6€d eriP* inro a srid
432 wnk a PneduE" b fiu ine dretur ol a $vs eniP* with ' spfrifi€d Paem
'a
!nweaoc€ddafu'DBs"scJo'4/.parn{f'o.lll.ad!'-
- a
;:d4-;;;; *'d ds6 Ens P mndu!'dE!trrrlar
iddtity inbnd rcsios

ib(;q m..rPo6tss *airne tuihods

by
415 vltik a bounda4 fill PfteduE b filr an s-onedr c31o'
1..b L+las rcr erl pr dbpl,'d -'rh T" ddPor' tr@ 'oJld
b€ o _

437 DeveloP md bplend a ao'd fiU tsditB b fin L\' inifld oI v spe:

+3€ De6rt and nplmdt a PrNdua ior rhe iz ot s existing trbn:

'hansdg
."""".-.*a'".I.o'"-
- ;;;."1;;;._.b";.,
440 DevtE m alsodhm ro' adF
dmg'n stid Paned
t-.r"*" r.. .*tg uP v€tor and tP ar Pa$ Ior
"., rit l* -'"*"
rhe
,u.pr'y .t 'haFder
"s "r'.-t, "dg"
+a r{'rib a prosi4 b d*r bt 6 6Fi6€d bv bput v'16 fu *t dt'1@r
'o.'a*
o*o* r. -,p,"--,oo Nla 'bhb (3lE d@lorr
u"r*r o -u"r*e p*"ac L'v Abdlu El6hd t llm rlsDrlthr b
rd;rar piEl hhde h t vioitv ot' bR p'dl
lnpLhdid tltjl'$B Pledc br t* nidPon{ is l]gon*d
Dewl.F m to' d.rkins ellrqdal bodrid
'rSd*hdSmtmb@6nbkdTorah-rlt'idng L*oh'F
rnodifr'orslin
re ddniqc b rd@ ardn,lida
wnb r .!md F merdmr rt* Pibq'wdrts mftn@l3 tE
dk oP-cL
p"tve"' ft;id 'tdB '
P'ntdortie
. il' er
"*ri*--p'-i* " ^n's
Geometric Transformations
 -rr{na;L b!{ rcn(orn*d,

.far,w.haveseenhox {eca.desoib.a*neinicrNolCnplxcs
pr:nltives, sldr as Line sEmenb and fillarcas, andrheathibules
asy).iat rl siih rher Frinirives And Ne hr\e erplopd Ihe s.an-
litu:9,. I r'r..d pi\1'E i'Fp. p'm.r!,Jni'. F'de\'e
\ow w. irk. a look at tansronn i.. openiioN il$r we cin apply
..rs b eposi rn or rcsize thm lh.y opertnhs ie al$ used in ihe
i'. .irouhn.sthat.onvenirvoad{oordinrtes..nede iptionroadisPlayfor
J .,Turdeli.e Inrddiiion,rheyrrn*dnayarieryof oiherapplicauons,slch
, -.ut.rided d.si8n and .ofrpute nimi&rn. An ar.hiie.i,lor exanple,
-j-:! tr liyout bI amnsing rhe oienttrhon and size of ihr.onPonent Parts
. i-,sn, and i .ompuier a.inator dovel.ps a vide. selluere by noua
i! :::e " p.sirion orthe obj.c6ina s.encalonS sFdified Pilhs opera&.s
u --. rpplnd io ihc scon rbi. des.ri p rion oI an obje.t ro.hange its po'ihon,
dsr:rn,.rsizeare.alled B.onedc h.rcloniljoni
i -.nn6 gomctn tunsnynation operations ap aGo reIerred to as ,0,/.1
. --r.y'mrio,5, but eme Eraphns pn kag6nak.a disiinction bc&een the
i . :.ncril, nodcling kinsrormnions aie u*d b on rudi{5.dio8rvo
-, .--rihi.aldes.ripiion of a.ompluobie.tthat jsconposed of sereral pans,
L- j turn.ouldbc(omposedolsjmpleipans,and$tonh.Asancxample,
.:-nr.onsists ol wingr, tail, fuflage, enltne, rnd oiher comPo.enn,.a.h
..r nr. bc sFctifi.d in tcrns o{ se.on.l level.onponenh,and soo., down
r-:".:ahy ol..mponent Frn' ftus, the a;.rlic'nbe desnibed in t ms
-&:omponcnb and ana$o.i:ted "modeling banslomabon for t..h one
! trrner hoN thatonFoneniisrobe 6ted inkJrheoverall riftran desiSn.
-rr-artimtom tuns,.. the orher hand,.a. be usd ro descnb{ how obieds
i5 -.!e rrcnnd in a (cnc durins ananifrdtion seqlen.e or simply ro vieN
r.- :rn.notherangle Therelore,someEraphi.spickagsprovde Mosels of
r- -'i.r muhn.s, whilcoth$pa.*igrshav.a single set".n'"n "". 'h*
, fttr boih g.oh.tn &anslorm jons ind nodelins tansflmaiions
--d
 EIJ EASIC TWO-DIMENSIONAI. GEOMETRIC
TRANSFORMA]IONS

In. cMeEktr stoftbon ncrot ur are avr .bl" in all gBPh'6 P

,ga;c thop ror tran5l,rio 'olahon d v.lsg OdF' u€tulbrbloma
;tin6 thal aE $nenrc ituhd€d in a Pa.rage aF en{$o and shearing
entim. To inibdue th€ gen€ral ocePrs.socialed wior georchi. t.dsto!
iid, we fiFt .mider op€brios in tuo dimosim, dlm we diss iow rtd
b,qi:ides Gn be exhd€d to thF-dimmioml s.n€s Onc€ ve udesl
b6iccorc€ph.weunP.rilywn!emutinerbPsfom86m€hcha Lft b
on obi<b rn a so-dmtrion,lxen.

Two-Dimensional Translation
we erlom . trrtuLtion on , usle c@rdtuh poht bi .dding ofkeG lo
@rdmk. sa5b rn€rdte, ndi@rdbaF@'ition ln.F..l wef hdi
the on@l rchr pGiho dlors r sharght lirc Prth !o tr! n'w luhor Sinl
a e-"i"toi i ,ppt'm to an olrd lhdr b dPtned wirh mul dPle c"rdftte
qb@. iuch ,5 , ;u.drildter4 by FIGaba allne .@limle Pdttm bv t
er. di6pla@ai al68 P,mUel Patls Th.n k conPLb ob)ecl ts displayed

FIGURE 5-1 Tiffilating lo b_ 5laha Mad,runrimlP6b(weddd tr.ndttiotdbLnd I

pGihon P Binga t mrd t, b the orisiml c@ntinates (r, y) to obrain lhe lrs c@idimk Pcition (t',

The translarion distatu. pail ..[.d a lrd.r*ion Etor or thitt w'i

(t, iv) iB
We @ exp€s dE kslatio; equtios 5_1 d a singl€ n.hix equrim
$ing the fo wi.g .olllm veciors to rePlldt cmdinate Positioc md

.= [i],
"= [;], '= [i]
'Ilris allows 6lo trit€ t1E twoiimensioal tsan6latio equatim in th€

t
relomat @ dEt nNes obj{rs widEut
Irdslation is a r4a.il-r.ly
maiion. Thal ir s€ry poinl on ihe o!j{t is tmLl€d by dE $ne anounl
stEi*ht-line *sffia is traNhted by aPPlyinS dE ENrtmrio €qutid I
oi the ;o Lh€ qdD"inb d rdi,di4 th€ l$e betren rh. n'w d
-.;h positioN.
pomr A Polygon_n h.Nlcred > ild ly we rdd . dan5lrbon v"ta
ir,".oi'amF oo"irioi' "t.- t rnd thePo\sd usinS
ns relol\e ;'cmdmk "erte\
Fislr t2 'n.1reseiebt
'UustraE
rh€ .PPli.adon or a sP<i
r&,lation r edr ro flove d o+d hom me P6tron b anothPi
folldin€ ourtr ildhare, $. h.nsldtio op.rati@ An tPut tsdt
I1l€
tid\e.torh L€;iomG.lhe ' \oti6ola polwpn fror oac dld@dr
pcitio to mother, anl OP€nCL butin€s aE @d to r€94€r'b the taEla
 (wcstrD , v€.t8, clirt nve*', cLfroat t*, cr o.t ty)

ror G-0r k<nvert,r i+) I

v€rr! trl.! - v.rr. trt.t + tr:
voitr tr!.r - v.rtr lrl.y + ty:

to. (* - o: k < nv.ftr: r*)

3lvert*2t (ve!t. Ikl,', y€rt3 trl.y):

f re wanr to delete the polygon, we odd display ii in the ba.k-

origfrl
color b.foE hansl.iiiaii. Oiher nerhcds for detetin8 picruE component6
ilable in sore graphiG packages Ale, if{e wantto eve rhe original poly-
F6'ho r w.(,n.b'< rhr hdblared pG'om m. dffeflr rrd).
5rLl m, rhod,.F r.-d ro hAl"orh"robr ts. fo.lDrB€+ep6Jionor
or dhp* \ " rdn- dre -he erFr mdirdrer dno rcdr dw rE h8!F rh.
bo6on. For a spline .uNe, we tianslat€ the poids dxt defru ih€ cwe 'npaih
lE rt.onstu.t rhe cn e schotu bee€q th€ n€w Mrdhat€ .Niiions
 Two-Dimentional Rotation
hi merarc a olriion nan.f.nrron ofd ob{ bl 'Pe.irrinsd rebtion rn
ard;olrlionrsl. Al porsorI'Pobip d?tF1Idturom-dronPwPcr'otu
ov rhep;hr' Lltoush rF 'Pe ir'Pddn3'e"bor' rhcrdahorr'F
tu;'-;"".dlrcuhmof .;ob *r F obtred bl repojhon rsdFoq<
'obtina
^
ronea-hula'odrhdJFrvpLn"ln:hs,d... e dF mLari rB thP ob *l dbor
. -*... rir . psP;Jd'r, o tre ry pLa rPdrdrl"r Lo Lhe "sdrac
^" tor ihe iwcdineisioml Dtation aP rhe otatio' angle d and:
: ,iisl. Pdanetes
lbdm.r ,br . Jled 'hP dtrtion point Fvd Poinl) $ouLbhi'FtlPobi{
'.r
;LoercLe:r'is -lJqri ftppnorpotrrFdrerrcRUmdiionorrhe'obtid
-^*"t',t'"-.t.* evaluPb' rhed_e'.doer'rF..oLntd lc\b'*
-u;on.-' r ue pi" po-
^nI8 -I dnd a netuh\ " \ alue rctrre obi4
in dP cldlwie dit.iion
ro,mD,,h hee\oDnahono(rl-eb,.i. mahud \cfi q deterff"the 'a!
r'-^..L'"-*,i.-un*.r dpo npciion Pv hdbeP rorPor' Edrlr
.oodint. ;nsin ft. dnsuldr rd . @rdrur" *larD\tuP3 ol r\e
'8inal
o' d
1Iq 54lnth'.hsue slhe'oErm
',^m--
d"rde of'f""ii"r.oi'i.i, "e"hota,nBle o F rhcoriseldSr;r Pcitid 6
po,;"r". heo''gs
rh",.-.hmd.ho",.."t,indoi- yrcbtiodc8t. L.ins{rd:alhslrF
n;( idmnn.. b e r spF* rhP h,n'romed .@rdituh in rc-fu or aqle

r' ='cond+0) ='.06dGd - / BinCsint

, = r sin(d +d) = r.cd sind +t sinCcost,
FrclnE 5-4 Rddimora nE on8,ellmdindBof th€ Pori m Polrr@dituFd

s' bqhtu ine e^Dr$lltr q.r inro ._4 we obun rh" ftnstom.l.on equ'hottr

oiqbiluF]il'li5p]nDmt .uue " pi^],'p-.r,- ". v, rtuo '8h.n.n8,ep dbour the onsin

witn tn..alunn-v*tor rPresetatims 5_2 tor.entimte Posihotu, we can wdr

dE olalio equations in ihe nairix fod

whPF th€ mbtio. nalx is

t::;
or a coo-dnale Pcnd P in
."". r-.I " .*-.,a .irt"*n .l noLnon HowsP' alv "
s'rPh(' srls
'qk
$mhes uled d ot { c. b' repR{hhon ttr Pomr Poehor' Ths chdge' dt
6rddhtrhMheruh\mulhpL.aho' lor d d.bo b ould be Pel(med !ouo$
B
no gl .L!n
apris pa ldga a; Openullav, lHlcr'dndCr'al '}!
standard olllm_v{ror convenhm
Rotar.or of d to'n_ dbor:n,6'ha'v pnd Ponrol B 'll!'rdbd r
r'q q 5. t.nA JleriSmore ri Pld don.l ,p! mon ared b\ rhe tuo lghr Mql^
i."u" n5'ei". rq -b bobbir rhe h a'Jontid equr o
"n$"*, -
 'oio to .,bo, r /,Ir,o.o to,o ( ,

-{ Ncrurrldition .qurlons dffcr t n lquitnrns 5 6 b! ih. in lusion oi

: olt ierms, as nell ir the hult pli.ahe fa.trh oi thc .oo inate rnlues
nirir erttssslon i ..tld be n,.ditied t. i'rlude pnd .oordinrtes bv
s
-JmB ihe m*nx addiiion oa i colun. redor nhop ele'nen6 conh,n the
: 1.{rinrlitionil) rrrns incluituns5I Thr.r. ire bdcr lrivs, ho} crcr, r)
-,lrtesu.hnrtrixequa,ns,indi'rScdnrn52h.di5(LrsrnDr.!nsisl.ri
. rp ior rcFre*nrinA rhe tansr,rmaiion equaiions.
\t rlrh ba.s irions, ror.nions.r I iSrd-b.r1r ba.$o.n:nons ihir novr ob-
: i,irhoridcntrmihon.Ircry point onrnobir.tis d od ihroush thclrfr.
. \n lghr ljtus.sdrii j5nnr[dbv.+rplvifgilr.nn ilm.q!.rkn\5 9nr
.n tlrc b\ o Linc.nnp.,ncand r.dr mg thc linr ben\ c.n ih. n$ ondp.nt
-'.ns,\F.Lygon isrotaied bvaispli.ilgoi.h \c er rn.gihc !|c.ificd (!
- : llcind thcn rulcnriitlrg rh.PoLrgon usi.g tl,e.$ \rni.eJ $! tut,,t.
.-..1\ hFosli..lngth.dlli'ri'rAForrsILnlhonn.ind th.n hdiNirF ir
.1. or an cll,p*, nI L.dtrn.r,.in bo rtatod rb.ut r n..r.nhil prot point
ring ihr.Ntcr F.siion ihdigh ih..r. th subtrrds tlt spt.ifitd da
:iql. A.d trr.o!l! rr.rnellipse.bort s.enier.oodi'ratessi.,plvby
rx mi(tr rnJ Di'u rxrs.
'h!
: ih.nibling(icurmple,rpohgonisdrttdiboutrsp.cfird$orld'
-:nitr pivrt pf i't Panmoic^ inputio the driioi f tu.tdutu ireih..i8inal
- :s rr th. |olr-9.., rhefnot Foiin.Dilnrib\,a.d rlrennrritmafgle rheta
' '.,1 r [dirns F.lldling ih. hansioflnriion oi ih. v.d.r pontions, rh.
:I F rcgtncraicd usins OpcnCL tuutines

(vcPt:D've!tE.

x - PivPt.x + (velts lkl .x - pivPt.x)' co3 (thet!)

(lerte tkl.y
y - PiYPt.t + (ve.ts lkl .r ri!P!.a) ' 6i1 (rharal
+ (ve!r€ lkl.y PivPt y) r cos (the.a);

3ivar!aa,. (ve!tsRot lnl.x

 c4e\ tn$k@|im
Two-Dimensional Scaling
To aher the siz ot d obi{t, w€ apply a e.lin8 translolmrim A siipl.
dinetuion r s.alng opetion is perlom€d by nultiPlyins objeci P6itions (r, t
by *.lina f..roB r md sv ro poduc the trtutohrd c@dnEks G , y'):

I S.alins fador sc.l€6 an obje.t in th€ r di@tio, whn 3q &il6 in lhe y di

{
tid. me basic h{adimnsional s.ling €qstims 5 10 @ al$ b€ wntta in

I P=S P

vhae s is the 2 by 2 sling mhix in Eq. 5.11.

Any positve valu6 d b€ NiSned to the s.rinS fa.to6 * and sy. val
le$th 1 Fdue th€ sia oI obj<l' values stutd than I podlr €.rararn
Spe.ifyinB a value of I for both sr and s! lea'es th€ siz of obj{ts unchan
lvhm , "nd i, are asi8lrJ rhp .de Lalre d unifom srling B Prcdu
which mi.i.iro Flative obj<t pmpo.tiore. U.equ.l valres tor sr and rl
midlfi.mti.l$.lingrhdbobr*d mod8rrPpt dhon.. hhecPi(
aE coGhuted fon a 6w basic shap* thai dn be adjlsled by $aling
pcitimins itareimatiotu (Fi8. 5{). In son€ s}5b{s, ruSarive valu6 .an
be sprtified for the sLhg paramh6. ThG not mly Fsi4 an obj{t, ft P
,bour one or mo6 df rhe @rdimte as.
Objefr haclmed vfth Eq. trl aft borh &aled sd tePosiiim€d S.
ra@r, Lrrh $$luh \.lue. rhar I mov. objecb Jo*r ro rh€ (ordi
FIGUFE s-7 A line sled 'e$
origin, whne absllre val@ gPabr thd 1 nove mrdinale posilioro f
tros UE ori8in F'A FL7 J6harer.d in8 ol d rre b) .sgm8 rhe vrlue
roborh., md6-.n Fq r ll Both r\pl'nelensln.nd lhedisrance fr.m th oi
,f drdhaf d;nf I
W.. .onhol Lh.lddbonoId.!rl.d oq{,bych@.n ga 6ino
$e fr.d Doinr, L\at c to main unchansrd alkr dE s€ling harelmli
Cmldimr€s for lhe 6ied point, (t/, yr, .rt ofi6 choH al $ne oW Posiri
6u.h 6 its dlFid (Append; A), but dy otn€r sParial Posirion dn be *l
ObJs F rF iow 6 ad by ialin8 rh. dhun. .. bPem o6i{r porh, rd
rd a Mrdiml€ Pcitid (t y), rhe sled
fixed poinl (Fig. t3). coofttimies (r',
m th€n.alcul.ted fon lhe tollowing ftlahotuhips.
, xt=G-4s,, y'-rt=ty rl'" t,
W€ can lffik Eqs. 5-13 to *pa'ab the n'ntipli.atile dd addftive rerm d

wh@ the additive lems rr O - s) md y/ (1 - sy) e mranls tor al] PoinB

for a ffxed point in the scding €quti@ is simiLr

. piyot point in the rcraiion equhd6. s€t we.
 : ludn \(t!r $h.5e cLd'n.nc ar. ih...nnant tcrnN i'r Eqs.51.I, th.n rdrt
. -:.n,mn\(ior io ihcproJut S. P in Fq 511 In ihe deli\e.ri.n, r'edi{Ds
:iir nln,Llrtn$ td th. t]nsformhon cquihons thai inyolrcsonly mikn
lrlvB.n! irs diled b) iptlyin! trn\form ions I'lI io ei(h veft\, tl,.n
. .-{itlns rbr polrson usii8 the tansloi,Nd venL.ss. For orherobr.cts, }.
:.: th. s.aLmg bMsfomatn,n eqlaiions n, rhe p!rtseieA,ierlning the.b
- . To dra.ge thp size .r i drle, rie c {Je trs radnr rnd ann,Latc thr nea
, :.jnrtrtosiiionsi(rmdthecncunrerer.e Andt..hrnS.il,.sizeolancl.
:\ ie rpplv s.alin8 paLanrrttA io iis tuo axcs rnd thc. Fk rhc n.\ olLiPse
- :.n: ibout iii..nter.mrdimtes
:,rnnldrnrgprt{cdurillu$ratcsiniptlii i!ioithcs.rllng.rl.ul.tions
- :.rlrg.. c..rdimies lor the poLlgo. re re! and nn thc hrcd poinr are
- - primrtt$,rningtriihlh.5.rlin! tu.td5 Afr.rth....rdlnai.&rnsloi,na
rP'-d. - 1' dt l\i
'.

ve!r6Ne! tkl.t - verts tkl x

ve!rsNe! tll.y - ve.ts tkl .t

tkl.x, veri€xea Ikl

Eg MATRIX REPRESENTATIONS AND

HO[.4OGENEOUS COORDINATES

lphicsrppli.*lons rrolresequ.ncesollcom.nic tMsfrm nJns Ad

.:xi. mrght rqrR rn objert to be
: f,.rnrn ln d.siBnrfd pichtr..o.*rruon ifFLicrhons,acpsrlrm tins
-i r.hhoh, ind {aLings n) llr thd Fi.tLp comp..pnis Lnb thd prop.r
- 1, Anll ih. \i.$n8 tindor
'r:n.nst iikeus rr.m rh.o.3,.:L{..c rp€fraiion t) thcdisplay onin
' ilN,cc. Hdt\ttunid.rhov thr nrk; i.Ptu{nrrtid,sdis.lsedinihe
.si..riu.s!:nbercIormul.n.d$that .htarslorm n,nscauen.es.rn
 we have Rn in Se.tion !l d\ai ead of the
haNtom*ioro (tanslation, mhtioa and saliry)

witn coordinar€ p6ilim P md P Fpr€mted as olljm vecbB. Mahix Mr

a 2 by 2 airay onbt'jns n'ntiplictne facton, ad M, is a hodnmi
unn fratrir .6lainiq banshrional rems. For taslaiion, Mr is rhe iden
h4h\ lo' okhm o € V: orrdE he b:niaroulF'fu Mia
with rhe pivot point or ialing'nAfrxed p.inl. To prodlce a seque@ of hnslo
iiotu wir,\ rtff oquhoni. .u.n J. rl.nB Iouo{-d b! rcEhol hm b ansLb
se co dl.J"F l\p k#fomAd ' rcodituh. om,Fp dr hme I'El (6
'ld
Mre posiions are scal€d, then the sal€d .oonlinar€s aft hbt4 .nd
the rctated oordinrres aE t4lared. A noF etliciat appm.ch, howsd, is
ombtr rnF haturu.mar'on. .o +: *p fDl(.o-diruh pG'uoB d" obh
dirtctly lron dE initial .ordinat6, x nholt.alcubnng inremediah cddi
.alue- b/c.r do rlu. bJ EfomLl.nnc Eq <-15 tue m ture rhe mni\ dddiri

Homoqeneout Coordinatls
Mdtiplictive and haGlatiotul tems Jofu hortill1sioal gmeht n
fo-rubon dn bc tombrFd m'o d nn8lr mdh\ de Apand Lhe cpR
1i6a ro 3 bv 3 m&ie. Tns w€ can E rhe ihinl collllm of a hmlo
tion natrir fd $e lranslalion termr and all iraNformtion ?quriore c
F\p'ftwbrchmulhDli(aror. BL bdo{ Lp:-otrcdro^rUdthe
hix Epl€smt.rion ld a twcdio4ional coo.dinate pos*id b a ihR{le
collllm natil. A *.ndard t.hnique foi a.conplhhing lhis is to epand
tuo dimEi(Dl.mnlinak-posiiim rtprstation (J, y) !o a th@+lmeni
resnlatim (r, !r,, r),.an€d hono8.nsw.mrdinrr.4 wheE th€ honoga
pr:ner t' is a noroeb value suh oEr

!=t !!
IlEEIoe, a Aenebl tuGdi@io@l honqseors ordinale represnt
corrd ab! be wn$enas (, r, h.rr). For g€n€hic k nltomatiN,recan.h
ihe honogeneos paranere.l, !o be any nozerc value. Ttu4 tl@ d itJj e
nunber of.quivalent honogdsus Rpl*ntarims for ea.h .oordinare
(r /\. A.or\T?nrJro.e B"mpl) ,o?r t = L Ld. h eodinpn.D blp6i
is rhm EpFse.ted with homemeous c@rdinares (r, y, 1). oirEr varu6
pdamr€rl, aF @d€d,Ior€xmple, h mrjx romolarjoN ol rh4eiinensi
'the ftmtado3daL, .aodi@p b u*d.n rurhh.nd o Fre b $e
of this Epsmtahon 6 Caftsian €quatids w1lm a Cadsi.n poini (r, y)
rcnvded ioa homogmsus Fpr€*rr,rim (4, yr, r), €quaboNcobining r
y..u h d,I ,. y' = 0 bm c homogcmoE equ: mrdet\Rpra
r,, !jr, dd ,'. Tnis jd m€m inai il a.h oI rhe rh@ pa,aftrss is repla.d
ar\ \dueJdhesrhrtparunft:ihe\:ue .dnber,ctored@ror leeqLah
honoesds .oo.dinal6 allows !s io ftpffir
Expre$ing pGitions in
aeonftic trmfomtion e$.tiotu as nahix mulnplcaritu, which is th€ s
d"d me+od u+d n arrpluF sy\hs. T$cd'atuiorJ cmrdndF po.iti
 M'nit Rreded bl. d Homtmscdtvt$ ,ta
kd wifi ii@le@t otllm v{toE, a.d nrodis*ioml kdN-
on operatids a€.xped as 3 hy 3 @trjei

Dimcnsional Thnslation Matir

ahomogpn{u.ffdDF,pprG.h weran n pRn.tl.eequahonsrnr
r4youlrrcn\hrid oi a Mdndh poi m JrnB rhe bucmg r,ts \

lills:lllil
bdslahon operahon on be MiHrn rhe abba hhd 6om
'n

r(t, s rhe 3 by 3 rlanslation tutrix in Eq. 5-r7. In sitlanoG wh@ rhs€

,y)
dbigui9 about ihe hai6larion palmete6, we cd sinply Epjsnt the

0ir ior R tat

€quatim about thr.oodF

:l ;
lil l, l1l

Dbhon bantormation opqab. R(d) is rh€ 3 by 3 mtrix in Eq.5-19 with

Paraneld d. we cr also write lllis miztion mbix sinply ar R.
l'sregBphislibrrrie, a s onihtu otuI eb tu^.honBm..ahonly
aboul tlE coordinah ongiD as in Eq. 5-19. A tubh@ abour any otlE
point must rhm be perfmed a6 . *qnen€ oI hotolmtion opaarioB.
.hveappm.$ r d gaDhiGpdclag€ L roprcv'dpadd'nonal paraffi
Drati@ outine fd $e pivot-point coonlimrs. A rolalion Durire dEr
a pivot'point pemebr then *ts up a general rchtion eliir with@t
ro invole a sucGion ot hamfomarion fudimi

t5;caling ti)
the coodnar€ nAm cn now be

kl ltI illtll
Ihe s.ling opdalor sG,, t) b the3 by 3 nakix in Eq 5 21 with Pf.nete6 *
and rv. An;I, in n6t .as, iv€ cd rfleseni rhe slinS mtrix sinPly a S
Some ,brrP. p6! de a s dlrE tunr nm rn,t .,1 S.mBF dly *a[n8 rr
epRrro od;d.mrrn,F iJr I q (,: lnthb(a* d'.dl$haGbmdtio
hp
F;b\cb.norhdFFrn;pG'ri6 shrdl"ddr.u(e$rcno{hdo'ruho
@ahoE. HNe\.r,o te'sr-(n'do hdudea gfl4.laahne 'ourtr rhi.'
, t,.. t'.-.r"-* .r * fo- \ r rB d'b aped b . d6iSnated fi.€d
"*nr

Elg INVERSE IRANSFORMATIONS

Forhdsbnm, we obtain th€ iNeN mlnx by negarina the hmdanon djsbjl6

'Ih$, il we have twcdimEidal translarion dislances rr and ,!, the invd

- too or rl,,1

Ihisp$du..., tftddnon nrneoDpovhdn.hd,rd rmpn.l"d.r, haE

lahd mirrr md eR prcduG ihe iddtiy m.hi.
An invee 'b 'n\
rohtion is ac.onplished by rePlacing th€ brrtio angle bv ib
rcgru\p.loreemph dsdrcaior. TU O hmuat dnrngharboltdr
cood,Dt€ ms,n ha! th€ inv€e trt

t ' o ,l
Neanve values fd staiio ansl6 otahotu
getuiaie in a clckwie didim
,o ii\e idrtjlv uhr b @du."d "hen anl or,.m tuh '5 n'nhPLed br
i.. i''**. Si"e.-y *..ne runcho L dnArd b\ h.nr$! n 5i$ o_
'
6uFon del., th. r\€F mdh" .al :l{ * obrdnd by 'nreah gn8 m{'
.nd .olun;, ftr'B,"eor'.l udrrhen\eFolrl rcbhol rubir Rb\
evarutins is t6spo* (R1 = Rr)
we fo; the inveF narrix Iot any $ali.3 hantfomation by EPl.cing th
ralins paramr€B with lhet €iPdals Foi nvadimtriotul s.alina with F
ratri; n and r applied €lati!€ ro dt (srdinar€ ori3r, rhe inrqe tmrela

1001
',i r"
o0 rl
The inver* mhix cmeates an opp6ik slinB tufomtion, s th€ nulipli
.aiio. or any s.alin; mhix with ih in'eR Pnttucs rG idotity mhix
 rwDln?,@tt chp rtrnnfa. t).a

G4 two-DTMENSTONAL COMP0STTE
TRANSFORMATIONS

er uP a equmce ot hatufomatio$ as a
an
rposibc h.nefomation nltrix by ..l.ulating the Producr oI rhe individul
Fornin8 Poducrs oI hnslormtion mkics is o&en rf.erred
a a .oftrt.nrtio4 or conPo6ition, ot hrfrie. sin e a .mrdinat Po6ition is
!-aomahons.
€tEnkd with a hoE€ensus colllm hatri!, we mlst PFm'nttply the ol'
e. matnby the mhi6 repRnring ytmsfomationseqq€ And,sinP
M\ p^. rotu a r \"np rr tyP..al.v trarJ.raen b\ _hP .ff fquen.e . ,.
@ph..nrroiFrmu rpyrF"r'nrolmhortraute\'olorrr\nglP om_
rotn. thus, iJ we want to appry eo tmsf(mabotu to point P6ition P,
's
# lnsr.fred lo.aiion would b€ .al.llaled as

-.r srdinate posfiion is tmslomed using L\e l1np6ik matrix M, r.thei than
ri g the individual kansJormations M, and rhen ntr.

::6posite Two-Dimensional T6nslations

I luccesire kanslation v4brs (rt, rrL) dd (:r, ri!) are aPplied to a eo_
'r
idion'l .oordhai€ position P, the iitul hacfrnned l(arion P is caLu
P=T(rr.l:!) 1T( ,rr'Pl
= tr(:-,6r) T(i,,rj,)].P
.=t P and P ee EpMied as three+lement, hono8emus<oordina!. sl
6 \€tors. We can verify L\is Eult by calculating the mahix Pmdut for rhe
x dsiaiiv€ goupiiss Al$, rhe.ompcik h.nsfomation matdx tor ihis

o r r,l lo 1 i,"l=lo L i,,+[,l

lu o ,l Lo o rl lo, r I
T(6,l:!) T(!, r'!) =T(r'i + tJ,
f,n denotrtrates that tvo so.ce$ne ftnslahore

Ceposite Two-Dimensional Rotations

l- {..essi!e rolations applied ro a poid P Pod!€ lhe haftlomed Posihon
P = R(dr). tR(at. Pl
= lR(4) R(4)] P
l 'r iiplying rhe so mhiim nati.es/ ae can verily dDr ho su(esive tut,'
so that the tin.l otated.@rdimtes ofa point.mb€ cdculat€d with rhecompo

Colnposit Two-Dimcnsioml Solingt

ConoreDiing translolfttid mkices lor ko 6u.ce$ive scaling opoatio
h{o dimsions pbdlc lhe foUowing .ohp6it€ satng nahix.
t',0 0l l,0 0l '', 0 0l
lo,:,ol o "-ol=llr o
lo i'rl o o rl | , ,.-,'o" olrl

The esultsg nahix in this ca* indi.abes that $c.*ive kaling opaations
a'lltipbcave tlDrs.'trc\cproripler\e.izeoldoblRrh'eu .u..e
the 6n l si2e wddd be nin€ tim6 lhat of d\e ongirul.

General Two-Dimensional Pivot-Point Rotrtion

When a graphics pa.kgeprcvid€s mly a miare fun.rion vfih Esp€r io the..
dimie orBia we cd gderate a h{Gdindsion.l Dt tio aboui my othd pl
poirr (e, y)by pelormins the ro0owi.s seqlence of translate-oratetrans

(1) Tra6late the object s that the pivot'point pcitid b noved to or.@rdr
(2) Rorare the object abour d'e c@dinah origrn.
(3) rraNlate tn€ obFd so $at ihe pivot point is €rurned !r irs original posii

h sformiion *qu.n e ; illush.d in Fig. 5-9. The conposib t:

n nahn lor t}'is sequm€ is obtained with the on.abenalion
l1 0 !l lco!8 s0 0l ll 0 r,l
c r q, l*e .*p ol lo r -f,
o o r I o o rl lo o r
IGd smd r, Ll cosd)+y,sindl
' .trd .o.d ,,, *d,- r,.-d
t,
1

n be expa*d in the tom

T(r,y,) R(0) T( a,, V)=\6,V,e)
wneET( !, r) = r'(r,r). In general, a orate lunction in a gr:phi..
b.ary could b€ stuchlEd to a.c€pt pardet€E for pivolpoinr coodinat..
 lbDffitnn\t c,rr^h tf*dtins 213

,1.'
1-

bbnon aialq ad b seBale.utomticly

ral Two-Dimcnsional Fixed-Point Scaling

t1O iuuskates a tidnsl()frlim $q!*e b pmdlE a tucdin€ns@l
with ep.d ro a seleded nred pGitid (rr, yr), wlEn w€ hNe a tunctim
d o1e Flariw b dk .oordinate onsin only, Ihtu *quefte i5
Iranshrerheobj{t$ that the 6xed poinioiftides withthe @ldituLoriSin.
5d€ rhe obje.i wiol a?at ro rhe .tudimre rEE
U* rhe hveF or tie tml.tion ir steP (1) b Ftun ihe.biet to ils dicn':l

@linC the mrric* lor $* dlF op€nh(n pbduc lhe requFd

ti:{lll 0 il li: ?l lT '/l

T(r., rr'scr,t) T( rt, yt)=slxt,yt,s.,6!)
This tanslonarion is altonaticany Aenerat€d in syseN thrt Pbvid€ a s, ,
f!nction thai accepb .oordinales for the lix€d poinr.

Gencn I Two-0imensional Scaling Dircctiont

Pa.aneters { and i {rle obrtb alons ihe : ed ! diRhdi we can *:
an obid in other dj;diotr by rotaring the obje.r ro alian ih€ d6iEd kali.
diRti(n with the .@rdimre axes b€tore aPPlying tne scaling brrelomarion
Suppo* we want to 3pp1y saling factos with valus sp{in€d by paranere:
sr and r: in rhe diKtions 3hown in Fi3 5-r1 To aconPlish the saling wiih.
.hanginS the oriatation oI rhe obl<t, we fNr perfom a .ohtion e that L
diKrims for n d coincide wiih the 1 ,nd y ax€s, EsP{hr+ Thei t:
t
{ating hmfomation sGr, r) is appli6l, followed by an oPPosn. mb6on
ntum poinb b their original orienrations. Ihe .onpos e mtix Fsulhng fr._
the pmduct of ih€* thE tansfo'marions is

tu, c61d +!sifd (i n)

q)osdsm,
R'(d) sG,,t) R(d)=
lc,
rrsin'1l,
;"*" ?l '
As exampl€ oI this salng hansfomation, we brn a mit sqlaE inn'
parallelo8rrm (Fig. 5 12) by sfttchinS it almg th. diaSonal Inn (0, 0) b (r '
w€ tus rorar€ ihe diaS.nal onro ilre yals using d = 45', fi6 we double i6lms:
widi the slin8 values sl = I :nd = 2, and rhen we rotah again io Fh'n
i r
diasmal !o its orisinal orientalion
In Eq 5 39, wea$med that nalins was lo be pe.tomsd tlarive to th€ odg
we sud ra*c this s.alins operabon ;.
siep turther ed oncai€me the haF
w htanslarimopdaiore,soL\atrh.onposien t wourdindudeParahd.-
tor dre spe.incaion of a saling &ed PGihon.

lvlatrix Concatenation Prcperties

G'*mdh P-!q,lir 4i\
.ah\P. -orda\
rhm:hh p-d.r M M/ M'..n F pPt.';Pd b\ rrulPltr8M
M, oi by ln* nL tiplyinE M: a.d M,:
M:r' M' - Mr rM|M r

IheEfore, dependins lpon rhe onld in which rhe tmsformatjoro aP sF-.:

fied, we cr .;Ntuci a cdP6ib n.bx either by nultiplying from letlrcrL:'
 1\ ttMsffitc,nqdtt]}l @im 2.5

Z;

ffETr: p*vesire rne o,rrer h which a qu@e or bftr.'*b* n

tu mv a{d dr tuonned F on orr obd in \.) 'n oqF Enr
i!l.r-d hui, didir !+r etsd (Md\htu$ELshan,ryredas' Ir

brliplvbs, u by nuldPlvbg frm n8ht{Glefi 'Posh'ibPlvn8) son€

p.craBe nqun? tLt nanslomthoB b€ sptud n 6e odtr b wlucn
i-a e b b€.pplied.ln th.r G*, € Muld riFr hvol. bd.romabon Mr'
-dc
M,, tho M,. As s(n s(d\i\ c hdiomho rcutine is cu.d. mE r
- 6 the leftol th€ PEviou ehn Psducl Oth€r 'b
graPhicsstsh.nt,
b-a,pdlmltiply
-abmte.t mal!c*, $ that lhis lransfm.rim *q{efte w@]d hav.
-&ililinvoled in (he Ev€e order: rhe l.tt tla$fo@tion invok d (which is M1
- (M: dnple) is th€ 6Bt to b€ appli€4 aid the i6t tEnslolmtion that is
in rhis .a*) is tne l6t io b€ applied.
T6n5I{l]mM orodu.E, m the orhe hand, ruv nor be omubtiK Tllc
.h prcdrr \,t. k, i.rdeq,,l_ov M/. d 8a;erd ft!trffirlDtilse
tular€andrdhdobid. we mur br..Etul.bdllne order in stn.h
-dkmD6ib mtri\ ie fl,lu.ted (Flc t I lj tf em 3patul .ffiucfi a a
Eti .t t*tm*ms t',t * iU or dr ffi lhd tic mdtplic.bon oI
tiv€ AsmMple,tworc6sivebbnm
-ddmti6naErc6ir.omut
be pdfoft.t in eilhq order dd th€ liDlPsition wdld b€ th€ e@ This
iativ€Frop€nyholds aleIor eosuGsive trNlatiNorso s(.sive
lqs. Arc6s comutativ€ Fn oI oFarioG ie rctatio and milom saling

nlTwo-Dimcnsional Compositc Tra.sfomations

Computational Effici.n.'y
midrl hft for@tioaEpEmtoAanycombin.limof haNlaEN,
, d rdlfAs. .r be e\pEed as
rT;l
br.lendl's.,
lll l:"f lll
multplicihveFbbds.lngr.m in Lh.hfoF
dF rhc
d,whi.n n\ oli.orJy rcr,bm rSl6.nd *arinS fatuB Elffi6 L, dd
r lhe tul,honll lms. cmhinfl . ot$'mtim ol hdn,bn d6hc,
.,@r dd fir€d @inr M,diml5. rotuiio dd6 and s'Dg P,rd.m
Jud.. 'r a ouiea i' o t. *d Md
'orared
,bour 6tud @'dF
'b of fr omPodF
(!. &r ,nd L\m b.rBlaed. tt'e \Ju6 for uF elements
 Tt,!,r!) R(&, v.,d) s(r., v.,rJ'r!)

ls.rcsd ,Lsrip r0 .,.urr)+!i5!sin,

=lr,she \,c6d +11 5!c.(!r r.\.srl ii;]
llr
Alihough nalr.ix equahon s-41 equies nine mulhpliciions and si\ .
rioG, th. €xplicit .alal,rilrE lor the hanslomed coordjmid dre
r' =r'n\t+! tr!+ts,, ! =t ts|'+y tss+ts!
I)rL. \pren 3(turr, pedom odJ .ou rd.r.plfthd <dd brrudd
rd.fo.m r@rdmk pc'trm: n.\F he rd!imlr nurbproi cohp'
requipd lor any aatrlomatid segueno, once the individual hahnes
be. conQtenated and the elenenb ol ihe composne narn evalured ,
oui Mcahmtion, the individual trdsfdrmatioE would be applied o.r
tim, and the nunbe! of .al.ulaiions could be siSnilic t\ ilrlrusd. A
cientjnplcnmhnon lor L\€ hanslornarim op€.arionr rhdeloe is r,o fornl
h.tuIwmJon n rts'.p\ olar.tuhi1) td! omalonrnuente dd dt
hdn5fom.d.oodnaresL.rgrq\ !4r onpdJlpl-/ietu.diFdru!
hpl/rnh. L, tle I -q < {..onb! P

SincesrarioncalcularioN€qlnetrisonomlncsalulionsadsera
tiplications fo! each hanslorn€d point, onputational efticierrt can beoi
inpotant cdsiderarion in rotatim i6nsfdmatio6. rn animarim and oth!
pli.ahons $ar involve many Fpeahd hansfomarions and tull
Dhrion il
we can ue apprcnmtions md iterative caLd.tiotu b reduce onpltar.
the onP6ii€ hansromanon equations. wh€. rhe rot,tion dce b smi
hiaonomric lu.tions .an be Epla.ed w h appoxinahon valE based r
ftsr few tems of thet power *ri6 eipansioro. For sall enoush anste:
rlu r0 itc. i.:ppro\rtrar..J t0dnd nn3 r.: L: uevery.t;mr;.
, in ra'liac If we aF driina in snall angLdar skps abour rlE origin/ for inn.
wc cm *i cos a iol.o and Eiiue bmslo.narion .alcddlos at eaci steF :
nulripli.arions and eo addirim lor ea.h set ot cerdinates to be rotakd

wheP sins is saluared o.p lor all shps, a$lming the biation anSle d! .
chanee, The edor introd!.€d by this appioxinatid at each shp d{Fase!
rctarion gl€ d{reas. Bur even wfth sal obiion anales, ihe aaunr
enor @er nany steps can t€ome qlite la€e. we.an cont.ol the acunl
eftor by dtinating the crrcr in 1' md y ai cach 3bp ad psetting objei
hons when rhe eror a..unnlarion bRom4 t@ Sreat Sone aninalion .:
rion. arbtrah.aiy lqobEd p6'ho..r, f'$d nh \J\.Euln..Ap \

Comp.site kansfomatims ofts involve invee tut.i6. For e\:

harotomation sequences lor 3€neral eali.8 dictions md lor sore ren.
and shea6 (S..iion 5-5) FquiE invee roiltids As we have noted, the
nahii ftP6ent tion6 ior th. basic gonchic kmlormtiffi can b. 3er:
with sinple pm.eduE. An inv@ ranslarion naeit is obrijned by.h:
&€ sisG ol lhe kanslaiion dntnnc, and an invee Draiion nahix ir ob
 r*Dt@.nn't c.np.>tu raL'JamdaB 2.1

s F'bming d m,h'\ sd,pe ior cr dnging $"ngl orrhr"tr lrrro' ft#

acmuch rmPler dul dRi m rL.rIuLum
-:bds 'nve*
_ro-Dim€nsional
Riqid-Body Transfonnation
t r nanslomtion naHx include only hmlation dd rDtatid Paranebs, ir
!, rigid-body F.ltlofrtion n.Irlx, ItE Aoeral fom for a tuGdinmsimal
agt body tsfomatio nakir is
I/,, .,, r'l
1,, r, k,l
lo o rl
@ the four.lelbtl 'rr are rhe nultiPli.ative rclaiio terN, and the elendts
: dd rr, aF the hmlitioml tenns. A nsid-body.hrge in coordimh P6itim
! rEo sirelins mlernd ro .s a n8id-nolion hansfolmhd. All angls and
.a5'.es bee6 oordinat€ posirim d mchdS€d 6y the t lormtion. In
alj.ion, matix s-4s hns dc ProFrry rhat ib uPPe efi 2 by 2 submaEir is an
rrt r. This neaN rhat if we cosidq 6ch rcw (or each .ohm) oI
':rqprdl
r n6mhix 6 a v{tDr/ thd the tuo Fw veb6 (t,r, '!!) and ('y!, rq) (or the
dllm vctors) Iom m orthogoar *i oI uit veclos. such a s.l of vecroF
-+*o elerred to as an orro'ortut ve.ror Ft. Each v{ior ha uit logitx
11-+1,\=,,-+,,g=l
i rhe v{im aE perpendicular (dEir dol Prod!.t is 0):

!-rlop, if th* sil retos a€ eNfod.d by the rotation snbmhn, thm

trRior (t!, a, is conveded to a sitvelor along L\e t u.is dd the €to (rq,
-.r is tansfohad into a unit ve.lor alons the y aris ot rhe @rdi.are systan:

lt r il l','l lil
tf,, f,, 0l f,,.1 r0l
l
'"'.ol'.=1,
o l] r.l l1l Lll
k d eEmple Lhe fonMing ried+ody tatrloimtion fr6t roiales an objal
nr sn.n ansle 3 abont a pivot point (r,, t, ) and lhen hftlae th€ objer'
t(sd -5da ).o
*''i"'"'-'l
cpr+y,siJr3+r,l

*, oihogdal $ft veft6 i.

l:' t'
the
".'
qPer leti 2by 2 subrmhix e (.os 0, sinr)

r.n., -q,nd or I .G, 1 r11

l..o .*a ol.l .r.a
I o o ,l t , I =loLtl
 G) (b)

S'm.ldrly. Lntr \ < o hrl' cdrisro tr'ft r,he p,R.dnS Fdnjom.

marn\ hine Dnit\rdorl0 I rin lh€ ! dnlhon

Constructing Two-Dimensional Rotation Matric.s

The ortho€onal pmp€nt of @ran.n nari.es is l*tul for coredlcrin8 rhe nr
when we Lnow rhe liml orientatid otan object, rather than rhe anouitolanql
rcbhornahn4 ropu heobrarirro*a.@oor. fttonmrrhonLrfo.n-
.ould bedc?mhed br rhc.t'ar mm'or e;rmod<6ma- eneyb re.*"
positim€ within rhe c@rdinate dy$m For exanpte, w€ nishr wdr ro r.
ar obn r b ahSr 'ts "\id or .tlmehv s'Ll !h" \F\in3,.,m.,r/ dm r.,
h. r'j3h wr.ro rcb..or obipd !o \ibovemoJT,obaLFcup.
.how. r obi(r rh4r s b de aliF.d 't-Uti 1e Jr.r dFchor \i.oF ; r .
As.um'nSrha,l}corFDlobFrori.rbriol'.+(rs ir Fie 5.jdJr.hat,.
tsud rh. d",Fd hinsbrmbon bv a-. q
l}pdprenh.ru rorl-"turnwo. rhprwionhahr,.ndlncetemenbor\
dE sond row ln a mod€ling applicarion, ld itutance. we can os rhis n€rho;
obtah the hamforn*immatln Nithin an ohjects t&ai .oodimk sFteft rr
we *nm what irs orienlation is to b€ wthin rhe ova.I worldr@rdinare $€r.
sinilar rdslorhaiionis th€co.ve4ion of olied dsriprioc rrononecmrd,:
sydem to another, and we iale up rhs neinods in mo€ debil in s€.rion! ,

Two-Dimensional Composite-lvlatrix Programning Exampte

Ar ihplcnmu or a,mple to' a .cdren. p o' g€oheh rsrotr: rotu .
n rhe foll()Itrg p'oFdm LatuUt $e(otrpdts tuh,\ '. , olpHarri: , r,
.h. hd d> l)le mrn\ ro rl- o Aimplc , F1 o nchr .otud.f
'o.nhrl rhe compcit€ haroIomalid hahi; &d we inl
order is !s.d to.oBdct
the hatufomatio. brrines in the order ihai dEy aa to be ex<uted As ear
tkbasi. r stomation buiines ((ale shb, md kaElare) is invo*ed, a n:
is et W ror that kmtornaiion and tett-con areroted with the l1npcie -
thr wlm ill h.rforDnc hav, bea \pe(irrcd. h, ! omph' ? F:nbtu r . .
cd ro hrasfo'm a md3le. r]1e rna.Sle B tur !.dted w,ln Rpa.
'.apo
cohid pcition (Appedn A), rhen the hnnale is mrated about ib enr
rd larlv ir F,g!E ( ..\ow. the origmat"no find. po.10.
',rftldhd
rhe hbll8lFrld ts tsdn\bmrd br L\L !{um.c FournF u opmLldp.
io display tlF inirial and linal posinon of the biangle.
 rrrDumtom'c@,Aar.rn,sF,"'i ze

tyeed.i clnoar xrt!L3i l3l 13l

srcr3srcoror (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, o.o);

br 3 rdenrtr !!!!!. '/

(er!1t3tr urrd.ntrx3)

fo! (col - o: col <r: col+)

D.tldent3x3 lrorl lcotl - (.o, - cor);
/. Prslurtlpry Grrit 01 stors rssrrr h .2 '/
(b*1r3!3 !1, htrlr3i i2)

ror (rcv - 0r .oY < r: roF)

fttrelp Govl Goll - !r Govl I0l ' n, tol t.o1l + !r llovl lll '
.z Gl koll + D1 trorl {21 ' !, t2l tcorl,

for (cor - d: co1 < 3r col+)

!, Gorl Goll - oatt.uP llorl tcoll I

(eLflost t!, chrolt tt)

/. r'rrrsri.. translatlon D
Dtrlr3'3seilde'thy (@t1r.i31) :
utrr.El lol trl - *;
ldrcd.l (rltd - ty;
/. concrr.nit. ..tt!an6r vith tne co.posite Drtir* '/
(ldttanrl, utcolpo3it€) :

voia lotst.zD (rPtrD prvotPt, Gltrolt rh.ti)

/. rn1tia1I".
@t.i'3:3serld.Dtrry (!rrRot) |

,atRot tol lol - co3 (tf,. ):

etior l0ll1l - 31n (!i.rr):
ctRot lol trl - piaotP!.t r (t - co3 (tb.te)l +
elvotst.t i 'In (ttret3):
.atior l1l lol - '1n (rh.ra):
,arRor (rl lrl - co3 (tt.r!):
ulRoi Irl 14 - pivotlt.y r (1 co' (th3tr)) -
lrvotPt,!'.r' (ih.*):
/. coDcrt.nare larior dih tle c@o.it. *1r' '/
(4tRot, .atc Po.it.);

votd scel€2D (G!flo!t KftrD rL.drt)

 rN.Dtm3i|nt a46ib rnthmtias ,51

/r !nrt1.1r,.
@trlr3rrs.tld.ntrtt (!rt3cale) ;

d.tsca1. Iol I2l - (1 _

Btsc.te l1lI2l - (1 -

/r colcate!.te @ts.!1. vlth

lclint nv.rt!, vcPt2D ' v.rt!)

ror (! - o; t < !v.!t3; I#) {

Ioltol v.rtr lrl(rl:
: +
vert. tll.v urcolPolrte I0l
+
vsrtr lLl.y - !atcdro3!t. Irl I0l ' v€rt' fit.r + !.rco!eo!rt. t1l hl
v.rr. Iil.r + lrtcoDporlt. tl]
,eF. Irl.t - t.!!:

s1&3! (GrltrNrss) :
lor(r-0:r<3;r*)
sly.risif (vertr lrl.r. vert, trl.t):

Eid dl'Ptiyrc! ('oId)

/. D.riD. rnltrar porrtion for trilosl.. '/
v.rt!t3l
'cPtlD
/' c.1culrts pq3ltlo! or t'r!!!l. c.'*oid. r/

ror (r - o; k < !v.rir: F) {

rsu + Yeri3 &l.r:
ysu + Yeris lrl.r;
(:su) / drl0at (!Y.rtr)
(y6u) / ciflo.t (nv.rtr)
 0!doubre tnera - pil2.0j
Brr); // clesr

{datconPosit.);

scale2D ( 6!, sy.

// s€cood *snero$erion, Rorare
tran6lsrar0 (tr, ry); // rioer r!aneio.oation: t.anslaie.
/. Apply cooPo3ite latlir
(nverts, verts):
stcolor3r (1 D, 0.0, o.dr:
1/ Dlsprar ted

(clint n!!!ldth.

3rhadrdentity { );
xlcuax. Fclin' yvcua:);
s1cr.!! (qr color BUFIIR lrrr '

erutrii! (r3rsc, ars,);

slurrnitrindovPosft roi (50, 5o):
(ylDridtr, fin{eishr);

3rlrD13PlayFuoc (dieorayFcD) :
(,:ni€shaPeFci) |
 OIHER TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORIVAlIONS

b.6rolmtion> >ucfi,: bdr.tod 6utio. dellngds ddton'

b of Ar.phi6 libran6. Some p.c!:g* Psvide a few addilioml hm*
tuEti6 th.i aE rtul in .ertain applicarift. T*o su.h hsfohalios m

hsfonEtion d€r pedu€ a minor inESe of an obje.r is cal€d a Ed.dion

a h{o dimNilrul €nand, this imase h gmraied relative to an di! of
ion by robbng rhc obA r l30P abour tlE r.fedim a*. We -.n (hi)*
dis ot rfle.tion in lhe ry plzm d p€rPididlar to tl'e :y Plane Wh.n the
ion ui is a lift in lh€ ty pl,m, dE dari6 path atout this
'is L inroa
perpsdicul.r ro ihe xy plare, Fo! En(rim de rhat are P€rp€ndi.da
rypl q rhe rtrrion parh i3 in the ry plm. FoINinA.F.mPl?s ol lme
R€nenm abolt dE &E v = 0 (dE x aris) is &ondisned witn ihe ba6fo!

ll 0
-1
t: il
bdtomdon rebin5 ! \,luB. bur "niP5 dFuv,lLP.of udmbP6i
Th€ eulring @enbtion oI objet after it has ben Eflecd aboui uE
js sh{rM in Fi8. 916. To dvision 6e dation lrdsfmtio Palh jor this
i6, we ca. thi.I of the flat obje.l nNins our oI the ty pl.ne tnd 6bti.3
rtu d8h uuFdhmsn"l sPar ,b@r $p r hi' ,nd b..l mb the r r Plane

lEfand.bdr.hel,rer -0'$eyut0iP6' cddirurP'trhrlel'e"Pn8

itures ihe s.n Th. natrn lor rhis tufomtion is
.

or ol
lo o ,l
t17 ilu*rate6 lhe .h.ns€ in posiiid of an obje.l
rh.lire r = 0. Tt€.quivilml robtion in ftis €se
spaceab.utthe y.c.
'dal
*llpboLhlhe, and!@rdftbolaPointb\ FoabgFLhveloana\i5
irp.lpend ular b the y pl,nP rhi, P.s thrcudr inc ddfthonSu
rd
.;.*d"" n,"-dlc Fhmd b a, a Elahd Flari\€ ro t}€ mrdftk
'

i, rd ii is eqniv.lenr b ftfle.ting wfth Esp{i ro both @rdiele ar6 lhe

F.ffiblid lor rlis refl{tid is
l-1
ll -1
il
mpleol refl<tiorubour OE onBin b+oM r r€ !13 lhe renFtm
t5a B lhe 3me & rhe rdron m.h n R(8r with d = 130'.t!l'Gsnply
s dE obimt in dE xy plare half . aolution about tne origin
 F|GURE5-r9 Reo€rb qr an obi
pnF; olir h tx iv pltr .nd ratrA eau"h For
romrion d b. &ollplihed

Ren&1ion 5 54 @ b. Semlized lo dt En{tior poinr in rhe rv p

(Fis. 5 19). Ihb €Ae.tion i. rhe em as a r30" Dbhon r rhe v pl,ne abei

ff we ch@e tlE Efl<tio axis as ihe diaAonal line y= : (Fia. t20),

I 0 0l
o o rl
vrih dcnv. db ?b by (@Fmting a bluere ol mbhon durci
tr
axis Enedim mhi6. oneposible Bequence is shom in Fis.121. H@, w
p€rlom a clcl we olahm wnh ftF , b tnp d'gr lrllfu8h,45 anBle..hi
rcbh rhe linf y r r sb rh. : ,ri:. \en we perlom . ,eflertm w'rh a
ro the r dF l\e 6n,l \hp i5 ro Dbh dE ritu , - r b.d b i6 ongtrd p6iri
witi a @nlercldkwie blatim tlr Sn 45.. Anothd eqdvalat €€q!tu
EaftIomtiotu b rd 6sr Ef,ecr the objeci abour the I axis, rhtr iot te n ou
m.h. b' Eoaron,bour DF di:g@ly -
ro obtai^ a transfomahon
we ould cm..EmE tub'e
fo' ttF haafo'mbo *quec dekw
ot tion by 4s', (2) pndim 'lr 6hrj
atout the y uir dd (3) .obiedftkwi*
by ,r5". Tlp cdiing hnsfo@tio nar.ix i3

F{@ 5-22 snqr lhe onsnd

ti
and
il
6ml psitid6 for d objd b{sformed

Refle.tim abdt dy lin€ , = nr + , in tl€ ry plft 6 be dconpli

widl a co.rbimtid oI hansla6*obt€,e3e.t traftfom.rioc. Ii gmra! v€
 s,s atbr@Dtnn,@d n'almtids ,5.

.,ldt€ .he l.c 50 dd ne6!$ rh'dAh rFe rsr' ftr we Gn o are U'e
e..ro on€ or fte cooidi;re,\es dnd TnP' r about lnr a.' I nd rv h- F'
rp ihe Line ro ib oisinal Positio with the invese oiaiion and h'nslation

d..5n'mo enatrne(tior-$ nrespe Irotu ordnredF o' '@rdindh

- n "-, dl@n.brotubor. wi+ ndd \e *,irsf.tu'' Al o ehTmjor
. rcne-tion;P. dbe€ro.dlr6ohPrL\dr a Fi^ hm P'aaerfl
r.naraudp ftare- thdr .nid.,l-" T.'or itu3eo' aPoj._tdn\e lrca
a'i,. i 'd " t.a-d- $'ll nrFr'tude h- rhr lb"nF rhe nmr
- leror:Domr,l6e
"n-"-". 6$"rned01.n. ftr' r Fneded ob^I ddLobP
rrged. Fddred ordisbn€d

' inslodation that distotts rh€ shaPe of an objat such that tle ems
Tcd shape appds as iI Lhe obj{i w;d ronPsed of intemal tave6 that had
-" *"*a b sid. .'d dch other is called a the.i rwo connon sheding
isformatioN e thos rhat shifi coodinate x values and thF th.t shifl v

An rniEdion shear relative io the t axis is Poduced witn the kansfomation

ll il
-,h ndn.rru ordinte PGihons as
a =1+sh,.!, l=t
'.n"lnJnbpr.rnber*'a'Pdrorh€'\carpdmeF n A milnareP6rim
. L hp1.hiHe'l '. o;u ly bvdndmounr popt rtrotulro 'r! PcrPnd.d la'
iin.e , \,lue,loh lhe i r\i-.$l irqprdac' i.o'hcldlue2forcur'
-r .hrg6 the squaP in FiS. 5 23 into a Parallelogran Negatire values for s ll
'
.i rooidimie pcitions io ihe left

FiiilRE s-r, R"t'-ho. treURE 5-x -"{*"G) "-"*&d

A b"
r4ar dqam (b)unns6a..d R.ho
ibunECt Ah

i6uRiE- Ad,

w.crngmml€i{idmshe6rlid!.bdhaEfffliGsh
lt .h, ,h !_1

too r l
Nor @diMh pGirids art bdrom.d ae
r,=r+rr,(y_Jk,
P'nmeb!arwd j ftri ebrherrek =
a v.drEtd stEr Phdk b ure ft r = ri'i58ddlhdw'lhd!hd+

which 8@cB rE bcfomed @rdidh valc

'l
r'- t,
l=y+,h!<x \_n
rnihiJDlomrhd+f!'!.trdfik
r ,w . = ,-.iri ,rs ,Ish.F t
ov*ddasqu+hbd'Uau.lq

Eb mo a:Li; ror.c T'r s."o

h Fn5tom:do <!ala h urr qudc d Fis I ! ,loq ,F drlmr ! F- rr
mMbrhs rheoig tengn5od onhbdor dedg6Fnthrb df .:q
i B br pc r m or obiB b rrjnv. shddns Ff.Ire tlc ar.qun
@
'n "k
 tunqMdrdllotudrrrr''.Ddi6 25t

ElE RASTEN MEIHODS FOR GEOMEIRIC

IRANSFONMATIONS

g96r o albmrb ndhod Id ratohhs

tPd ins m ar:y orlEl ElB F4

rhar mdputah Ebnsurar Pipl a!

mal,, a,,rln ofu ed' n4incs for
u\u" r dvi idei ,s,dohr.pyLs-

. :< dnsrdl lhdon by $isnitrg rhe ba.rgo@d @1or b rr pipts wi'hi ih

r{i (isunhc rh rh. paheh b b€ era*d de mr N*lap dhs ours h

gsyKomP]ishedbyftrtdEbs

h, ih€nEE6hE rr oirer of rh. rcws.

tPubdNih Gtrbs!*d bobcairer

-rshsdc sroE ofrh. wdhep€d sre iEL,w€ish'edby rhedrdenbse

]:nk,ed,dbg5P6iedhlafols
: rre?ofolerhp h,th rba,tcdp rtrFstFS ta)
$ obj<' cn be Ffl€bd uft8 6sk ba66rmhons ih rtee& rcw or
lfrval!6inaP'elblel'ombhed

I ., ,9

:i
fri3@1id.y c show^ h Gt rh p6troE d rhe rtnv
-!il '': -t ||irLt
,I
I l
;_;,-;_']
-.-
ti ii
.EifpridfhlYebhd pnrh/, 4)

EA opeicl RASTER TRANSfORMATIONS

rn sdion 3re, wc inh.ru.Ed rsi or rhc ophcl rundids ror pedomr:

ars opqadois. A hnslariotr oraR
Prchld f oPlrcl as i .oPy openijo.

I]cIiElfou!PxamefoEhlhblund
plelblfk'Andtheo'6clsynbo'n

EInAN
ro be .op€d (ihe $u{e) ind rhe de$ cool
R. om h oPnu- 4 rFifbe {,1n3 hfls. dnd rhn usu\g s$*
a:;:yP!ie16 orslDravFixel3. Fo!rhetueoP€GhoN,we*rri.<i

- . n; ull6 sed* ihan r o bq6s

: : d both, prcducs a Endon as wctl * {aling ine anay eldnenb 'Itut ir
'g=:'=3'0,lheso!re:]nyi5cd
he riEy n naPP€d b a 3 bY 3 bldk ol
mtmD, dh6d+r rh. f lrsur:r

ii.analsoconbie6stltn*on

r.niddapplGrionbt srde obrd a( s a seE wid@r:rk6g the

]nANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN T}\IO-DIMENSIONAL

COORDINATE SYSTEMs

gAofserePu69ry'fte@n'3
s ransrom .;id detptions hlm
ion'hdivulourdsaetyljclly
€ th* ldrl.odinde desnP
:u*ihenbctransforEdiniop6iiiN
:.io'trhd€ 4rM. A h.ilit.manasehmt pils6m lor oma bloub, ror
n,hasindivjdua'.@!dbakde{dPti
:r th dn be Plac€d inb a a@r Pla

!\e :dvanbqe or obikt srmehe c

:6r b. onwn€d b c kdd weld-Grdiut5 fd! Pl*sbg. som

no'(:@d.slm.aF8itf,

::ra r]{ show5 a Gtuan r' ,y em sp€.iried sith o'dhde oiFn

'
Tn $* spdrpEs 1y il6 o.
' r''md'ndh we'r uP
' tu*
'rE
 rnndae $ rhat the disin Go, lt) of rhs

fr S!l
io o 'l

'hoP.dontheddkwkbbdo
I.Gr -", ol
&e/ llhdGaol ,,.
to o il
n odnegrvss ${omPree omF?
n.rdr tu ran5rods objd ddpdds rEn r,r' syden
sysem 6 d,e
'h.,y

An n&nrb mslhod foi d€nnbbe the orienrahd df Lrf r,/ cmdinie $:

km i! b \e€41 , ldd orindr:
v
\br nk r.r' r{,. Qn .Frt !R
Eliliveiothgdgiofd'ervry,tm,

$s / an5 by .PPryin* a 90

EE GE(
tN'

/r'dftodq6 Po=(4,;)ad
 tud' TarnadL@ n lle.a@hvtr$e

F6niE;:.j: a."n.fuir'"Fi*

t0 ttl
b$e''axkkin$€P6id!€y'l

;' s ?l
mrF . F! n &. \ d ba {rDs
'id 'h€

\ +dovrrarc M-b"f<D rFhh\etorhe ^@deFdsf

'of"

!q
"=ir
rl"m3 a 4ht heded cad6ian

GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS
IN THREE-OIMENS!ONAL SPACE

j:6ddoMl ndh.ds by hdudtne .midehtiDi tor lhe ? co.ldture we

.3l.kroodb.Pl$nsi'hF
n(h the objd is b be noved in .eh of rhe rhe .G
:t dekll11ffi hw
obiEt by chcing a clins hdr lo!
$egx(ffiimnonfuo.dill1miodl
nmetMblJftdlm'ffi15'655bdBhddw*d
rP.?.ndruhrtoffi ! Dhrr !
 dornus,eehs@nebi.tlfiformdi:
rGo *rsoo--s\, y-q,.
n.l'on.m|h€*q-'?l}}.,.rc'.

EEE IIlREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSTATION

I
iill: ? 1:l
ll

i.s .-d;"b p,id"* r., rh" ,hh ft;shdins rhc obi-, * $e rt.
"bFd,
'.ro!."h-''-l|'At..5,.-d
a...,+ d, ;u *, d rd1 Jd p

EIE T

frtlui+r.i v*hgr.-dh"E
 dje' cli3 hrmbh
'henifrftbd

a*r!s!!ID hl r3l - rir

:!d€du66*reaPpli€din,e

THREE.DIMENSIONAL ROTATION

r oreroher ab.' nyd!.' rpd,r bu rh"4

'ardkor e.b
dg w l} aPpffi dchm.Dh6\
trhl.e*,'hlo.!n*rbs

bsp€iry a d6m rbour my o{,errhe rn sp.a. n E6E, w.6s! sldda

.F,tft holvd b@dnutu
3y Mrid, podfi@ drid rsl6 pr.d@ .dhhioda,t &b
$dt r trdt* axi',:s!bi't8 d'il n F roorsa h ,k qdi. di
dd* in'r oddirdb,ir (Fjs s36). Tft! r3lg u drir diroih
'fth
ddre abdr I elld eohr (m dr $* i! Nallel b tn. , rk!),
Thntsoim.nsion.l Coordinat-tuir Rotations
Fbt .q6dtu ft 6jly dbded b
 r. , sPe.ifi6 !\e rchrid ansls .bou
]i.h.n$dbyihbtdomadd'bh.."..*.-"*"".-'.*

,. an wdb mm
ti one&t\ I
IN

137 illustaks rcbiioi

-:rDn{mabn or an objd abDrthe : ans
.qadoc ror rchtions about dr orhs tuo .mnlbah axes

ywrh z, md ? wir, d tnshdsd in ra r3a.

pemntadoB 576 ido Eqs. ' we tA

/ = ysind+.c,

rn ot.n objd arcund ihe t axis i5 dmo

 frcuRE5 40 tubr6 or obtd abd rE
'n

.qufufdr:ri!Eulio

!=
An etrPL.f f,\i. rchdq r shown ur g. 5{.
siort. l^! iud 4t e rhe aqle 4 uidl
N€dr \e !a a3 for tunon mSte\ 3
.ndtheidmiilr/madnPrcduc€dw
"tsdrRkdb\lh€lhangemis!o
dtiona$le, rhs hvd€ hadx c atsobeobcinedbybb.h4BinsmN

Gen.6l Thr..-Dim.nsional Rotatiois

bedups,rohpdeclEfo-Dh
u.nm +i dd,sd bbMr r ,
$*.@dtub,xk rhe bn srp b L\€ bu5fomldo -quefte n b ftn
@bon.rs b ib D4d:r P6ido.
In dE 3p6ir.€ wheE s obi&' E b& ddd lbour !n,\k E p
in dE d6ind m66m frth 'hn
dr to[o$

0) n lde rh€ objd s du h. d

(2) Perfm rhe 6peili.d hhrid ibour rhar.xn,
(3) rrmlate dp obj{i $ rhar the d
r: n !.rutE i
'tu.\sme:F 'l

conpcne niadd mtix fo! $€ naG.otludd n

R(a) =rn Rr(a) r

nlr.l to rhe: axis (a Pivot Pobt L\d

i an n obiR' ! b b. shkd about
,.'u.!re.nclunF4-i1
^ r rrso ned bhdons b align ih. rch
Lbibodgrml0iedimci4de

--- =l a rhc obi{r e tut 6e dh6on axis Fsg rhruBh $c ordhab

r.F obiar so that Lhr ans of m'
'hc
PlRbl .@ilbaE axL

rhe rcbtrd dLback b s digtul

we.antlnsfomihercblionaitson
, and \r ne* dnde!
a.qcmushsttu:i!'rcbbo' mah' (ris crrl
A6hLd.','o'dh'cdqu

orerci-ts ;hm to*ing lrog

rf rhe lobrion c ro be in rb oppGih direcdm Gb.rwi* uhs viaing to- t

rd&),rhms?wouldtr.paxisveddv dun !<b!u $ thar ttE-v F

apc oE'lf;L r"!. i.hnip

 ll
objd as srl,M in ris. 544.

s roacmplieh rlisaliF m4rhso

! ;nd rh€E,rt, nmb{ ot,aF b p.dom the eo neps Fd this erampb,

. dbr d hb rhe r pj,ft, rd the Jq

-. ophnm\ APpend'. A' oDb

'o
\tdloloo'PTddJnFu'-d6d4
'

n: cbb'rsh dr b ,romdb mb
'' grlF,aluF'sde .ne.nd.otrolhEBrmos.Ilel''34 b3-
'-".. pLar. h ! d' m oclp ., r'" mg e bNM rhe pmkhon or u
.: rlane anl E s ive z ans (FiE. s6). I1 we FpGar &e pbj{dd 'n
or

- o4m'red lDr tr dd pEd! r or ! and df m' !e rd' u. aldS rh?

or a rldm L\e fts produd oI r'

?Fhdep€nd€^r rom or rhis
nxu:=q,tr'u:Mo
iom ior $. .1N prcdud
- C{tdm si€ us

i]GfuUt'd-.t.bld"bde
r:tLobni.trhba.,zph(!) $q rdad
 +* an<r@6srhr l! L = r and L(l -

=i

;.1
li; rtl

ii" ro.x'"--.* t*" tt'.. pb* as:d $e'd*mrrh€'o '

d ob fl msle d lffi dT do' oduP'

G'=i;-fr|=d
sin.. u: = l!41 = l. conPadns dE

sinl= ,
I rchdm ol u" abou he Y rxb n

hsr ?l
F Ais wirh dFpcidve z aL. r* sP€i

L3
tlhegiven:i5,w9ne€dtot.nsfon
i.blionanshdloi6de]clp6i6on'ftLGdftbyapplyiginahv.e
ftc ln4omro m,hi' lor w' m
'i 4bihd r,d!-r renbf e,Phqj

R(r) =T,.R;r(o) R;r(p).&(e).R,(p).R,(").7

R= ;:l
to
r rb.dlm) of *d5 subhard idm
rcFdbymbixRoloi\e:,'and:ac,cFdvdy|

" l:N=
T lil "l'illil.l+ltll
. as. h ng J'P rbr a\E E
'na

u!=u

!!=rtxr:
rhd rhe EqdEd .onp6ib mari& whr.h b equr b rhe p'!dd R!lr)

.=l:il
l.
'Ihc hadx hntoms rhc unii vrtc ul, rt and ul ob d* r, tr md : a
Epdivery And ftis ariB$ L\e otarion axi1t i{i$ rhe z axG, b<au* rl = u

Ouatenion M€thods for Thr..- Di m. n lioml Rotai'onr

A n oE flrlinr ferhod ror swtsf &
nb@a $ikdmrtpFbhdo (aprdir A)ror rheDiarian rsfam:bi
oudedo 6. w-i!F aY oret.or\ o
or r,4'dr qrb ft"r Frur s.
is simpr* b wrih qnarenim pt*dtlE fo! bantomdio pqume T1l!
.hrh o m fgi r.ompL.d!-d ac
ed*osrvrP6ihmof ohj€c
oj1e *ay ro .hdad€tue a quaEmion k 6 an ofde*d pai os;6s o:

dr p r (he sclar p 0 md rhR .mpl€x pad5 (rhe er€lrqb of vebr v

F h odmk onSh ba.{mPt+4

rchrida$reibadrhisaxc(Fi&5s).Anypobtp6id@Prh iebb€ro*
by rhL qudedm on he EPt€gr€d

? -qPql
whn4 r=G, v) brhe hEeot
sfoimddPloduesth!
 p =i':p+!(p.Y)+b(v x p)+v x (vx p)

r-)rarioE b Flt(nn !+d dEnb*tod obFd ddds.

$ rhe cFrdnEh diBft. nn5 L !\e s
:ss b E. s.e7 rhi ras $e rcbron

rh. lffi i Eq. 5 1{X usins the dsrini

(mr{bofL\e
n or.R;rrp.R Lar.Rrrrl

-tI. b,-L, 2r,-zv I r, hrt

cn b€ gftrly rtdred by $bsrirurbg

i ,*:'': =
a

., :ndr :rcdieodp.ndLortheu :.6vndu.

sfulP6dd,TnugLlrecdnpl€h
- on rcbhde\pE3m..amlpondiutoEr 5n7 k

i+! r b ttu uit :{xis vdr (0, 0, r). substihiry dr .ompooo6 ot

4:or inro mart s 16, we eer L\e 3 by 3 veBd of the:n!s dtion
,sinilal'5ukdfulingdEUJt'
tideqlahm5.104Piducthe
::odindeulu6inE4s'73'
! n,ol optrg !de.E. g,\r.\mPr
ryPede! flo,t xrtrj'{t4 l{l t!l:

.i*.u.'tP.h'1.pLy
 nlz'eDirudele,.ts,'5

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SCALING

o4b c a nple a'mid oI tuG

sioEr $arb8 k Fs turude o€ p.ramb fd ?@dinab3.dus h dE
 ht
lrl it tl

&rh8 obj(r with rd*qm bn5

li!${Ironhedgihlhe.q6Pon

h sfom.d obFd ae 6msc,r wc prc$ry! the di3ifar ship. or m objN' I

id/e,'n l,ri !, = i: r. rh. rt$x or $nins an obied un,tunly w h&.

ce.d b my frededinrps,li.tr I !

0l rEnrde rhe rixed Finr io rhe qi8in.

(3) rEEhh 6e rixed poinr bacr b n! orisinr pon6n

r
I0\ oo0 d.,)t ,
 rhuqsgflttehtrBlnFe
-an dof the nrarroinr @ldtuh. In
Gadk(ltrltrtioof.lhlFdfuGbalkaxnehit'nlatiwba
A-

rt!.der .ro!r hkrri{ or t4lr

ii,i]
EIEI COn]lP!5ITE THREE-DII\,4EN5lONAL
 c6!P<k a@ Dn4tw{tr ,,h.tuqr 21t
'rt

Gqvl Gqll . rL korro) , !, t.t kqrl

r, Ill lcoll + rr horlrJ .

kolt - rlldr kqvt kon;

!.ttuuior tol roj

13r LA^trLr \ .@ati, tqrlotPtbr

EIE I

rapur ohjEct de!.rrrrrai. ./

EEII OIHER THREE-DIMENSIONAL'NANSFORMATIOI{S
salin8, rha orh* taBiolmiiN ,riru.
d
r:iorsoninaBoGlappltadffirrc so uelul in nany rhterlhmidar
G.os. Tnee additidrl ta$l()fu

''r,or ns 6Fr b a zr4 roUJ{

rdaBiv4axisaEequivaledbtso

a r.ft-handed fnre d handed

';3ht
ueudpleof a Fn{tio $ah6vens.oddinat3Filiafi o'Ildna dehr
(or lie r.e); shl)m in Fis 5a2. TG
.h-g- ig";r
-,-;h* fthaneed.'h.Th, hdnx' "*EPltfih
!:!'dinabs

ity obid 5n'p6, i6t a h sc

$M'aPpltadffi'IRyaP..lsaPPl
,r*t"#r- r".p*tr.i p'q-t*l $"'n"s h"'l*'dc -1"d* b
d bsedds-t. Fo h@dhrGbil
."ho6"ecn"lsg"*"E3tARrchn(bme."-'
l

'l
.uF ..honn, E9.r., o.lntu
Ert,
EEE IrlANSFORMATIONS BEN^/EEN
THRTI . DIMENSIONAI COORDINATE 5Y5ILM5

u.e'hPt'"'..fro^l-
EIZ o

rratuf;(dbtbis.e;h.
 \-n oqnL64drt rn4't6t4t6 h4.thn, trl

v<rG ui, ui,aid q: dnb the:, rand: d6, ftFdvelt

-:htmtomsu
D lomple.mdiFh rbdomndo ,equme is rh€n grvm by rhecop6ih
:r'rkm b,rolhei $m N !,5m 3lefi'hj€d dnd \eo\.' l

AFF1NE TNANSFORMATIONS

TEMS
trkd,bftd@Dfilb',,/'d
::Line run.riooldtonsinn@dhr€sa,, d:,andpabl@64,and
fo|rulionlweAlfrrekaElonadft
h gha dmB'on.) \aw gsDI
'he

taNiolmlionasm€gnFsjh
*rm orlei Ek dF{ Ph6 fo d

-d .6*' otu. L* Lrg h-,ad rhe c

OprnGL GEOIVETBIC-TRANSFORMATION
FUNCTIONS

a! rcF bbrary or o@cL . q ate tun.tim ie rv,ilable fo! eeh ol n\e

6eomm. ranlforu' o. "nd
i'l q:nJo utsm rp tp€ fied ,n thR d-

Nienb for dr€ rhFdr@roml tft

1$ ry re:nse.nd rhe mhbno 6i
blleone]nhda*lbgimtfuisu*dbdthg$e.m]dhabsdul8
rF : 4 by 4 hadx ftar b dppltrd b the codimt6 ol obi6b uur rE crer
Basic OpenGL Geom.tric Tra610halions

b this nfdion n enhd r (ndar) or d (do

Idn F6i6o6 or ohs d.6nrd arr

wh*rhev<dv=(vx,vt,vd.anh e any ndhig p.jnr vir€ for !(-

the didlmr dngin. If v n nd spe.if

'io.i3'ob6:'.'8'6d1oD|'o

lollowinsiakenrpbdu€an riihaisalebvaladdof 2diherdnKb'

kaL End mlnr r aPPld rd i,.r-

 s.1 ndaandtu.r,4afutb'tuvtkB 2r5

9! rm rhsd* $e rub L dFtrd o

h. bAfotuhon or v.e4hs,oodire

J4 3tur- rh.4 b! 4 nmdvF! m.rro n rh. ffir Dbi\ |!p oprcr

13*'id,Eucd b ood 6, h

dcs.ktlljqdsflftdaF

ir orhs we din* d4b& plq(Hor dhe, md.orc hneromr-

rbhchaP6,tqthgpllst,welhi

.}.i we aF in rhe nodelvd

node (q any o$4 modet a sn b a tucroF
4mSfeEcam.hi? rhi' i! mulbP
h ddirio, we.an *ign varu6 b dE
rtud nfdde h dEop€ncl tibcrylorihrspulPG€. nrft$gro[Nin8
- ve siF $. idenbv id b rlre otar mrrir.

ldrdr qe cn asiF o*€i vrlG b dE eleomb of d* .ffit ndx

l&€r€lmi aray of fldrins pdn' ralu6 is sFificd widl

-rub6dipbd,
JN?. IhepellFburh.i,ftvm6re\pF ed nddnn.hlhord*
4 ad fn,jly dr t4rrh corumn.
:*ab dns orddin& we id&rh the nddelviv Drix wiih rhe tanowbg

€1Ebs lll - f10d (r);

 i*l
we cn ire MGhnas i sPe.ilied D

A8ain, the sufffx.ode i' e hq f oi d

6cuPd.dmodelvi.smdnxnoneukd6

F ercmenb are sr{il1ed by P,a0.--

orhe.Elenentsr6 in rhe pRedf g e

M=i4]Ml

rhe ode rnus, ir ve*r up a ransrormrion $queme in an clpocl prcs.::

ih* rhe lar ope66dn spdilied L thr
prcgnn, : tartio,i*ion *quqe i

It is al$ ifPofrani rd kRP 6 nind rh

naFr odc And a rf.aNe h a marir .refd' {.h I I D opencl .
4rem.e io rhe erem€nr i an
'n.orL,m
fu6e5byjl?rsPatfybsmlc:]
lioPencl616elqeni,5hele.{b5
e'eDs6 itr : orunFn.jor dd4
 511 aqcLc@tutuI 13trrythnFqd6 231

ll*M.drlafoPelImULfu:rof,',b.}
Fhibr...oy, m€our4rhepr
:.r ndd. vp6g
ArrE we sF.iry ths and crccbrc ftnsfohadds, L\€

i]|ingb:n''h''idsandthevado

-hrhPlensbhdoloPcnclw h

f z .nd ss 6 d&mbe rhe max-

a$ihble depnr o{ ech for a pad.dn hpletmbrio sins de df rhe
'uophcl$mbor'dEb'hGl
&an.reiindourhokn y rudG ac cum y in $a n kwith

I by dnr tundio if we i$ft d'€ qu€ry befoE any sbc* pushg h*

p€ncl .f olrxog \e ad-r m

dEelijcisllhanmdpdidng
.nPhm4Ldo-i-.oPvn! hpts

.uibt@dx*uEtoPo'theadive

}r{Pold€,a.',nonc*ddh:h'.n6"
rop or rh€ sb.t L\ec nun b. ai
0penGL Geometric-Tmn5rornation Proqramming Examples

dons, one r rime, ro a Fdingre. hi

nalnr and we d;Play a bru€ Nbns
sPett hlcdinmsioMr rmshn@ Pa
reda$l€ (Fig. 5 $). sde n€ do nor w
c*llheculutnalnxtolheidendiy'

I
 sn ot<ncL 6dti tl!.hnptb ) F,4.tbw ,a5

:tnadwiihthe.ulmtnabix(rheidcntiiym ix).Mmtheo4inald
.obidlbod*t:''ErddEPL\ord?iolo
1a). vlb lwr dris prc65oe noft

a.orors! (l.0, 0.0. 0.0)l

.5oitrr (e0.0. 0.0, 0.0, r..):

i? iep€r rhe Ebnsle taalb!fudm ol lne Pft.dhe dinpls cins

:-:{65ul3 tu6d df d'. glLold &tr ry tundio..
 Pigrandns €snPt€, re siv. r
oP.ncl tdd of rlE drcnhs
sdis $r3. B{rup opencl pchuidpx6 htuton,fid hibicE a rh6
:ft crle4 we nar tus bvore $e ban
wl,ich rhey ar bb€ applied. fis, e.h subkqmi bacfdtudm al! (]r!F
turs rfte d6iemkd tulomatu n
ifddml oP6cL vrds rculE
(ch.p'e 4. inl; p63tr 6,nd be conpr.d u5iry eodinsioml opm'a
tied.s opeBd@.nd .pprying $e s&mhi. rrnstomibN b obteb h dr
 d obtd i a $ai+t ltu pin ft6 m pGition b imthd. Rdiadd
'0!6
5 rn obFd tur w p6iri6 ro iel\e! dos a.Lde parh aDund a sFc.
Dlr.il'h dT*hmP:lh b m +e:,
. sclbs hrE (,nrrc chanE.
jrsrm or ai obF.r €lahve ra a hreJ po5ition
n"GnexPEMfilitlr4ioMtba$lo
r-olba$lolrudGcmb€(trrmEM
pc.n6egeoldcb4fo.mdd
!.mpubdtu by appryns a .dpGih mdx b d dqd dedrpdd
drbu FPIenb' on b mdrtuc

:* x (!don n rcfmd ro s h
' oged6cfiid&rLdglfddF

EoG$tloq@rbiJuliNol
ion lnd $diq ro elre obi(bin any,ri6ed diddm. h geE.l, rudx
um dtumt a!iE. r0 evrpla.
.jige6edEo'ahaBbGrcbk 'I
h3 oiry tuFlaudsand dnoG n a4Bid-body tustomrb, siie h-
r.r dtsbe5 ac uchos€d. al$, upFrleri subird oI a 4id].dy
'lie
de uppdletr, 3 by 3 sbnad €q6l ro tr\€ €Lnmb or M oiL\d3d6l
:.rtbE.wh4i\eghissmell,w9.Fdueehm.mPdiGby
 imdion erci .an a..umurae b a sigm:

d'"' -"k-"bF
"-'"-;,h-,
d n!@,,n. e-r rhe bi-.' q
-i pL^ 'h.Ap
^-."d,-
ia;,e wm .-nFd" 'h",, . ,
i'u-".,, -"tt' ^^
d.o ,h";e d r
1""',-;. -. ".".*'' "
h, nb ; . d..." hc ,F 5
'h.

c nu* 5Prtiry rwo of rh hF ax! di..

do5 rne b:nsrer or objEt de<nP'io.

iginandaEhddtoalienth€hLoq
of *4 fta*hm n€€dcd b ,'tsn

Di rcnaoo!. and -\en rre - r a

b;,l." .... d .-.-." "

raridsonp el,'ays For two.dime

r;. &"cL b",. r,-.' -, ... '*

k,-,-.duk Jd-s '
-...,",.;
' ro1.T rE.P{ "dtr re'crco i.
rie.^'.'^{n, mn'on " -
rGsidt rjon Dde5 ac aPpll.d ro slba.quody delred obiRb lD ad,rir' .
L\Lhatdlothed4dtyo!lmeothe
.rou u.r'to"n€ rou. )Peor'ilnrenrio !
hf. ,rr .ilE, *ek s2 d ,hc m
'or Fn \ qe,
ng
'\€ 'oDmrF\ '

lJ'lc'l.nD'ws'h?oPflLl3.
 sFit Pano*6 tu drh@ abr &y d3

sFi'y *riry Fllds dd EPd b

sP*jt alFr nadrq3loe'Eviry4

PshddPl/&olF'rofubye

EB*lqruknhlbclindhoveg6dn.d
srt&tudEre6sPa6n*Gtu

REFERENCES

gijdrgail4sDPhun4oPsclsoM.hrc,omdmfuic
I oq) PosaniiB .!@k 1f

g:[€:htP7/ry{5'ul$du/iadiE/orul'hd'M!CqPkBdgd
@tuhtuE(m)

EXERCISES

:qPdqEdkdotl bhrlFr
!n.6vl3t?hlFl&bn'dlFl
!thb.u.dblFeduP'6.6ldLe
3nd{( aG, tu' rh d3i6'.diGb uhs ror qd n *
'k 'e 'd
 Moarryrhe$tirna3thdtuhadqn B(ry),6r*rigiiair6iri-
dieq, b bdde @dirrs i@ at sFiied bhs ded Frd (t, y/)

(o) No{c!6iv€'6Bk'bi

ers.,ins6srl*rriis: rcbrbir

Mdit ik *hPL P@e.n in kdm !

4MdifylhPrynfu&P@D
@hlPlidboyPdFn,!i$vll@sP<ifu*EIhr|
Mdit e qanPh PqB6 h ed

s! s@ ibr hEromrdq nad (e$),6! a Eid'h ib.u'

b a !i$h ddo i 6! 1y phi!:hou' tr (dbne orth.

'hld6rkonsi!quidi'b.ob
,Imadmd{ts!qu!d6rbtryji

*aishiltrssb.idcchad4
dd'D€1dngiPPqnt[klqe

mirya@diettshtl=d'
rh@dtu€Ydu6G,4h\
.ade sFtm sr c sbd.dnd6hs 6y r dsh, cbnve ro e
b. obid by ptujdrid tshr P
6droI'ierod 4 ad:iryrng add4 r\sh' 6416
'h.
r=I@,+Fha'/='J.h,+'.6,
gb&bdlh!rud6rln66nnBo6e
dgnPfuGlmnNdihosbMlci
bdt.uj4oEiuchbed&!E

6@rsnoFadonoiaEPr el)Fr (sP, otsBrh

\1.a@l&bnPl!!E'dni@by

lLgrlDd4.r'&"fn+Fqb.8fF{v.h

.!.sr't{lFFq!tah'FF.3F

ftlindtur obtd by tu
]|j'ds3labdtiysP<ifultU!
i3o'M!6( qEffi b spd qp tu Gkda6q5, d E*' 6. od b ic
otrrura6r{dbs ohJ6a6yr$1.
im,ldjer $0* o sdrrdry *ld
d 6jsr vrh EsFd b my d d!
bdoP a Pductuq!d4 d obj

.rf.6lF<l@t.h'clofrnjmfudi
aire s6Nn h Ft& rsG) b pldEe e hr!6mni4 sbM h (b) d 6n
{ditsePrcsintu&P@bss€

! &i M 4nP e Pdr4in +d

F
!
t

Ef
 n chaPrer 2, we bneny iidu.Ed s
roi dlplatiig vj$s dr a sonnd5idnal prtue d ,n ou9ui

red by sFrt4 a Eebn or 6e r,

re rh4 mapp€d dnb spdricd an* o

THE TWO-OIMENSIONAL VIEWING PIPELINE

'e FdIo dFpl") b., U.dd.lippin8

--r only pad dr the srqe L\* shows up d ihe *ieen c whar G ituide

L tr?c, 4 1.oF.'nr.l:prr\'\q"tu ";-r.dro'hr

"h.
1 rdnpuba d'd ke ied ro dtsringri$ berwen then. For e$npl-r, :

n. objKE inside diPpinF wndow

'he
 t

-;^.-,,:,,...."-i".-.6
try.hjns,rs,h. p*'hm or r
"rc''pdr.
\s dn !t! obFds dineEn:: '

i-6.w"-hr*;*hsdr"d.by*(6se!m:rpinsdrrarrtvr. :

&,neoda;.Gndlhd " tu*dtd

rhin nsr rhs ri6'o!m im fm .

 in:r nf.rcn.e lld. ir sP€di,jiE
'rr
me6 wo d.mldindes (ForarhnE
cDnd6 -..k.rs h ir o,PF,D rhc
nd.dforrhe\i& n8p6 q d Rdon andonobhon)
cni or the ftquile]b€ ol any ouFut
:, grrphr.s sys€ms MRfr obr€r dAdipdons b nonitizd .oordin{es
::PPlv'h.dlPPiryEudn6s.me5y5
atized inge ron rbr DcPcndins

hc . ,av ng .o.ro, md,o

aLipping c usually pettomed in non

THE CLIPPING WINDOW

n aPptiadon Fosco, wcourd dBi3tr

irq us mahi ue b u{ a shi paftr
,3' ap c . n3d mzvPPoDsu

a objd bbMb a .ircre rh b ri

llPagdn'.nnishtlin€thdarc
f,4angulirdippfguildonsaliBn€d
don arsoithms or we ourd jls
iePifucbPducacftiishiPcl0
3imprq ue .ould rim rh. edgs 0f a pntuc wiih ,nv dsi# -'n-
Viewlnq-Coodinate Clippinq Window
A gensil ipFc.h b rhe rwoidds

povilA i EleEe rdr lpeirying: @

d,pp,is wind.$ dl F:9. a, N. N* fr:

deliningadippjngn*jonlorathRdimeiljotrilsQne
world pciron lll : (ri, qr), atrd \r .i

E NOR

ndli R rh*alisns rhc!ierFg r\,",,l

obj\-' pci'bs h Nd'd oodndc

rbk5ih!viqLhsorislnP.tjihe\.

World-Coordinate C ippinq W ndow

 Nyddi4thr d viwt nitit@wtrca

r
r fe

i
-'br)
dr
pEvious
ro obbin. mbkd vi€k
s(tid, k perron sadlr

.i rhe dlnsre in Fig tu@ by efin

of a

ot
rhe
FGMe
she
ThE, we sinpry rchb
rmd:F) obF b b € dhipd pG'hd:nd y. ue rhe.t.ppfg
adnpre. he ou.o d 1pL) d !;hi

r up a shdatn dippins ftt sle.lna

shp5

!ou.daLol,fuab+ehu$lPo
l.Ilddisn'ai'dde6E,cliPPingwiidowabuddl€hianglgln'hita*,
a atcMc poinisuch a5 the d.nsl€!
l.aFF"Ae@rb'hed''dd'gb
a,i"u.'iskaLlrru m m,vtr
s dd b€d theq

I
"k
., i {odd,@diMF ro 4Pb \e

NORI'{ALIZATION AND VIEWPORT

TNANSFORMAIIONS fGURIs^hs1.
-. si!P! r\ P4 Ldeer wnore.iz
, o . @rcnbired hodeoFa:bo ,
i?ngivhinlhela$eJtln0io]so
:rluac.alhclippiry,!\eudtEuiEo aini.sthevi&podt,nappcd
r :F:Pp d eroF qFpdn ,"ftforurm rdip!r"k;, he
'tu
f,nr bourdad4 arc rpedfi€d in sclq .mdim6 rttadve b i]E diselay

the Clipping Window into a Normaliz.d Uewport

em RladYe Pta@mr or a poinr in

hld in rhe.lipPjng wh
-rL?dfr*
ofrhedrpp iTan(.
$h0d@ 'o-
i
 f.i
i,--,i
ii
flGUR.6"7 tsiir (:-, ra) rn a wq
!fuwhnPldbidedffidhL
^

dE viet"d. tuw e7 iunftk qhdow-cvi4od F.Fiq. pci

'la
i:d.!u)b,Jrlxppugwlrdo$ bmrpo6DbpGFm r!.r,Iurh.alq
To brtu qf df
'drd.@rdjn,hPm

,!Dq -J6^ ylh yutu

solviry rh* dpHim fe dF v6Fn s6m c4 vlt we hiw

sinewe.EsinPlyn.pping*dld{dllnEbpGiliffiinbav]es
d$r E p€dd.d f! rh. luio onsn we d ats6 dhr Eqs 6 J 6us
dtfu"lelUl}?J@&wmoH
rtu Rbde Fd mnP,€,
vi.wpd
,dld .ediFb b vi4pd.!.itin
(1) s.,L 0E dippq winds b ihe siz ol rha us?dt uins a lkd-
p6irid.r (rh, yud.).
(2) rrdn,r.r. (J!6, vui-) b (16' !h).
 3n NqMrutul od v.wtr4'.hd4thr to]
h .reP bc FF*nd dt ,hP tuo
'r'en

lo,j , l

""".---.'"tiiil
rh'. $.h * ihe bpddt ons q rh€ uindow .hr€r, @urd b€ us€d ior

.nlolheolmpondbsl(adonhdE
-. r'nd@ro\,"\Pdrhdtub4o
: renriPddis. An obj€d idde rhe d

€.: is!&, we rep rhe $ne objftt prop.doB il rhc {alins ratrE ri dd
de $m o'hwtf, wd'd objeb nn b. nrekh€d or.drabd h d!\er
-:,udKrift rorborh)Eh6dnpLyedoi'heourpddorcc
,rrh€d,DP'I\ ndon bou d.

risu!P.rnFruPp?ddddE
"uar\curhar?ru ro rhp d:td!pb) i-d

the Clippinq Window into a Normalized Squar.

P0'o'od]4daETdb''cadlhmUafu+
edintRn.ooidifuG'nn5baElor

'n objib in ,hc viseod irc eci'id

 \.

tGURE6 3 aphrG{,rdhidiepburhdo{Gha.edb'iomiLd
'4pc'cr.'.d".iPPJ"#.

dow b visPod b'sloh*jm. TIE n:

idisobbinedfrcnEq6-3by$bsdhli:

slnildl,afkdgdlpphgalgofthm
squPwilhedsehng$€qulb,!haoslorEdinbasp€inedview'dr.
lnn Iq.63by subsnbdns 16!tr'-

l5e-:il:j

'l
dbplay windd{ ry"Ialty, dre lon€rl€Ii odd dr rh. vjapo ;.
b pla.ed

dow Fisurc 6a dcmosrre5 rhe pcidmdg or i vi.wpd within a dtr:

d!-! n"u opo

^"bcon 'h.' 'hJp slhedippi.gfros,olheai*,obr.:
1io5 ol objKb rl ihe viqpot is tuFF
trEl opi
ro rhe e ic aE ol rhe dsplay ndsv md the sizs or the disptay uhdd' i
.hmg€d. obteb mry be drsbld un
 \>
i_a=

nmorN0Bs!whan'h{drDPed
." rhP \ hg p'oebtr D ! r'isoo
'a

:-Screen Eff.cts and Multiple 0utput Devices

- ' gd tr' IPpd\gwmoo\r'
:nvide dnutralE6 dlplay ol ho or rm obF*, mdbpb pnturu paft,
@s ar a sinde Rne. An'r we €n Fiho Lhee vierc h diJfebl
-adi
:.iiasingled;Playwindwqinnul
.1dpPl'ooor rclmplP hcrrdilPL! aw F(dedflorrohF i
'
_-l .a Mo ne i oulil l'.orh$ hba;' m q me 6 na I ud r4pon.
.+J!41 _ *r uP a diPPdg wndd*/vcwpod
''.,.ho'lPUld4'e{mdF'n8'orgla.kdoulPuldsi4F.me'itre
,l j..l@'nodholdPd'J,dFDl
' r 'L i! d* v't Po' r".old b".P€

mPFdba.henoulpltd*ie
-i.non k us.rr b dcnsndc 3 .liPpbg *indow for a sla-61 outPlt d*

OpenGL T!^/O-Dl[,] ENSIONAL \,1EWNG FUNCII0NS

hasi cFncl fbEry ha no tund

vi*in& sinc it is d.si8led pi@
But we. adaC the thpdims
a,ldition, the opencl udri9 GLU) d
fo! sPeit4 dipping $iidow. a
'he
wi'hd'€oFdcLvisotlundion,lo

0penGL Prcjedion Mode

B€foPsgglElldtPPhsn'bdowandalisPq'hoFncl,wei€.dfue
u
"bi-h'F":pp.opdFmodarortor! th opencL ve .amot * up a se? ::.
p amde6 {hdow a Ffr
the diFp63 o( ihe prcleim tmsroimdb
p'Nl lhe P'o]
'ornd fiE'
118]efoe, Fe
tuncdo ve ued b d ih. noddvi&
dippins Nindow and v wpo $in lh.

rnis d68rots rhe pEjd6 mdrn

c PreFdjon rde 6e @bx w be r<

GLU C ippinq-Widdow Function

ro de(re a Mcdicnsional diPPdg

cmdiEh p6ido$ Ior rhe .l1ppn€

pHision numbeF ftts tundion sr]lt5 an orsqoEl ptujdon ror ra. a
would be pmiNred 163 P dhr I

retoc, ihe d'h.s6ar pnjdrion h,.

nc' sP<jq onhogomr prcl&s, :
'he
oplnclvi.wingPiPelde,hlid,weolldsp..ilythedip'inssindol!;l
'P'hed'rmndc'op€nulotlb

diPPbgrcufu'fud'he3ludih
rd tuFins obi€ds
 o*eLfud46duwlr3F!Ll@B
obj* dbide ilt idim[2ed squ'E
dl$'L ihe dipphg whdos) aG el

: irsdond,Firly a.bpping qindos

re oner {rh r $d? knsrh ol 2 0.

dEvdpartp am&E widr dE oFncl f,fttion

"{fr

-'{ndslll,md€a'-'-:dm
a;q or 6\e 6pod rcrarlve ro rhe row{-r€r,6lfr or ihe dispr'y {bd@.
: de pid width and h€iBht df rh. viwpon aE * wjth paEtur6 vpxidth
rrHe1.ti. l1w. dDnot invo*e rhe s1
:'iewPoislea0;Pdddthg
dirtIhecliPpingdGhavgbgaPPli€d,Pojdm,i$bthenor
r 'qJm rE tr,N of,Gd h@ rh. v .ET.d Rb_sre sf8 tuh a 6 rn
JLnr* 6! $e L?pd nsht .omB of tu viee"on arc Gkdal€d tor this
romd'dm.rn\ intuor rbv€E?dw'drh d hdshr:

? riEl bacrofttiar pirel slG rlt rhe Pnddv6 within the dqPofr
ldd inb the €aE+ burle at rhs spei
{ dPre . Fwp.ft .m be cEdE r oF
i 6.3). tlh s! obtain rhe parmtu lq the offidy dve view'd

b!p^l'.yIlheod.r4In'
;h",'. i1d
'd.ruh!

on 2-t {e bftny idrodued som. ot llre 6D.dds in n\e cLuI libt ry,
-"c uT lbra-y inslaRs drh ar y w

tpiaAGmswillb€bdeFilddtofanysF]l]icha.hbeToadstlg€
Pftedurc,rnd we.ar u* grutrnit

ldon'dssigNahde,al'houghrh.r

setting the GLUT Display-window Mode and Color

v itusdisPlay whd@P andssa

node (RcB or inde, and difiea bur.

Thcoldfod.sp<'kafunGLUT

jnqqvih.mpondinsba
f];T,A:X:iff"T:.""""'*"-
 aFcIMdr@s@dvfu\l|N|k6

Di5play-Wiidor ldentifi.r
! mryPlcnon lnoe F-a!8rad
i\, e-,.F dBpr+*itu rdm
t\fdow$Ec€d'Althelinc!\,
IodiGidentf*withlhe5bhffit

\r hare *v€d rhe inbF dieplay window idrdnd h

{lo.hJFdi9l.y

nnq a GLUT Dup ay W ndod

iolde'&sadBplaywindNl|u',.
: aded.If;€bo* dE dlsPraywdw

.nt GLUT Displ.y Window

n € 5pft,fy .n) dEpby drndN oFEbon n ir

;,",$ rhebr.-'B6diund.

rdosfrftdqrLAdon rhF€Fnod'9ht wrdseq J'hP

'dtrPhywnddEh6d6hDy€d,
ting and Rcsizi.g a GLUT Display Window
er 6e !ffi le.tim lc tu r:Illmt ,li:Fl,y whddw wirh

r€ ordin.r6sFdty dt Iw p6ilion r,tiharpPerLft,litPlry',indow

*hnve b rhe trPFrleft otur df rhe slm. sjnibn, se iondins
rtr*th€EizeoflheCulmtdisgliywtd@,
Trr ebd ie dr rhd dGplar wiMon

wrloevethesizoradGptayvidowBcharyed,iEspdEtbmaydmsr
dd oqed, oay bc d!,obd rom ih.
3 ,4, we ci adjus lor a .hanse r dsplay rindo$ dimqsbns unns thr
'ion

:nd the rew wdrh and hs'ghr are pa*d ro ih aigrhhri rhe tundc

.hanr dnphy sinddw dlot adju

'h€

Manaqinq Multiplc GLUT Dhplay windows

fbudn6loroaniPukdngadisPhytli
6pre dbpray wi.do* on rhe ffi and w€ wani h Eranse rh.n o! rc r :
we u* dE rollowig ddne b .onv

sluisex-&dr&

dsplay Rmdow ro ba.l s

'he
 ovlcLlw.Dl4@,a{lvwlqFI|4@

r ? an Rtun a "hidd6" dGPlay uhdN,

\rn, by d€igatu8 6 rhe culrsi disprly window ard 6\en hvoxng rlie

amde vs ,Fit ib sia and rhg

n'ltidD9saE,sgrEdalddvehkg
orb"as gnPdb nd lduJdFP dt
noN subwindo*, isi as w€ d wid1

a Disp ay-Windou Scr€en-Cu6or Shape

Fqu6t a sh+€ lor ihe *Rn oMr

rer ac an rft* poinrinB in a dt@

a cffihan, a wlnhvartl a q'F

.rlk,qryd a3lulland ccsbda. F.

cblsh'leoobbln,nuFdoHr

; Gobb6€d ki$ rhe6Gr'tcLF cuRsoR DtsrRoY. Aosi shape

iisiFEdbadbplay$in'lowbi0l
+:Pn w" G_ u* iFJ h
'b'

obj€ct5 ii a GLUT Display Window

a dnpby window:n'l plEk l ibprs
'\, ri 3.C. -i.d !

o.' r.i,.., cbceid€d bcnr .

dsrine a PntuE, rihoush ii.ould spe

h+bhd. r dFi dun u r po+.d Q.p a, nq,tsc", doq. r;6.

Executinq the Application Proqmn

BcGLUTl*i:rvPfuvid6aNidevaictyolbuhfutohand]cPu.$.!.j
+b6!b|to?.nLll'b,Jto'.'.
8en*aring bih,p and ou inc.hiiir.-
(s€dion3:r),inditProYidestuftiior
dor 4 r) h add ion, soc cLUr run.
ror dGplaylns obFc
+n" 'hedineision
cn ftRobiR.i .t,o"d.ore
(.!bc rrahrdren, odihedrcn, dod<
 V
n.h:Pn ,ofobb,vgi dPn
$kh*anodg'kqbGid'giaphh
.ually, we Gn rk rhe touMbg tund

rrNDor x.6dweonEd*L\l
- r dFPlr) *!ds w'd* d -lm
'ne

6L Tso-Dim€nsional Vi.wing Prog.am Errnple

r.jemNtaliooli\e!*ollheoF
:{Frdin!'eonein,FL8t!viewnLd€fiftdi'fulefthalfo''ltdjs"lay
ri and $e oi*iMl tj *le c display€d rhm in a blw olo. U$s dr
rripPnswbds,rehlEdet!re d'n( sNpo. ior th.lGht hall of ihc
''6'clrcldndd'"Pi,4d'nd}"q
-anAkdnPh'adbylhkg,nPlep6gr,i'
tE(

EEN
ElE CLIPPING ALGORITHMS

4rhc@ omol'F 1n $ ffdrhfl

..-;d,b"",.m*dqb-, pleFr .doxrdippinsjsdnthn
{ lPr! rl'Ppins. t!urrr "d'PPns
rh; frd .m.- "ppliaijm or dtFpbg ts in rhe vt*bs pPelire, wh@
4- i! i' aDrad h;iha' a d\
;; L* d,r"tu'm. 'o dFp.4 or d- 4'p!' d.qe (rppne
-;-dr aG ale u*d ro andn,s objdt bodd i6, ro on,tud ohj* ue
-.id'
i.'p"d'drapiaupbb.i"ved,opied,ddasdindEwine dpainrins
n a ed mr'8 ii n4 ns P rPduFs E

-Gr8rn; *; oul'( d{te ro, d

- d;s or 6" d'oo,'iq..-"". rnr
---dlN.si;Jdm,f-,
rpdM'pm;b.ot.LPPFd F Jaed @ rtudDF-d ./46n'hnb
djimssioFr,lgodrhns in

:m cliPPins Ghaighrlbe esndb)

; rhe, and Nlyso dippine arc *rnddd omPonsb dr giPhic tacbs$

.i,ira!mdidjtc baapprtdbdhsobFcb,p,nidb yod6,sehtr
rr,os dd.ph.r.;mo'ro o
- *.ihn,
.
- k nn no.inft, bidri6dF4prc' mrbd \rd,Jdshlr,m
nr! or polyed suiJa€ b Edue .omPuhhN
d the dIPPi$ dsron L a ensu'

:riad sqnaE, h wrr.h rhc x md v ar

IWO-DIMENSIOI!AL PoI$ CLIPPING

 idsri.d, rhe pornr E dipPed (rcr $\ rr

.. . , ,
". p" ,.,,r jodel; .

ElZ TWO-DIMENSIONAL LINE CLIPPING

*idsi rine *gndr b omPrchty

'.'ldi|ntFfPhelJ''fi'jee

ph r.,h, o. -..dirL..d . Pr
r $- P, or n. ;o I r! h ,,tuddeh ,.
r',-. I.d ntsibo.. rnoNF,.... rrc..€
f ruFdcr f"o +buborc,,,*.r .ppI.Ii_ . \ir,.,"
6. rr+Bm€ rF, - .r a.,fe..DodlLu / .
'
hec 6e odinab pdinons Go, ,ht ,! :

/
 {^d) d6iFrE L\e e. lh sdFrnb

"i u *i,p4affir +Pt?skfic$ignglhecoordmEv:jueforlh.t

Btoeifulad'andsolviqforpad&!AsanglnPl€,$ele'l-hd
.J y is at Fcido r&hb, $ s. subs
: mr0hr.iT b.egnxrdesl
?vlib€n64PftslhticidePq
.rlPphgboudansunbl€iL\*wghediPFdedelbedwehnd
ms r\e s mPLiLPP n3 iPDe.h dr
{ s'bP64 qpn snrnhsa g

:me*bs hatora s( oflines€gndb

6 dwelop€d. soft ol rhe rlspn$m5 aE d6i9'ed deli.l y rs MG
:. onr PItuF :no $m€ aF 4 .iv :drPbd o * or drFj' m{ru

-suth.rl.nd tine CliDpinq

! ore ol rhe @rldt :lpiihms b be developed for 6d rire criPPin& and

re.dpotntiapd€isslgEd
rsi fidry \a ue. d.l.d , 4idn od
., ih. i,-eFb'btud.d ou6ideoeddr LPpJ13 \mds boud
n€jl?!.ffiethgwjndc.ds6m
nuh€ftd I rhrc$h
non dght 4
i ft6, td this odcnn& tu nghho$ Lfr
Posilion {bit r) EGftn.es th.
oJ Pc'hd 4,1 {l *Enf. lh.
-i bdm a rxLnd r,- r?,r 'dP
olaly'l''.wd0b./ftlv'h
rFTrob d.nr n tu'de oron\6e
{ndhs --de dF smd'm- , ?edn.ode a r+n€d ro €. dr
'

r%dnr the br w ndo{ bdds'.*,P

ed cnd r.s d I i L"E rhr v,lw lo
. il. .. o endpod rh.r i" eb md
'heEglonodeolol'fd*€Egloio&6luefolymdPon'dde
nii:1u6in.ft eb.od.aFdd€-h
! .r andddnabthediPpingb.uda
inilarly Inskad ol usins h.quliry
-
 juro 4'lu.hdEqol.F granF'
*::nPldclyiroidcsmmPbblyd6

:\ n nbdow lhebohm.bpping €dae and Fl n above it, so we debnhe

. P, d Po Pen ro.!a m qmdo\ €i
,:iD b Pl. rhe 6n, 5bP L ,o dip o
.J 'o d eg m' rtr ri bP:
"hP'iq
-ri F1 and elimimts rhe line srio frlr Pr b Pr By chelins qim.oa$
cj*yindowandcnb€elimimtdalso,
::5 pssible, vhd.lipphs: lins *!
.1 hbrsrion pcilior d all rou dtpp!ry bNndana, dcpodbg dn how
', - P .r$ a a PdaPd bd b h4
r.FnstlhdispmegdasaindLhe

(yd !^)/(i-d - &I Simila y, ir w

1 b!!nnh trr) li iqqtsn''
inde elrr rn.cr

aon albi (,Gdd I o&,))

'

$d-@& ld*l!trB{d.:
$&-@&ld drdildoe:
@e-@&ldrr4udd.:

1r Gej!.r cod.r, lodrr)

if kodel & rldeftBltcode) {

roud (!r.-), .ound (p3.y)r;

Lians-B sky Line Clipping

Fastu line{lipping algoiithft hav
bcrorc prc.€ding b L\e hb&.6o srorario$. om ot &a earliar efforb n
ihisdiftljoncaoalgoddEdevel.PedbycyrusandB€.|,wl!.hnb6cdo
mlyis df dre parrmehc lire equahons L.tcr, Liang and Brsry idependork
devMd !n eEn lasbr rom ol rh. panmdn. lin+dipphg akbfuhn
F0 a lhe esmmi with endpoinb ki, ,!) and ({ia, x*), we can dscnbe ilr

whetu = r.d io and Ay = tnd lil In rhe Lians Baaly :ko hm, irl
^r
Pfancd. rn€ €quahoG u .onbin
 upt.sb

tre'}dbPnalelodrd'$e.'iPDing.w'ndo{rd3dhA,'=0t)l'he
nr = 1, z r, and 4 (tr)lcPd'd
* hJl ngnL botrm, dd bp bouMadB, EsPEdv€ly l1, ld th* vrrle or r,
rs add ,?r < 0, ihm thc li.. c odPlerely o si'1. rhe bou&ly ond .b

lil'.$": ., * *-,* L\e,he 6,rm rhe

"'s Paticull cfPPbg'shdow eds! Il
oud,e
"-" ',"*ds
, :, rhe ri* pbeds tDm the itride ro ihe oubide. Far a noMm value ol 4,

sle. TlE ulns of 4 ddebmined by

e lire Pc€els rrom L\e dbid. ta ths
r-,];";s*.."-h "e. -,. a.rhelaruco,r.k6Lr
" r.
o.
ndugkno6v:ru6of''cdveely,
s rm icjde b @6ide (, > 0) a vrluc o' & b .aLulibd ior €.h of

is onprebry d6rde rh. cliP uindow

:: .nn b€ nikted. ol},wi$, rhe ddpeb ot tl€ clipp.d rine G aldlahd
'45 ahoiithm is imPhmmka in fte

nd 4 .E orolad and u*d bY the

lie cn b. rcide'l or whcinn dE
dmp amft aEb b€ adi6ted.
:e q; whd p > 0, ,,
pahneb is us€d b updit !,. ll lp'labry 4 o
'
!rh >r?,weEiKrrb[n.othwip,weupdakdEappiopdae!F-
s only rr n!€ lw value Eurb h a n\otus or rh.line. rthen / = o end
'-"d.ndFrEF&dJFa'l,dJ
 M'dn$fudLuclinh'.2r

b B{edi, dr Lbne Baary abdirhn

upd.bofFsrekE4ad4e

"1d
sulsland aled'r]'n. IwcFdi
3ih, w.n drouA de eE Day b.6np
blL.ario. I1E kcdnnstl@l Lbne Ba6ky JSonthi cn b. dhd€d b
iR dinEBidal lim (ch.pts r.

n -Le.-Nicholl tin. Clippinq

-rtiq mc FAiom .rcund the crippins uinrw, L\e Nichon-kFNidoll

eion d np dippins sbde n

oltheb€Eonplebl,qbd
tuad h lns IIIN aledihn by a
r ' ,m3 Bi ) a'8cnrhft. ft \i, Fo[-LpNLho
. I a.sonrhn Flom!
dffb*'dd'gNLNaleoti$iGibe
:is.sutlrql'tldredEds@.,snyd
lim *Fmr t @nplebly iade dr
crbelmhpllh"dw''h€3jm.
tivbl a.Gpnn.eo !t1dd dr
src'PGjbl4dENLNalgdiddPfted
 icur.'r6 rn*" pd$r P""nb( 6, "

Ilcffiri ft"6*

ium,, in nebu. LppsBqq.

 n:ry b h bp boundary. sidl pne$ins i5 canied di Id rc3ioc LR
3 3u. PdLrcr.nanj oI6€rou a3

]-.lhe'hndGg,whmP0clotE
= rh€ Esift hFis e19 rnthisca,wehaveL\e oPasibil i6shM,
€Pli9doglolhelg'l.liPPingbounddyo'd'eddow,we!*thgag]os
r ri rhk lisua. O&ed*, whd P0 is der b 6e toP cliPPi$ boundary or
.udda s. !s rhe E8iG in (bt Ir P"ir n i m orthe P8idsl-, L n, c,
r: LB, rhis deredm a dqre .lippin

:-.dd€ntnethe Egrdn ii wli.h Pd is lcatd, we cmP.rt dt sloF€ ot rhg

+ifrdlblhgsloP€o'lhebouddAdl&gNLNegions'rdelnPlEif
: :n or 6e dippbg *indDw (Fjg. e13, Pd L h Esb Lr ir
'ho
dopEPoPr - sloFPoP-r < srop€PoPrr

F-v! rH ! lt lb

(J'-1 )G-d rJ<Gi -io)$"d-$)

:! redb:dinercn.g arohddns d Pind Gkulatims u*d b dE
lsbaE'!!dandal$lgdinlh.

-= (!L \r[d $' $rh,rhefulll€ddpdtims

A.daninhe.ddposddnh6e'oP

Line Clippinq Usinq Nonrcctanqular Polvqon Clip Wirdows

In5n€,pprio6oG, nay be desrabte b.[p tu asain*.lbihnly shapr
Porrro, Mcrhods b.*d on Padn€dc
s we do rhis by modityds rhe alsddE

(rmins of rine *8hhh .d be aMplished

PEliminary by rft*dg tbe
asaistlhg.sdd:kdkntol6ecliPPtnsFlygm'
Fd (s6vefory8or diPPi4 naioN
drppinspneduA jJ we ria' spr" ocw eoly8on bb a *bfconEx poh
'he

isnddili€dbacsEx'Poly8oshae€
aPPlicdsirylhgnodiiieddYqPo'

trEf Po

'"6i;;;".,

Pri*--..

'6FE
-a . ie se€rrmi P,P1 b G) or rhb hgu

. :,i a*, by adding a line egffir lm

r r rars: 0) Lire P, P: is crippd by
r rd v, b yrrd 6e dippd 93nh' Pi4 GG. 6 20 (r,)) (2) Tlre inrcmar rhc
---cn' PrP: Bdippedolrusine polysmrqrclhe v,, vr d
'he.mq qm4' PlPz
r. FLs. t20 G)) ro yield finil dipped
'he 'rre

--. Clipping Uiing Non inear Clippiiq-Windos Boundaries

PdE rtgidc :F ar$ eosibr4 b{ rrEy
!: c mort pdanng b€ar* rhe in
4,: iions Ar rhe ticr shp, rin6 @uld b. dipp€d :sab$ rhs boundins €b nsl€
r, :rDdeeikib)or$e.un€d dipPl
fylh6'hatJej6idea.iKl€,folirohrcq
*r or ihis dlhna ror bih qdpd
e fte Emading lda art then proes€d

trlEI POLYGON FITL-AREA CLIPPING

rr r i aEai L\ai ,* polygons, and orh

eds6 beq6e thG ippG.h would

nlumdoo':bo''ho\Uesrrt
Pldfinrrc.Fi8uE5.2ll6td$a
\!$d wd tuqun€ n , pn €duE ih,i wirr ouFd oe
-r-.fol'hcboundi6oflhedlPPed o! noE do*d

'l
$Nda4 h G) $Niks rhe uis.ield \d
 ii6am-4

i--:
rl
:l
nc-ofrE;:ta AP"t:$

**5g;ffi;ry"1s"'.:f ,ffi ffi:{fiffi.,?H

ffiTffi#"xvmhru*ns*t#.'*:S
#Jw*t*r'x*:*:"ilr#ilffiffi
ffiSJd"3*;ifls'nsemrff'ffi
;.nl{S+*m"l"sw,Y&-E!rq11r*T
r'slr,m-"x*rf ,r.66'56git
Ii**"$xCl':s*;*e'l*tx5L*"Ux:
s;[:ift; :ffi;;JJ;t"."d*p.,ysdfrondE4mdsi
uh?*.*,a-orv. ..ru* * b"-s !*pLPv'Ytr 1,111
*iil ai6fr
ff,ffi ;ffi ',6:'ll"g'fi
*- r*;'=r
;.* 11el*.:5
*,*.'1l-9tgi.fl:i;*
ff ;ils'JiiH;I"*-
iii,in'i;;;'
;; ii' Y9 :"Hlq-i***?"*.*fl
i;a"'v " a'PF13".*"X'ig * gi*
*,1',r.lii*-n.r-
,lil?'ll
ii
fi#tff*-';frfi;;
o. a,pp"a 4.ry q9-:fl^Y.fl$;11
.;ir d;u"k * b\'t -'ftPr' '
'PP'*'h
,

rherland-Hodqman PolVqon Clippinq

iideft r.rhod roi.l1Pprg i .onver polygm rill:ft, ddeloFd hy tudE.
]nishgl.dippdwddib€imn
tron6dEoedfo!anoutputdolv
edFaolihedipp€dpolyeonljllru,
iihm prc'1u.6 only 6. lht ol oulprt
wo dt'ur pdlysoc in Fie t2(b) thar
on shown in h)ofih.rfise. Howsg
$uh nlriprc oubur vdcx risb, so
'" lird llodgtur JBo \m .abl"

::asiv.poly8on linese3nent thmu8h rhe Fiiesor.lipFs (1eft, nghr, bofroh,

: oP). A5 5@n 6 a.ri4q comPhks dE

edgeddpojn'isd6ide'hedippds
iil]hlhahhgfi*lddpddLifuide

h.EdipPi4arlo'henql,lhe

'JnolhdpoinbbP'*dbd€of'heldldiPF6,:noulputisgftEbd

Poinr ol rhr Polwo edEe drh rhe

 '-?
\ /

.r@4:,lrrhd

13) rrhcffdvencxnbsidcrhisdip

11) tborhi"p(v.ni.s .oubide

Nd Nrh rhe vdk: *r 1r.2.n A5. ,

nd roP diPFe6. rhe orFd flon r

'|!
odpd reftx l$ is 1f,2,2,2!.
 hs *t or pNeduE. An ,npd * ot
:as is onvqed to in oFut verb lct by the ler(, i8n| boftn, d bp
1r ktorr (r, t rriild.tl . ,riEd
'
ldnldrd, dn3., Yni, erl

loutl.ctrd - r&, (a!r)*:

rr G!o- krrldrd,
Pi - rrhrt.rt (rt'i'Bds.l,
 elfu|BqF].Aldc]1n43315

rPrrD . r1.srldc1rr,

irhena.dcveporygonndipp€dwrhrh.slrhe dd Hodgnd:rgqiL\fr,

!1:sTnisd.mwl6oFdippedpalyed

LPlaydlpFdcoarepolBos@l
.forcnowmuldsPlita0mePolrconinbso0moreowxp.lygds
:.n 3 15) and prd65 Rch lovd plnysd
iaf akonftn Arcrher Nsib b modiry
iry i5 rhe suiherland-HodFan

r any.lippne bdndary saGn *par

-.id orErry idorify ih.
*p,r,b snons o'lhc dipped 6n aFa,lhb may
ierh., {m" pdr,. i d$.!..1PrLn3
rry 3hd1d be Ficd or wherhd rhry
: en dipp€d A thjid pcsibiliry is ro us a noE sm*al p.lyge drpper
ns ben dEtd ro pu$.Nave

il.tsAth.rton Folyqon Clippinq

=16Ia€a'ndGdth(,oirexFl
:.'hod ws dryerop€d s a lEG lq idmdvoB vGihL ,ur'aB in a rhe

)
)
Frrs@ h G) uiq 6c su6qbod.
porygd srchins ro! rhe hrdcF rha
muriple filI rcg$6, as h Fig r231'b), .,n be jdcnriri.d and dnpbyed a5 Fpa Er
uffidPol'soEToffndlheedgafoladlPFdllirca,wcfollowaea'l
(e hq ounrercr&kwGe or dfrui*) arund rh. rilt ara ihar debus dons ?
dieefethdryboundirywhgrewraNlvMed*rccslotheoubide.:
r*adlPPhgjwindsvboidkn$e9F.
slhgefte*dFdnk'iolor6cPo''gonedgA'
\
Pdyg'nr6'he.GsPtodK'dh.

ealwm x we do rcr rnow rhe rcn

pE6, rhe .ds€ so th.r the polyeon

llts.sdvftlis(6deihedlPc8]m
unbrl&ks.edidonFonl:

66<doPol'o{inwpne*hg
(3) Fom rhe v{rx li* ror rhh wrion of rhe dippfd fil aca.
(4) hr b rhc q .inreruhon poi aid@ hEpresinsrhspoll!-

qbn diPpi,s or a d.avd Pdl$.

of 6e pory8on e4es rd i .rekwce edee fraveErr, uc woutd ue a dfkr .
ig. 6 aG), rhe .c! polysm ve.. 1

hbrKt a eoryeoi ed8e b.foF Ech

idend,i6 rhs veftx rh( 11, f, r f1 as a .rippcd Esion of (he disiial fn i:l
"
 D

] he bp diPlns wbdow bordtr a

dg"'nn*dDar4 @Fdpcr!Ilfl!+ld'ppq
raandwe'icr!pinleEdionPdn'4
.J y ro obiain rhe d6.d ve ex lk 14,5,51. we €um. the Pory8med€e
ro de pEvidGly pbe*d point l'
:rpoinLa''Po'[onEt6fded

.qon Cllppinq Usinq Nonrecranqular Polygoi Clip Windows

'"'.fiPJe|'tPGno"ol'leboJdngF.$lF
fs.Gmti'l€ntily$efillaEedn
i'oucideL\€.[ppingFlyed,wean
s all the Esid bsb, we $lv€ Pah
. - L-rcE pd :r .r L-a 6qu'dnr
'
a!anarspda v FryM rirr aEagd*dy poqan*haF€d dipphs
rL kmq o! ocE a5 in Fia. 6-30, $iry appGch
thc €dgeh,vereir
 counrcdckNr* (or do.kwi*) orde.

,nds"" ... p.ieF-r4",) L.. pp,s-j

rh .F deliied wjrh Pol)ljon bodcr r

Polvqor Clipp'1q Uing Nonhlea' crippinq-W4dow Borndr'r.\

'l GIEI CURVE CLIPPING

tus*d h tk Prb6 sdroE rr'hc obie

<lipPhs ocrhd. oth.nis rh. dipa:::

ro! obnds v h rinear boundades

ianohr{ragain*rhediPPigbrNr:
e b hen'y dePbr EjEr rhe onrrcob\.
Il no', we .duld ch(k 6r obj{t sr,mm
rhe bidt &ePr/nja cns rorenfr

dde
^rroc
wc onnd njd the smereh drur ftlr arca h Frs 6 n jun .
dippirs bonrs (or oubid hc rop bordr), ihe nppq bn qu.dG LaboQ..-

(tr o- i, !( hi\, rliji, or re.tu\) in iodh$rcq$don for rh. objNibff:

'io 'he
5 ror rhe obhd an b. norcd ror hh. :_
Ehnsurar window For rhb enPle
.lPpedartGnbu*dbfinftdiPPd(gio4b}'inrcknglh..irl.atgo::
hs diPPhs a runrd obFd asan!
se@d Porrson criPFq qion o,,
'h
fteob]{t'wenalsdlvelhe5inull.a{
 IEXTCLIPPING

.o? J,i3..,,P'43 ,ha!'& <hown h

tPpbg*bdaw,wedisPlaytlEmdF

drrus r trd'dF^d'Eo dT e\. sd4.lt s?ord n'k rFi\r'

nlidinsRhnsl.aE d .dpleblywithin rhecrtPPhehdN, $end'3

md.Edii,p;,Jstakgy'HePueelin-
PaF v $ide 6e! iPPug drldN

ch*-windos hundary G.limiMrEd.

\ftidappMhbtncliPphgbt
rg.,nbPd'd6lh.nut,n?kdFPdJ olllpPed.ful..k8+gi
'. iE+d 1 ..o Nlrpn. r d d.\dul.ha,cc*$e,Fa J Pptrg
jos,$eclipolldlyLlrepansoflhe.ha
:3trourltu.n *r ronbd€dnedw$ um *r!nt.Ep**d b thc
lsfgaFlygon{[PPie,Igd$mc
eJbycdnpdingL\eElaij€PciddoflhebdividulPirelginL\e.lEadei

i,lrlgrl
I:EIT SUI\,4MARY

t'm rb I md rtuy & rd b nar€ 36phr5 p{ka8e, hdepend{r or !

t\& $led pad or a {ene ror dnplay d an ouFut devie ushs a dipph!

pdg window aE baosrrcd b a vi4

6r sp.ljt vi$ Pd' i dqte @
'he
objd n frapPed b rhe ljd Pofr e ih
or m ohjei, ihe vawpod frs, haF
hscltPPlryvhdoqAndweon*(
clippbsalsor htu aE usudr) imph
viewingoPddidsrhdaEhdePendc .

nren6orihenomalred,syfr reh.$ura

r runcrbE ror speitrnE shs'c pohi N-

dipphs aBofthms odnu6 b. an aN or major uem in omp(e g'apf

'o
6de b idendt Fdidq of a rh.
'hc qion.od6 ar d*d
bourd.lies Endp.i to qn lyidqdr)th6e[resrh*',
.onPl€hly hside the diPFnE dndow

nus becalelrhd Lidgand BaELy

nmdrn equridr sinilft ro ih€ cyru-
B€k algonihd. 1b appionh :llos
lolahmsbyEhsmoEqld6hns]:
dre ry PDDe P&ariernc hc{riPPin

Pis wjndows have ale b€q deEroPed

 a&tutan
sPdn'diPrhFry M.dbabs6Fere's6rr
l]dnosdl odrotoEr Pntdbn.
sPait s.rE4rsdie€ Fndd hl r qsPd

sp.drr oduks h tu ie kft oms or t dccry

sFi'/d'hidhisht'dld6puyddq
.Eab!di+h'{idN(*hic\66iF[debkF
idsr E) sd sFu/ a diPhr,rd@ dde
*kP:ru65dsb6ng,d6lqnd.,dr
spc y a &4rtqid Rc8.o1or 6! ! dtebr wdw.

sFit d idddia tun6c,o r dGpLy tuv 6t b

s'dily6ed4elnqhfu:d6}bydndow$d!

kewdtrdb3hl6bdeddb}hywbd@'
sPdfyafqrtbddbb69uvokwkod+lry
fuvdseolF'd+lrywido,b:ii6n
sPqit r bb1tu drPhy'wbdow iq
'

hlolerIuEd@b(@taPtfuE,hh'h.d6'

b€de wkn d! 3/sh ! idh

sFnry: tudi@
auq & ryrdrbdrryiidinep .ft k'
aPPly sifihi lhe<liPPing h*hod5. H

ow the dipp€d edga in to be.@n(d !. I EXE

rhe nexr dipp{, whnh r6ws rhe 6ur dippins ourinE {etr, rjghr, boroh, a^!
bP) robcops ins in piiilrel rhGi
d at6 disFhr $dion' rhc surhdh

ondl), diPFcd w h rhc wcitcr^rhcrb:

argorirhfr, whnh u!5 a bunddy-havcErt .pprerth.
i diPPhs windou usi.s in orensn:

eorygm{haF.d drPPln8 Nhdo$! F rr

eascnbe.lpp.dag'nd ndowswiihno rlE6ound r€bysinsae.tygo:
prcesrry d'e fin area igaind rhc .un c

all{i none sbatc}, },hnh comPbt

diPPins mdhod i ro iPPry enhq Po

edlorsPdfyiigasbidaid,tr.bngd]
na'6 ar paffrdlE ftr rhe Ptuiedhn
hrckf e pmjcro, mdrix modc Ne*w{f se{ify th! yrwpor,ushs a rui.
lable lor *rhig v jousdkPhy.windl

I REFEfiENCES

LncdLpphs rsorihii rre dinlsn! ; slredr id sr rh{LM 0s),.16 ar N ,

in Lhq ind &611 0es) c$qr rdu

irroFBtbsho'sclredqld
!]DlphrwidowGLlr@di4aE

EXERCISES

tdruk''ll(bd@dgNG
dt'*;-r.-rd.di"* . 'c"is.odia6. siyh 6e ushs odi
nbo''d@4'fuo!'o'vnwd
-,."* b,n'*e-F''
ct'n\'o'6ro6iq".lcpllB
!,6;bftsFidnm,N'l?td{uE
q..r F40P!'on. \!' i,q,.r'rc
r'd {xr' \.ri,'d i tFLu Dbts ou
-,"";he*6@crcrc"-
e inPr€nst; to soe d(emi d, d r

ih ie;h FnneEu 4 ad 4 h tb L4 c*v riediPPhs akqisn

'dn-!rA.& 4rr-6riP rsrs u

fuv&shndvbiE6nid@slol6apFB
,h@sos hirs cr b 6.odsdxqrosd& ivPLe
llcNthlaPPN.hblhdiPpltrg

odh:ecr4ArFtutu:
dftErt]i@dAb'iqsEhd!.bidiPPngNfdo$
^&pllkLhigedyh<liPPhgdpddnbPolyptrdlsi3
oFl}eodippns{$njiglEl
tediPPiqdde'G!kaqtiisbddFih
tuvs ihon&n d ehA'rrNtr Pdsm drPPli3,

I Ldh dn e D 5Emcd drsq G@\$ o (trxnd

ItdE r rcdirebdip idriF! hdaddd Pd'h.s6n r kmglhrtud$f
."F.*;"-,h. tu p. .F-d
hebpi€n<liiwalso!hnlhdi
Three-Dimensional Viewinq

-
 7n2oFrcLoPfoolc[pPi3Ph$s

h^-tr\".1*-16.*bd."*'!
Eihft;d'ppmaNmd;\ md,h.\trtrpo iMcdi"-3m,L
P..bs€ d,pr; !<se d maP5

*:, or rtu <de o' ." ."9"i devi.c

E OVERVIEW OF TIIREE-DIMENSIONAT
VIEWING CONCEPTS
c€chobrdblheaenenty?icanvde

:i ri*hlina d.K6 iid $ decbnd

. io , Thr.e-Di enslona scene
 'I
/,,
1\,

nD (h i,! oLrrvi,ru,,,, .
d,r,fi.r)(Pr!1rrdLiij,.i \ d, i.

lt'. L
 ' drniheba.korc!.hdirDlav.dobid
r dur Nh4 a wiefli;c ;bied n d
. -r4*;b, mor-d 6Fn.

,j6lifrhdava!d.play.dwit
.l by.hmshs: m im;m dani
J:$odtrhi.hlhein6st-aislo!a41
'ber'cp{dT-'rou
.,-dp tdhft cnew..h;ig. PcNliedororoI oqd od
'he

V6,b e L nes and Surfa.es

 yrcndennsobFd$ 16us's'hcLr.r
Lshiing.md io6 b) 5Fdrv4 6. $'

usr !.ih PcFParic ar,r \isibre$r:

Exp oded and Cutaway Viewi

niiny gaehrc F{i8s rbN obj(G

Three-D mensiona aid Stereoscopc Viewlnq

aaTt
E THE ]HREE-OIMENSIONAL VIEWING PIPELINE
 tq\

a"J h-, ,h.dd *" mhr r -.'"d

'h.'u''''1''l''PF'd'''}"n
,.;- - rtu:"...
ra.d s pioied.d orb rhe dn.ra lirm
we ned; ko u mh,r. howd !' I
mrvehisrEsJh cmorierrbi
,t.i,-r " *d! N h".-p eranp
['. or.h(ru b u* e h.irP d Pdj{lor or a FEP<h!! pojdbn r'
pmjN'tonPbre $r'm0'hclim€

jmensi@al \dritrs PiPdhc lsttndi c:

. pos oi ! PrcjEbd n.v of 6c $r

vt.whq.io$q{ rhN dtPPhs NFi6!

&d {.;c icdrpPdigahn m on'

h*;,o cbo,',4 ;dc'c.@.-.. o

.,. A-o dm,

ni h".. p 0.r. p
'.
 THREE-OIMENSIONAI VIEWING-COORDINATE

; r.r '',a'
:\od{@din*ePcnd'1=ll],v
rion. (soncrim$ dre vir Poitrr t ils
Fnri, ) Aid Ne sp{irY a view-uP
f,.1:,\hth dcfinGiic tr.- dichoi

,t.w-Pl:n. Normal Vector

:r Pojktion rhm, n nomillv d$

-:lodirrat v,ru.:, ildig ihe i ...

 ..
\'

o, .bEds b rhi ..w pb". -'"\p".d' t .t.

'he
 d up r{ror v dlo€rtrFnor
*aE oN A6 enm'!r'oR bd
;E $dsweoutddv= o,l,0r
r!. uvn Vi.wing-Coordinat. S.ference Frame

r. ewned' "d;mrrGh.":
r-.trg''--L^lftrElPEkda.bflngbnElrmlhlnewnEPdi
E!oTlh.lmolaslBdnAhlh4rdedriNn8ly.fuunft'ommd'
bi L* h qm onmri m a
-"
. E rD-i " oerF ro de w't dtlv oe rd'ddP on-bb- ro' borh wodd
$ N cr;nG. Alhous r" e lr sraPtuo P*kr8e' d?6ned 'w'
-. .od;6*i'h r k', hMd6
- ' ot6elrtsh:ndedgDddFn.f.
*.'.oli"nu*dE*p'*a-

-;" !* di*'i- i"" d." usiq rhe i@, varn* ror N and t
"..* -L.

.uded'ie;-gFtde
value toi v, Frndidhr
rrusbd ro borh N :nd u, .lo.s 6e pcirive ]&d
the folwh3 et ot 6ir axb !#

bs.6ordi b nr.de rnh. (fi8 rn

i!tinq Thr.e-Dif, enslonar Viewing lf f.cts

* i*i*une.mn,turc'?msF
.,i \ b;k..;-p'".d.pLj.*\bsormur,ip. r in3F.m. nd
Fre'. 7: .idensrs disPlay .€bd ror . frDr
-, ;*iij*.
**r.rh." "h*'
&*'a-Br"
".;'
irss n!^ i\e sm vishs pdton. bur wiih shitb in i\€yi€6s
rdm r .onFire
'rBht ,lisplrrr sinildt
-., *.e {nd-b.h,n$en!$ F
i dEn.dk apdrchms, tuffi;lv€
.. . a.h,ns;i o, .^F "hn.".ha$r,tuo,E-6ro' \ w€rr$r4"
I r\d/ri : d'
'ir

EEI1TI

*-i,gr, . '.."":; uL.'* * '' r:''n1'tSl:.:::fj:T;l:

,n1
li::[:::'i"*i;,i ;J:;";"rr-'
;.'..,r,.]-',patl' :i:ll::::i:iilj.I;:
h^1'
li.,"ii;i:;;;;;;i":,"' .' ". ""ied.
F
"'i ' 'dNN "nd "
-4 TRANSFOBMATION FRO[,i WORLD
TO ViEWING COQRDINATES

.r\r L h brrdqobiddlldpronsl
IrD @o(sh of olij.d d.{riP'i,n\
 ;,i 3l,l
ll
G rhd dbiainln as ihe pbdud.r

t,\ Ild o

t.dahd e L\€ vftd dor pmdud oI6!

dgiro the viewineads6.ln orher wo
i(f on,..nDone{hor'her e*i @odinaba€ {'he.+rive @m@{:
otuhe vrwins
ofro n !,ew,ie.edina'6) rhe{ m

oqd desnPn@s b !\e iqiis cfeF:.

Elg PROIECTION TRANSFORI\4ATIONS

d@ b !rw4 (EdMs, djd ddp'ios ac prci<'d b d$ pL?

'he
ha PdLr PEF.rron,{@rdhde Po
rd6 e panner Pnj{'ion fo' I dnLr
Pren6 Frana pbPoniom orobte.
aideddEfths dd6lgibFdud<:1.dawin8solihceiiFdidtuloqe--
AllPdlelliBinal@arcdisPhrd
projEdon. rx@aE so sdeal ndhods iorobbinins: paGll€l ptujddd r,-
of m obt{': we Gn P!o'd aro.s rin6
or rc cn p@iEi * an oblique aigle ro vEw plde
Foi a p.6pkrir. pDidiotr objd 'he
posi(ions arc trnnon.d pDjc r
'o
P'e of a Pq(do ro a sha
p6PNrive
ordmrs rr. is eivm in ris. 7-r3 unrike a pahuer prctdid.. rebF
pr and
du prcjNdm dcs nd pttrrve aladve p@podoG ol ohjEb. 3u' pdp.c :
6.dis6 obi.ds h llr rsjNr.d dtrF,=
 r
FGURE7,r3 P6Fdv!Fi{6

ORTHOGONAT PROIECTIONS

-.-tolruiid or obd d., plrlD b r vis or? clmg u6 dD, aE,u

I to da?lare mmrr vtu N n.rikd d otrlqomr em|Rnon (o4
rh.
urody, dhosnphk e6je.{oi). nrie Plldue a para[errFkrio
foimrmh n.h 6. PDjaiimliG
rcsour pDjdioc ft har dfb led ro prcdue ihe rmt, sidc ind to?
Iof objd,6 shen h rig. 7r4. FMt sidq drctqrh%dalprci*
of o ohjEr !E sned ddrbmr d i rop qrhoRDl ercidd L c'ned
! .,m. E$n eing drd.EhiktuEt ddsinss 6hnd{y proyrhepo.
s_ apht PtEjEdN, sine le$rb dmsleraErrurablydepi.hd don

orbgoi, Pqd@ d e oltdr dlpray

C.pinq Window and Orthoqonal-Pojectio. VewVo ume
b:ic€ncD'nalog'(hctyFoflm
PU6sDFhic5 aPPftdims, Ne u* dE

':]hi.sP{kagEtyPi.Jly'lonly for vbyin& iun as

by .hGig s onhhddel ddiiatu
'hE€'dinosroMr
i3h'oGBFolrhE€'dtnsiou'vt$.
q :he dippig wiido{ is pGidn€d on rhe vie, plane wirh ib €dg€ p'allel

Iie edg6 oI rhu dipping window sp<ia $. : md y linib for the pa ol

:.orotdh'b$acPelPeDdrur b

,.""i,,,", =-

I
rc]um.shnh;imh,{llldprcx,ePild,NshowihFi*'za:Id4w]-.
p6,ble pra.nen ro! the vicy ptaie or vcw or 6e sse v r rhin oii::
oly rhcc objrtb wnhin ih. eew vd
viewvolunee'inh'dby'hcdieeingargo[hG'

hdudis Posiiions {ur are d oPPo

Noina i2ation Transfom3tion tor an odhoqonal Projection

obbin rhe pnFdrd pGrid or any 5prat Fohi {r, y, r* I -r!

sime\ 0,
{e
'b Pnjdton.mdbik,;nd r.

(Fis 7.3{),nohari2d.ddinrsrso
 g PLr' ftu we.:r d.e PqR-
:.!dhrrs inb poibdtu wjihin a lefi-h
ilt rh4 b€ randenld b terr haded

-aEfodnS de Rimsrlar p'aletepiF€d vilw volum b nom.ti4d

'
bry db tr\e rcruriz€d synfrd squac. rr nom.tiaddn racfon,,

r,$clrcr: , o:.,rotu n€^ rom Ibr,.$sn.rdtdt.hoc.

ionomrlldd ho*n pNido .oodinds
6rm*en5iri!!NDidd md dib..

EI'I OBLIOUE PANALLEL PROIECTIONS

*,rc.'c"'
dndion eLir . h ri$ pLme iomrr!(br whln th. prcicdis f:
'he
Drc6rbtr.U r^ ir1:

0b ique Paralel Projccton5 in Drafting and Deriqn

I ic P,
. rhs tr'hosoftr p+drotr poiir rhc obriqN pacer prcjnijon rrc rrom

' h F' ro od' '-sh;.d e

6n vary rrn 0 ro360 wf an
nale d
5ortr, v, r.anad.s

panner PrcjEdon equ ids7sas

L, = 0 (which Nua d PDjciion

'he
nry ransfom im (&.ron 5 14) h
 -t

nt$*u*tn**r$rffi Pare le Plojcrt 0ds

cava er and Cablnei Oblique
r,pc,d i.A,oa,si*,itu:1. itrd1:.:t:1u:l*:tiil;lji?iili."!,ll,llii
lll;'lii:i:,;;'ii;ili;;;;i;iil :;i:t*..r,1 :11 :iH; l:ri:'t.Ii,i
.^iti:ltl':::i:l:,l:1=
ltii:,'i::; :: iiiill'l;iiili:ii;i;;;c.r4e-, !,'ti.
..t " "- .l "i;'.,;!- r,
i;l;l::l:iill lil::"::
d -r gr".
'" iir;i r,r:""i-".'*.'
i'".il$
-r's z r: "*'d"- "
ni'.i.ii";' -u
,..i.4 ::i'i:'i;:ill,lir;;" ;;'\
;i";;Jf, iil}# 1g:: ; I i."1 .: ')rl'r'1L^'.:"i::..:;:ll::
1='r.' f.i'ly::'"119;:'il:
;:l'J:l"iliir;;"'':"i:,il::;;;:i'ii"':""1
1,. o :i p
.,lll:i:*:1:.1:,:::':i,
'
,:r.',,:..";
Pa,al el-P ul!(hon VL(lor

Jtr:f, {F.tr.iI LL''

 {nH pioFdion Irthc Prcjdon

. rr(1t unG6 d obl\Ni P ird Prci4rion ofa sB{hlpoift ro

rh. rojqtbn rcdo eratre
or
= it,, {!, ), rhctu v ,/v, = bnd
'1,

x,r q.
:] : I
.'' : 'i
pnarrclPNj<hon equ'ions 7 t]
 X
F6uRr E r*'kd

tn bm, d ** Prci{h vdr s

\rlrl1, a%4

nE obli4e Fallelrmidtd oditur* ln 7-12 dre ro tE odqG;

Pnidid .oordin.ks 7r wh4 v,, = 4, =0

Clipping Window and Obliqu. PtElkFPbj.ction Vi.wVolum.

duc s in d dihcodi pdmf be *l.d d iPPms huldN on rhe \i{

Dbmw hqEE d';D6; -' "..
r"n *a .gt .i,"* * t,pbing RLd" rta bP btu4 -d "€
'pp" '
voh;e aF 0d delmcd iv rh. ditrrion ol piodion ind *P ed!
'
"rdFvi
;f rh. drPP-s *i I^ .ddind, t
b, dd,.i,.;, ph*-d "r*. pr.* ""d FB 7 $ rhhn'eobLq-"ds:
o;kdm "'",
vw voluft B rn oblLqu€ FnrdqiPd
'oD[qrp dlla pqqrd. mi] ;:da h b\ ids6 r rf, PG1^ 1-
vrh o." *. &Fd;adm" rbprq4od'd'r ie bb" \PRi6ed h

.h*;. "*.6r,q* lt* p..r"r p,"-d.

.'-t** -i"i r .*t_ "t *" {mooh n \our diusn tu F6'
p* ih" p;* .lipDhs s
iud '- "
.h,ns6 ,h€"" or "
df N vor-"
"hip! '
obliquc Paral!.1-Projetion T.ansfomation Matrir

-E',v"
,,4,,-.
 .tFin pos ib$.ncun(i.n,Ad rv,, = {, =0,v!i rioo qoGr
I 3ctroir oLritu! Pxr d ProjNdD

. onhoaoNr pRrj{ror .oo h c!

j zaton Traisfo'nation fo' an 0bhque Para kl ProJe(ton

! obr,qu! PrirLd Pliidin !q\d

Jqu! F rd F&jdnD n

s (t!rh tl'! .r.rproi

 EEI PEBSPECTIVE PRO]ECTIONS

-
 L3 P..wtuP'br@. 16e

rphididFfeenePoinr (:r/,,y]"P:/"?).

.:! €quarios devnbins.odin.re posrios lrons rtds PeBpedvePrtiddon

!
, tueFcEo.i.. : i 6PF€d,.
=. r.Nearc FinonP'/ = (!r:) ar
" rh. pqF onrF*ftPpo.'r.F
. : = ?.r ard se cin she L\e : equadd ror pa6nea, ihis p6itid

Ior ?nd y'. s dhbs the semHL

' e

"=42;3),(1=)
"='(+:i)'*,(*=)
.lL.ulaiionsfolapewdvempphe
-. oF or ,nr . , o^iu,e or J,p .pid:i pci on n eFfoF U€ , G n4d

::ectve-P'ojectlon €q,ations:Special Caks

:r:ioprtfydreFBrdve.:r. anoB. rhe prcidion eleme p.d odd

='f +":+)
',
nneh6 tlcprtidd rcrennaFo'

(?). "(?)
,h. FdF ;" rtr.i." Po I h-'.h. '

=1111 t- l

, :vlrrl ! l:-l
d thc Ptujdrbn aiccnt !oin' on the:'

{h$ a {oc ! PrejNtrd o*o :

l
 1a Pn,fltutandb ,1

, 1491 -

F:r[';I

$rorp@j*dP alel lifts aPPsE

ach *t d prcleced Pa.arlel lba hs I
.FP rFl4* ori obiN'
'
:riorprhcipn vrGhhs poh6 htu,sooi thF) nrh rhe dhhiiu
:. mclid imq md p€-pfthp prctdio* aF rt.odinsrv da$i6ed
. :nts i a proidion is equil n
'o 'he pemnft of onePdnr and 6 o Pohr

<.i rrdhr,o,hefrobiedphEsth m\ ih. obj<t: ab t inEFbd

pndu"-. dR pobi PgEFdive P6j{rion w h a.axLv,na_
I ";iadon
:r Fo! rhe vPw shosn h kt rM pioie
odipe^PdivcPrcjEdono ais
-IG d :;\G unishhg Fbb. 1ll
r rhFFint psFdiw PilRhon @nParcd to r h ePohi ProFdion,

.i{tve-P'olection v.w vo ume

:ld"d\*\duleb)'.F4trs

:.\rtfumcPolrnLldmaview
.: ilnhiE apir* rhce s or psF.tion (Fis at AllobiRb ou'nde
: f,mld arc criminded by the dipprns !du6* A PersP<riePsi*rion

u{d \; ;1d +oqh a}ond ou

 "''jz

iNrft;r; M!"hift

-.?nTjx'fii,i:"",:lriitr"i-"""5$ili;ii:{.ql!j*ir;T:r"1
*ii'*xTt+lt+lr**'i**-t:*;
 r Plm6.n equiEd h r sraPtnc
..ru\ mrh ,\e rd dd r; lpp4
=,.-
;l"*-" p.d,. .iih ih" r;; c;; radr* ftd ins pnjf ion poinr

:36rbrepFiEdoi,,e dld al$ us i\e reaidiPPbgPlatr bbk.di

rd pftikr in'o mR%nizabr. !\"85

lEb lar nm rhe pDj4ti6 E6od lohr rhai mighr pr+d b ffilr do6
h? Diaemnr or xa pLm e'rh\ e
'lr"
oB robeDh!_ddnqhftsePl
ai ronord'€pr'tdm€Iercponr.Itrhevi€wpl ek"t€hind'ih.
=h reiere pod, o6j4 @ bvered
4ctiv.-Pmj.ction Transfonation Matrix
tu:e elPrcjd4komotdi
:aksdequaiioN7-lztolom6epdFdive-prcidio.m* xeltrnb,
R h^dd dJ , sdsE
gf€u{m'nh,e 'tu
EPqLic @
! the F6rdvepftjdhdn.quhoc in rhe fm

v,=+

\= ttz z't)+r"tcr -t
v= y\zn-2.!)+y,4/e+ a
 rh pA..p- \-P.i('cnr.n,,o .. ono
rr'ehonogenous.@dh $ usins r

iion rr,4 t ri.(AdallrrheP.6P(r

I@6 .oodind.s.) se.o|d, ah.r oihe

pherve dePrh G.vruc) infon ion.

,b run,'.- Ae rTna.i.Pi)-

a FAekhYePrej<ds nahi

PEjdu ofdinds HN&( dre

FD'hrPrejdim. r]]is (tus rhefa
'udunviewvoluiefollhcFBp(
paGlhr prcjEiion .ooldimes .ortrrpmd b d ohosomt pmjdm ri :. <
.o.sid.i rhe* eo PGsibilid6.

Symm.tric Pe6pective-Poj.ction Frustum

a 3yind( tuduh (wi'h respdr ro s.hdine) 6 in Fis 247

 ru nr A,iifr@idi6 t5

; [, led IFn able ebw

ia

' 'ne h d,h dnd hne o. + +'ptrs

..qF'fuq'.)Fhbl{c.lh"Poio
'

-'-.nm.El.eD.o-,*d'sm4:.n'AphohFdPhFpfudjftd
. . p*ei^ p- ..* u , -
'l-"n "

'.d.rsj.'N\'hFime!.Lto
1- rhe .onc ot viridn b apprc:ir!
sp€tFy aisd re lor rhs trustun ry?icllv,
-+ i ricld dr vrew anste to

, is'; d€&niffi 'he ktehl or 'he dipphe windos (Fis 7!e), but nd
':]h wc re.d ,n dd ionar pdamer to derine dnPlelv the diPPing
tt3idEfio(nidrh/hei*h()ofihdtpphswind flmIheushihbosla
* rbsrad oI Fis 7.1e, we *e th*
,,"rq\ = !E!4
 J-=---

I ---..\
il

$ ft.t ii*.uFirg window heieht.rn be olcdaH a

ftercr.n, tls dbsmr el?llnb widl

Eph.d by eirhs of *€ iollodg eo sPBddc

+,,,,_ idlr/
=ffi
qidn d(t/2)

Ini)mdaphcllts'r'lifdpdhG'FuedMdf!wPledl
s, ""id; ;tel€m DM!. o a ,@k FF?srn. Pliddn r
*'.w nisre $. spd EEo or rhe criPDut
;;,;, *n.d b" ,i" n"r.-I 'hn
d.i* ;i d" d"";* h\.
e
pos d.;". rh" --. "..
,"!-r ** t "rshl}i ;ppt€d b oE sP€iri€r- or
 ipdtui':Prlit i6melo*ltd
rlsodaRs€d ft! Elmpr',bleb
;fi€ d{ qe rnrle d€(rtls df h.d r oI rh. ! iPp n3 HrldN rnd *i3
- *: trrhod ro.drgD or imalr rsrdG orhoshraffi siniL'rJ.6li'&e
I'ivifl ale b* dippins{indN
Hulb in a (a :mn ouit ard it

aroft. Po6r de h rb ds Plan

& r€Ld{i.EPanela da h{d-Ead
nn€i $e p€E Rhv.prcrEhon vi
f e r;.l(miom mcp
!0eletip.d fteenb ire ot the
 fn
[]

;;,;;:1,:; i;; ':,d,',,

s",.".'',,, -"'i,r lr".ti." ry'i 1tlr..,til.5.:ll

OL que P.rftrt!e Protrl on Fnrnum

""
 d;bneofihcPlang'6nisF.i6€d
,rnrro.'hco-oh.uonFr"-eoon Adh. Fd i\h'dbrmi-d!

ftc.onpubrids lor rhe shRring haistooarion, a3 welt as far rhe pe!

E arc grady rcdu.€d it ue hre lhe
m rj"pG.hd"' €>encrrhd
rrc.bd Pqero. F ercnQ e.in' n s
-'cprciR'onDom..\a hrhd.k)
hr r rheodrndem&n
6hns ihe pmjErjon rcr€1tR poinr e (i!/ & 4' , , = (0' o 0), we obhin
lenenb ot rhe RquiEd shEdns Badx 6

:o rs sinprify rh€ €lemhb or rhe p€apdleprcjEdon m'fix. b mm

lPpfS wind4, b odindes (0,0) on
iI\plane,s€nedbchGevdGI0

lit
rhe pifhe6 ror rh 5 stuann3 hanilomau n

:rthn, ih ihe prc'dio Efercme d$eviewiir@dhdeqrsrn

Fi pbre,
Ew perpdiepddon
rl€

:li ;l
 concarsfins rhd simprided tssFdrye,prciedion nahr z3 w h rh!
hs obi'qu. p"EP<ri!.+loicdion ni
i . rqo v"n,rg.m'n nd" PG1'o

l*
lrl" ihePla.cncnio'lhepbFdbnrferenc
, urr-{.trrrs,ded; nf.D,..
rr"e.To+.-, rpo nq r
9tu' 1I I' rbednrh.Prc

Nordalized Ptup.cuve-Projection Transfomation Coordinates

iF, !r obr,r 6e
". ".tu: ercft
pdA or kdriom. ln oonE n,rh
rq \u .mf nchru +p6'h. . .!.

;r" "ppd -+pF b, $ y.". rc-"vdtub.-",ftn!

" (F1g.7 3). w. ME ateady bduded rhc nonaliahon.;.h.id
cr€Ee frame p an_
PqBriond, ! b.i nej,ined
b rh*pdarcni b 1 r*" ."n.bnhrh".1 -n"-
16 sine rhe dr nc of rhe l@$u l
e n!\L dr' no rmsr im ! neded ti f.

f:i
l3
i

I
I

h Ddx 7 34 PmdlG rhe idllding

:il'arion Ddx (or aFlwriv€'pbidid t srtudm

I
:1,,"
:]

ri I l,l
t"t=""*t"
L;l til
s -Ltr,!+1,(rohb + lufu'2
+ 'q#,,+lv{y&* + y&."\E
tt=i=---
- n-=l!
salize inis PdFdive b.srotmdd, re wd n\. Proidioo c@ i
don coon d'* obg '1,,}. 'y'-
r : ;hh $e inpd @ddtu6 (r, , = (r/tu' y&h! :6). TIEF
t
"'mE-1..;q'i!ffi!3b, drnoffi ta'd p:'imkau!4'l-*
Antr rh. €iPmenb or rhe iorhatrcd

'H

Ir P.6p&hR prcjNlon \ iew vdlu

'he

rhu!,64 Eq5 za, wih E cm.c poirr d rh.orisin rnd rh. L i'
'hep!oj<'rm

!e{J
*(;)

FGPedie P!+did tuldind$ is

'

EIII THE VIEWFORT TRANSFORMATION AND

THREE-DIlllENSIONAL SCREEN COORDINATES

ona lee have.ohptehd rho kanrr{lnaho b rcD#rd poidbn o :

are a d+$ (: .oodinah), and vr :<

ro pc ids rdhn a lenguL{ vi$

 IocPcLnFD|q4nodv)da{h|fu|k|''Al

:dilizd@ldiMhtrheh-
r'd =l!.-1la
i' tr rhe aonr'.'d tub. . drpp.d
h ..;.F.
"-,@'
_:FFdsht @ftr G ar pGition (Jr^,, yh-, 0).

lo aF .\ap'5. He €\ploE trrgo

..P6tdd !\e ed sule't rrdmines.lmiu*6wedrdidrtuG
imleppti.rdds Ii€lowtr-lgfi .usordr€ytt1dnsdyP'aed
ths lowa-ld( oDs of the dbplay
:r And obi*r propdim an hainbined it *e *t rhe asPRi ctio ol dG
lFdad mbe rh smeas rhec'pF4g wirdow

Op.nGL THREE-DIM ENSIONAL VIEWNG FUNCIIONS

-1.€ncl, urility lib64 (cltt bdud€5 , fundon roi sFet,}1ry thertrF

rundion ro! f,rdng uP r srlmedk
,.FPajF' m ohn t
'ft,dlfuum
r:Lpnidim, obliquep4p..dve
an Foi{rio, and vPtr?d' tusror
'he cLuI todoft
r arc cmbbed i $e b*k ormcl 1ib6+ In addiiion,
s disPraY tudo{s
(sedid e)

L Vi.wing-TEntformation Fundion

:h'\ (oM'ruc l, s9 ldng

''ombredy'ud1ys@dY!n'
o ufdm objc I &hPid\ b
.d.rui6h "*qffi he
'*
nilhPoP..IUllI'bJ!b

nn = co, yo, !0, ihe a.ercni. F6 c

6 P"r=Grer, rrer, z!ef), and rh. vjcw up asro! v = (vx, vy, vz) T..

!\e PEjerioD p.nmdea. 6d we on

*;roarcd rhev;hq onsh rhe L:

an,,h" *.r,.F,,.h.;".b.
1m..'h;d:.r .rp!- I qa.

Pd = (0,0, l)
v=(Ol0)

openGL 0rthogonar-Projection Function

n'EoP'1lerol.'fT@€,'re*':
\r -s, ffrr invo.e,\a mode h_rh .

odh.aqul.PreFdione afrec{e

e.tl!.'pPFgnToo\.m'd'u6d'
rhe disian.a b ihe ner and hr dippiry planes rrcn rhe rrkins oneh Tttr:.

p dr-rr\i]\"1o,\e! + p.,ia., d.r " or.r.r;o&H nd6 L, j. r .

 el pftjKtiu rhar i5 PePendidk ro
.$ plae thc re; dippbg plft)
,.. i.l.D!..' m \p\ rc'uN h *a 'pe. rr'ppoB PlanF,rd riP
. . .do; rrorrlr 'F
.ivJFbcsFdedd,nj/PErdonk.n5fonad@

TpbFFntr"-dtuhpo1ren,
--el;d{daa dishme kh',n" lne vicwing oie4arons rhcr6idE a d
r n€ .an *sisn any valua (pc ive, re8abve or zrc) ro rh* Panneec,

. ca Fd amd'Mtr pc ' oDh.+'n

-.i;iilhi. d.,y'deh.nomariad
rnadrTzw ha.,=
lhuu pa--"6 all6 fo, o?€ncl oithqor' Ptu'fttim fundon aE
^-.";du€ - {$ \oluFerhl6
'hc
rd. *""-r.m d'n,E a.k- 1\

L0 FisG 7 s sho$ rhe apP€aran.e .nd P6iddn

-qNirio),nd4,=
. j;"r odhqma'-ridm vis "o1"-..
eds, sror Dtu dolblpFlf)
.r ;di, do" ardB-F,".d..d
..; d; opeGrb Jd- d ,h dnmr
F.norda.al bdodM wrrr &e
tugmobrqEPrcfts -oP'ui e
lrue.pNjdm vh of a {eG, *..ourd *' uP dr oM pojedon ii6r
:.t 7 i{. rns *. *d b rak€ thie th..urcni orcr pftiehon nah,
,,i. -"d, r.-.i*" rbt *...pr.*d
wn! iah!rdPPsPaitsG ' m
r rf o dlro.an! I rmitrh m m
'h.is
0pencL Symmetic Pe6pective-Projedion Function
nrrc:ru'{olumdos arhbl. tor etududns i pcrp{d? proi.d{n vis! or i

rhc visrving die.don (ihe ncar$,c:,r$ *c). rh. o(hq fun.hon 6n be usj
e hq a srnmdi.pcBpe'ie FreFcrio or in dllique FEp<ri. prcidi'
{bdhfh ho.. . P.i..ronFr
symfekk, pdspddvcpojdior f
^

w h each of rh. rdur Pabnde6 6sisn

-....r."p.i,i.,.,..F 1 1,.'ur" . .
rrc\ ay po'i. !n'c ld'n.
r ro'h. r",. o.tr i.pp, aetdr. r,.., .
bohr drpPns phn6 (Fis 74) rnir mgle an b. i$rs:ied mJ, klur nom i .
ruc rorih€AP<r cdo (,idth/beisi:
PoraFEPcd cPrcldimroPdr_
not apprr 10 in odhosmat pFjc{riotr, i
mjedidnotanoqdwhmrhcvawPraft

'+,..".. |he ,$ .oLi. i.,i-".J

iotrurL.d .ub. shown ii Fig. a4
-Fo rmui m .P8d ! r

0penGL General Pe6p.ctive-Projection Function

r the viewing posiddn k@dinre or :

n\islsRi$hdsthesimetaRftieGdst\eo \oss,! a\erpr+dN 1

nd'heri$'wop,nDcbFsP€lfrr'
the iea! :nd rar dippng plin s ald

The dippiF window dn b€ sF{ihed a

e. obbn a syhmekn jtu$un (abou

 LlnoqcLrhtdnwbdufuB.|lh83a,
rgrn. ifwe do id *priciirr invoke a prcjdon @mGnd, opncl appt6
! defaulr orhd€dal Pbirtddn b ihe

nGL Vi.wports .nd Disphy Windors

enE dr n\e notmlLed dipphg windw,

: hdm66lPb?oas{oaf @ ?h€f b. r 'rcrorbLnr' dft rhe
f!wenotdh&did,atrr.npbrlielwrisdeGn€dfrA*Elollow

$ . .LInd \pRh ,n" hFs* i'm PG idof rhe

dr. to\e-hr, ro.@ or rh. dBpb,

Fn. ro mainhin (he prcFdios or obi*b in a nm, we 3d the ap.d iado

:tvbwpofrequlbn\eap.dftioo
sgdwhcl-lnhlffi,ar'dtt€
nus dLplay $6dow rLr.hos in aa dinsdrhs clur libn./
tensLr
t'id64ftedef'Ultvispo"bopdc

iGL Ihre.-Dim.n5ional Vi.winq Proqdn Eknplt

rapedv*pmjfttion viN or a s,ruarc, as rhown in Fis 7-st b
 F. u!-uD tu; Eor r \. mo\e rie,,N a - r ;E ;d o,h? d?'...
',sr dnPhy.d s r wiFfraf. objkr.

EEE TI
 L|fudDQ\3fuhlclibiqAlN;/fulrs

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CTIPPING ATGORIIHMS

. rPrer 6, w. dhed rhe advanbSs

mr dippds audn'his shilady, k
uP\ $@ dihmiomr dipping aboriihn
,ren vorum.fti5tl s dE mqiry pipelhand rhe.lippbg predlft
rpldmred in a higly efiicist w.y.
:nd :tpr!.d bcrm F a uhng "\"

<d*th X the dippinB phn6 have.o

e eqstio$ for the theiinecidal

malized 1ini6 ror rhe.liPPhe win

- rpine algdinm tur tlne€nineBM

Ln"b'd' pldl q @p.'d,ff
:n-: dl ohs arc oubde rhe vie 'n
'nai I\o d m4 odln.+od. ' "ne
w volume i.sbd of rh. sbii+trire

..q in Thr.e-Dim.nrional Homoqen.ous C@.dinatcs

ihevi4hgPiFlb4ith.anveed
 It, y, zt 1 tx, !,2,1J

aftn: pdm- \$ ea*d hrcu8h sr s'lruh. v,Nie bo prciRkn F: !

lll ll
rmdm ot .lt rhe vada6 rftftirDboB
dEhom%lil*sF lryr4mryro
FapGgrkdobPtsLJtrmDdh

@'dnkrrtr}e3:tra"l}x!'6
rhe rc ror d paathlomidd h,{l,rudm p?rFir prctcdion eF
Bur !
I is a nf.b
dr . .mninde rd;F o:r
b hr%ms\ Pa,ffi jr &en ti
'.sddE lrk nuF I han @rd,Er pG
. wpmikhd
€Rpoh' 4l!o. EEm .prne Fpffi k@c 'd.DeFrd
bobjar*,h.a4tu d
mnlrd in hm%ellfus .ddi@6,
p6 iva or ne8dve. nENtw, il dippdg L F{Gned in pnjRdd .@diD
anerdiiei bythshon%d6u5panrursr,sofr.@ninarinfohihr
b. ros and d4Rb tuy id be criee€d ffidy.
andoblid rcpIRnbdoc i:i b.ppry $s dippbs Duhns b fi. hodd€q.o
.oddbab EPffihtim DisPad,l P

r lrdraE b !.'p obiNF y l-oo€tBu ord. h< dF cr 6e .i,mr

ft @-Dimcnsional R.gion Cod.s

od. (rf rin F7) b $R dllmsios e !
crrpri$Fr,c.Tnus,wenNusaixb tgid.ode, * inshbl in ra. zi6
sji pBidms in d$ Egrdnr-ode sanpls aE nunbecd hur cnr ro hIt, rei6
en.hs rh. r.fi. . shr bah. bp. n4'. od ilr .[Dpr8 plar. f rhd (fur

(on,FndligIotheqifu.bi
 fud.DnBiryl.Iinh2Alvilhw

cqdidoE id! *rdg n\€ bn vah4 in a Fsid .o.lc aE bsicarly in€ ane
se.tio 6Z plus rhe tu sta ddibns ioi i}te mr d rddiPpii's
E rhGs in

n6i6 ro rhe Pot{don @tdbakt

lrbed spaG. aJki $e pmjRrid nslolmnoo t ech pobt in r *G h4 rh.
tudponenrEpNebriooP= (4,!,4,l').AsuminsrhatweaEcliPPing
d s)mnebjcob. ([qs !3),'hdaPohr
! -i,le thn noniliad r+w volldo ir the pnjftrlon .mldiu€ or ur po
96I!lhgfo[ain*sixirequlitiE
,.4., ,.1.r
ft vtue of rhe hmogam Pa6ne
E: is mco. But,bertr inpl€nmhn3 E8ion{ie prcdlE, ue co cEt
I lor ilr€ pNibili(' or . hmoEelEu
5 qGrely sh,ll fraedtude Also, dE

and we Gn Ihm .sisr Lre bii valG h rfte rt€6 .ade

,PP@lh a.u h"j'.m.Jml.LP

. Th i3, s€ simPry !* $€ sign bji of
'\d|f |'gD' ? | .s \a}' i?f
i Jiptrgusirythesondstotir€qGl i6h716fr keoldneadethe

-Dim.ntional Poi.t and Lim Clippinq

:jdrdpoin'si'io*!dnEteh|x
r'rehnd'hrPo,*hdffffD
'.ae,FhAr.. rp Fe'6 cod
'h.
. ro'
'*re.: ?C,or..deor r0r0{)
gon ldP 0mm0 indnib a Po d
-.\.torure,r€ 7 <7,. rnu.
nualpointwhEEsh@dennat0(rl
bb m 7f7 6 meah\ e rhe po'nr
'@
*-edinssion \in$ \'{e Gr tiri t6\ iht liN endpoin! r!"Jon codG ft _

'r c.1' r
15 h 7r7gemntsa nesar cvdue
' '\ iicPuLc " $mc:h.".

.''P-rtr!g'-.'3a'lrhFBl
 ''"F6''''|hJJrc.'ldelhr.

orh& dippins pran6 for posibte ieF.hon q tor tunhcr inbM'ion Gldlador.
,.nm dd...p ! rrrh.doo;r I.r.A..r,.

'Ihre€-Dim.nsional Porygon Clippinq

h5en6dut.of "gi;phnsobicr.
',rti

F+urc 7 5e, ro! cEmPrc, hjshlilhb rh

b''''pF{jnd'.di'\dl'"'.hq

"b,'''FnlF"l'lPP'4hJ'd"'r'

dcfine objei snrts APPi -:

'r!r' 'he
b obhh noe Qne\ rk6 ror rh! obiec
 1r nldonhrfu.tw r atetrr tse

+firE poryson bbr6,r uFabd b add iny ns Frys su ac.nd ro

rh. @dvit
-:*ro nnpriry fte.r1Ppnl8 of and sharcd{ds
smehr polyh€dE, Fryp 3urla6 ar ofrm
nbedwiihtbngleshiP5vlbGn$m
:on!r5 Ea.h hhnslc*ip fplrjtr
rorMcvep.rwos,we..napplysp[dsnerhods(sedion]15)roobbin
: or dinsr€, rot ebmpte, and rhen .tie rhe rian3t6. Arkmdiv€lr w.6uld

ffi]1uf::i*@mePoly3d.uftg69w€ilerAthdlodguithm
-Dinensionai Curye Clippinq

F m HP , r .h6 " b denm,F w\e \"l re oi,ir' ..

t re kaF dr u ERhm s n
! rd n€ .bppiry.pkre eqsdm. rd ihL tffi, mcr sraphic pack e
obFl. rn.bo.oadq ee:F
,,rded I I+ or oo.lson pro*.,1d rhe obikG aF ren c' pp6 ue
.emde6g Ptledum aE appried

n arv nrios ForA,rd" *-sh,"r.b .o;a,,

'-d, 13!rv,n,mohd..t,dDrerdo,d
'eryor:pp {"F4dnobtques3t.
, obF qreFd : b .h;"
' "bs " ";
.}errppryopE nonsGnb.p.rfodpntrb'h.pqahorhaGM.

r,ppf8prrnp.rb""Fficd4rn'mplamF.ffh43,a,bd D.

rEe Itur ric m om side ol L\e pr.ne aF ciipr€d of. asumi4 that obie
:thepr eartrobedip!€d,rhmanyspanalpcirid(i,,,ilDrerrshd
Ln'iry bqurlil' n elhbied arcn rhe Rng

elmPle,ifihcplanepale@aEly h.s &. v:]*s (4 R,C, D) :

snsbiry r + 3.0 < o.o tot
+],L.xpP.dnmihes.m'
rrely b.hind .lipping plane q @
rhs 'lbfuoddPoinbb
Esd ineqlari9 7 e in a vdr ioii sine re DhE
N = (4 t, c). rhd, ror ! line *gnent uth endPob( PosidoG PL and
diP !k 4lirt lire if b.tr\ ddPoinb s6sfy

N.Pl+D<0,t=t,!
And Nc'\e'hesrrclne'f borh mdPo nEqrt y
N.P.'D.01-2
Pcit sid6 or ihe diPPins Pbne, d

hth! PP$PLiT h? a
'{

N IP, + (I1 P,)'n+D=o

tr=l\].lP'J)

inFig'750,ihcli**gmcnl'lmPlb

prdu;. er*G.o 4 hed

@ 0pencL OPTIoNAL CL PPING PLANES

nrfc.! rJ'hc
 ftc Pr.ns prtamdere 4 ,, c,:nd D:
pann€rs do not it6.t fic nored ptm!

ine rhc dipping rcuiines tdi rhe* pl,ns

art psible ro a p{rnub! opm€L inprmenrarion yrh rhe inquiry

f an inrees an:y rhd n b be a$iqnci I

ineser value eqsl ro rhe nudbe or o
dion r th*rhe dippdg plarep !:
dcE d 3,c, and DaFe h*sign€

EEE SUMI\,IARY

obicd ddaipiioN rmm sdrd 6ddha€ b vFwinE mdhrb objd J-

kdPfions aE rhen Prtes*d 6Eush

obled dcsiPiids b a viewbg FL;l

beloclhctamfomaiiontod*ne.

eiecr.c Poinr (h. canera psnjor _

vbw pDne non, vahr N (he Gmen rens difthon), and a vi€n up \e. .
v (rh. snera up didon). r1E Ytw
vrwhs z dit d objd dsriprions :F poie'€d ihn phne Er:.
p rllcl-prcjehon or pefp&hETrci
'he 'o

Prallel psFdionsatre hqoihosE

fied wnh a prcjEdm rdo onh osnphi. p.n ll.l p mjrthois dcplay tr -
orc ha of an objm' ae crhn aodhdft Plojdo6 'ha'nomdi. r.a
oi
'hman obFd n obbiied with an donmdn. ercj.dion rhd ^n forclhdbd e:r
omnmly u*d oblique Priecdos irc
aslier pbjkdon and ih€ chinct preiedion. Pc6pdie. pmi.dions of obr"
 . ,h€d w(h |loj.dron rht mcd rh.p!+dionrc'eEnapoin' Pd
pqldi,nind nobildpiopodions,b
'irs pdspd!!.pbi(roNd(eas
.,!or drsb obieds PqtFdiePrq

E An oblique pe*p&tv. prcFdion t

:5!d rh. rfc rmn pild
'rb 'ho
-rhrb id i thiR dmddoi.l nnc.
rc FirbL b dre PDi{'ion lh6 and
s!5. Nui iid r,r pliN Gr$olllr
rid brk phnc)irc u$d ro.src i
tdl rio, i pcnpdnr l,ntcdioo, rh.

ipphs illjd!'hn! ptuass obFds i i

i n*5 ioLrNms rh. plqdbi rd I

mdcc (*e rabh 7r) rhE l$ rv r5o

ffr.rr pusrNt \.prcFdion hanstoF
- :::ih ing an onhqapht rtuied,oi, a *enenl Fspdi( proicdi,n, ind

d nr d,ppDs p .u- d d onh,somr pFiGroi

opdotul dippiry plaG. rabh 7,1 sunran?6 ihc o?cncl vising f(dbi!

I REFERENCES

r^d arkon cerr, kib cqo),.Fs

h chlsq lrm), Aru0q), KrL 0!:
cl'.r.|'rl3Lq<lBt'

I EXERCISES

s4:P{dHPddoi, h anr *drd Pqdn !e'd

P rhrprc,ehoi qs! d a Poiyi€dor :
po PP6P&ht Pii<to^ d.^ qd
orr tsBPede poj{dq dd 6td
.Fh' Pg^P*ftt Prqdio d d obtKr
EPe'rx P@j6'i@ iNiun b a 4!:

74Mod]l'6€scdji!fubBlLui
dihefuiqdlhes?3li6li5F1[d4JrtPeJb+jPld
Zr0Md]l'6€sodin€nioduo3
F]'hdqiebnisFcicdrp6!FtndcPiPd

7r Mdit 6€ PqFn.!nPhnk'io 7n bib!

rdlt pqro aEpL h sdn A0 b pdw r vtu d 6y LFd
6.
irod'tdEp$sabdEFed!€e:.&b3eldre.ft.porrs.dn
dl mdnio8fpep,qd4
MdtepqrmberdLrs!'!ebsdsbitu!f{ipd'l*i6
u4udriqEP{d.lri!6.

=
FI
3
t>
 n' hodsolobFds and mar
! Pri*rc d \rdh N;rb
jeb'haiNi|cludcallrhc

J, obii!. h.

I ohjE6, Ph)'srdr'' ba*d nodetnS

.rrorapieeoi.rod,oraaldborielld;d

lrto*nb'ion $he@s roMrid (sj(

bbina or o6jcr inro a *i df uall,

noovdhppins,!o isuoussdlirls(usmlly.ub€) A.onnmsPeePaldrbi
d-- Prd o ,'14.d nn

ElN POLYHEDRA

snpl'rc ow' is a *' ot su;{e por}so6 ddG. obied hbrbi \r:

'h* 'h.
;,Bnd" q|dd o i....bi. ..
For this @sory p.\sr de{rc'
an often nrercd ro 6 tii in? 'io5.
9ryttr.rr.^. li $mc G*s, r Pdy8oEr ,.: _

'P
rsr m gl "rTsu
lodc.-iei b 'd i!'o polaon 'hP\
obFd$nrte']h.re&:odinl!i
ons ,rc rhcn $o4d in bbr6 (s€hon i

sonc sEphts p&L:ga pbvd€ rcui

rnobj(rsboundinssu e,or $en I

dpibirfrlodlpliyjngamllljonornorcshadedpd$os(u5u:lLrh:ngir :.

OpenGL PoLYHEDRON FUNCIoNS

-El

lundioNbdnPhylhe'tEcgulalpolyhcdn.

opencL Polvqoi Fl l-Area Funcrions

notmobjds {e,oaQmD.

(axjal) su &cola qlinder qsin*aqua

Pyonld&ddb"P&'fieddhga*
GLUT Feqular Polyhedron Funcuons
 oryhedfiaI4u.'an.dFod6.F
!r sd:xb36beFs br6d?.qur porvhd ra.tured.ordjs ro
€ tae in ei.rr ol $e slidr and rhe rjve Esl.r Ftvhedra ,Eihe
nunbq of
aJl darpdm (or riansular pydnid, wi6 4 fa€), rhe rtguhr hexrn€dmn
rcn(3hc,'lheRbldodftjrEan
: re6r. ft reslhr ilo{n€n dn (r fiGr
']F
{6 Pmdue !4f,m obs. am
hri4h\h i', rie i i rG! rrt&
'he[ghbg.ondiljoGdtiwedfol
i t anercd at rhe *drd.@diMe odai.

! Edi6 (dnbre ftoh nt€ cdr' of rhe rdahede h fy ved) eq@r

fte sn6ided r$,jld hd'h.dm (ob€) b dLpby€d w h

\?lu€andlheob€kgFrtddft($diMEoli*in'
TodcPhylhgeisht*idedcEul&cbhgdmqw€hol€eilhtrofihefollow

Nr\Fedffi hE.q!, aqd raarydr

orish b f) v€d) L r.0.

ia.a ot thr, polyhedM n a Fnbsd.

{'rd rhe rollNlns so tudids *ffirb
E inpl. GLUI Folyhcdron Pregram
btu. sl'd\ w ro['wrn8 Proer:m R
i-J",^t .*a..,"+'* p""p-rd {r,r' d L\e*P'rvhedmn' \
eld5 n p6'hoerr ntu oi d 5Pb
o/lcLd'@N|h4d|M'41
h@'Diwl'lw]ob|'lR4edd!tr

EIEI CURVED SURFACES

ndaR6hfrrPE€h?ihgl
pFdir^8ive.sunmryd@G
M ps,o6, ad nnp,i,rertr npreqjhm. rb r"T; obFs:
af
aE orb usJur in Sraphic appr€tu i.crude qu.dncauft€, suFqu:d
poll4mni,l and *po,1stiar tdi@, and rpljne rurh6 Tfie inpur ord
d&rlpdd I rr"i.ruy euacd b pbdn.e pol*.n ftsh appbnfr,b-

E!l! ouADRrc suRF cEs

A lrquhrr) u*d .la< of 06 ffi .rc
wilh gsdn€geequdoB (qsdiari6). Tneybdude eph@, el[p$ids :
rnabdloi&, :nd hyF nobids. aurd
sode aE@Dfrdn el.lrb or3l phr6*c,,.dDu&6torgedatus !

pEdued w t rad@l splin. &Fnhbd@

ln Cdldu , m djrE r lp'etu:i <

diMh di*in is derined aB rhe * of tsinb (r, o , rh.r stut rhe quhoi
x'1+t+]=|'1

riepdfunepffihtminEq:
the a@hr pdalrfu e ad C. alb
4uatu uins $and d s"hencal.oodimB, whee an8re 0 t ,p6iried 6
ol.titude Gig. &3).Its! d ! detined d€ dr ranee 0: d: r, rnd, .. r
ld.ls er up 6e qcbhdor:
par.N6 ! !'i ! delitud mr he tr8. ftd 0 b 1 by $bsrihdns o =

Ellipsid
d Ed ol: 9h4 J
whry lh. Udu tr lhF nufuJ\ p.?c ^mu6
valu6 (FiB Ht rE c{r€o Epteo
 (i)'. o'. (i)'='
fo dE elipsoid in l€lft the laribde snele 0
't

rhruilhjp€dooF.l3'Jlallm.0
...\" un!"rar"dbr rcbqne:arlcs!nrl'F4abNr"@Pror
jelh'tLdMlbtltontl.lEdeliningparamebulorsldfuaethm

- e:^i:E,h""n h F,a &5 h,d

'x
; .au nur L\e : dd(tu ddon ixis) a ihe .16 KrioEl radius or

i! EEd@ ro, in. .ic*.danai

\G+t \'')1+? =,1

And ihe .ompondrs paramkn dq

we duld als ghdar€ a rdc by6ta

hre \'i'h *mrm:iormd *mrmind t
denobd * /r and r., we .an snrd rhd ell1Pe equnio as

/r
\
Lr\'*/rr'=,
/ \'l
'
bede*nbedlilhthectsianeqult!.

)'t:t'='

ElE SUPEROUADRIC5

rhjs das or obFds

suP.4bd;4&elomedbyhol
n? b l 'o ?d'G ngobF h"o I
'

I I I I -r
 aqt Ladn td.!d, q4nFttut@B
'!tt(

I Pa6neb s en be asigied any Ei

c.;Fndhg Fdndnc €qudds ior the $F.nip* oI E+ &e an $P

!6 illudnk supFl[Pk shaP6 rha

:6dnnprcgblimfdra$FclliPii
ao,d by Eorp.r.rin8 Mo e Pmnr P!trd6:

IO"'.O"1*.(r-='

r=r,.6!r.6!!r, -'lzrd:
y=,1d'dsin:d'

rhd'
'." -.P1"..^ r*. ui
-;."d. s d"p ot tum'tur'

OpenGL OUAoRIC-SURFACE AND

CUBIC-sURFACE FUNCTIONS
imBional +adncsunae ohi6k on
5er4.d sins turcdos rhat !E hduded in rhe oP€icl Utilitv rmrki
.i;dh#oF.Lr L'ir- ,cr u
bpot auidrclrt .. cLL rrndion

nld,hs(rhdb\dnr),iill!:.

GLUT ouad'ic-Sudace Functions

 s 6 oancLoue(.sttl(. rctto sbt'reFwttu 411

:l.mhdehtlsingp'afre!bas.andh.iEht,E5PdivelyA,silha
:r'Ph@,Pa@uiLd3ltld4
."d!F'13|'.Te+Bmn'J]m8the
of'clehLlbe*Fm6amund

i nh ihe .om aiG :rong rhe wodd: arG.

\rre,lEneo.su/aeuhaded disPrays

. @ onLnc o 'rlirr!eEr l'm

Ard rh€ !r! oi rhequrdn.rbid, tr rhp ap
w.'h mh'8e' .:tuafrr P. tri+
'
oitor,6'.. t.rrF (\.'h.-re d'he:as)ob.L"do df roru
{}rhcbruss c 1.l'* tuo palfids dsisnde $anumba of o.hoe

L beh,r hrMd pc d\
'

:i Cubiesurfae Teapot Fun.tion

: the dny derelopffit ol @npua Fa
3F h4qu6. rre4 ob,e. u.Ldtr
'.
indabaFt,d{.loD€dattheUni:
tht ddn@ dab4 RqHd n6

{b an display rhe k,pdr, a5 a n6h

P.ths,ljngenflof'hclol]owin*

(sdid s!). hEGk! 61ze sb rhe

GLU Ouadic-Surfaa Functions

Togmdkaqud&gudaeusiqc
,d the quadnc ervak rhe cLU dad,ic mdeei d &nsub
surfae p:r:Gk6. r. addirion, se c

a \*r,.-! spdE.lnFrcd d.,h.

"-b{md;tsmF.

a nane rd rrre quad;c obi{r is derined h rhe fiFr sbrhenr, and, ror rhi: !
funrhd\ b ?+rc !i' '
P,m! ur"' q'

sPher i5 dnplayed in a wiF tbre fom wuh a niighr lhe *ermr bes
ts *iFed a doubrFPn.isim $lur
'
thesph€en,lius,andthesrh€rtsufa.ebdividednlba*brpdE
ha:-:
de Lc he,F.4 ui;r, n.-r
olldgbdclin6andhtitud.lrcdElu6fde afr&6iloi.rru&5
'h; t

qu:dn,. n&ed!ponrDld.Fo, rh.fh4.rmD'bd'spli)4-ddE-h.iz

withdt rh. shitrd edse be

di5Pr.y
wihrheqmboriccmda c!u,!ru,ssdjsprrv shd
ihe Ftyaon rd.hes 6
we gdqab dispbys or rhe dh*cLU quad €u spriniiive sh:n
lo Plodue i \'{ o'd lm .}l'rc;
'
 vc oqt Lanets4ft, nctutsttlstFqwtd3 .1s

.yltid4wercPlclheslusph.refundiddd'

fol rhi5dtdn 6 r!€ iq phn€ (:= 0)

..id."'*,daj,du!hel@d
L!1qp=0.O;cFl,.dm,il.Iop-!B4.,sedbhina.ylindeiOrheMis,
4ooDlapm.ionblsh't:lFEnrgdb
d
'. t..4r- " '" .' p ts d ded ob i numbc' o' citudl ) sp:ed
n rbg.' .alG }eistd E
isplaFr i a. rY Plam C=0) and

d radius dd :n ouB G'liu€ wirh

*" ,r";* *d "o**. It 'r"".. = 0, rhs disk c $lid. orhdwjs, it
bo'lhedBLTnedis*su*i@b
th.numbdtaablsliestobeusd
MFic ciftlai rbgr Bp&nvely. otuniation for in€ dg is defined uiur
rc rtu zrt r \idi r4!4dtren-q

$6me ""-pks1. deob an d8!l dnhlr b de36 rnm rhe

-p;,idd--"^.sF b "r-.r"Bretrr+ B'.epeslc.Fdebmpre,ir
hFs'tr or rhed J lr' $i
' -;'4 mmoD o-., cr u q-od "u {"e cn F fr u'n€n a'd \e

." .M ddnc tJr rD 1 ba-l d,e{N b' by quld !u/,e n rh

'h.

.bdudgn.d"ftficlu-oualDad

o!$rDE Fd(hen , didbr dne ihe de

l wPo{
'vPl,n\ldbo.' }ed +)
 dit N+r\tuhui

.*---.n ' "d-" 'h*rd

b. s"

{inr olor \.lu! ior slh idrcl, $L u

'h.dhs."di-'"*bb."PP!t".l,

E\rnD c Proqram !s n{l GLIT.nd GLU ouadric-Surtace Funcl:

dhd\,; rr. rGhi: dis $,h*

rho rhtr. obi;s ii. pGiored d'
 3 6 aN&LatdftlvhQ@dcrbt4tia!Fr,.li4 411

oruqudrkobl icrllddorr // sri 3.16 ror clr 4u..rrc objerr

 E!'I BLOBBY OBJECTs

ift4 sutr smoe ur", .ru 1 .

je F! f r+i,,:
{. ..rr*.
8 8E3 '}.ry" "

"r."pprc
s"-," , -F; o,. b..-

h6;idi--dE cT ,

,rT'i"r''','hsb'-

C\,
\Y-l
 M 5lridM oi o,c nlo obieds
.r:mdhdtrrBursd g bloLiLrr ohil

- !o6j('\i\Qh6i ii F.' q!idr

(, )
,(, ,{...,i
: )'

! sdrobiedmoddu\6dr!ndd.i

r u{r ci ri( ror i bl$by oh{r laieL{ u!i!

nt.Dr 4qonla!\tP+t&w F

EIEI sPLINE SEPRESENTATIONS

rn dnrring l€mind%r a sptine ir: nextbt nip u*d b ebdue a smd-

ture 15 d6{ ft e en spr,? nnr qrsiii y trfecn b a ruire dhr :

bmy@mP6cowefomedwilhPol
i.pr.".j^.F th-j.r -,-,Io

|h''b,!''o+.d+'drM|.'
dr5, dhomea;phm$

lnteeolaiion and Approximation Splines

"d5€-hirc q,r,\. r..ibd Do,nrta,

fe'hod5aE!$dlo.onnruddkFoladooileerclfdbnsPlhe$d:l:
ukdbdisid4dmwi.*solb!}
s de used rrimnty a5 d$isn rG
cEab obl&' shars FisuE 3 16 +ow

A sprie .u^,e o! 5udae b dehned, n

byransioitug th! .onhr Poinr. rn

aba .on6r p.inb ro aid : de5isftr in djunins obrd ,hapes
'he

.u1c \ ro.rrg!! i

indde (F8. a rD rhG, onvex h

'he

'heda,. mdd.u1"o,ur,",,on - -e. " p.- . i -. rr," -.r.

"
 ttuj4tPqtry dh6

".trat' "^---.-r,

l ue*p uei. mtinui.yby mthhs Fnmhic dedvadvG ol adior

cL (mrinuit, mans
'he
bo{d{ plrBdc co inui9 Epesr€,r asc0.mtinuftr near:

if, hs fiEi
r, ro rhe larue ot r,
d.rp.mtd.onllnllty'rcfmi:
FEnebk de varivE (bnrr riG) .:
r and : qzr;

0€n joinjns poini. sond-otd.! p.nF.d. .onrhui9, q c, .onrinujt :

rhc erc rhc inre4rion. Hish@tnd p anedc cmdnuiq .ondibc

uily,theekdfch'gedfthel.l
vftbBoro 4dim:Fequ
k,ndddG rfrdrhry noh m. tu ot rh. oie ro rhe ndi (Fr& &Fr.
frih,jBkdgFdndnconhnlity,
(Fjg 3 re(b)), $ rhi rhe s€ffid5h::
*o dtaoi sdoG cd .bnse a
'he
scoddderp anehc onrinuil' n

ahc rhs .ude p h in FiB 3re(b) w h equ:l sbF in pna@r ! youl.

dj3ndu r in {r {orion quene Bui il rhe camea N*:
prcducinB a
eLneards'!F prh.r F,g 3 rckl. *e f,re *9Jqe ro, rh" n&d .
5m@$ y han<ifion erc5irebolndiry

Gcof, .lic
Cont'nuity Coiditions
borher n{hod ior io1tue rwo su.eive.uiye *doG G ro sp€rry .dd,:
tor3.6*ic.o inuil'-h disds4we
livesaf$gfuogtiocmprcpdd
zelFddgeon.!i.Mllnulty'lesnb€dasc!|onfulily,
zerc{igPaffit@nbuity'fu
 ss sdtu Rqle'ti,tu! .23

'.---^

f@ b*.- -rFinbiidry h hw 04€ fd@ biid

w hG)F indd@nhuly d(b)g€@

huit'dc].d6nuity,n.:nsthaith

dfrnd Point undd c| .onlinuilr, s.od{del glm.ft conljnui9

ho-bandd'U-dgc.o'ln'lty
h * the joinins position.
dnuitycondidois!sinilarbone
. kd r.r p€d-.- bbr rv bur\
ht and Pdahd. cddnuili win\
, rrdFru 5 rh. dne.Puledrd

"F $F .qu r:len' re'hod' ror.p6'

d rhe .mbl poht poqh06i 0) vrrb

a rfte splim; or (3) w.6n shre s*

*-:r,a nrdiou ndiotr, th!
(or b,sis 'he
:..u^e aE (rnhn€d bGk!laF pG'hm5almg rh€.r\e p:'h

ro' srd'tuFpc on.

rd r{1) and rorthe 'h"mdpo'!
pinneti.li6r dsnvdiv6 L\e odpoinq i{0)' dd

rlh..!ns bv lid RntiB & 3r7

tl:l
hfuDilr'uI|or]RP'..h)h5

erus (boundary od iont otr sp

hnslohslheseohdftdnJGinlv 'ho

point oldrde vilues:nd orhd g@ne

rcsb'ionltrclnb&.$rs'odb€:
r(o=u n!i. M&-
Th. r.hr M.r,"", .hahd.dzing : rpl,ie cpltenhdon, soFed@s anc,r .i

snmr Prafr&d&, such a5 rhe.oar r

Poinr r@dsd$ and noF or rhe orv

Ir' Le brr'l
rheporyrcnnk8Fr(,lorr=0,r,I1anG edbr.ndjnsrun.tjocdrb- (
fun.tioB b€.aue rh.y .ofbin€ (brdd) 3@nedc co5haht eru$
GIEI
'. -
rhe

36phrc aPPkdid' indudhs rhe s

Pr,/,,) = tpr/ sFrol)BFr (ri

d9endsonih€ty'.of9lin€cuN6

Trimming Splin. Surfac.s

rnc D appli.arions, sud.€ d6i3n may Fqdft $ne fedurts rh* -: -
' hy adjun
eeiry inPhomhd sihPry
E5 CUBIC-SPLINE ]NTERPOLATION lVETHODS

d q P h! tor obFd Dohon! o.

j(r dNyh8, bd intrpn' ^.
 lhiDit[unlaL].JRlrehlr

dricjeds,, r,., and d in rhe palyiofi

'Inihelollowiudim,Ngdi{!s!!]

c,E of rhe fi6r sprine.ftra ro be d6.-€roped for sdphjG apprkdioN r\ a

n.ury€bafarhem trrtPtenhr.. !
hadFe ore qdoE har rhe $

,l eqsddtu be s'Lftd bv rhe I i r

'o
h,thePcldonoflhcbcFnninsoflhg

,ryroidn,m ea.hhdofrheqjgjtulord-po squse r' :

"
o"grd,ormrPonEdFik o,.
mih€mdtar noder fo! the d-=

5 13, ,1'rer. ns\ >..d.mr. m

Ior?.ubrcill nenFrlolahon h e b€qd6dopd

\
A seon! lPrin! (E!d afrsr rhe Fie

Pql'll'lclhlfuu"lfub..P'iT
 c,h.slr. ht.*6pt M4td. 121

s Dpr and DpL, sp<ifyine rhs valua tor rhe pdinedc dedv.riv6 Glop.
rii..uoe) .i.od6r pdhr Pt and prri, Gpeiively
trbonuibi}'evdorquivalmtofEq

a 6e , Mpwnt of P(qJ !\, =a,ri+b,t? + t,r + d,,

l:]

*,*",,[:l
€m.b, I irotrDrc""drne wo?qD
ondihds3 24inrhen dx lo.m

fP" IJ
=Ll
:l

I I
":1,
Ldl

ollo,,
tr

- ljr
rht'Dd1BblarrJfuP|1lblir.

Fqroo-3)o!!n'hL.e!' r.r 0 l''t

l,lwor rl r' .-o or' rh. %. , rdnDh-i'd

ro r ,"
' o drybs
. " bo.ndd4 oBtrrnN.; obLn.-

plr, =prc,l 3l+r)+fi+,( xt+31)+Dprtur,2't + l)

+Dpr+n't-
't) 4 .
= PrH!(rD+pr.rHi +DPra: + DPi+

may ndt he roo ditjcurt b sr<ify or appuirlb rhc.u e ddp€s 3 :.

kiKurbH.ncd*d|q'-d'*
 cttt qrirktaddiq,Mdr& a'

:PfteduGf.I'he5Plh6@m4
nDhPosihmsof'hcGtrdpoiNr

'Ir'e dffgme G in wedonornplrd*crGtdthe4dpoi 6nsmb

]ndhalsPlbe''t,loFdlob'ts

nd pG! d in Fis. &2t thm lhe tour

.lpo!n6nur*rlopElan$€'lto

r(o = lo D(pH pi 1)

Er{brhechoi5Ei:iFF! FiFiiFis 3.26) r amtrrrnc.[edrhs

!:ut@nfulFin'1Fisc3.2716ta

'l tr 1l M.
P('D=l'l
hl
tj fl
 :]F

"L

,!
L

P0,) = ft r( s'l+!/ s kr + pdc - r/ + (s - 3)'l + rl

+p!,1(r 2)l+c ,5)/a+!trI+p!,(srr rd)
= P!-rcA&('r+P!cAR(f) + P*1c
H!e,. Po nrbL( 4R,,, rorr -
(b4ts 'h.
fun.nd! r,sul&23s \arprd of l}b",.hi., on,to.!r'd."
aldinal5Plhc btmdins ::
dFEiq r ris! eF.3-r0 d&11 rrri3.320.rour.ard,ur.pl -
rn pldted 10 lom a ded .usc Thc liBt cune did is smnrt
cdrDl.point *r lh, p! E pt, rhc sd ore n pmdu.ed w h rhr :
?qrdhd nmrpors lpr. o I
poin6 lE, e, D,, Dt. rn Fi8 &30, r.i
.ufl.sohhbdwnh:siqlecrdin
kPosi'juoflhegoldconhd]
In F1g. 3 3r, a slrhhsktins .ailbal.spline kion is prcdued by * :
 se clb sliLh *blnvntd\ .r1

rl

pollmmiars !a qb5io6 or the crdin, sPlba.

rht D1 4bdPt djr, t N 4 rtdbr

civmfou.N6ryeerclpo

P(O,,=;(1

(r)-, = fr
+o b)(r r)(r*, ar,

bpctatd as in th.Grditur !:
Bns, r, L ui?d badiun fte.ftvarma

.ob !rDlgh' vtr ddtu

) ol
i'yb'hesloPeoldecune!.N$:'.
(eheL.BaneI55P[E5w@d6lgn
an obikt cn b. simulated w n ic:
vtue5lbrpdaneh. ft&donc

I:'!!ti! BEZIEE SPLINE CURVEs

sdev€lopedbytheFfthengiR:.
B'lzidfolu*inthgd6FofRenaul
nun$e dl prcp€dk rhainire $m hiehly u*tuIa.d onvenimt (or d.:
s aed6Bn rney ac abo d€y b rnPr

bdsl€ddmstngandpabdgPadig6'
,rhosh sonc siaphi. pa.k,g6 lirii the nunbd ot.dnbl poinb td 6-
 ihd'4"ws|h€[b'"oL'h"PT6'
' fj try Lts! Btzici tun. p:'l u rr\rin'Nd'h.dh,porbus&
ol bo'Id4 o'dibh Fd qeF;
nberotohlpdrbhbein.lnts.

1ontrcl-p.in'pdliN,den&das
:qz'i'|+'laryi.s'm0loI
P/. bh,{d*n,le w Frh d d
Mrins B.zer p.rFomilt fundion b€tu6 pi and !..
!(D=t*BEa,(!) o:,:1
!rur brendnS ni.don5 BEz!,,,(i, aE
I
BEZ{,,(O =C(4O'rO - tr)"
fdrfth C(,, r) e die binomi'r (elri.ienb

utr(l=tukl|-

q!r=),huL4ir

:n .rbe- of ohr Pd nc rhr Poin

: .uivq d sd todr. Fisun deIlftba
3,33
o^e lo! vaious elftdm orqhl poinb in ttR ry plc C = 0). wrh
i itrol Pmr ddantrb howafr. w dh "r des4Fn" B4F FlFc
tu ecmots a Ba#r ,u.c*ikd
e jh'l'm e8fr
!t p6idd prcdu.c a B.zitr ".we"

c(".i) - Llllc(,,!_ 1)

:i A15, rhe Baier br€ndiry tunchons sristy nr tu6iw

BEa.,('/)=o r)BEz+,,-,0r)+!BEa 1" itt\, n>
cH^[€i0nEDi@WMlo,idi?Eqkifu
amp e Bazi.r CuM-G.ncranng Progtad
Eol4dnBluRdogandsdtr*ng
.;'.-.b. -b. &"*d*.
..lhe(".F'6hcltl",d$o'4vJElq6"b'nmullelli'bE
-k-raw Dn€d.f bi*"brtu.!r!, m'r on Bh PAbdN rr6s
'i
,^. p"6:;4ld,Ed. ptrmuE
'rdb;frdur ur.,,mdp d pdh6' cE llo o'd -"4s t}P cmcr

- h 4;,sh!,r qiob bru+ pd6 oI:,pLrud e.Er'dd_n h

,n?.m!h,Epsb.^aiadE
.m&i ro. *".;rDb. "- rd .od
-c@'.m obpbyd b'um'hP 'h. {eN"q"r s &14 lt ve nr'"r a {i
, po';r pa sm.ur.rh
'h;.rhr
 tdlzt Nqmbt\w

t."!r.dr.i - c trl r roy (q, D r rq, {r ' q. n

ftJ r " t.!tr.idr.n:

4rr:D .rllPrr ({i - {

 310 &as/"uons €7

iery$efUIpEFnyo,!Btzlcrode

rr&s for rhe paEnedc rid denvadv6 of. B€ziq cufle ar ih. endpoinb

sciieFhiryrhe16rsoo rcr eobb. md rhe srop€ rhe4dorrhe

tuet Dut6t@Ft oqat Rqwdn n4

P10)=tr(r 1)l(p: pn (p, pbt

=n(' - l)l(pr r p,,)-(r,i
P11) r,
^ndh*ldPqbniPqgdyofany&z

D".a "to =,
$ rhd any .uru€ poihm ; siopty rhe werghcd sum ol rhe dhr poi :
sido6- lrx pDp*iy ro
.onvex hulr a s.zrei de m$cs th,i ,he polynor

D6ign T(hn'qu6 Using Bdicr Cuaes

Fig. 3-35. ako, sFcirying hurdpre .onbr poinb ar ,instc .oodinaE p*,
gvFroFhsh'!\a.m''nfiInl' '

fhish€idestrmsomettad.!
ac bb€smhb4 rhey cn bs fomed by doq rqdh**vqd 8€zi.r
,dndorer'\.\hrP.or,]E!1ru! \
e Dr ponb, n e,y b mr.h odc dios (zraqds .onrindhr !
&.8.n^e ha\.
sndeoft n dog ihe rine joide endpoinr ro rhe adiac. onrot :l
'tur

b. a d rh. pnd,q *,ion (";. B r

anesmhaslcob'Poismd ^
rh€n re m ch.we hng66 hy Pra.

rr=p, +
t(P',-P,, r)

hb obbin cr .mtuui9 by usins rhe e

merri. s.dd dedv ivB for so adia

rh,i\ HoH-.,. r_.;ss.o .

f tu. df. ffid.od", torMuit i

PoIl,ddla\F'"dyfcDon'$
 L[&!ds,l'{cl,6{9

:, .hdnB p4r.ss pdde fu.dos fo! dGPlayhg dly obi. 3Plii6

ibws €rmble<l4isn nahi[ry while.roidins dre ituEed Glohrids
€d wi6 hiphqirdd rolyndiab. Cubi. Bed .ud6 .E s€neEbl *idt
.ontul poiib Ire rour blddjns run.tims for obi. B i.urv*,obbid
{b5'rtufu8' =rdbEq &r3 aE

g firdm rE 8jvfl in Fis. 3 $ Tne

Dvdtheranreom0blAl,:0,
Fly mzo blmdbg tudm is BEz!
mrv IltJEb tun.tion is BEzr.nl) =
;i MrdFi.r p0 €nds n\.p6idodrdhlpohtF,rneodEr
'nd ,tuPe d lLre lu" d b'rmeduE
p: Bl€ndhetuft iimBEz, rt,da"nnn, = 1/3,aldBz,r bm mum

dra -.FA F,,-d- , beb

P(0) - 31r po),

 ETII B

F00Rr B r 1€ rd! e6 brdnB rudDN 6r tuh QFs (r = 3)

we an comkud (mpre\ sprde .ury

op6d5turh€Pblmedof rhe f u
'mtrn''t}'"160'Eh''nbJv6.n!
Amatnildiuladoifo!dEcubn.Bd
pandi$ $eFdFombr crpffiions rd

Pl =t'l
'| I rl.M&,
lrl
--t
 nmdc6 b rrrow *junmmr or orc
e mr€iPolarhg sPlie! Bd rhe hdc
.:{irc B{plircrrs wclr s l.plirct

Em BEZTER SUEFACES

Gnbu-d b d6i3n oqd {rrde.

' =t)]e
P0, , BFz,., (,)BEz,,rtr)

. :p t spFryry se rmdbn or rb (, + r) by (r - r) dtulpoin6.

$tgnaPP'nadmsTo5p<ifyec$G
bn.welhm(ho6e€lev'iosabotlhe
hdwithPolwo6ind'haded6tng'he

ndnu9 * boundaly lire. erc oder

:.:rLlyGobhhedbyfd.hL$o 'he

-- 1[y L obhhed by ch@54 ankol poinh along a lnjght litu rtios ihe
th 4 Diw+ @nt o+t Rqivtdtut'

fjEA B-SPLINE CURVES

hElPrn. araon I rhe h6r {rdc

3.v.hA?,r B€rcrJrcd br dppli,a"i.ne: .:;.m:,
ui Nhba o oi-
poi r"(n ed, tn!do1'..nd
'h

B-spl ne Cuwe Equations

Prir=tpiru(!),

nflrdorr- rd
wh+rh! P',F:n
b€nm+re,oiNtorulsnnorhce,px,q.orus./.q.pw.
.onh@!ed.fulhednA&'l
g atb'' 3' /,tF|Fom J.o'o;

tu des@ Padhee / crn bc *si8ne

b rhe iunbs of mrml pdids (r + 1) A.b:try, we .ould atso * dE rrl,:
 1,b d'tufle" k ju* a Pdid Pld of ihc.onrrcr
'hn
Bsplnei5adK€dbydehniiglltblcndmsld.doB
blB{plrneoPsaRdsiedbyLLtcojcsffdu.

Tr nh.r.u

6, 1,= ] lls^,- 1x1

d oYdd subintads or rh btaliarye or tr

j.'1'lmd@{''''cl€d'bd
& dh6r;rhe rume, d orho
i ' A +p4"rcb' d dd'oB !e;
r - ; ole ro.hcl rhe cl! nen6 oI
'i"cd.dcBo"cld,ladomN.lur
r.tur3Jr d-mtr rF\'held;r'o_
- i. "*r-".-..
E"pr'. " r..

- - **itun,me,d." '- n
'r.fulPoissinelhesi4of'herndvdl

e:dre; 6haw'h,rorowuspspeds:

. Tne polynmbl cure h6 desR d I aM ci : rddnuitt over rhe dnc€

s dexlibed ujth I + I blendins lurctu

. Exh blenddg hmdion 3l / i5 defi

- $e rnge oI piiamb { ! divid€d

"Dlrrlqlab(|fu|,,4dD6

sdor
'tulqne leB
Er.h or rhe.P

Any or. ontur poinr on ared ihe 5h

Lb r't - l

Unlform Periodic B-Sp ine Curuet

I r5, 10, 0 5, 0 0, 0 s, r 0, I t 2 0)

t0 0,0 2,0.4,0.6 0 & r 0t I

ae d;-r a \k u - "...
'm,

to,1,2,3,1, r,6,7l

|h.$'A'LF-d'hlury'$eo'a
@ u. i.. a-d-'i"Bri*
tu illstare fte L'nukrio or BsPlh. bl€ndhg tumrions ior r un*m,

1o,1,2,3,L5,61

ons 3.53, we ob{fi L\e frEl bldding

1,' o.o...r
1."tf"-',o-,. ",,...'
j,,-
".
theDEnbrcrd cq Pt drtrdl \'

rbr!nsnrmd+hiB]fusbnfispc@9uPby]
ft'-,.
t;
irrr
,
,r1,,/r+:i,i
t,
Irr4 rr
*"
ffi,:I;li *"-''"""'"" ""
(i. ,.
t,]rr !,4
1 +;0
L

],',-,ro ,,,.
{ 's" - r.
Fis- 3,.r:_ wrdch derun$Ek ,he ro-' rc ue or D
"?rh6
rne G,, ,-
i,ruhe5,he"h;Fd rhe,Dir. :

t!-2ror < h6 bs€i. hrNhrmr.he. d$eiFn" h

lFonial.ungE'dD]'=

P,k =rrpo+e,r ctu = iP:+e I

md$bniuinsihemdpohrsrusrore ahe. -. ff"d rhai

',
ti* = P' pi, 4.,=p,-D:
lre3afdb[mloPqob*lhte!n6e'yPlm.

'' o'odrclPJ ns ieno", " Pc

l FF c.
' '\irlda.aqudrar.r

by sr{it4ry th Pdshon murhPh

-",.dbitrp*-#,ms'hebh

l.pltre.-4'odi."PiFdFPa'liu6n\u*'
i:! st.ring.etuin do*d.un B Fo qanPl., the dosed oae h F,3 344
: i€E"rd m edbB by.ydt ry sp€jry4 rou or the ni (mtor poinb
h.dmAl"oh"dmsdePc

]neloo'b'anbv.!ngw'\s"'

rro = lo,+,r,
oo, =
l,n *'"
.o,= 1,", .,
*o, = 1,", _",,
nft dunQo1lorN RqtN td dD

be3hi$ dd €-d orca.h nd. F oo

m@roanF ft.8\pue,.rye*.hon{48r'pG,oyi p,;dcnc.r

lfll

t;
',-'t;

sonng.di'}lheBglr$u
ft.rri. b.'reF,rc.(b. B.erF,;+ s.

, I;l
,1,.,

r!€ obi.in *€ eenodi @brc B.sptine blodbs tudim der rh. pr:
F.-Pwu,f _-Frci
':

a o=1,r ,r
8,.,',)=
f3/ &,+1)
B'n',)=
:( e'+''+3,,+,)
".r,0
= 1,,, E
open Uniforh B-Spline Cun.s

!i6n espth.tadlicado ForL i

atn\e{d'whercknatvalu6aEtPdl.ddtims
.ollsinsaE heEmPl6o(oP6, unilm, hre8ardwbF, ai -nh

I0,0,r,4 3.31 lol=2mdr=3

10,O,0,A,1,2L\2t

r] (dd=2andr=3

Fq my valu6 ottsarek6 d and r, we cn 3d€ne an oPm uniJod lnd

,{

nu6 ol , tubne ftom 0 b r + il. wiL\ dts as(snnEl tE fiJ$ d k6 aE

bp.n uitrdm B{priB h e

"r'ft.b
Fi5 h hd, qho I = , + I (derN or L\e polFmial is oPn 36drc
"),
-?o&aa.Ph*.rnoildtau
r . ops Bip he (d = 4r md iour (m

. nLcdppa,mn^ oF.r"\" 6a rhe ria, .-hrpm, p.nrk E

+ 5kairht tG 6med by rhe 6rttuoMblPdnb, and the Palued. sloF
tldohlpdftGFnll€lblh.ltr
iry.ude diN rE $. sme * 6r
llNithD€z{046,wifyinsmuldFle.mblponbdeenaMidi
',..nen. q rolPorrardmo d rh

r = 4 (five .onbl Poinb), w abtrin

:i€ iollowin8 aight varus for n\e rnot l,€ful
16 w nL a, ta, tr,, u.,bl = $,a,o,1,2,3,3,r\

..-.-e A,;' * a., *t"d *tr rE sudlhar, .uBns r bd

.h;! ft6 4,. E" d€hned Tn {
;n 4 = 0bk = 2,.nd 8ri Gdelincd rrcn 4 = rbq = 3 E ltt
ndDu,tutow.Rq.flhthn'

q$, ud6n epLE bhdi4 turtdq

polFomial *P€sim ar obra

l1^' r,,
ll ,-.,
 i,' .=..'
;,,a-,,,r;.'x,,,, 1.,..
f. ';
_t
I

,;dB-or".,-.-:;d"mo .

-; z -L b d,L hhnd.simih.rrir
o i. *a ru p-rt" u rn" d* contur poin, d€ nd an.lhe shap.
""-
in not !s oNeiihtlY Ssmbd 6
s
i5isdlelolhemuliiPltityollid
is.nthebqinnln*iidcn'lo''heknott€doa

Nl.?n''FIJ)\,u6rdhba5

n orlll g:.u^.
..fft.ed.d.r|'1nd'fdk-
: e F.DL'erertu; 3, -
trclne!o huit b) rrorc{h rePar dri Padnubrvnce
cPen 3.d F unF! qofa
- .: ns .e,ruT e Fhhonr v",
r,4D4qihn]ab]41fut!!h|h\

I
EEB 8-SPLINE SURFACES

P,., =tIP 6r ,3,,r,)

Jy'heP6bNoi'he(,','r)byo

FisuE &!6 shows ori{i nodeld {

EEB EFTA-SPIINES

.n <d t Fanau.

Seia-Spllne Continuity Condirion,

on. ,odi ui (;!.

Fndddei .dhnurt ftDr kr{dr d'brr[v), c ,G obbhcd by eL

p rl rr,=P,lr | - 0
 !6oDr, ald lne udr t nFr veb6
*r6d-ordd stiNity Grm,lE erol @'ridv, 6?, ir inp6d ntn
'fte

ai\ h t\ + kP r \u,t = ?)\t t)

be asien d any €l nmbs rnd A > 0. I'e cuF.he vtu pc
,: .m
a masuE of rhe dout of b.ndins ld dr ode ar p6iid / r. $,]ld
= rdd e =0 be?rG Eiu€ b D.Prin6.
P ame,, k alLd rhc !&r rdd 3ft. n MbL rhe *!@ oi L\e
E Fdr6 > L rhs.ae tmds b tr(h
, ldrorr 6e rrcb ro.0. p
d..r ot r' d tu shaps ot the splift.
P rnm r. b dllfd rhe +40r Pdln2 rld dhds \.k r gh'iy 0'
'L\esplirefibrh€ohl36ph
Ar&iffi,thecw.appuo\6!\.
'
dEoftlFPlldshotnhFrg're'
P.iodic B(t5-S!lin. Mstrir R.p6enlation
hs th. H.+pline boud.ry.qadrds b a abh pdly@irl drh a d-

=; -ori
;l
& obtinEeplhe rub [& wh6 6
rhe =lindt:=0 And w€ h,ve the
rrffirutn. Ms (E4 &5o)
^
wh€n

a=fn-,r
EEEI BATIONALSPTINE5

.opolymd,s'Iiu'ando@llPliit
de{nbed with ihe Posiddn !<ror

- )1, 'P.r'.,1a

d$ rh€ valre of a pardola! or, rhc dos!

ihearyclsPullldbled'hetdlP.iPltelsh'€dbylhprnmddwhr:

Ea ion ror quadrt.urvs koni..

lloap6Fd .sewbqhaElomdi
(krion 7.3) rhh msB rh,* we on appry, F6pdi!. viewing tramioh i,

ro a p€Gpedile vinns ransrormdion ry? on, siaehic de5tn pdrass !*

sprin€arciefecdbasNURBS(r@etrr6,,4,'om'3 slrtr,o!NURB.

quadnrt B sprne lundion (d - 3), th

I0,0,0,r,r,11
 I u6 ,o sc DhodadD. v.ihug hoo d;

f Btrnr)+tl1 .1P,3,.nr)+EBdtr)
8ar(rr +lrl{1 -rlr,n')+ t:n!)
!F obtab thevanors.dc (r4. a-5.) ntlr th. iDllowins valG td pdam

:h (F,e. &5t) by sns q = c C rn'l by chm$ns obl Fdnb as

'Ire

Biq simiLr ffitol-Fint phem4b. o we @ld p6dne a smpleb

i im $e 6Etrqd& r ntion lsins ssmekk hnsramatiqe in dE
! Fr Aanplc we c.n pnEt d\e oft.qurhr &dft ar $aur the i
'hi}sbPIodGthe&ul,r:sinl}!
a hono8enus rcpffibhon for a dr.ihlai ar h the nsi qua<lranr of

lill Hl
rrTDuvLnl@f)R1radotr

EIE CONVERSION BETWEEN SPLINE

REPRESENTAIIONS

+rrc(1c,\.h" 3 YrFnjRn
f isnrd6iFaoncEiqB sFlines
lPf.cri'n tu dFP:r obiR' r
'F.

P''''-LMP'Mls

rainb (tr exahpte, @nblpdnr d-

G'N D

u i4r,i.r Mrh:=rr Mei"lL MMr

MM=Mi_:,M.d*,
""1
 3 11 D@tqitasPtk.ct.6qas,inb L,

ol,r
tl ol t,

ti
tu rhe baGbrutM ratnx l0 .onverdns ,tqn a dhn B6ziq 4Es'
lorFiodic,.ub.D*pling4'anirtionn

6 I ,
a a
-i a li
a j a

ol

DISPLA'I1NG SPLINE CURVES AND SURFACES

.5e or sulhe th:i prcid b pilel s

polr\mblspliiFfirtdmhcl

nd6t min d ior darGdns a po\n

h'c1F.!on'}rvloLlio'o),
F.YaFlFonialoldegcn,lhcoand€F
t-nddple,$ppG€'hi'w.hiwa
nft Din4,@d aq1 | k{4rdpt6
pram&r !, ss &al6h dts polymmial in rh.lo[6*ins fadoFd oilel
r('D = l(ilr+tL)! +.tL+dt
In.ctuirmoIkln v,trpnnui6 \Eful plGbol drd rhR dd1 o\
cure €quls nire murhpli.ariffi dd dE additim.
rdditiml faftdgmdputahons couid b. apptd ro Edue nmb€r t rhe
.r pd:d@ EquiFd by Hoh.' r m.$oi 6p€art \ b' txShi olr pot- i.
rdoM6*qdniNmrbGrc r
dftbrcoloLriotrdspLF3ubdN'mm€rha&'

Fotued-oiff.r.nc. Cal.!bridm
4 16' rerhoo ro $ rtuMg potno-ir rdi6 s m c*?r?.1as. rvp \ d
lvrartulad !dlue"' m Ah P''

nex' varue shpry by rddin* rhe tudt b *. rns int1trrhi d eah !

i. nw * hn|rr t q te P ^n
^pr+
lhefofl,ddJferclam'hcnF'!
dE@ltus!d,,.nb.,bul4a lorr

for \ r..mdmF Pc Fo a onsd ]ng-plr,

subrndin8 rhe ko equad@, we obhin

b drk c*, the f.flard diffcre is a .onsbr wd' high€rcrder FlFoa

,rProa,ddrGm.€ 3 rqk.FtFo
For rhe obicaprbe Epeshiim h Eq. &31, tuo (sNe kood
pcirions hN. ihe porFmi:r rtprtsbdons

+rr+r,(4 +O:+..(,i+O+4

di=,.r!t+,}l r) + 2,r,l4 + @,t +r,r: +!,r)

F {.tue^,. BrPolynmla
 s n Di:dr!'{srtituc'tutus\4n6 4st

I Pu€dua h obbin sKsile v.lu6 of

eosbd.xPBjo

L:ltiqs&3],&39,&91,and3,2P
aahhm or poba ildgrfte.ubt .de sbdn8,t q = 0 wirh a.onnanr sbp
c 6, ihe inli,r varue for i]. : od

ft* ddar valua hive bko.dmpur€d, dr cncdadd fo. d.t sKsive

w.cn applyt'wardni/-€6€ merhddsbder€dtup6irion'dos sprbe
5 of any deF r Ea.h suffiiv..lodinab pGitim (r, e z) is warultd

f iErprialrdiri'irtrpu€durcsaF u*d b Eperbdlydivid.a givd .n€

hin, iftreahg rhe nmbd of.mr6l p.ftr ar 6ch 3b?. subdivriim
ion in
hod5.c u*tur lor disprayiq aPui
sriphapptubtr\e clryepaor
turpodnr .@iliMc an t€n be ploted s cure Filios. Anorhtr.Fli-
hlpohaior3haphgadft'TnG,
ould d6ign r ghqar ore shape wi
bl pdE. r{r$ fi. added .onbd
b, s€ dn b\d DLe lft rdjushob
splire$bdivisimisnct€dlylPP
oft besi6 at tu 68r conbr podnt and 4d5 at dE rBt €nrrct tshi, ih€

rhe onror poh6 ft "&a tuush" b rhe ore pda. D€ds subdivbim
o) con\e rffi' rPrrFplYn6 onrocBe/q$pllryLoo.
(2) Apply dE'hesedd rubdivi.ion alsoriihm.
(3) Covqr rh. B6zkr E?nsiadd

c nb o e?tr.nL. _fi.
dF dsribed s h rhe p.btnh.6d pj (s), and 'd*snr
rhe s€sd **'mr n d.kd

ech of rh€ tuo .we s3m6b has rhe

digmr .ua!. Are, rhe boundaly cdrdirim lpcidd rd p'aodi. st.f!
ra c rd rh.onen"rrurvetu\rioP,,,, Tnr 3 v* u.6',' sdid@, ,.
mhedt.mlrcl.PojPosi'ioG'Fg
fiFr *gnhr, dE rou onrrcl Poinb ac

p,., = ]1erp,r

",.=i(P"+'?P'+",)
",.
= io*,p' *r", * ".,
And for rhe smd s€!@ni we dbiah the rou! cmbr poinb

"."
= ],",,", *,0,.",

4reff!flonr/o.onolfug'Fn
 3 13 oFcL ApindhtciE ht\thF
n( idd md shifl (didsd bv 2) orlios as

F, =:(P,+P,)

"
= i,",.-,
"'=j,".',

tu ptRdbg eepc d b€ epeated

e ro gah ndr .mtul pohb d nthg ro
tE? appsrmb .une p6itiN whm
.jL'llyFinb,rea.hifub'fte
r {h "F rtu[ m$h or" hd o
poil'ord.ns€cfrmtII$Gdig
r tr "snfficihtly" smlL we on d@ $bdividine Arcrhs 6r is ro chaa dr
I ihe *t of mrrcl Finblorea.h ry
: Flronial ofde*e tr - 1, rhe 2tr on

p,=Itcii ,P|

P'=nLLa L' t\pl

?c(r,rrdc(tr r,, rareihebho lcrlri€ne

fihg valB rd $e rnd v.&. Dut, in g€mr.L th* mthods

OpenGL APPBOXII ATION-SPLlNE FUNCtIONS

gdziq sp1h6 and 33plb6 c bs displayed 6ins oFncl rM.fioG, as

-f . md oFicr u Lh rclur ha
'\e
:rcvt& a Biplim hkl.r.s that {'csg oF€ncl poinrplothry md ttnF
th4 Diua) hnrdiat RquahthE

OpehcL BEzi.FSpline Cuwe Functions

,L'vPo :m+,,a",pa,6rd, L"

ezhcuryercl'PiJlyrlto0andl0,respdivelyThelhlediheE.-
r(anr
'n.lF" d FFr.rn: dF

mutin*, we Red to evaLar€ pc id

ordinare psnid $hg Eq.3 3i

, -' otF' bJtons Niur

urin to ukx Jdiiq ihe* FoEl
45aneenp]eol'heopcLB!zic+.
 3.t3 aqlcLA4a'iddhn.stnvnudiD .6

pa$ is rhm dbplayed I a blrc poly

Ed poh6 or si4 s (ri8. a-53)
4.Ddlr@4|dqlR444d)o6

io.ErdqtrJ t -r'rrr"s-
"rP
F;neb-,r.- rdop".cr Dnid
bPl.dle,elord'bml\'Padpn.mcb\alua'

L" 1
i"..*,. .* ".. -t"-,pu-m,\"torr6uB.ode F.eprod

opencL@n1rund!iPequpaslb

rc.1[4lb'dph:r"Mm8lbB"

".d-. b,Go-;tue
siBd;N h'mar' " rd tue,*

-b-h-6' o,i€, bid'd da:, dsro$Echqcl.'Tbornr^

rcfid;|;' uPoh.JdF'\m'b
-h-h&;hh"",hdl
mdalvRioEissPcjfi€dbamyct
er un nouin""..-.rt evnhori. @sbnb aE u*d *ir:
"!
;;bpb s1hp1 t'frid, on be d6{e'r sh bNGrv. and :
-; +l**rt -d sl&a1kdr rhdtJ'd@dab:
*r i* qp
"r"".rii.'a"r n ,-r t -"ua. rhn db{s 6 b 3fnftd€ .mbin!
 313 oscLArlwn4btsl[ttuu'a$ 465

of rte sliiaeFx@ 3enh-

nGL Biziccsp ih.sudace Functions

ihd ,nd prader 5?< K r0 rheoFncl
'o

*h\.!deolr6dbuldwi$g1l
FPftJonlollhPdruv!lu6laisunrfiesr'l}nffm'ld
P amtu r. The thedimnsio.l

.d.€n'61-M!lqPry,!
iEk valu6 fo! .dd6r pddi P,r and
r Ir b sivm in ust'1de. And dF hFser o(d b€Men tr€ be8inin€ ol
d rhe b.sinnine ol .ordb,t vilu6
r . I is*iveninvs*lde.Tnis,n
oer dit4 sd dDr *e n €d ro *cit only $e oaf*b b l€b c@ldbik

;ddrre.vr.lu! as€n{$revrlq?in*hkrvrFonv{ obvn!r.

rcvRror!€ic.uvlr-ey-G!rr

4=^!&d;_' u=

rh€inkdntum0br0
Id dtsplay r Bfziq surf'cq se rcp.a

by a Fir, on be diql,,€d ae a st
lheDltrvdalar4ados
of suhel! eed6 6ero NhSd. rlroM 6.ltrrlnurbta.6 u
ra,

s{in,Eb,4dslaPd aqiec.

eLlrori crrrhs t.t r{j cl - r

.o! c - 0: J <- {0, l+)

ro. (j - o; I <- {0r J*)

IJBbido'ufi8L\e31.va1fu9.0 ftr.hon, we c.ngem6hevmty s

astrfd,heEru.c!_PdM, dr Lr 8-Spl
w h nv rqunLy sp.ced inMaL b4 lfl vi rd v7. nu oGMdDS r!
s nu b qn md df @Pono,ns ;"sn d
.,
Fdr ! 3ulrre rh.t n b be dbplar€d * a sdd or polyliG, rhe durpE
3uapcriufd31rva1tr*h2Lrhetreasrlprc[owingpt rln$uE
e\.Fp fo- s? od ,on\ rhr arcio frnd{d .m. a rrtirudo6
. b.s,r ns d ri, rmF. rh" ,;-
-
 irauncLAw|ndbr.5qllv|yfu6'
r::!a1coo!dr k db Gr, vr). And *$ed or rlE
.:tvslcoqrdr is si ro (u,, v2).

ro. (j - iwlr j <- i!1: ls) r

J rr for a $da€ d ad
dbplay€d of fiu€drolypn ladb (Dode =
.LL), dre ourPur of sr spcrid, :nd
€und.o'f.voidinAddifu5fo!dt

d€igtub v,r6 tq orhs kjnds

55. ju$ a we did knh 8r.pr. sinir4 eymbori. cmh6, s!.n c
4P,coloR4andcl-uP,_NoR

B-Splin. Curc Functions

i- i" clU B ?lr rcuri€,tr rcF

')".oru B,prire rhd h* unioo

f nonrarimr To seiqaha BipLre (d
!r lne spLre {h\ re cLU 3+he trdcni :ii $6 dfhe rhe
'he
 nq. Dw Fpnrotit,l F,rt di!,

@om d hlue or0 ba$iBnd b c

^ .rnndea sluBegircu!velsluEidc;r .

PF-1.'''@e'!'&'h'.'6""

rposirionsae.onhfl ou5lnorinbsp!:< B-sJ

beeeen dhd d*a ryF), ihe !.ru. o

rF:,
'u m
!lo" sPr'

oluiurbBohj 1q!icBe!curv.;

nous minnd€s (&, r,a,t):rc rh€n usd b

 r.3oql6LA4frlh3li{.5|rftF|,di4.69

$, iur 6 ue did d$ 31!aP r and

'b

an de tutuhon ftjr @.h data 9F,

,:]saPolylincbyth.cLUmuhn6sutrvane''ofBsPlincandenng
'..d:kob-*eded qjl -pe:Fd clL m rh. ro[dvDg cr U tu'n6.

- Lr $isned a CLU synboric osbnr rhi idendfis rh. ddedg pdpdy

r:,Nur6!R.Dd.!.r 5bhdmt Mdt dr the ptup€des that on b€ *r usdg

B-5p!'f. Su ae Functronr

ror dcliniq ! &spline surlae ac

F.it a nlnbr or opriwr ,unde

luhiple su rG, dch ui$ a
'ridei rd
'trybs
EFe, €o b denred h
6urrrao-h,\a.y{anqh*,\eF
n4DIo^!4ld]d'i4^\.ihlur

:ndrd nd' ry Fr,rd \:ru6F m

pa!.md. , and ! di(rions. we sp{iry rhe numbsr or elehnb i ea.h rd

.esPsu L we ,* ,h'€ ndbs.i,

rDls'ue. s{q!_!;;&E
on{. bNF r" i, d.,ir.wod;r,r
Ed bi'r m%", P'nmr*us-rrd; d d 6e d
ro .,r n mo. {,G b\e em ruD
(sruDeleie!udsRende<d wcu*
A B{plnE 5unaq by d.laurr, is ebmadcrD display.d & a sr of eotj !
et ror a B*pbne !urr{e. As an da-Ca
can b"
rbr€nmb sp€dfy a frFfi:ne do
or psp€d, s$ne rha rirll;i

play 6ch riansle a a polysm dtlbe tn adiuho4 rhee rr,n3n edh r

dn b€ di*ed gr
u5ins rhe u!b.caubektucdo.orh.iul!;fore!,
sry eu sh! ar eLu-oorlrNB_pArcn and clu_.rLi
MoDE (rhr
faurtvalue).willrrhf vduee!! ourirN! .lrcH.rear$obt;a{r
ny rimmis ores rh havebe" r

wcs.!e .unbfl c .dPllrs Pcn

.,.F da-h r r00 rao ,a
o srscl i4e;r ;he. i"r^ -" h" ,.
h''}+cPlo'"d)GLsdPt]|ca-coolo<oF'fvhoh5uddet
LlidAbbc.a.-eo
3y*r.,$ pEo!-\ clu iuLLr{.mr\dccl_rru8 ie rrn-.hf ,
4 Bobm h' dto{{d" lh \;.
\oum._bd€6ur.ruero'.rLcut'19 .-. IALSB Aid rh€ /r

-d*'hn.JEotr'vleo'iB
 rr3 oPtcLAwivtd virttud@.
tsasp€i6e<t srlrneN&.dd q.opertt, rhe@rcsPonili$valu.;6hrd
' whd thepn?e!9 cru
^utu-loo
(qplriera'€, loddeied.t Projia.

mhr pmi4tio n*rii ,nd vi#Pon

tr, dF mb" u; in,b.dpr na fo.urne lduA br i 'Phe iqa ft.
'
-"n modehEh iid Do;'io1$
objEb art PllE*'l Bing

rek*rb'derc;.
;,M d, r'-+* .,.hF m€ *F
I (r!s END hdr{b, r'teM d ht
;-i"s ol. pndd* in*. msbnr suh a, c! irNB srRtP
" "Fbor.
lRNelrs,dGL-QUADSTRIP'syhbolncoG'tcLNRB'-wnnx
d* th.( $Kiilmsioml odhr€ dah :E ro b. euppried, and a v'h

slduddrbcrluEhqm$ppliedby

md 4tbeN.re is sje.d $e nane or L* sPlie dhi<i thd n b b.

*igned a lisr of valG
'lrb
Surface-Irimming Functions
Borv6Esp€in€dfola}3Plie
e !'ih lhe lo trngsbmenE
 indep6ios^ninkgqofisetbetr\g

cLfrort oure.trirPt. 15l l,r - t

clilo.i iidllrlrqPd r4t tzt -

lll - (0.0,0.0, o.o, o.o, I

 SWEEP REPREsENTATIONS
p'ov.dc r nuab.' 6rtn4nlnon kh' qu*
-d,l h d'tr( mrobBbtu
".'.*;Ld-;,* Tkd@.-dFs,,T
;.,;*bmrur -.h.Ms,\c
i ; rFm o. "F.e A r cd -n{d p,mi,i 6 .J-} 6 . rr*
;bq';, -" bei,svidcd -roF{ep rcpRnbdo* * idu o?tions o*-
nons d qc5.sdmrrdic of $rd obt*B
: i., defuF d'o. we rhr pr-6a : hn{ 'melseP
obiftr.m$
$pe.ifi.d 'he
dnbre hdi$ rhe ohl P.inb ft thDlgh pl alo$ r
by
,dlhre Prd' p.rlndNhr ro /r P
r Fdrh 'c@' ilb".o* .er
ai6 in rh. didid or ih. swep b

rhi pm@. .pl f .iG' $r- F dfd rbo' ,.F 6.d rn r

' F.

()
lh{'dlt6qplab]4lP',E4dpr

r\
r!,/r i

,.i-----1r'1r,,

lng@a''4F'in!P{dy'reePloNt
.Fci'v6e'urcnn.'mofuab'l

Pa6 tr he mdve $c ;haee rhDu:- .

EEEI CONSTRUCTIVE SOUD-GEOMEIRY METHOD5

osmfi'cFwoba' rrcn a '.

fi
dim4sbclobrdsingad4qa
3d.tivc $lid s.qn&r (csc), .naB rhc rcw obi&' by aPPlyins th! -:

op.'aDotu. r'e 3.trJ J orc ldd P\oh daFPh.tdd!@ ! a

LF3 3{r.hN,rbrer d1o dr}rm

id in Fis. 3 5€(b). wrh a di(em..
a6, we.d dial.y rhc solid shen b ris. 3.53k)
:
.sc pa a F..(nsado\ p''i 'dor'hft€ndosioMlobF.!
.omP{ho, n rF.Pl.re.u 4F
p"cs.ddmu {rRdo-. o bP P
slEt an oPeErio (unim, rkR.-r-
o hnrlcrd1d drg nirisb
b loft a rew obtd. 'hop
nrE tuw obFd
bjkt e.f drinE Puri:E
haF $a .hl shaPe ror d'e obFd ws aF desisnns h obFd 'his onstu..t
rhb prccdurt is ept€gted wirh a bh:ry ft, s in Fis &9.
sd ro idPLment .m$ru.:ir <
rmerry op.6dons vh4 obiE6 aE
 tffi
:j_;:3 .o r4 o oar 4p ia o6FE G, un & tuuiiN k-".pbcsk
r-bid bpidu@qssrtu$dF.bpa ohcr
-.nrd bhk stuts 5bq b G), udq d toEre a

iandgntheinklk6dnPoin6a(
loDs The surtae linib ror rhe .mFire obkd ar dEn detemhed by rhe
'-d .- oo?:b. Mr mPlrof rle
r ior a csc objcr b Bien in Fis kl
$rRb (a bldk and a sphe) and tho

--!up1tn by the bva Dhjkts. Fd thc in

i iibliol rcEh.o6nm lo boi\ obj
nFio ol da ohikt tom rhe dh.r in rhc ssion whcE rh! tuo obi{6
'he
€'l in ib oM rerr (noderj.s) cmdi

' hc r,r-o rh"oh- rud.r'rgru

rried our lo! rhe indimdut Prdniv
?ppiqobiRbaFs&d ordhsb
rodcbmirc rhc coitosrc objsr rimi
rhlpGedurcG rcp;kdids.h pr o,dr(Eih dcrob@mbfd$

'. loo'-nF our'"r" bi

rh"
'F.'.'*''hJ.''-
{,i Gtr 6m s. -l"ne rrl or rhc objed fo. i .m$ *di'i -
"ppoxinle @nrh(Prd Frnbn(r,,)s

v,:r ^:
h*hFd"mtr^
robl vorune dl csc objdt i_ '
'hc 'h.

v=tyl
G enthcdcEiVtundion,r{!, ,. for ihs obj(t, 3e Gn apprcimr.
nas orrJ rhe fy tom PoiiLdi (,,

dn nis or rhc csc obid n Ihm aP

r:l' I OCTBEES
asriga.d orhc! aPPlnr'ois rh
dcplays or obkd dos stions .dnr
a. r Educ ibas. Fqufmnb rq rhR diJr.tu'drtoqa a r i$ pu
,

..!nved6t ftPcsbrion tu sbt$ ii'Jomrdm abo* onjd bMos. 'dF

rhe cre E l*nbdon fo! a rhlFdimGidar abtk' ; qbEio of
dm s.h.@, aned qudft m.od4.
(lrdR,aEsens:Fn b\ .6 E \eryd \ diryr NHrmft.d ryrco,u$-
h (lis 3.'r, t ..t ord' d+ F b3
lonomosFro!qud,.rtlu.lm
ulddnr F nonb€ffi I x. hr;vrrh.
I!iLhqudaN2orFi&.anl:FFd rhe olorlode lor hddd n
'?d.<
cu.dEnlLhl'l@ou.,|noilRd-.
Frs.364 r]le orcP6ndins dah €t€tut

{ dsqirhm f!'glfdh1g a quddrR

whina*ln"bdfuonilmjmlRgjd
rdish ilef toud,arr r 6f o Ernrs,!eh.. rlnuholn,F<idrmr
.+adrR h6 qny ooe.ode. ror a hdebsellms rteioo of rhe elam, rh.
frtDhrwha @jd F4/utn6'

' aud@oodinasrsvide.onsid
a sinsle mde dn aPlenr a la€e fr
valu6. Foi an arca mbbbg a by 2i

$mof $ie.rimeuoGr5P<e,*
a[v a .ube) inb cbnb ad sba eishr dab erom6 in d.h node of rh. d
asltu*-bd b Fi*.3.66. Indi"iduar subtrgrds or the limr subdjvided $.*
Pul'@rFFrsd!Rb.gUL'd'
41f,dd'ffilh€p@ly!'
\P.glq.E$clh.ohFh!'hn
indld€ olo4 fraknar l'F, dmsil, a
ph,i robrmhr {'Ral FFrdor .pdeorjo a.luiJ.nl'd d Il*o' {
nm obodt oF\. Fmp\ q.m

#
 tm fl !-. .uF s r @rvs re

e oqR' an,r3s'dmro' Pqro u3

.;Ej'-"' - ts dor,6 b cre 4?ynr' otu ror EFo'or
'"o 'hpsmc

.\a.onirucrhen4 tFGmBrhc€rnu.hFrh.hudhE o!" cr

mr ior n8im duPied by oe ohjEt

ednlbfsharebmd4eloPd,T}Ee
'!lFbiqorq'.ghb,+a
r,.i, {tr *.b, .,d*'mrc. E b arJ ro.dtuFaFmpied
. wc;{p.-.L F*leitrdrbssr\ e{usdlffio .Ih€66rob.
u8hi\esPa'iald!b,ldtbba.k'
an he bmstund to a quadk€
'd

BSP TBEES

4PFqErif >,nre b .u r, (X1m

: hb tuo paiinoG 'o
innad of eBhi ai 6.h skr. w h a biory 3pxe
i
'boni4(0sP)ft,EesubdMder50!
rhd dn be at any pG ion and onenh
lh Pcry€ndnla PlinF:I3ad \ irh

lb3U1PIdd.afuTglfilrfi
ibrrion of rhe obj*. ftn Gn rcdG
lrifying Yiibh $iiae and l0 €Pae
aoMg m dy.ts cinsrlsonrhms.

FRACTAT.GEOMETRY METHODS
.e-b]dEPrcfblloT\Fhdad
:d.an'seomeby nF$ddsi ftar k, objd a\apa wrc deffibed widr €qua

. tr@rF>uL,*:rd FaJb, sh'P6.

io ide fttbd. repl*nrations ro! suh obFds Ndmal obj46 ai b€ Fn

daniEd\ h ri( Llson.t' mdhode. 4 h.+ Ptrrn -+. Hrhs th,n
:ion5 aa urd b modsl obi(b k we
 rcnt'onorrjcE dcs bed ldhRrEtr,
ru:toha,m- ::omo.' s,, .
"
P]il.1J'li'ohFddt,d?l'

behr dbjd h6 s! b.st.rafrt

A
ind enab sr/J,rirlly bt'wen
a objed e;rb d6eoenlreatur!.,
sc obFd. rrr rlljnih y preedri*
'hc dt an objci Gn rake dirfeE ior
G

de'1 1 obn . ,uoer' \:r', h.. , r, ;.rq-o 4ih o oQ j.

ob(E eo .is{ smcFFdi ha

_q
, +p! ff,P A mo.n;1o ,
sDc ii*ed shape as wc vics ii ro.
dFriid.loqpcifion(6s367).Aswercdihenou i, s cr !r :
'he

:od'
'n' n.'m. '\"| 4

wG i* d rh. --c sre w. ih- .,

5lol6d'doI'hedb]Eiuddlsph:.

io..dua, a rGbr oh(r hs no dd - !

aih obted d6ftiehN,6e dimo,: -.

a'hd rhelnd,,/ dzu^@ ufrikeEu

sctmd,.,i/ ir, diri.r. uhkh js rhe b

-eer. . k,. i-;Nr- -"-

r6ekxhft, d $frdiE ju$ b mrke ppry pa(a' b dhE disiprc,
abl Fktr have ben loud in e€
v,n,toBr h nuft, h in 3b* mlld
efiic nowr in ulban ploFrty udlLad

F.ctal Gcn.ration Procedures

\ n&d ovR' c ssda'd by E ert.dry apprying ! sFkt6ed tatuiddidm
E{rim b Finb wi$in a E8j{ or sP

ln senenr, lrfrim 6 be rppli.,r ro a sp€ifred pobt

tE fraBl(,rudm
\n48Fdl3h'L'6.rn6'oldlnA
*''luft c Endom Pmedut lh.
Er{rftdon hfrim 6uid b€ d€6ned b klc ot s€deki. bstam ids
b& blsbdo, rchd@), d n dld n'v

AnhNsh i bl obid, by delinil4 snbin infinib debil, * ,Pply rh.

Erffiton rMid a rinits number or tu, an4 of oP, the ohi* w
NlmFsubDP@.}Ea"d/
6mr Fapru€r dr5Pray ot a objd
d, d tl.e numbs ol iF, ru p€ rdm?d
m we r:mor display ded vr .ho
B-r q€ dn Ppcibdlr tr dn o
'sm

obr'nbPaffiovcoPh.&'n3
dei. 6.NAaU +:p. heva u
ro
, or q€ c.n u* d,f,flflr xa u3 tutu
obidl rt s€ aL. ipply i:ndom vadlhG b tr\eoledidm srbPatr, the
b sid ro be n'|ididrv 3,ljr'ih rhe
Rn6. +:tu' cly *[ !a r@

r.. r ,. and h dinecnic@ldtuk didim. And ve€n.ko idud€ ran

E;adm ',b obhin ra,,s'tr rtslt{ft

?rs'rrue -alqdn!3F:tu: !u n $ ths MrodelbEr s (om?d w'rh

as nfric in .omplex spae, :nd sftwe ftadalr omhded wt'n
 cts^nEr.frrvDi6d,6deA]r4llgbljd

nauRFs€-

rl* in@nr o/ \ rd:dm s r !tu of r Fdl qR'

rn b€ daned \
raa@ or dr tuCrc
btuch b r
hgfEnbhm, or rh? obn M@ e**rdrsl4 obqE h,\. bTd ftG
mGimr om *rlbd fd 8f,esB a ha.Li oqd b { ue x mof
dflh'lL€.*lakdvrlueMDA "
d,meum ftn rh? de.Fi prp.rd6 orh obiRr J'hoqh f, 3wdt. t]re
bl dlmrd in b€ d fituh b 6kul:k. Mcd'.& rd .:r, -bbrs D rE br ft
dimffi ion.ncepb deveror.d hbr@h6 olnath.mari6, pani.uidlyroF;
tu €rPEm ld rhe hrdld,ffi
silh.3iqlg*lar'.dollG.htd€d
rcLhBh46 b.h*n tu *'r3 :
I od !h. nmbsof bp* r fdriuhdrEm ot a unir shrshlrin€ *
hitEsf,mdrdrob€.wdrr = i,rhe$i,xressn€dlFts.rli!€.1
divided inb tuo equl:lmsih s!bp4. F@ rhe 3im stins lfti
rhe s!
Fis. 313(b) ir divid€d hb tour .qul..u subpd, :nd $e .nb. (Fs
!bpa*. ror a.h of rhe obis
Fladon5hph..lF df nLobnot eubp,c,'rd rtu qaln& rffi 6, . =
lneu1o3)/vidiEsud. obFdri}teffti:rdb*ioDforsdf{init*
 fitydin.ndo4$eb\e

"- !a

E",'=,
.1rn is rhe riling radd! lo subpar t.
h F$. 3s, we .Gid.rcd subdivisid or sinpte shap6 Gbaishr linq €!
G: . and box). rf w€ hive 4orc onplnaed shap€, ttuldiq ored t1c
|o.gtrqllobd9"P-.€'.nu*'olo
hoh- ;nl.-F"*pc a
",opr'!
hhdasbdildd'Plinc$lrteo
r:f,!rylee Ori* ov€ifg 5hap6, $ch s .iftr6, sph€B, and .ytiidft,
res of an obj4r divid.d hb a nun.

-.bEi by 5uomins rhe p,EpeniE or a d of sfraD{ ovein* obris. we

:rlorqiol 6vdry smep6 weE oned,tly u-d h 86d n\e G ins

-:" . p-pdi" ; **;d"- .-a A'. ".*".d,",*"e.dr:
! rimensio ol sine obi4b, bur in s
r x.un3r6 d realelePiFds. FhuF
=jgHe,dEadiNidelhelatletcs
1\.ol€dgrelhodsaFappltdby66
- i. a', rhm $bdMdrry !h. obied inra a numb. oi srau boxa cbs rhe
. <rrsfa.rds. rhe nunb€rorbox6 r6d b*esb.ova,"oher is c; ed
-bF.s\|hd.ngl!g:|nsk'!'.
'$etr3bcfdu+gq'3D7!
Fo ..v"rueo+.!.ue !k 6eoh'\ h

' ndi.r4.io- o' roDorogr. d dh"Eb

;=meb6 neded b sp6i6, rhc obi(
n d FiF.rntorirl F+wndh6

tadal dimensim D is gParer rhin r (

6ed ro mdd duEr o6j(t boundf-

spniar radal .ury6 (rho* do no' l! @mprek'y w hh a sinsrc f[:-
'ha'

FEdr su 6 tPi.;[y have a dime

ds, and wder:ft ryPnaly odd€n t :

D.,1,w.h e a *rr ovabpPins ohF

uvapordensilydkhPedbEu.[i.'

GeometricCon(rudion of DeteninisucSef-Sinilar FEctal5

itsrk Goncnd@) sr.sin ri.r,: .-
.\!P.'''{a.'''t0{be,\o''h.

ta.hske$l'$'he'Kbldtoc.r
i.eaes by a iado of l d s.h dcr. so rhd rh€ rensth or dr radr on.l o
.drvc (Fi3 3.2) Fisun&73i[u::.!
o.*rudions. The gdeniG f Fig. &u (b) and k) co ain orc dchil rh:: >
ig\c!'iadaldimmldc'
"*'= i
n
Lt--
 /i
i-..\
i ---l \-\

r.iric Connrucion ol Stat sticaly Serf-Simiar Fmcta s

-$
-\

r
ne F€ctal-construcuon Methods

odd obtcd f.duG alndhmr Brouiii,

k! a 6ndon Nalk pdh in rhe ry pbne

rddmg an iddidon paDFd{ b r

.rdcv ims an piinled blL€ (rh. dddt and rhe hlgh6i dev*ions wh e

; idjudins rhc ifthr d'mcn,inn

Rin. oi Nl ,i,r rl-D i,;..rr.ir l.rr_fi. \
(.!,i./r&,\r{{i,i'r&& r
rrryDnqGoplabr'lfuFlulott

"buehnes"'a.dandlL*ac$
acer'T.blelmluFonh€ugdbohhbdEG,U$janvaIG,ltcPq6
rhd nFikd by ckujlin8 a dGplar€d y vrhe ror the midposition ot 6.h
b"r of -3imF y uht lmg'h o
'he
3(reglEHl.nBlltAlaa.nsbp,lhe

FgnbdbvaPlying
lar gound plin. (F€. 3r1) l{re b.F
asis.nE .n elwaho z E G b ech or dr for comft (. r d in ris ! b,
dfd'egdDdplim'Thhuedividg!\.lplr'nphigdrhemidFiol
eilse to obhin dE nve nes 8lid pondm,., l, & b od a. Elevaddc il
ddpcidds r f, & and h or rhe sD
avecPelw io or L\e E'ct tu vdn6 dus a Endq olG€t ForeDr:
alehdd 4 ndpGitim . n ckaLM !si$ vdie. rnd h whiL cle\ ?
midF im " t i5 ololabd utig tdc I and .l

l:ndq v.ru6 r and , c. b€ obhtEd lbn aca@ir djsdbudo. wirh

n@ ts$m tFd. lod* vrlus 8ss.k -rmth{ brdn rb-1 e

r h.le
rhe pida dId odae 6JgM"$
lljG tr 3nd *pd'rim riNi e uo
.of !e 8E-nd prm" rdonnor E
b€€lcujrkdusiqritioG.rmrgo
cilcuL'e,"u s asign€d ekvadm
'ft.
 z" =t& +a +4+4\14+r^

+fldsPantiobkdn65D'l9ih 'oul'sBrids.dd5rlochsh?unhl
ruinsurl.e.anb€fonedstheel
l'FT3j.!hN'.*]'1.'/&cadde.s'odbf
p. Ar 4;\ h et o, ;ado. rhe rncnste.

i:hi$@6,!\evaluco'dth{illud
-J 3u e @rua fo! rhs brtain.
.5Porcnb of a s6? b6id6 rhe rm

trntollinq Teruin TopogEphy

do. q a q or o4{r r,rn4 oi.r rhe

j midpoinr Srid p6 io d ihe emnd ploe rhd d+nds m rhe difalE(c

dtud4reaav:M.
d d' drbd rd rh, Pon
IhF Pcei j @Faini Pls d ofu b;

cohlslda€.rbeu*dlomode
. :h" o. .me o'he'
.rs h I drou Prd ro'Ped.b).m
a Panicukr
'e3
6 are €si6t b deal win, b* k @urd

i ! od eendld daia6d !a tucrj

nd€ rhm bm D oPqbr ro h
l'dn4csfupoanmFdAffP
or Projli otr ..ri.hr.i,6 ri.
 tui nr sli6 Pc,ibr.6rh
rb.mPh Pbr. &Fdsi o se

!.r\l' Frh@ b' CF-rre \ i L

DePedhs m rhe hrriar ed r@ *]e.ftdforlhgiFladon,rcp€ledappli

Prdue one or dr@ pd$ibre droh6

ftc rdn5torm€d poidoD can divqg o infinig,

*"* * b a,nib bh, Fin, c,,ed an
3"1'j*^" -'"*

jftolPcilimslh'lmdldinlinily e. 'h* ' L b-,r"-"d rh;*Eh

"

md ,hc ,hat ed hwaid a 6n o

TTfkbd'rc'pb'd.qdi'qfun.lmb)
r,rc;or r;.ro;"d $ utr

b Ge rhetnre;edrirreiraisr.-dh.

:4e b a Pcirm o rhc fndat onr (F1e 3$)

 .l
/r+ r/n*-*
r-l \
1 IEI'- Rddld
'r'l t
qsdhft fonuh ndkr: r it:tr A:.
i !aru6 tor r rnd y (', r 0) an bc akurrtcd and isnod bdorc \! 11::
'iar
(:, vl posniois, hr cin nndom
lm(drft) > 0 wheieeelmldisO) = 0,th!
nu$ h:!e dppc e sisns Tlre

/rr=;ir ibypo.ds!+tsqrGci
(Gr!r rNcLE j cllr Rcoi

sqEr$chrnfomne6iih d

rhcdslirsnp s,rhe;rus*N!
 n tnr')I r1.4 tRq,a ttlt

tiuPLir Mirprgr.,i!i5i@ni^lLrirlLrri^-
dih$LoE. ! *i iqonrd , etrFi

I rh. "ft ,_..mh4Fob ;o . o-,.

:n4 +n. s'rh

4"F'.'o.. -,
o.: .r h,:";: hrc DNro_:
'i

' b!J-d..11 rd -ro.'hPru -

rc'LrP,d''ol.
o'h,. "6:,r e ", ^
ctoro{hsPos,in r,cmior pdr
 r f$dr$d r dirorj(8 A bii
rondrvq* a(bdhn Po5 Lor'
ss'ns 'hor
lr{n o,) Foinr
$t NL*hbsm; poh6 r,m rh* p,b ,o. L Nr .r dtr

I n. i
. ririiLobidb\ a'p\i,{ uFirtr.
 ec ro1.-, niro a ^o o -tm
'idP

I !.t+q {lf!="
r(r,..f +{v !.)'1,'lrr

haw(v &tu l)=r! l4t1r' :r) Thercroa,rhetastorEd@vai_

x=r.+i:r:i,r l,ji,

,- he.,.( Fnl n. -"pp{,od,

Ni'.."'"pPdbo'L'd€PGido''oq!1
. b. i .hhFrc
^nd;ded'
h hjde D6i,ios dce b rhe ci(le .
,".*.;.. .-,p".
, ;-,F . , - o.oroi a.ircle
ih.r uftsIffii, h +6,
n ih. Bige frcm, b : en G$r"
obhiii.d Ior rtgdie EL6 of r
 ious obj$, $ch d shaishi rii.'
--:r rhs hncEion hsslooadm; i
F+cersF, I P
.
- D .(h,ni€rFdmoc$"+
..1r rf rhe.irc'edes.dikR ris

ldrd'LhRsiontmsldmdtoby

J45. d d}tr obl{h.

'hc.dimostdar
EE4 SHAPE GBAI\,4MARs ANO OTHER
PROCEDURAL IlIETHOOS

-:ied ro an in iar obied b :dd laye

"PP
!d ro a ts I e 3"or"rr '.\ap") of
^ .{..o1,rcr-e"-"-

llftq6:nAleshap6l}cgloGk
..esnd arsoiih-r"lly by sysrm, bi5ed on d rnput pnturc dd' wiL\ i
'he

4 /\
,tt./\1 ',, \
'.
PihL.c L. !o/r/
' '
G polyhcdrcn I ith 20 h.6). ctumd

I:-EE{ PASTICIE SYSTEIIIS

EZE PI]YSICALLY TA5ED [IODEL NI:
 I

id-Fr-'
F

trii-r
l:-Ea vlsUALrzATloN 0F DATA SETS

ds prud@drrr obiqE b cr,P r!

Vsua Reprc!entations lor Scatar Fietd3

lp

..{,. -.. ,..:-

'''"','
 ri(rhForrornid\,noo 6r.r(r
i\

ln,oorqrrDrpro6(hs 3 trr) wh.i

i'lh^.d,i<(iliih.'-.-"-,^1 nd{. d D'L . ,! $od rcN, oi! .!
6! \utd. (orrtaL/ rNdrdli i1 /i,l

luiqnJ|/J r,:n ri I 4 orr{rfr )

JAlW
 lrrutF r, uu.w a! t rrni t

rhrom$.hsrNtrPiel1r js 3 rn),

..r,'dv) Aloas eNh rli drc ofr ry

:-a Repttentatons for Vector Fieldl

pioh rhN{ilxvdusl(, vr, trr,
hLodimensio ldorhasNo.onPo
v''\F''"1L''h''n'

ri!.3 r3t 5inre I an bc drfltutr roN

 \ Pnnbr, Irrtr!,. !o i.,

d I
fr
j {ir rif$!h Lr i (hixrir trlr !riri!
d! 1.,r./iir nr ifir,.ir
,lfirpr.nit!r onr for l.nso Fe.l!

nu.iln'.ct,.orrtrdn y lln i$s

li:
 GZ

Pln-o''lolrIq''j'04'''

Vsua Representations for Mu tivar ate Data Fieds

.\aALrdE r,."-r{! Gi;dN,'dd!d\d

uht 1.1utrli iild! Nror,., 6
'lr
 rtptrhbrids hare bffi develoFd for noderirs rhe wids varie9 of

f,r*.:€, a rhk.didftimar obidt

quadrk rlaes,a.hs+h€cbd
I Pltstrs 6r' .uhr g : H do r#,
$ied shapes For rhe ddpdon mdgr4 nsibreon€d 3u i€s.€n
of
rrobby obFds b .ok,h.Fc d {nbiDhoG or causnn bumps
rur'.r tundmni 4 .Pr m tua. o,
aF F dehred N'rh r er ddh Por
Ureofo.lrclFiftfomtheohl
.h, md rr .mrrcr poinc arc srhin the .mvex huu ol a splrne dblKr. rhe

. fG'.DriR pptrndtsm! u* praffi baudaq rdd Fm' heryo

-. o polyl'miari cubi FolFodars aE ltrDmory ud rd rhe inbrFota-

ods ei th? mlho tu:l d"gF F d.

n"db\lherutrb.'oltdnhlPorl.
sdon b dbin. B5plin6, whi.h incrude Elzier sprins * a se;al.*,
ffibrd, bd dry EqurE dr sFci-

m'Ard','ddllPllb"Ffo-u.
, 4 Lle nt'@ ot eo splirc 4Edbrioe R ioal splins Gn be us€d b
ilhGp.dbape6Fdvevieu.
relhesrd[Dbp6idGdlongd
f, \.d\u/:d $e,dnJf ,bN4d d.4erc d .dddqs 0r 6
'ubdNF

bsP*Pffibhd" sro,odw,+
15h'Flhrcugh.qionofsPc'
s, g rr.e q oPnd dn\ Ln or d,JGm

Fdal-smmerry rtrtlsbdffi p6vid€ highry eftRrive nedode loi dF

qmblalPhenomm'i4eGnuPthe*me$odsbmod€lhai4
bush6, ilarer, d ddudt d (or 3!tu669 ma@l sraplJc par
a rEbr obt{' 6n h, dEaib€d s h a coreku.rm pnedc ed
s<lffid P'oedlA
n5,ddPdbtrlisplac€n4inetnod',*l
trnDlIb4) .rrt hf - dlr

DsPri!!afi<5hddcLlTfh<g

Adn!ts $e cLU qudn( qdse 6r ai ohj*r

0L!qurdiiobj ioaieordhje.r I
ek a dLspht ndc ro: prdedred cLU o6id rj:.

Efotho1a/:a rcmd\{bBsb de
Forln 6! ! cL! qedln o6i!*
+{ yi cnb r qn iurt"q 6! ? cL! +idG !.-i
;r\rMARy 0r oF n 8i.trRfuNoroNs

+{ y F.Mq,6! ezFr{urc dLehr

sF.4 the iune oi?quny,Pnd $Mr!ciN

sFdt divby nd! ad hkFr ense
'hE

sF.f'FFGtF'qkie.$iadGPh,

sFiry a tucdiresi@d sid d €qury

sFry'hdisPhyrude dhk8q

obi.ds th.r crhibit nui'lit su.h s do

ie q ihplode, dn br nodel€d wnh padde syierj Using rtG Rpehb
{hcme.ucdc{ib. objN' irhr *

1\ibl€ ohjftisr.h * bp., tubber olcl

!d 8laPhns obFd cn b€ sPdfied

:McLsinAlheFlys,t€nBle'
layinF'hefuequlPdtyh€dla'
obi{6.an be dcpl.Fl N h cLUr
is pioqded lor rhe seidahon oI
lblalyo'oP.oclo{ai.siuEhN
didsaFfumtsh€dlolspe.ifybg
lhtDltllrnloh4lN1lendrcB

dNhBii@clsiu!b3ohj .bsplrdeNebe
Bghi$isnqrdPanlhs|u66a5p(;

tPNit Ndhis,PtuEbridsFi c:

srt'M pibnlErErKiqi mni

sFdf'viwhgdsNnd.taJormbl
n dcs b bo !$d h {d
'nPrlq
sFdfyia[bc|Iulc'iolo!ad*lgirtd
sp*rt dnadus irc'ohprs
'h

sP{it hnn4rFe P inekrEru66r,

I REFERENCES

o$5), rh€ dr{bi{r mdd * d*o$d l

0t2),Badyad6"yo4r),&$Lr(s&t(rh .rad&dsLo4),sqbr
Nibs oes), Modiei os), F{6 oest pq.6 3id Adrn5 0q), i pi.:
 aLgq6mdo@rdqqdh:F]ki@5!F3jv46kdIdT064
sf Yir4u i xu r, ad rqjin{r 0q), rnd 3l1e' d NiEzo os) Gdq
d cf!^ oeD Pllgr 6P k tu
ddr * Mrddbor 0r d r@),
tu 0s), ftit€n rnd ehb 0*), tu$o
- nutsoes), ran,g'idh,.d KrdrFd 0s), hhsd tsan ory), d efthy
hi(4rr2).s6its38ntu6:EFnd
. :i5ns oe2), ind padh rydlG aE disd h be oes). hFrrt ed
ndhd! aE plEnhd h eEd 0e2)
-nhs d6tunsiwnhranad &k04r).
Eiid h6rutbn on ip.di( wL*udd l!fuqu6 qn e tud h sa6h 0s),
k{n rid cri* 0q/), DEbh, ciF6 and tuhn 0*), $bh 04t up$n
ftlmrio ae ds h rqft 0q, rtsz ad

+(tr16!oFicleier'lhe,B4|iE,d
^! \dd4hG,?dsMq0q) (ibad oqr d<usftclu ltroE
iPh'iryFlyhd@8,qudru.u'q
FoP{lfui@u'M'r

EXERCISES

h@bad*hndqlvnbih
ir up I dpnrD ro @nvetu3 r 31v4 drt$id b a

s.ruP'nJ3oi[frlortrwdig:3]v49M4ba
er opa4drhn 6rsNfrqa sFnipd bi Fry36.nd tPe
3iv4

$t qp :n :honrh rq owdnB ! n.bhr dic' ro a porxofch qc

uP[9roftr@lPdibins!iyPh*.
ssryPbickedtudimadtu'it
(fuhFfuktlqrelhdngl!ffiBh'6adfulFin65Fi6€dh&

ldit rh 46h elnPD h s€dd c

\.dily'6!Pn{hnqrnP]€hkon&
r',gtai:dd4inP<@l@lFfuieiyPbE'
cohpr* d! qErcL l,@nnns s.nph h sfu &a b dier:y ar obr
efusrycgiwn!*'dld!hP@n
ntet Divrhnt obj4t pqry dk6

Mdiry e op.ncL prcFn enpL b k'i@ cr3 b disprar an/ sFtir

&ztlqru,giqasbtrouhpdqb

6.^!s6eadPcidodolth!
Fhb6dd*&^olrleoreaesbg*iFdaiPu

Mdit'bPqnnqinPtshksn3 l

&lTMdily6eP4onqahPt6ia
3lv5:*'dlosf4t@nb'tshEb$eryPbq4h3

&r @itrbD4nnhtFeelb
wdt!@drebdiPb/:n/sFifuen

tbharddjd@*lolasivsq!:;

&lqpeduEs'dFd!dngi&d*nP
6p FnnerFrh ddnerhedi*rh

hPu' PaEnehE 6' dd0c h djd ir rm d

&I hii an.&.n$n tu geMadq $nd sjeb * onbotuN oi

&! Mdt rsrsn h rh. PB

'h€
&3r hd@ ,n ikq h 6 od

&nwnbr@qdi.'o4Ng.aPd'goi
nidFhHlPLcRqlffi'g6as
i!!.(kahoolorrgi!4iqfih

r rsd-vtrqu"4rffi 14-
:+r,wtuEdeanpbi!ffibdrtssFddd bed
J4 e qr<lJT rnb6 n,
ldfylhPoFfusq'rPhh*b
sspbyng$.bu44im.fridtr!eiddh*i
\dlytFryeh'!Pe!b*g!@
oldh4ljbbe'iv6*inPqtkIB
6dry qi@ ohe 4n r@) altrod rk Ma €bd *r

6didd:b*'atuc@blh
dtrdr6s'qsntsda@wEpc
n4.rrw6ddfl@l@l@dts
 ,'4o?{cllljb'y.h'Nnq

fr.loronsids ion in th. actro io.

id-trtr."h."""dd^,r o"i5ibh.b
: and $nc appry onry b spdtrr i]"6 or obi<b wli.h nerhod we FlEi
e, ryF or obicds to b distliysd, av!

-'*-idr;ddnHd h-d d. tn

r '. !d.$n o,i{mpts *

CI ASSIFICATIO N OF VISIELE-SIJ RFACE

OETECTION ALGORITHMS

h,hti:rrcii io r r..t*a,
:arhes irc oued obid6pa. rerhod
.^4inscn
",tsa.di!;,didi
, vbibir Y t decided Poft bY Poinr

- ;!" n{od "rmuah 4 Lhe

=.Gbb$ -*h*-"d*
 Ahndsh rhm.E majddiftire in llPbdrapprcehe rlkenbvrhe!+
b impmvePdfomama sodingn uFd
rB rhe indivdur$rr:tr u d sEe c.rc,duB b rhnrob,te Flm ;. n
& hdiidual kin rrn .d be qF.+d b @nbh brmals (ms) dr q,E
otcncung"h'efr@qclln"
a D[lhcd bes m ih- oh 4 n i

EE| BAC(-FACE DETECTION

Atu*,ndiipledbjkt Paenerhod
d ns f l lc AFi l' l' l :':I

w\eE,{3.C.andD:f .nehFro' \epdJso renrl.

b ihe su i
n rimg d'€ xre ot sighr'ryprdner

w..s imPliJy dj€ bmk-ra€ *r by .

]/tfu N r0 a Frrud sur,.. rr v,i

ELifil'noE. ir obd oemP' m ar

a ou vi.w4 dftbm n PJ'ark
Midsorv rhe:omMm' 6rr|lenomal vrtbrN.
Ii: l'3hr h'id.d mNms syiFm w h
dv€ :, ais Gis. e-2), a Fryed L a ba

Rnrc =0.'neourvPwh3drtrhdn 5 sEzuu rhr polyglr ftus r

vale l|,r 9t9fi6 fu inqu:riv

A
^'^' Yt \ ^...,., r

9*-e \,A
V1-1
d&6b9i1EdhEbvi-
!€lff<dn**r m Eid{Lb€dr!
 F L\at dploy a lefi.hrnded ie6g
eB 4 c, and D dn be cLul't€d
B,
r .lo.ksi* didio! (iGhd d ina

polygmAlso,br*hGhav.mmn
gPondonaideiddtiledbyc:0
2trlhevtki4didionhalNgL\€pcdvg.'xis'
il6r6t pl surtu* d€sebins an
d, we dn nmediably rd dly all the b..k hss. Fo a ehsh drer p.ly-

i€ ndg sine ea.h surfaa b € hd oh

FordhaobjEb, .harheooEPolyh€dmhFi$Itnocbc-"{

;Loo'iqobiRFiolarh"borirh
rbsuEd dbrs an padlv d onplely hiddm by odB objEb h sedal
rrcabar hdyoIrh.poh8m.u rE

DEPTH-BUFFER MEIIOD
Jfimdlyu*airugspaeapF@chfoldekfugvisiblesurGjglhe
iefdl"vB'}!uB]b'':<m
d.h eire' rrdon dn pftjdion pbE. Eacn€udeeof a *m bpred
'rr

..,-P.h \P4 qun' y;d rbmqnod

P:+4 i!+od iru. otd dePrh s
iqdisbn€,ldgdfdl'.gaPhic
{iio. ri* r-h pos'don (:, y) on . plm r}€p su rt6 €n h€ pc
'iew
Find b ryidsly pc€s€d sudc.lf a fa.eisdffirhmmyFrtvL
*rFd bY rhedorsunae dc

r!ftesd, m'l $. hane buf€r sos

ibn rdtullr all sifiom in rhe d.p'h burida€d to I 0 (mxhlE depa),
r sd F:nc burrs (aft5n bur'ei) is initinri?d b L\€ ba.rgtdd .oloi F,ct
).clnl€dhlheFlBonhbl6tsthe
PielP6id'lhGor.dat€d.lcPini9
!aoaorh t, rhir pue pc r
'ullei '
 owlheu{rb5P(ylhodeprhla.:-

dcprh: ( nd alnadt rnolil

 sud&e@idm (i, O, the deprh;.a

.i anv $an lbe (FrF +5t adjaeni h

:. +t md wnicrr i w'u* q adF.m,
r:irion (i, y) ha bm dehmin€d b

ih. *n *ihd x.6 Lk

rb€hiddraB(r+,. o.
/ i eN;'he{rwb5
arada-,4/ciscondant616rhsu csosu.cdbgd.Pd\e:luesacGsa

:qd'09.'.[tr*[eP,.'hd,
rsoirhn by sbtue * a rop !*! ol
. Flysd' Tlm, ug ould Eo6iv.ly
di €di.or rhe r aluc io'or besiEing poidon m€r.h rrn lic
'heFlysdi
s .alolaEd frcm rhc bqinnine (€ds.)

',=.-1
is rhe dope ol d'€ t{ge GB e-4. Dep
rweaftpbe$insd n a vfrh.al edse, L\e slqs c iitrdh and rhe Fa

:lsm6n ror omnDrB rh",uthns, vr; a oq{r d 6. -d

ars, rhe medrd ar b€ .FPtied b .
.old vdu6 at 4.h sudrc Dbienon poinr.
ror porygtr 5urrae rhedeprh.bqtu mesod h \ ery e*y b,np en€i:

rsh bufiei A sysh; ki$ a Eo ::

d9'hbu+.w'$&'hP6lrfodjhmqfu'g'olbbFeFdL\.i.
of dap'h l,rtrltns @ded ore !dr, E du-e {oras. FqtlruA k I

iioG ohiE6 aa pu€€€d in an a$ia,ry order so rhar a .olor d be (n.

b' r s d rh, !Lq Fp 4E
'r'J&po DdEhrrj@au*, badjG.'r? :
tusf rqribn b\hrg. flu\ar{mdnLdoh?^.fo adnpte robep,.
1. w. .odd €.cn Adudp ohn,tu
v.t.lcbwooixr mPro. kn
arsonrhri-ry!.€uJ "n.' bs cl.onpm- q€opa{.rNdrohpde.d,!,

EIZI A-BUFFER METHOD

4ne,kcimof h6d+-r. b ,!,brdcn
rh.F,rcNgNdee$jfury|h.o'
inglF'b'ltyJd'immdhodd-.

iad€tyo.rurf,edib'iadd'obdePlhv:lu6'
ad!wh&r. de oech.ouk' n.l

q'Esr,;.obr;aGddiE
 Asdh€jF€bk;hidr;retoi
ui€$n& deo6.;bi;nd db frrutunre 3bd Ei
ql;drr
be G)
mE o@ -i1 .oqhr'e
'h-

lor to b€ .qPlhd as a onbin'dd

d,fleFr 5une ob6 lor bftPaEnq q anbL:ln8 effk6

D.prh Fbldrstm I @l.nunbei wlP (P6ida, nqatiw, o re)

slrh.e D.h Field, sllE surlae d,b or a poi.6
br 'ord d tnir PG dr ttrde9$ dr
-;,hi, oR 'ie.,+o"*rsdrap vrad.rr!un4€ dah ',d dEr
€itu, $na; L'Jma'ron. $ch s,hs su ac. oror td rh;t Firioo,nd
bI'g oob ll rhe deP$ l"ld ror !
; .m h ,he A+,tsa
"
rFn'e -
'r'^sb6
$€ pirtl oloi Tne ob! lieH lnm a Fhrs to a rinled lbt of surfre
. i! Fs e o(h) s'nrR inb*hon rh. a4urrd induda
'n 'n

oP ny PaHmd (PeI6t or bnsPid.y)

how mmh d 6.h:!fre @es .rh

lins. sd(a.6 aF 3ubdivid.d i.to a polygdn m6h and cliP9€d .grid rhe
I b.!ndad6 udn* $g o4jt tada6 and Fq't of sliIae covqaSe, the
eins alsdi'hro .nohh s'o tor d.n pjxel $ d awnse or the on
'l€

SCAN-LINE METHOO

d*,0.€RlrdIo'denryhss
n
..;-; 'a d'" *,i.*'-' I "* h. " ry' 4<*n { rirtsp6egd
F wd $dR pm'ddds hEFnns $it line aa ebdn d b d€@hc
 Fbtr€mkrennbfteh.lmbuli]d'
5{''GdTPlqt#d6ry'h.hffido.noFd0lheDojvmnE
rs€.b Lrr fte {sr
lonbE r@diniF mdpdn. u;.ii,m,.
uore
ndpdu6intod?'-rfiGblgdr
idmtlfv$esudaGboffibyea.h
Pl'ru .o.ffi.66, suiae mdl Pt!?dj6, orhe, sulhe dit4 ,nd pGi

6ve ?d8r [r !mb'B dl, 60* dsF r]ur lcs ,]. ffi ; ttr r
irene
ln drder of addiro4 q: de6m a f.e forach sflace dd ts:
r. rn
"6" d "dff" b indicare whedE a posiiion droc i ffi Drt n insjds o! o!
rhe 3ut{8. r'iEt pdd@ a.Is dch $o lire ft
a uE refihklaron w h rh*ufaepmikdo of,iuv* lrc€d rrm hn b !
eor]p. rh€ 3u
n tuntd d; rh. i8ht inklftdn poft ahe lhe ;n l;E, ii D
'lre
wi$ n\e sufae ni3 d ro "o" behe
F8@ +r0 i|luebab rha tu.llp melhod ro! locrrdg vbiblc podc

ob{mLtrbe@ed3tsA3rndBc.dtydrfl4ra,.,rrcn;m ft a
m dep,h .arrurr @ aE ffips4 rrrd ob rtu6 rE r'turaad h I
3urf8pNpsri6andti3h6scondirioGiorsuilaet.sihit rrybd&n.
EH and Fc,d y$e0:sfesude9ism No odE pG im;,brB sa
r hi19 I eJ,rc { $c, dror ror rhe pr.* I f e b,, rs-am {td
s Fn of +,f u d,ly;b drN "
For sh rn€ 2 md 3 b Fis. 9.1o rhe rhle edse l;r (sbrns edFe
EIt BC,:nd FC Ard€ { lire 2 fli edse AD b edse E4 dly rhe ft.i
.u",e q Do sretlRnedE6LH-d 3( rh"fl";.f,.b"d,*,."
m TlmroF. a de/n clrluLnm s ,q; ,.f ch.rs=
'ffi'ry
surtucs.e.6@pdrob€16,rhtrrfidrdr,$$rororrd,iator,u,tr
dcssigmdb$?Pi{ll.ftlhfg
rnm $e 3ufte n4 fd c se. d. :rld rr oth rd , ;R c F \w e_

icrrrtu-:in e"" i,*

r retEminsbehi s, oe we ha

s r.rebwF. IJqi.c.0 ao' n.1hA,hr$rc4 \er rdrdssl tJn

uir.dinrnchF*n !rs!i- r€s1
r m{kdedhc al:r' b6md
.,h.,J;onFL -'" d+,-.n r an aa. ' rr o*e.oroF,o,{'b i
Anynumb€ro'dglapPigpolxonsU

d.."de."rcdq--' dd,6mPc omdd yd'h€edsFoloe dopl s

(/.e ft o&lqasoil., oni dlr i niL * d"m r'' nrcush o
.dlie rydio y Nqlap a.h dlrr (Fis, e tr) ll any ri.d oi cydt oe€ilap
i n6d ; a kcic, w. c;! divae I
;hed 1in6 in dd5 698 indkah whft

ElE DEPTH-SORTING METHOD

ttrrg bDth imrsc*pc and dhidip

Fnms fie iDlleh8 b*h lurc'hs
suda.es aE sded h qda or decssins d€Prh
surtsaEsan.o!.dlinoldei

'EoP4a'on!,n/-rdod'1'oth'
h.,ud.ry;ei;o -.iodntr.ck-dbi p,hk'b ise
'\"
aiding,aladli6lPab6lhgb&L'
und .0106 Nin, $e m6r dsbnr oh* ae added, rhen ihe EaE obid't
badgiur dd h" n@ o *rd obl

ins depd' od.n, we "eabr surre odo trE rians buffs oE rb n, .-

'hc

lh!lmJ6l'le'uem.&'.''L'

"Ld.rl'r"d i,.rw tu. .

.d

'ihmreFirdfo''\.n$''UIdFn'|elL|A.

(2) surf.re s L @nPlercly b€hnd dre

PG io
,)FEo'alapPre{'be'ryP
(4) r.e boundily{ds. Prcidids o1

nGrdch $ ae.Notu;si..

5urfaeo\e :Pued8of LhNd r(1

 96&?'L$ni{fu'ds9

rl''di porism bb ftat 3. we

,br ub d; !@tnid€ ror au refrnd or s inro rk Plane equiion ror rb

;". * ".\
: -i",
nlveni.esorsaEinbekors qu) siniL ys nomPleblyihcad
(Fis

u N. s n not.onPrerely behind s (€t2

!$rh!p(rtdme(giy$hFlg.,j
wc hde rouid $e hth$
,.rdn rhn
nqes,andsiogdlhethRsud6inb
."."J, d"p,h .'d". rh.-I*. ." b t6'ins p'oGs 6' *"h
";d ^'p*' 'he
El'I 8SP-TREE METHOD

A binr,r sp{ePrniuonins Gsf) c

oqer vLth y by eah63 {a6
nEme Poh{ lhanFi bd rhc .bh\

. o oqsF, b"rorPLtu4-d
rrt"hoq- tsrF "dryt,."r, ^ro,! r
o,P ard he r.3 no Da "b.hrd
pF-L'rf +d.n0,€ a.06 a
,r noo.. { rh.D, ohs $ ..r

:/'\,'y
 Fdr obiE6 d6rib.d s h Polygon t
.ooIrcitr'Fltpn.u?4
- isodn frrlma orc iF\
. -rnqpd;,o,'+
"; ,*..-^; P ygon ' '
wh.n,r"
d--. *-'"h ;*n"' - I o'l'.r'oFFtrd^oF I dFP"icd
. -.d"-^,;.*" d-b*. b-

E! AREA-SUBDIVISIONMETHOD

s with ft; bb' !Lw. wc aPPry

-. id *bd;id" rh" bhr i"b 'he 'c
ndansres rr k5b 6di.ne t6i
""" ".;ri.i 'he
...-", -- -, -'d, ; *,h-

' ^""-.""i,ia'*"i,r-.
\'E";a n'Pr''Fodb r@4b\r0!
'*"" ";"dh ^ .,h .4'" r ^- l{br-'
"",;d,.--.

:. bLlow,rsd65ifionors(Fi8 e 2r)

sp dv iGidc rnd Pa*lt ouhide rb

 G surfa(sarcoubrd hciFa).

cabrorhcsubdrv sio's,{, itrd 4 s

 OCTREE METHODS

I s cr{ i"rmA'oundo'.*n!isonuu-d n4_r.0.Llddrcu 46

\:,in,^,'kduia;FilhbD'h
ic r$ dns d in rhe ba.* abnb (4, t 6, and T) my be hiddsn by L\e
\t dn Fffi the dtEnodcaoiFis. e24 h rhe oider 0,1, Z 3,4,5,6,7 rnis

solderfo!echdblslbdivbid'
d@ node. thar.olol n sv€d in rhe
trkrrJ rno s r\dq p ev oG \ ben
sin havein€ %lP 5oid" aE iqertd.
i i;e u-t t' --plekly obkded is eliminrred rrcm tudhd presins, '
<dm'dll.oo6nbi"aTg'ono'.P:G
jfi!olFPoEugq.iddnF6rhP\
qq:dl.nll.EobL'dlror.nfurA

ircm3 6ids h qhn€ o, r, r,:id

3 'a in rk bd qb s(4r67)
eup obtde
tusePrr6ord E:l'gd wh
Ef'khvPoh!b!'tybegEU

/i led 4r {* @rq. E do nd pffi" rhe dd tu'. r- 5tr;s "

oflnePaidr Lorft@lP,eoIlrl:r
dll!rEmademlor$etlEcbnt
D'tr*nr ds! or obs FpEfrrc a3 Gffi.f b. obEiH bv,pr I
bnorfu.EqiotlhPobFd:6o.d..

EEE BAY-CASTING IUETHOD

nhilhab}-Lutrxm.\itrnv)trF
su n as dE w inrelsd pobi is do*r b the pner. dis rjjEr
wh6.
uRdElweeifuld:ledhs<rioi:
P4 c\Mg. a.d visibiiF{Md.@. i! ur.d on g{trbryE.. r n
'nelh.r4/nfunFnobeol'
pG r G. we. n r"4 [3hH D'rh.crtradI.mrheF\eLhrc,;:
'tu efti{nve visib irriehdon ndh&

6 er). In dp depih.b!ftbr akonrhm, se pt.cs 5urrae ons at a dn

drlur.bdlPr \ dr h for r Dtwhd p.,nB ovs rhe u f., e. pp.ra

b.s"u,e, a.h piv rn ny.etua re 9lws o.;.ryd a hr€

ih.prcFdop,inbrh ei*t.
 dins aB0jrM (s€don 1&rl) ud
:.";,rbr" dy F'hi b p r -psro
-.-dd;..h.i-nr,am Ee'o 6-.
*h , d ; fte eft, obi. '.
if &E.oFd b' (i)11mn ohjF ! P.;{.r'' md -. di".6, dG'
'hft

EIE COMPARISON OF VISIBILIIY-DETECIION METHODS

eim rerhod deFnds o' rhe cn'adoF

s6olaFniobaPplcsm'Ili\csulfesinasreaFwiddydnhbubd
rnc,lt nry m otirr $ bd .rpF i! rF4 r'* dap'h sr aP a dadn_
-;.-Bini;-"d.d '"*."phm.u_lin"D :Atubdr dq dPpft h
r +:@Fartsmlonde\f,*
\a*;:r'urqe,b rdep,h.$,r
r.@riene h"4 s.h,q,@
!: i"i6 *i,.v h'R +" .-a+ r
-. -n"-, " ri whh ! rqe @n
r-k adne b rd4E1 6'br. { rc
6.u.eh b \(a;! n up 6rva:l'l'oust Fr,3on !url4e4 wrh.ft
!r mbn mor,hm a 6' $ou$
rb deoih_rh4 rcrhe h:i -snJ rdNrmt
d {-er"4m ' n*r ru'*
-";ir"..iu.p-a-'.,t'"",;h
; ' ^ .r d'e s!r'aa,, :ffis dfts
a-ph.-A 'd ciJ '"y h,sh
-
>lelrfullhnddDles$,
**.* 'm6 x r s@" ;'L-.tu
* - .v.*mc -o*' t 'd-tb . s ble Patu d rhe Qm
nagy"4thevnibililydekbanPr

.jr'lney.--.mh,n'udlb.da*g6mc'.}r*
-,t'h.r^-;nNbpdodd
blelo dsp'rl whnFndh<htum'
* b*" ,;tur b, -h,n'E.**
l'y.bdubl/msDddlljPIIfthsJF
.bv6 b . .d $e a oq {w me1od. ?€:i h,'d$ ./{" F
r .;d w\"n enKsba sp?.d F -.r 6 "F
5$srbof atuMed vio5forn ght,inubd

CURVED SURFACES

ffi;b md eh $e.mrl'sr -".sron dhb e ilo$ rh. pial ro)

ririo df d'sohj*, aIlnihle sufa.es.c id4dned wiih rben€ pllssins

 nFd e s vF d ftbflr, hd,or sr,r4
'd
Aued lunae<r rl{br"ppDd
B( ror 5m o6rd, ch sehft
aeu.b b ue ray csting and 6. eq

CuMd-Sudace R.presentation5

or wirh a pd:Jdic rplenbti.n tAppddir A). selk srde6, for eer:

obbin eipri.it elrae equri4 as fdr qanple h.idr ru(don owr {
gbud p]are: '

'"tlPqd!'ql[oh'i'dfu+

& nrE od Ey<aii$ algdrhN ofb invorve nuftdol apm!tu

ondih€htghon'oiwiihasa-
d uiin a lEl cr vana6 kturqB, bdudinB p a el .aLubdons rE
rnbRrim equbN rq mo'ry u*d objfrB.

er6dmd poErahmd;tu,i.r
Ehrddmbydf q.rbt!Pbdd.. .
To obd d ry Pror ol a ru.rdit su

6nse, Gb3 a sFcified inrwat & sb

fte016nm"ftd.b"b'ck"an
dd. kri@ on $. $en by faF?
.r' P'eraPr,a$e. r!8. urr sb
6n Eq. 9-3 ror i 8iv€n valE ot.
c'Ewlybddfi,ydEddb'.N0€dd

uvilu.4d Er dr od r.$a. +i-and

dsadddP'o' sdurhe.n.
pai cnd tN rh? bod!
pld' !h€
bprcjdrh.dbdproiobrhs::e!:pl@
'or Fis.e-27showsddan*
 rib.P,oicdldodoivirPhnciidd
bltiod r.\ ousr) dn$ (\!ibh)

EIE WIRE-FRAME VISIBILITY ME'HODS

k dspb or obi.d lcIutus rn!

,i rsrisbdtscayrrobjcdedss
'hc
e6m'odbrclfuiha5o,ih!otj$

'.-Frame Surface Vsib ity A gorllhmr

fi* e aG) r i!rh
^ndicrpo$ibit
l.'*umrs,u iN ir.on\c\)
s h Frg. e 23(b) Gewciavcid.ir

rirya[ihehds &5 oi m ob]d i..'.1,.€'"1,,.rr sc booldi.rs rd, ri

W re-Frame Depth-Cu€ nq Alqorthn

t",r,:;:::1.
 ,j1olrcLgJ,//+&b'biElfJbEs9

he viqing pd6on. values lor minimun

inun d€prhs 6n be st to rhe mrmlizft

t nuliiplied bv r!o$(a) ftls, trar poib aF dnplayed u h htshe!
G rrLor
trih6,mddEpoi s*d'.mximundsprhhav€Dinhsityequ:lb0.
ftedeprh.@ins rundio. ane impl€

lonbimdeprh.Ehsuithahosthe
!oph rlus, an oltedt old .ould be modined by ih€ deprh<u.ins ru ndion

OpenGL VlSlBlLtl'Y-DETECIION FUNCTIONS

nd rhe d+ih buff€r vcibility-bins

IdePrctioedh6ebAil'bD^ol
cl'ln;od'trdw€dnu*oP"(l

nGl lblyqon-CulInq Fu.dions

Fpdineqlods \:q'3ndtuvilk
:eI laF du \rh.n3po.ror s heoe a bud't fd PumDa thm
lant bw only $. back ra.$ (rhe dde or the mmn h$i5o-,we@uld
hin8. rhc dt ron of

-. e! errgPc
rhe diepral And, tn'dmo\6oubd.
ff apprGho$. we n(ghi o yw t b ltw orha
rd ud^ ddr.fd€h. r,P qmmh

ncLrymbal'..onn, cL_lFotrr MD sAcR

nGL 0.pth-Buffer Functions

lydfrimnutin6,we66rnedb
n trcl -,rh:Llronh n,r.on6
iedePthbuffe'dwe''afo!'Icrtfi6

LoL!! si.c I cln i6. d r ossri

DcPlhb!''eiv:ru6Gnlh4b€iniliali*dwilh

\oftuj hr deP bu,tr i..ninctv

brftid ead rinc w sanr b dnFhy : n4 tafre h oFcL dairr vrF
nohrli,tdbn\eraneefloh0bl'0,
d€Plh.bullfi\,u6blhcma'lmum\
TneoFcLdqihb!({avidbilydft

AndwededivahlhedePih.bul{elrculiBwith

wesn.re lP ply deprh-burfer usibirily

'''EnltNFnh'h.oPncl''

with rhs derauii value o.0). s6e srira

aedp. obFr dDt ae bryond
om€d tq sr<lfied h.dr'!h deF:
funclimc.nbeu*dbsFduelhed 'he
nmy dGrmr objd d'd aF b€hlld rlE tqnud obi{b
rrcjFdm odhd6 in oemcl aF
l'0,andthedeplhvih6besdL\e
6mrri4d ro rhe Erse lDm 00 ro r
dippins plart (d'a p6i6n pland
dipphs prare. As m oprion, we €n adj6t d** ioftrLitu valE5 $::

dtranFfrcmo0lo]0,itrludin*ng
r{ rh.Pc hd3drhn4 r drr!
oPhd:vJible noPencL
Anoihd e
dEde?d'bdf€!udcvihsFR]fy'

cnb€dsignedanycoflhefo]ll
s LEA!&,CL_CEOIAL,cL_NEvli(nopoinb,rtpt*sed),ci ALri:3
Fin6 arpl.G*d). rhee difieE G
mg ltudda,lr !a @ ro' F".
 y.o4,cLuguLqe4,dlF|,db'

an dnly trri* va1u6 idr .mpand

biclFurrd wih dLpbF ol dirre6' rd'.gbuid ohjdb. AIb sdbg rhe
:lpund in the depth
'ed burer we disabls rhe unb node and pu$ rhe rc.

6 or wiih on. obid in

'lifimrr Nri

or oraque obi{6 ror visibiriy brin&

ir ior ihc derhs of ik ransPdr5u
d.p* b. ff- F tu*d ofr hren, tri

enGL Wrc-Fram. 5urfac.-Visibility Method5

{iehide djsplay or a sbndaid sEphid obj{t cn b€ obbtEd in oFicl
I gon node hndon (sedd +r4) :r for exanple

te.fumcd6Pk,we6.emP'oy6e
14 $-i F. HP h^' .Ps'iy rh" b
e veGion oI the ohid si4 the ioEBound coloi rhs w. sriry a! inbnq
'-
b: lg ound o o t', "\. dho I
dep'horbdmssrhdrheb L€mund{oh nr win rc, in,e;eE nL\ tu
Lerrane dnphy o' an objd uinB a
op.ncL Depth-Cu€ing Fundion
l1,e d vary L\. bi*htu .f f ohixr as a nf.dm ot ib di*ne rrdD

lelst0d-"hdd*'w(h'hebsor

flGeg poid EruB, auhouSh bkg.r wls on bs lkd ff we cbose rh€;

b*' r ahr6ph€E otor

In idd bor weon u* rhe srsoE tunlhon
bb apptviq rhe ti@r d.
be cmbin€d drh rhe olor or .n dbj-t itrs
i uahs tudo. o6F,hcph*.q b ir,$b" moJrpd od dR .:;

EEE SUMMARY
Th.<rPl6lq.ibi.ilys''!dfbdl'
F--vrviffirrcm,ur n,,,
Bb'Fdasbgle.tnexFlyh€dffi
duuo"qpr?Ft d't'
'dmil '
A.omMlv ed oeJrod ror idmr f)4
deprh bufffl dr3d4m wnf apptpd a sEnr,rr hp\F obFl1 rh! ,
eA {-"Fq.rEmnb. I\otI -
aE ru.d€dr m b rft pipt oloBaid ore h sbP rhe deprh vitlE 6 he:

butreB aE updahd. b dh3io. of rtf dsprbuffq appd.h n rhe A b

qhi.h poid6 iddidoal inf(nftrimrd dlpta,,insanriatiaed dd rbDF
+\oa'olJEdiriltynfudFj}Ed
srinshsthod (paib3 dsonlhn), obiftb iE "prin'€d" iib rh. fth6h rj
:(.dhs b dEn distu fion *F v
idmnrvrne sllbb pdE or ! {Fr irct

mdn.d!hh.hpq{lu6hlr!l{P
6ffi p6r m!.l4 rh* p'qrd ric tuvesM8 nerhm. u
hEgdP.nofay-hinealpdnN,whi.halldw*rchb€di$layd
lribiliiy'dddd hedro& aE als ued in displatns lhejifre
rD.dn'trg3 wrhrL^d!dre, w..sdtso nrou ploE. rq b F
^
 sFit tu' o bc* PhE d pdyp r@
ab€ordoswhodivlEdu6

sPdit dqNbe +ndN Ghs

$e @dr 0 0) d: warE sriid by

sFify{ddqdbdkvdG

sFit i !d8e io rcrurL4 d.P6 qrE.

sFit i ded.d4 (dd6.

5?<ymdktbdiFdbhiddmliab
awin]lue&eEywrln:&dg(tr6ll

sf< r lrdr de'i4liry w.dc d

v:fu! Pd3. ft6r or rhe .una€

\ve en imdemd my vislr[vnekuon khem. h appri.adoprclm

-ry ror back.re emNal and tne depihilfd meihod. ln @pub

highad
Fumhms lor poryroir .uirir$ and fe depiMrftr vbibix9 dehtudrc
-4ailablei'heoP{GLcrltbqsn hic obi{6, rher trdt ta€, d horh.

Ep€ of d.prfi Brins rhd is b be p€nbrmd. wF a6s displats ,e dhhtud

dgtr\eoFncl polyeon nodeandp
Fsac oPslcL sn6 sn$ deerh<
GOTtrCL tuftjoc ftjrvLihiXv166g. lhe pol4on node rudionandoner

REFERENCES
0q). a$rrs dds rE pEs d i c@L oasri.d.ahdr t1srt, Hlr-
odA6r!y0q),?d$ iBindstrisroer) $ii'! d<qbwiq ndic: l
^
itksdisonbe6undhchqar:-
Arc 0er), hr! ue:r H6!5etr oq),:id pdth oet N@, Ncido h\r. :
'io!^id:!@PrdcruhAdtkops

I EXEnCEES

twlidst'in&!Ebh6$.-

PrejKdq b lin r;ibk ric d hP

!e ebtu
Pads d d€ obj<' aE h r@r or sc'tu
siis ? FrtsliYe Prcj{iotr
'. -
w!!,PsFanbcdue4r^inrdq
Fs5'hrcu|J6s!.bjclild;|r*
brErrwPhre A$!ft
'hn&oq{'i
u*inodhqnPhtP rdPrctNtrotrbn

dyowd!j,cs'owqjo'$.hc5mb'
eqqiEnqbiqfudglhbig&&emfcdlom
MdylkPuduEhscPNdjsg}cd*bdi5Pli'ifu

obi€d, ad u* @FErc tdrnquF to !

bErhefrn ndeobid.-:
0|16<k.hnis$bgdstFbt,
kuprp@r b distir vLibb snle d a @Ns Fiyhdq !:.
'h€
 d.dry.ft'Ly sfturdln8 ilAc
'
hdqeibd'hn$ vddcrr3iY

rr.a or ii o6td ry rFlybs lb aE!6ub

!lgb'@ndmobtdf at n.bu6

eti* { lbq hn iq YtdB a 3iisb sPh

wftlouftbp ucas la<abnrpb'tua3 qrqd{etudid /rf, y)

.LFshs'ni,F.by'qFnB
os$ Mw {iF rne dGehF n!qh' e @.d

hiddtrdF.d'tuobid.b44d4ed rk
o?6clFlE@<u[hgfuddEdhed'hP.lJle;be3iY5:difd.
bFsFddddhPdvdu6

rifu'u'iqlhedePttsbqfilre'i€b
Mdif!6eFFnintrFdiig4ld*9sJ$ed+t[niged$ed€?th

vodry s? p{nin or rb pEd4 rl4i* b dsphy sqr FryhdMs

'in
lllumination Models and
Surface-Rendering Methods

FnlFarlasy:lres4abwhn.:
 s.risrk drPraF of a lde 34 obhircd
PrqEdons oroqc6 and appryjne naba
hGlhnal's,ldtsoqdd
rh. su rteofd objd a
! del€mbe
rhe Pnel .olos foi an Prq
cn b€ aFPlid to ery Prej
:on nodel
nnb€aaonPlishedbyinfupobdnE.
Itrc, ima3eserte alsdihms ryri.alty E.
rbrFelario ahmet shjl€ 6y krtfg ngqidm5 @r invore $e illuhbado

,iclightintnsiiyiiasinEle5ul1aePo
{ s"-., @ F-"d"r.o'a ui;s
-.ri./. and ve Ee icn i/lrn.. fiddi|l! b re a pFeduP for aee\hs a
'hc

n. of !a ,gh rd. q- qre

nJ
!,lrcdms, tmsParcmy' snae 6fuR, d shidd;

rasndr mersy uirh rhe obikt sud:.

: tri$e6 percPdm Pr(Es rh dc

d dhq obj{r' md rhe leabEs or 6c rsrrr

!qc. obied' an bcompced or op
lruL\ Mdr. n tlf4,kttnlB dtd'

a vadeq orsufrea@ pafretu. LishteuG, of srying,ruFs, al6

Pd'b'dbL"nbPlvGei
b,ffie,dre@ldandFjdoEof'he
lightsuro,andlhePci'iddoidh
tidt hh5,9 PEj
nod€rs dkurd€ !\€
in a 3ri6ed vi{iq diEiion.
phicgaao'lenaPDxina[oFi
phFicnk{sndd€ be srr{elShtin8 etrd To rcdu...onpubfi@.
Moe aor.k nodels, su.h a rhe radiG y alsorlhn, .mpn& rlght n
' :dlo -FB beMen,ru L+.
b*k r(ghri4 hoders of'6 u*d in
'he

lor aprrybg rhe righdg hodek b obb

IEIE LIGHT 5OURCES

Any obiet ilr* i, em rins ladianr oqy n a u:h.som. ih*.mbhG L.

elii.b fof dhs oqd h a (@. we can mod€r r!+i eucs \
rishring
va;et or!hap6 dd ch addisti.r.
tu L bo+ a rsFr suf,1d, t.3 I re' 4ro' For.umpta. d.
dn ohF. r
8rob", hcundhs c r shr burb b.*, " tua sd +.14 E r dr rrcm r.n
lheglohee@u]dalgmdd6.Fbbe
rish' uru. Bd for gn obik6. $.]l
beh@(qv4if,lbd4dbe6€sul
A lishr sNe dn be denred with i

pali*htsouft'hatemsdirleqt..
indjrr.6i dkrio3 Fd €Empr€, *€ ould dc6rc a rishr soue !h €r
Fd lidr on onc sidc and a *Rn lhhr on rh. o'ha side.

PI€'ighh!€nodeli,u$dbNoi
em'hnepop.de\'!'gi{'glr!d'e,o.ed.}ol'heRc3!oo.rcmF
l'ollh.lntNt]''dtltltlo'.
nmr. color pa6nd* and lrghreur@ nodere,E dis*d in 3E@ de5

nre simPrgi moder for an obtd in

.o!rt. dri a sin3re 610!, sPedfi.d
poinr $une tor a *ne by siving ih
a shen rn F3. Gr, laht aF aE
ftn th. 3l$ledDr sft. pG}ion. l.lis tsh.Nre ruder k a Esable
4prenmdon lor $uE6 wh@ dhGM arc smn .mpand b fte sLs Dl
6d in ttu *m. w€ d also simub
Dr r@c or ro d, tu. k ur pa { m oi: p.h! {ffic tr M
erodffiiJE \hch obia! 'lF n* 4ruar lrum ekd by tu,'n'll1lDron
oJaand
.aL!ar,b ,rE Ls, d,ds b i Frekd obje {rf:e pcihm

rlnnitcly DBtrnt Liqht SDur6

br xSht $ftq sfth s $e su, Ih.t is v.ry rrr rrcn a *re an rl5o b€
* li dFnr b: 13] qrcm$
3
ka m aI sid6 ot in€ uc, a @de
djftt]onTlelishtPdhfmmadnbltghl&rcbanyP6td6hdE
e is @ny c@ret, ae illatared h Fi8 1c2

r riEd dtudn id' the lignt dF dffiting iim uF $uc. o'ry the vdoi
se €misim diHtim, and rcr dre p
n.ho eiqllaho5. ildr8 qrn rh€ l€hr{uie oloi

dial lntcnsity Attenuation

radltoqyfmmaliihlsu.barekolsatdgEughqc,i6an
rud€ any d5bc 4 lrm fie $re b aMuhd br $e lad vdi. nis
ftlhrtasuilaedebthe[*htsou(
. v.tu ?. n*bF. o Fodu- PLdn
!tu3d6 we.r6ulo a' e rhs inksty dh@.on hh "a o n' cBE+s.
;udrG aR illuib,bd frrh rhe sm h6sil' liom r li*hi sie, and u.
cble'liglayg'f4beneultFoeE
arp aftPtiat b@dlappbgpc
rha Flaave dEtue Alm dF Lghr

dm ftu of vd; d$ a Podr $rc

ad d'4dr,\p6due€!' p,frF rhe k. u .. rj ens o pu "e b
h inftitvanarid 6!obj(6 L\*aE
nhtniatd) Mad, dd st4a(j dtil3turd,
va;a6 dhenilr b ra$a Thrs G b..aerttualrighr h(s aEnd brin F:i
Pojfu,aiuumining!$rewilhP
rion oIrul8hdS etrRb. TaSembremorcrtarbd.dtspriys shgFohsoL-r
recndklude'lghthbElde,frth

nt, i0' ij, and d !\.n b. adjun.: .

Plodueopttma'afuuaddel'*fu ',,
4i when dr n v€ry sm[ io psed ld.@(dt tm b€anhg re la4e n

*sgned ro 6.h pahi l€ht $uEe i

- rtu,b .b-"6eredErn,eb +i3h'!4nf b nd+,orIk. a {.r n

ho!\ Erub md rGr rshi euG, we cn qpE$ dE hhr9.dbn

{
Dne(ional Liqht Sources and Spotliqht Eff.ch

ben of lahi. n m objd n odside didjmr rrn s of rhe \Bht eu..

'he
$ure n b astn il a vdd di€rion and an ansular rinii il n€sud

FgionolsFewilhthgligh!$ure!
(Fig 1G3) A nuktolor Ffu liehi m
muxiPre diKrim vero6 and a difftE
 ni\c'tghlgucdtacdoandvqa
- u I varo! h rhe diKrion tln rhe bgnt pGihon b an obFd pcition T]'€n

r2+dglroFrhpmgrla dEbne orlrtobF.r.Tm + rish' drFar !6

r r uc 6eict th€ s!t& *b dl an, lighr .one so that $ < 6 < 90 , rhm
ts wrhn the ?dli8ht if Go > .64, d sdn in Fi3 10!. 8ut if
-r . oqd
.v
rh < G r), obFd L oubide lish' .me
'he 'he

r.9u ar lntensity Aitenuation

i:! dituoml lighr $me, we. dhubtrtttshrhre6,\'aryubnyabdt
rhe poit{o!@ position This a[ows us
! inulde a otu ol Lght that t nGI i
I::nsitydce,iry6wemoElidh
-rbrinhc y aftnuhmfiNion

ign€dsmpc ive vale and ansls t h

one n, c = 0, and /6e,h(d) = 1.0
- jlh in6ityn66iion rodion ror a swn wlue or aryle d > r
fteEaE*vqJsFda]a*5b6
nodsul atuudon tf rhe l€hr nre
! :.r diE ioEr (nd a spo'[sh'). ALo m ohjd is nd illuminded by ilE rrsh'
orrhe5podight.rdd&rtuthe gular
 (obFd r ouGide rhc sPdlisht @ne)
{

Anobj6' uF6€d i' !.d-[rLb^rr"" i*r.im-

s.-mdd '."q1,.. 'ioiJDLir r-"c
Ls r ! n lniDi '
.h4rekLc$r; L. r r^! r nii I c !nM!'
 ElE SUBFACE LIGHTING EFFECTS

----_i\'

,."\ il/,'
4'hgobr{risllunild!'lFihlhi
: or rr.ob6
^bru€dj<r,rorei

]!dhbahtghljKhi,qbrighlsF.',cl

o tre ftf,&'ed rishl frcm neaby oblftb

:].ncdbyth!rc8Ebd'lshtlrcnih
lTtclobrreicdedlighllDoasunae

IEIEI BASIC ILLU I\,I INAIION MODETS

-:.uat! sutike lishtiig dddels .oh
d @npGidon or an oqkr. ro nhplily rhe

I -!16,Nd t inprenorcd h mGr shpht! synds.

L,ghremiting dldb in a baj. ilrun
o palkiga po, ide add idal fundio's
:r 6lia Rrh diRronal lid'ina (spodish s) ind qhnded risht eu($
t)rtrul r\a uh\1t ' Fa!,lM,ta

aninrns vpaam.d t.[rth5u acrn rhessersrhmilumhabd wirh :,

h...-",ro''..nlde.".
bd hou ;Kh G ab$$cd

,'h',ry,, oF,roi. h&pr;dd.-. -

ne+d,"o.,rra., ;,Fromd I.
4dsolF Lh. n, N.L5'ii, ,
ftonilo.osc! (Fiq t0 r0).rhehrr _

pFt(trd rRa
- -l!!!L

(Lahbq'hn, we Gn si a Pdlmer r
dq rdiffv{Fn^,nr[ rirq : .
np 5 -dr.pr,{bt rh.d .pI t*hq .-, " i,o."nondn,o

hid'y rea{'n" snae, wc *' v

'h.
 niolbdby6eambiligh'l'thdw

!i! rc2r(b)t e {!i€s rF nrely md

]dfdsndiRdonRa\and.li*h

$ biillh, ngrrc lcn ir*bds ihn -

- ridEhnreue(P rblh@DinF Eyr)

sr{e PDiedi@ PelPendnuk b the

s, (Fs.1Gr2), rhen rhePrci<rd ea

ncidme n in Dnsr 0 ro$ kosrr

!h.$Fo:lImf 0.0 b r.0). whf G 'hc
 hsLePoi|t$uifuillumh'iotr*i

lrirrN.Li. N.L>.
t0!.

P,,,.. (,,,

'''ru.^'p'.'"''o'''j''''no'
hch prckd.d pneLpolron tu drc sfria; i$iqnd m inrdsii rrL,

lo-.-'.{solg

oooooo
 ":.,, .,"- .-."., *,;..rre
ronormdd L5hg p am.k, r.,rcci N,itih. td diInLL* ircdrotr

,i. borh r add( drP.nd on sun(!

....Ph;,\rc"n

jr€cular Refeciion and the Phonq Model

r- N
"trh",;i -,-"1*"t"-, -b"
.

.,; .-",
'
''fR''d.'iln^o
aroFviodR.ouqd.(i -0)
 utr- 4.tt \u td'

hrrrf iondedo . rer! $; - r

-"lonP!rl"''l!Gje^.
'bs9'h'(lGo'4'6'!nU
9Feofsu rte we Mn' ro dbp
'hr
Lsua, i0.r'n.

ald''14r)\.,,"i r,u.' 19 i<F, qLrefledrr.;6. n .hr.,.

whec 4 G rhc inbnsry ot rhe rishr e

F'"0'b''"o'Rn

r',- ...q, ad(. t. R hdo

".'ptd.''".!.noLl.
he lthi eurc rs
bchrnd rhe $;ec rj.
F-

FlobdG.odigi4d'kdE|u6b&5Fh

dG rqdiridr Nhd,6
tu r1!.nr t.R
trl
::, .lkubdon w h rhe enpinGl.oso arcdtion (Fis. rG22). rhe h:lrway

.? lrwq;id rho r'shr surci aE $

n al$.onnanr rora suna( Pofh. ll

r rodrh'sN),rtrslcoh6thcrdued/: whenv,L,rndNacndcoplan:i
, ,/2, d€pendins dn rh. sp.tial ehrion

:rnbined D ffuse and Spccular Refections

:;is6shPqLiFhi$*e,Mon

=r"r. +rit(N.L)+t.4rN Hl
nbt En' if rhe l$hr $uie c behhd

rrac rishdig efleds piodua,r by rhe

:'tusr and Specu ar Feflections ftom

a {d.. For nddPre Po, rth,

r=i"-M'+trri.Ji+r*.r

=&1,+ttl&irN L)+N 1N.tsr'l

flins rishr, 6 Ndr s reflltdng l,ghr Inn

.rnrellichb,*oc!Fns,andaomobile
a:$sh6 we on mp]lrcirrv modcr sulfaa rirqhFmi*bsb) srocy hcludds
, .hissio" b"-'..,..*,, h'h.' .
iln ii..fr. !tr )i,Nlrr i.r,
:Ti.l lumlnation lModel with ntenstvAtlenuatlon

'1T''ILo.'ml'p"oo'o''sFl.
:'i crhd5 Gpodi*hr), hdnihsoure,

/: /.".i-,,,- + i"",M,i + t r., -r.iF$rr.i {+ t.,Fi , r"

_.Gdiar bnutbnflnddn,.ii,,!

f,laro rhc dirtu* rie.dd rmr a sunxe Pdrt a

' i.J'' ,.,

"{ t! ma\r!! ,N.H, r rhqu'a

.* "--,i,u^ "-,--,"..
,,-"--. d i..-,---
rah{ wiy ro.ompesab ror inlssi! N-Il; tr b ndmrrvc th" -d-idul
i .d,i B b .tohh .1r p..r hr

u^\14'''shle}'{ur"'l'--'-"
, r o;"d*qr { nE*in 't,6"ft
::B Color Consld€rations

.h lishr euEq,r = il,&lnri) sni

 |$D!girmGpeblc,iddlbN

: -rr Co or Represenrations

r! (rirr'|,,n'd rLrnuift! icr !

 nh i4drn tud. Md srfL tue4 Mdtu.

oturcB nnse of fteqtqdet a lutudc. vatuc is .ohpud 6

1trfr6^e= [
^h]0rr
hrbIhqctuytrh k'adbara
fFqlnr a it.umturh tryt Ie'nF!Ia' on Lp€turmd r, d tr .
ss dE fr€qhrt rbg€! bhed 0 rh.I'shr

mM( mobjueonpltrnE;ha
hJ{. rreBfor. rhe r. m.runo or d- RlB .oia, <rc . N}iic..v rompuN
-

5.FhrcetEl'ghlJ346bJFi I

II!t4 TRANSPARENT SURFACES

.,mehb"FFrqr.i..". -.
gbs ind ennr preo. mrer4.,
N1-4"- hdilfugdudldinkn'obf''"ns
A Ysp"ln ,u-Le f c*ar prod
I&hr Ine.ishr ts:tun d lrloah F
TnRMBho ?obiRFrndtu6

Bo,,{ d,l,ue fd fd h,cmsd

b- rdded L3h Pr{rs rhus i
b4\gtundobiRbretr br.ftd
.:dEbJ dnhbuMg'rkFit.onf
,nc d Er , o u* bvnradg mdod
'bu
ddbr,n rm ssros.;nd dr
.i.,6 in liPFn,n lrr r0)!{r
rr\!ridd:r 6r),Fe i! 5 i!'rri
 ,^ivhl Mdd. qd tl,l,.eRld4ts tutd'

loipd,llelpalliasitem{Ffmmlh
dsqomdft fui.rims n &. s ,r a
olrdb€'PF@imabdby$nplysh
aPPmP ak ammr for a grvd frderot
g.r0r weanobb'n xh':

\L
'=(;*'-')'-
dv eu-* pG h b rhe Lgr r da.
llob,xhellldlh.rr"P'nn'
nDrcdu.ch'gJlHL+o.P'.'
FeDerhodsmodelliAhibftr
dsplayd Nins EyiairB aledjthfrs ($cdo rcn)
):../ 8.iic Tran5parcncy Model

rhodsP?fd-uPtr.do anonor,r,
!y efr* or thlr. pol4m:l . r . 6
l,\hcanltrDhbedttaNmitbdindtyl!'!6$@ehaknspak
c fron I srs]1rlm ohft w dr rh. rflR,ed rbnli'y ri ar | ".
(rig 1G32) 6ne a bloP4(y @
bdm 0 0 md l 0 b spe.ify how nuch or rhe b4lsrcurd t(ghi is b br
mitled.Tel$i'adhbsiiyi€then.ar.ubda
 1t5 A1nqt]tEf,4ts 51t

€m (r - &) b tr€ oFrdly fedoi For eEople, ir tr\€ frNPamcy rafu ie

grd n\e valuc 0.t thfl 30 p€@i ol the b ksDund rtshr L @mbb.d wrth

::NF!dr md opaqe objRtt tr a5 we Pllx* ihe sutag i! a dePd'

'orsoo}s8'haugh'h3le"trF'elouo'
rn r ilF opaq@ obl* ttut aEbednd Nd hansPrmr suftG. Sdldl),
utrobiia oqft6 tr.d. d'e oruF
r s4cuAoqsrhrmay ehh
q
ror hhhry haEFEnr dhis, we ssi
6 hlM' very lrls rjsh' rrcm hkgftlnd objRt' dween*t&ba
Pcsibl. b allow tr b b€ a tuncdon of
psormobiR'11tu rofd
oi rhe righr lrcm rhe ba.kgturt suia6
t dr r dmB \ F b' itr ,p \h on b! mmified b hi e osPaHrv
' d.p'h mF.
^r,itus.dae..n sur!inlrolyDrdn$Urdb''hlh€
i.c in@ity df obF.6 b€hind ii b ohhb prd in63it.r s.h PEjEbd
'h.
i:x#:- ,,-
""*," -," cins a modided d€ph
",np,€"-bd
'p"i--,k.*ierd€""ed're 4''.pdn,.,ehrmeouhe_ onb n<&
.! pr pc'hd, d rhc r$paF 1 uq.+ rF imFad ro o. \ r-4 p'v
i\ ;bdc in depd brJl.i. It any tanspaot suiti.. n visible, ib rcnebd
rhe
si9nGkdikdandonbin€dw h the oPaquasuhE htsiry PFimly
nodih.d'dp odkPmr.@nb
r!..b]dn*Ild'im,@6gflddrdePbfdofuPa.ffikaflP
:Frc[.J/"r'Th!auod.deP'h\
rF \ llu6 ol s oPdq@ 'unae\ vr
br ' ombtug rhPtr surrde intu I e,

Anorher appd.h b ihs A-bufiE med. Fd ea.h pixel pGitim in rfte

a .une p'a\e. qdro.ahPPlrs
dFr and apaque "u repahhe rh,
..p tr oeDrha-rombd n 6p plm- r'ilioilty on- b p'odde rhc ff!

ATMOSPHERIC EFFECIS

a "ho+q. . on ir oGr s !o or 4 hrv rb6pt"rc Dl6 olo5 rr." r'd

aePldnnsrna@o']jdspcitrlunctubmodily$ r..oloE
'd''clorimMlotoEL€mob,d
.-pt;" F.-a.h'.p'*"h".'i
 djNrs.b,rtLx 6or hircrcF\ .

nimdiDer{! mrsh ar$tr&ii5imu

t=l rtl +t t rtt\

where 1 .,! is d, e\Poo! ,.n 0 r rr

Elirl SHADOWS
 tr.s Dxt itsLirh hr,,,hr

ilyonl'qwe@ddombitrethe:nbjeit

IEEI CAIVERA PAMMEIEBS

Itrmlyal€dedoqEkec ri orhddbi<6areihcn norcor t6so or

'(s

.!i olos mo4ed rb dhq djas b prcduQ a btu.ert p!,tedion Fdtcm nris

IEEI DISPLAYING LIGHT INTENSITIES

d inrnsit sruc inus b..rnEnen b one

: nrbutinq Svstem lnte6itv Levels

! ddoor$cesrvc inbGii€ii6isb :

! ,,='
Irc/EPr*nblhe]nkgiyolonethc.orot.ompoid6olaliehl,ftebw'
-: ler el rlEr an bc dcplaycd G rprcsdrd ar 4, and rhc hishcd ia ilpsdr.d
r'n'Mtitu Ms Nd srl@.R.t6t tukds
r\&c$ drdraF r:rE or. srFrhevilJsololnorror:par.ul
rhe
1x,m \tr4ri_ 0,;etuts
, r

(+)''
rh!s, rh€ orcd.rio lq 4 n' &. ro 3

I b/"
= IJ'
a mAdnpk r0 - : birysh 4rh, - l\eha..r - r4orh€
htu5$Lu$.rc1.1.1adro
rh€ row. 6rft 5 . ue r" o.Pnd
and ! Fri.4.rv rh. Eng" to- 0 0)
'n (ghi rid rE6 Phceho6. nree
$e
"\.h]\e{ruhhty\Jw4bo*'
sormsihFd rrx.$.gT "aoo
ji'o.00r0.r o.ou.0 dr6 0.0 07.o.d@

snnlmelhodsanu*d,jihRcBol

(^!)
dd , is rhs nmbd of inbsit tevcls.

Gahm, Cotrcction and Vid.o LookupTables

!o\ €d bnSi h6, . €iEr d. mm

rhl RcBoo, o.5 0,5 oFjmL.
i €htr3 m@€ nFqsseh
fton
\uuJ'rNc'' u lFd rhddc'Elhm\m?d nd odseliJJs'rbgF
' tug'n8 rr 0 b )r5. 4'h d" bvF fo, ea.h ot rh€ rhR RcB lrrporr
uF
ndshbsit rile is ar$ ljn€4 3o dd a pixet wth rhe vate (64,64,64) Ep
onehalI rhe hreEiry of a prer wirh rhe valw o23, 12& ]a). Th. etqllr

duebnehti<l4eL6offimDh
Fre. roa rePfm, rhe dcptar€d hbsfty vrtug (64 64 a) woutd nd ap
b be ha} a bryhr 6 rlE Eruc 0r3, tr3, rx)

E d8p ard bknnty and praturer ! b tu coru5podhs el€.

varues ror PaEmek , ad ! dePed
 rc 3 Drd4i{rhrhr4'r6 s3

inrrr jii a eprr...r-,-p--

h !n.,r l4'rijhF. ).. r tuNLoidrhc

.tnsir_v vru. r, rhs volrage lal* b psdrte rh! inrEiry n

'=(1)
mmroftktjdoldhd',aslmqa
nu6arclyPi.auyin'horaieelDha
inem comm re lNrsc) sisnat s
ganmavrues h bdh inrhsly and

hbganihmiiobsilyrappi$lo
:.du( a rokuP iabre. rr ,n an in
siry 4 coh a hbh ot viu6 .Fakd w h
:.t 10-34or Eq r0 37. Arhmricrj, wc

[*'(.')]
i|trw..ompu'.ihenhsilyglued

u= (:)-
rlu6 U cn rhen b€ plaed h rhc r@ku

'uc.o q.ourdb {o,.ddn

! , bganrhmic hrms r $lc follor.d by (akulahdn of rhe v{ usins Eq. 10,.13
D sp ayinq Conlinuous-Tonc lmages

tror "p I'P I

JR\
-.41
 e r,|di a frr4rd./rnr4r.rr,4! s5
'0
s€.n inrcnsny nsioE krrcd
romt arc .hny visibh h ric 2rer 'hcdifforcnr
Usjn34[bEilykrcl'scb€1"hil-

l16olhoftinhsiyleycL'.oilomiig

ftrlEl HALFTONE PAITERNs

ANO DITHERING TECHNIOUES
blein'd!lr'lelels'{eatrm&,naP

! be dnplay€d v h fruldple ,nhsjty values

JinI4''}d[Rplfilud*,
:nhbjlregion'D*kqqjonsa
(mqe NhLh 5prta F1grtr t0.37 shossaf
-h€d sermorisny {ilch.lfi N
n high.qulliy PaPtI u5lng aPProxlhal.l,

:ipd:ndlo,.rretuf on (aboll25 ro30dohpq(qdmeb)

ne rPPnximation Prens, o. iu* Pn€l

, p;els lor 4.h srid otr a bllev0r sysbm,

i]ehlnpalm0,illpelsirulufl]
dpp dbrrrht...

of,wac,ndisPbyl.tri]bFityhvd5
:ritii',t. ,ill'i li' ;','

a
i
 a ot a
aa
a

Il

\oodrc! pobl.n {nh pier grLds r rh

:r lo\dr Esorudon (6!cr pn.rs pcr.mrindot, we hu* bc $&icd slh

, h*\airv drsrrirs FqLuft re6'

r0{la) rhin bv aor of rhe srmD.rjc.t

r\.ncdsh Fis r0 lLtb). rhe 51-mn

:l]ij!}'Icrd:]Forlatd6PIoutFdo
turdbn Mdd, nr \ |fi. RredB MdLd\

ffiffi

ffi
ffi Lll

wvirhj singre bn" p,kl d wuh tebd "o" p ets, as rn Fi& 1s42, 5h

b€,pPLd :Lo ro r(trq* rrr :

bo of hdty opiic d sys6s d' an aFbre of dbpratns mee rr-d
inhsiiiBp.lpixel'FtrexahPle,oo
in6d9 vru€5 pd pLsl, re cn ua , by , pnd sn& h qffir E .
hdbom q^ Prh. JP !.
oD6,t r@d0'o*'i. r.dr
srniL y. !e on c€ eudand Pil6
thal.db€tsPaghdmaoldsys
.drb.ddqneddnyoeo'eiqh'o-
.oloB (incrud ins bkcr and $hik). tur w h 2 by 2 eireLFid eafrems, s.
l2 phosphd dob that we ar up ro rcplRni i olo!,6 sh(M in Fig. ::
TheEdelEtrenslnonadilakany.o
r! ieFd,oao,'.crd
{rhn33 o
dbluepn'whkhAivscale!

.o- DDrolm:tug hiFfr.4 ho.r

 $4 tutfwP M'rt dhitsM'i'w srr

inftiti6 b bmk !p mb6 ft orbn

tundon valB add.d b Firel
lgodrhtu haE b6 u*d h smdb rhe
qdm dndbutu rc .fEr ie b .dd mie over s h8f pitu, which
bdsb$frEinbsiiyba6dana'
cbinbGi'y%dadNs'dla@
M nappins of Fin6 n' 1 s6. b p&l pcitu uig ! didid Mbir D,
onbb! . oy I dmhh rhl m N8r.d

F{ah'06inhjtyl€rl5widl
a
't04
-r ve co F@re dr inhdt hv.re w h

l:arl
rh. nrbir d€lmb for D, ind q .F in !\. tre ddft a die p6€l 4sk for
di$ up 2 by 2 and 3 by 3 pi&l g&r., cpenrery wrh a bit v.t
E debnnE 6! disprry inbnsiry v.luB by ffiprdns inpd hdd6 'Fb. ro ilF
abir ebffie E:.n hpd h6dty G fi6r sol€d b 0E ldse 0 I t I r:. If
6. in@it i i3 bb€ appired ro scn pBitis Ir y), R orolah ina F .hc
F4rion (@ rnd .olm) h tne dhhd trd a

r J > D,(/, tr ws toh m rhe pter rt pciiim (!, y). of, prGr G ofi. o'hflk,
F. RcB 610r appxor@ rhjr pto.€da n hpbmmbd tu op inbily ot
re indiidurl olor.ompomb (nd, sffi,.nd bl€)
-hof
Elenmc of dE drdd mdx,E:3d34d b @odatu. wilh llp suid.liB
i5.usd,q ix.l3rid3 rnrr ir rc
rdr * 6nbun'e. oda drdE pdn€ Mrhr b@ y .€3 idmtiet b
5o* g@dbd frdr pix.r.eid Fh
pdrd b t'c n' *F hallidGappbtudd*rid dal van iw hlm rh.
FLed dnphF 60r * ih. bound.ry of ko ditum! int*itr :Es
Ty?tcauy, rhe nmberorhkchy lewrs G bra ro b.l mulriple ofl Hish*
bLrEd'rmjrercder tffi6mB

[4D"i+ D1rl, r,ud aD,r+ L!(r, r42]

lno. *o,,"',,." -',ru,',',,""1
hitrr u,lrepIl5b rhe-drr" tu6i('rleldEnbft1). ftm.!mpt ,
aDr is epEiiar aein Eq 10.45, rhh tr
F5
= t,l,
'. to
tuivL Mddt d s,ftut F,rd4,4 M4d.

1rcs8 m\od ,of tuppn3 | pnruF H.* .'

b1 I porn4 b a dFd dr I
f. h€-ubebmf rPd r;tuq
valE d rhe prRbd in6r9 lev.' a sivm eiEl ectdm i, ljjs@i
.l'fiu9d-oPc|P6b5h.h€flsntbohelo.krunnlpl\cPo.!
s., hls w mh\ M or nnr'r !a c obbrnE bv..,tr ns; phoior .
'F,
w" do rl!\ r 6Fr ffiS ift{ I

rhe disprayed nhdry reEr d e4h pill poddm b disblurd ro nsightr-:

elemts Gbs rhe tollowins sinpblpd irsd$n

!r!or-xljl&l . r utrrl
r tj){L+rl -! 0rk+rr
r tj+rllk-, -x B+r rr rl
r b+!rrkr - r {J+rl trl
r lj+rl lk+rl - x lj+rl rr+ll

eiFd inr6sit-tw.l vatG5, sa r:

bd@ rh. 16' mih\ e,. - 4..i-d u.br q.t.)rem rhe e/rrm
'nts..
$hsfvih.iollam.ehioEluo

o:E cho'e ro, .}e P--d rfrnon oda#eF d4 pdffi Erh eh

61
.u BE
ru /.r' it'.t
6.' /'d /E. :t ;.. t,suE rG{r,L6ft
j;uoifru. h*epr.d,.rior
'o', ^. on.on.tulru. 6 rtGh
iPtu?b Fpdrine or echo4, 14
tr ch by lnmsln8 ! rrE\ tr rrF
'h*
.sndhodlor jmp'ovinspictuEltualiqnbalem crhe$'ojll8olnadx
isfunltEkrolellandhl'6i3hl
-:, by r aEay oI mknsiry laluc is d

ItEItr POIYGON RENDERING METIODS

@xicbL\e inbsit a' the othnsu c

l[nionscEPhi,Packas6tyPi,ly
.-i by ,",r.- i"k^il}' d
arcuDtus

:r poryson r4 lbe qdddg nerh

.h ptuift'ed sr c poini to!.uned or
:in $ rs e n6' 6cidd ihc

:onnant-lntensitv Surface R.ndeinq

:i. sinPrcn ndhod lq !.nde.4 a p
UB.iry.rrF''Jd'n3]"s'fc'e
}idon'su.hN.vcngo!'heFl$d
;rmt9 -.L. did.n4dn $
nerhod ior dispr'yins
:Le rae'! Frys@ on m obFd. whnh €n be Ea'!ur f,r
g.^-.d"g ih. eeienl app*nn.c or a oryed surla.e, * m f1g. 1r!50(b)
"rr.k'y
,hrud0M r\ 0d r4in'rniu,& Mdh

n i rqu r' I id-' 4 \"' drrc

Gout,ud 5uface Fendering

dfins!, hmib.hbrPohrd!sr
, . i u" , r.itsi !br". I D,. .,
,PP'..r'd{rh,FiF r
'
inro'hP dr,e"a rci!P roo.a
i'nm'$rh.fbmwdihmul!:]4

o) fthmine ih. avdaEe unr non

nt*th PG ion.
*.-:....

vdx oIarlpn'xoE b rhsr/{e m6h rh sharurh,vs6,;si u*i:.:I

, Ii= N,
Li- Nr

ineleolde'hclcngalusbobbh
ee iddf ihef rires iPo :.
 1

i6w i! N FqGqad$/re

A";ho F., e"e"-"Fd- d-.D

ie .}'pl€ h Fig. D!3, rhe p.ly8o edEe w h endroht ved€ * posiho6

nEEity*PointlL'o'eiPolatebe

r.=! !4 i, + !r1r,

tu nhnq d tr ns i k1tr6 or dr.rn l're

'
''F. o*icrhe- lTc F".dnltyroroFq reFsBorq mpa
t., F'1P u rs

/"=I ir r.+ a::! i

ndeling,w.cmFlirmlheinfudty
sloladoEaie3tdbgEqs.lG52sdm$efumilybysin8in.ruenbl
ndhods sb,ains tmn a sn ld€ ,ha' h64b de or $e Pokm vds.
tr!cnin@enhuyobtahin€nsity
ex. A$umins (br ihe Polygo laeb aF
ore!echnfbre.ffiingrhcro'
.-- ," . o,a;:nrnP "",ppr, r

lAyandy 1 in Fis. r0 1t *hi.h inr6d rhe hn edg. dr i P.lyss.Ir sar

r*{withinbsityll,lhdisy=,jr,
r=l 1,r

.\
 ir5 o\ q pojdrod arei or rhc porEon
'hc

'*t Phonq Sudace Renderinq

InMMtu@' s!,/@34&n3MM'

simdEPhoisrelhodhbPobhn.n
bahi.ngdnFlch-
N = A:+ By+C
whh kc,r" & and c ft debnined hnh dE dE vetu eqnads:
Nr:A& +3{+q r=tz3
!, ddi4 r prqd hi.nste @6 pehm d rr oFr erF
q'rh h..
oniMs L\. Enedvb rnd ihtuddo effiH, E s; qiF *
.!l:ddlqlishhmed'ffa*EndidfumaUh(FhlG'ds
kUl!, }) =
|L|lq

lL k+[y+c
,lL.A)r+ (1. B)y+ L. c
tL A:+3y+c

Id|, +4y + JC+t'+hv+it1n

q
FiFny re an expss rh. d€otffiib in &. 10.60 tr: r,ytd ed6 qp

rdda yr= rs"+ rrir+ r,l+ r:i + ny+li

w-\.8 .a.h I* n . rmdd of ih. frioos pddreb in Eq. ros, sch I j
L<uglqwrrdo'nffi'telhmevllu:Fcq'10+2qvanlyho.ddlb
6 €!h pi^t pdodI,. rr oe rlP dbJ fofrad.d,tr flrp ,meb,. I
bm 4ar@rd ArhNsh df drdrns'iNd Jf rsrphom;,e. h N
rlE%on8lufae mdrusdkulrhffi. 3h 6IFrF6\f-di ture:..
Eimry. tud rnr ba!, mons rerhod BLu rotu.d.d,ffrru e .{jdio
bk6 :bod 6rire tonser dran cou.ud rcnde4
b 7
Fa{.FlngmddisfoldtfugEf,&dd
ubr *fld G using sin r :pprn

viNhS pddotr and potyem3 orhq tu rirst6.

IEEN RAY-TRACING METHOO5

:*.dd320,\'eintoduadlhcno6
,rdile sorir EsErry lor loGhng sutuc inbrstioG a1d3 a ay f-n a PiRl
: ifr4.s ltssle arraG h a lde I'iy r*ins is rhc sdqniadon oI d'.ba-

lcsz ro.orrd rhe varids inrsity

:trNjdcs a €inple and powdrul mdeins rechnillue fo! obbhing global en{.

:ren.y efi{h, ssenc F6pdiePmidtion viewt a aaot)nosc il

:r1rhr havc ben dryeroFed ro Prcd

: :NE! oI *eG .s
be highly E Lri, padehny *hen the {ene .onbhs
-.j! objel' bd Er'b4ln8 ako!'hn
ri cxanple of rha clobil ffldion an

isi. Fay-Iracing A gorithm

ilgonrhn G q?i.ally sd uP r +oM h
.i l0-54 w h the pbi<don ietua€

ar rhe prcl{'iu ErcEe ponr k€nk

:{in,6 ol prci{rion), prs4 a
. e.c", -d -"hies db rh. glc
,i' 'hEusn
 i
t"..''
sj;;

" o-n:i'h :

rhsu8h i Phiorc.im.n.

"f. 'rh, ! - r
roi ?8F., .F"." y"i,o rc
 lGn&rrnri4&,d5$9

r.€dvelyhl€lsbdsu a.eisadd.dtoabbrynrbrii,Sh.,ash nin

id6'MafuUndeplho'e€nrh.in3
M.dkdsauEropdo,dn. be detemined by rh. rmount ol dodSr
bindy kid! a piElir ymeorth.

llE 6y hhI:* a lisht src $ cflEnne $dae.

c rct a
tu k has b€en Senechd b i6 nrxinum rllowabl€ depl\.

rhe b6ic illuninaiid nodel ro d6

lqba rh. $rfae inens y .mtibu rion. rnh intdity valu€ n sbEd rr ihe
{dae.node pordd b Lh€ piFl G. A ny rh:r intlsb. nonrnEdns [8hr
eurc dn b€ sispd the inbn y or tne 5@a :rd'oqh liehi srcs in iir
Nsiccy'hcrngalgddrhiiEau[yFi sue, d pBftrs b€y@d dE o
n\owlas!d*hkKhdbyanyand
ignt inrmsily dl.uLdoe untYdd!L
 Mrpro ) M6r k dd \ttt *!tu118 ed,

*1,:{'**^"

inlhedidiondflheeyPal]aN;the
LodvFdih€cyhdqGkda:
rhe!.edhsd,-.,onrv u .cp' dtdsrh-drrimd t . rh,.
Pc, m..,.44d{q $ F,o... r
e ii.F..Grudd*..r. d ruf rren.o
' "F d4.;i
0 rr- .

i3h.'Fnf,deo FF&.d r e., lc:F,,.o.i!,

6 b.' on ov trfrg 'xoushrhend"
d.aondny ru
shoninF1g't052fteu|ittaftncstonvftdTanbeobhlEdfiEd'!..

(*";*,)"

rhe nrfthns ndeii.r, epdidy of trcado! 4 ..n b. ctQhkd

^ryte

om_ Lrnfrl de.,drhL;e5_, .

tehPnbEil}}'8.ed'o'h.P9
t y-Surfae Int€Gedion C.lculations
tru''d1Fde<nb"dh''nJn'run,lPo
br yPcF'Pnd g l* ray d: da'.n(
IoINing nr .qdih

or it dld be .hen td b€ thc Prci(n

p6ihoior dEpL.lthrcusnwhi6'h€Eyps6and

ior u b h€ i ur v{tor this dll sidPbly $mc

- " rd' pc 'an I' d tPrynFd s

mr . ; a! ! L dFuR trm P0 b J'r 'udae hry' Fd pohr rlog
'he
\i A.h i.@d .ub{ P. md u rp L pdrPd ro rhF <ord,_)
'R "^ 'Folthemdalyny'lhetnFdon
ion lor q n r and the tanmGim di

n @ ind Fne6h rhe *ir Ft ol ren

Erticishiy*uil{eincdiora\sdilh
b;-b-€ dF ni {u'ion w h,he qu'rons dernbhg a sffrae md sor*

:yaqJrtrf ibrh.rtu d .tuk

emb{t'j.h obj{t j3 d€ltud And inbEcdo Gldlatus tor 3 @oPler

;av and su ne eqGtions inro r sPh€

triic, hi.c'l<6.(mbrnS ux
 Ia
li

Ray-Sfhere rnt.r!..t ons

riNep(*dl fi IrPad

^rrV/lu'lP)]dP]]1.
:r! Po yh.dron lnicEection5

. -'ol.i'''i'
d.; h^.
nu nLo Md1\- d\tr)lLt R. !4sMhd.

N.(P]+5u):D

rhG posidon nay noi be in5ide rhe tstyFh boundxics (Fir. Ga). $ ( c I _:
b poroh an insid@bide r€$ (s.cdon 3-rs) b dd€qin! vhcrhd rhE .:

5 n}ntl<' lht oul\h!d;i

Reducinq 0bircrlntc6ection Ca culations

1 en'!f i oh' r. ;G'

'

ore adhoo i' {

-oi1!M1'h...,+;o,1.oo. o1r"b^ ... - ro.d -,

"-r,n;
,+d vorune ;d -ry *t ,he bte€

;pace-Subdivision Methods

:r l(le rhe .ube un'ir s(h subrgion GcI) .on'es nd noru than a PE*' nd.

'lTbcdd-Tn.db}'hP\yeofse

bagh'equrr5i4€im6*ea.nsep,
thc. Esic ot
ior by subdividing only

*r'lfn14!4.'''@31
:€sdred is ihe msible ilfae lor rh crz ft€E * a tade olt howereq be

inerheEy p h ikoush ih! clL

N,GN-m. ft"iE s-
-" rhd
nndfa,he hitnr eu L b be k*

: ;tu +'a r0{.

'. p.F.iu.rd,F u urrFc.,
, ,.i. ,", -, a."a." r, , d,
.
'a\ "n'n
sl'oP. ta:a, ue
*"dryih"pd-l;'* "
r..-"I"-rras,hcL\atndsryiheinequiit)
nr)inro Mdltds!1rrrtt, \M td.

fteeliP6idoons6sndidihPDnelsob::

,Pr-".,SndP:r
 (.{,r, xlr I i r.:id6r !,,!iLh

ii I r,, ! r,. lrr .rrl It d, r,,'

\rrLr e r r(hn,tr. \hLdi D I ni

-l at nq Cam.€ Forus i(l llf.c:

. i drq rco5 k
'or
loiediD phrc r I \ ffrnd{i c rhor {' { dr.n sonr or,jldi h .i {!nc
 L LenBrhorar5nmaror is / = ru:

,=+

rensth /. b se<ir). rhc Gm8.r eeamdqs For

tI't
I
I

Ray.trciry alson$ns qpnaly dektu. tmsing

rlrDdq/ L,hedGbne hom rherm5(@h.b obj&p6i6d d d rs'he

p]a.c, wheE $.r obied is i rne
'm,
e sida or the las ,long a line $mgn
+ :!is ftnti amr d > I Ois. r0-?3). rhercroq h icE m a p&rr.ulI obied
io rhe p .lplaneatadbhned b.hbd
' * d, the pr+d€d point eill be tut of
Phne l.he p@jcrion of! poini * Posi

,'-t:i!

4,d'd5hirifusdiM

a iilhnnsEdhodswc di${sed inkrtof I t h ap0,ndhsod r.. :

'hP"'";s,hrv e&d' nrim !D! rcrrq! r :

e.rrd, h! p $1.i, ..I. o,r.,,... "..^ol ...,
u.,ts"r,.: . o ."P.' 1

fisuc s-z rrsrdA a 5 ph p{rei;prhspm.d,tu H"-..,..

,rulityJndar]ow5noieaonbno
iitoh(ts Diiiibltd ny ta.ing la

.,, ;....." s.,,.....-:,

;e*.,*,,.L-d'. r'- r'Bslr' .
ndrs Ihe P elirca (a uni'squd!
n" ,.Ddc,.- '.. , r,s I
obbinedbyi teins rhcot(@rd::.
lhoserhej dposlionash -ri, v-dv), wheF (x, y) isrheenhp^|

rhc jnimsirylonhburionror'h DY fte

narc!inh64c,ErthsbpkL:.:4
}'i"'"'FpGlnhon.o
da ny c pq(td bb 6e *4e rr!: rl
-,,,.,i,q".cJ'-.,h-r-."o
tclsinB pbno, a dshi.c I in trcn
a thc disfray for oui{r fd.us obi!.

;.rd,mJ , +^
'cod$ (Fis.1031) Thc nlrinun sPaa

modcl hnnu.mcy (&d$n r0r)

 o-t Fr!.InlrrMrtnl. 6 t

Extended li8ht sources aE handled by dishibuting a nunb€r of shadow rays

r..r rhe area of rhe lislri source, as d.nmtrated in Fig. 1G32. The lighl sou(e
: ln ided inro zotus, and sh.dow iays are assigned jiller dincrions io ihe viF
rj z(rlB. Addiiimall, 26es .an be x€ighted acconling to the intensity of
:.light surce wittjn that zone and ihe sizc of thd Psje.led area of the zone
-ro rhe obj<r surrace. MoF shadow Eys are lhd senl tlr ?ones rviifi hi8her
. .i!hb. lf sone shadow Eys intffit opaque obj{is betu€r rhe surtmc and
:: lisht $ui.e, a pdlnbra (partly illrninired psion) is Sdorarod ai thai su!
::. point But iI all shadow rays ap blocksd, the surla€ Point is rvithin an
(conpldely da&) fd that light sure Figure 1G33 illusirabs ihe
-f,bra rcsion
+:Dns for rhc unbra and pdunb& on a su ac€ partially shielded trcm . light

Wemate motion blur by distibuhng ays over tine. A tolal fiame time and
:. lrane tine subdivision! ar dcreinined according ro ihe moiion dlnamics
-;uird for the rme. Tine inteivah are labeled with nteAcr codcs, .nd ca.h ray
s trsiSned ta a jittered time I ithin rhe inhN.l .oresPonding to the ray code.
:6jeds aE ihen noved to then positions at that tine, and the ray is haed
::oush rhe s.ene Addiiimal rays .,t used for hiAfi\ bnnPd obj€ds To Pduc
I
h dhnM r11r r4dI RnrflEMdM.

In rh€ qdnbo ndd of ri8hr, rh. em

len \J
whec rhe reqRrty L n€$rtd h hqb (.y.tc pd knd), (ha!&rcn,- >
ololoflheltsh''Abluellghlhlah
al$gjv6iheoailladoE'e'orlheam
dry of ihe hghi rcqEmy
roht ercryy ro! nmdhbmh. lighr Edhrion is

t
nr6db erryy d a pannuk [8hr requ4.],, ts als [fca.d b * a +q

t
r]leanounior ndianr eneqy bffin

aeFJA.drrhkDi.}'hon.r.-
h,t- ul. o w rmPft ,
ho,€vg,ble6il];deljnedsinplya
Iined * inrccity pq un pbt&-kd
rhe
rrom rhe ddffr nu or rhe Ddbdty pq un $rid mg!.
Th€ Sasic Radiosity Model
n5nonas!da.4theradicitydd(.:
 ron, d6rql(r,i4Mdd

ffin'dPaque,id@ldl'IEcn<bc
ws appry r]€ iadicity frdd€r by dedne rE djtie@dar atrunr of ta,
r in ft€ sre, and rhm we srm rhe selBt
.E sudG. h FB. 1e33, shich irlEbdcs dE radiant snew rsftr hlm a

Edon Sivd by egler, and d wjthin a rs unir rim,

di(cmhal slid arsle do

Jheinhft yrlorrhedinu*radiddoindidid(r,r)cnb€d* b€da

nit Prcja-kd am pa dt sJjd msl€, d

Bumiry 6e surf,c. i !o id6r dj"u- Enab G€rion r0-3), we . *r the

r€nsrr r b i .msht fdi arr vdi$ diRdds rnc, /r/r'@ i, prlporrioml ro
iEpEjn"bd $rr e a@ (FiF 1G3e) ro
Esanl$elobl€relg],€@@dryh!

=
L_-
r'IiP€nddlllu$eJr(bl

'L^,
@ 6n be qpftd as (Arndn A)

,t""t"-
 ,drnL@ Meds od ,t .ekttu|B ehd.

h;PhcEed@6t!+xcPoin'

A nod.r rd *e r4h FnRi oF tmm

"trro,uF" o,,urf.es (Fia rGel) 'E&h5u
up a. ebrhetrlcmirei.
efldi anedk(lish' ou@), or.onb
bdi6ilyPlBneEr3rarherohr'ahotndihid€4)rEvinssu reiFeI
iohallsurfac.sintumdGurc&nvins $irae I pa unft rime pc udr

Hl=E
slft pacrdd Frr r, dlled rhermt ro' fd! suraes i ard t. Fom rad( .
lgy {lm sudie j rhat m.h€s su6;..
rh€ hdbrt @B nom su;
4d{ibedn0'rh€ndjdtyequdo:

=4 +aDrr r,r

ll<u.laY!3rcaL3h'sune'henl
edfied f'm 3udc r tsr lnn a€a (wdtn?). paEnd a n tlE rel1€
htrrfdsu a€ t (pffit.f hcidmr liEhr rhar is efikred i a[ diftcdonr
flnd!itJla.tolkGl.Kto'hec'la
sur{res cmoi "R" rhtulv6, x
m (i.b ftr lor rhle surlrt6 n 0
To ob6 rhe inlfuado efti.6 ovq
d'G \ 6qJdbor t, r rs.nru I

t 4F )!l-e:iB,F,t=\ k= t,1,3,..., t
 : :
ll::li:l
re dpn .onved ro jnt€mity valu.s 4 by dNidms se adi6,ry wlG 3r by n

(3r , 36, Bs) usins the oror

=rrn'y
B.roE we an $lv€ Eq. 10rz we m
hsryr dstm$ltadIbsdae
( Fis. 1Ge2). Ille d. ot radiant enerBy lal[ns on a snrr rurta.e ehmmr d&

hs of rhe Psiftrion of am eremnr dlL

r
:derore, ws cn e\pe$ &. 10.e in rom
'he

./.].=d"1.-"6]."qd,1,
i,.6r, cccld/, d.!
riehot Mdd. d s 1rF4 Rnlt n tMdrd,

- o5r,Gd'd'4,

- I cd'.o5dL

rhe h! nb36ls n Eq 10.r0s re er

t Il=LF'r =1' rorari (d*rarionof delgy)

t,4,F,! =rLFr, (lnilormliKhtcrllrion)
G$urins onry pbre or @nr€x sulfae paths)

ro apply ihe cdidiry nodel Ne slbd

snall Flysms n{ Erlrsri. appsEne ol rhc dispbyed litft ! ihPD\.: }
we daGse Ihe s;€ oI the polygdn s

\eith. *iof lindr (Pbne) su {s. one

P6i6on (aPF.ndn A). Alhnah\di -
6uld! r lith,pprorirab valua ior

v'uesi!IhcEdiosilyeqsdon

3'=L\+t L3 r'
sbPioob..Ncih.jmPqem4'in{:!

PmgrcsiK Refi nedent Fadiotity Method

AxhoughlhgEdiosttyG6dPdu
5idsable p!renng hm s ne€d€d ro
siig ],Drnsn{ rurt,.'r,r s. .an B .

nicn'sykansGrb €qrwosrr:: :
 L

alu6foiinolhel$led€dPath&d}e
:r d LPla) ihe Prd8r$nr inPrcvqe
rd6arl,Ned3r = Eirqnrsud&.p .hes werhen+ldtheparhw|h
::iighElEdicjtyva]ucwhjchislhcbisilstljghiemtthr,dGl.ulaF'he
1r iPProhnarid rd rhe Edi6ity fo!
i amqnr or righi Eeived Iron
'hd 'he

. rj1 -rrjrrdr.dl

lor atl suiiae paths Tnh pmgEslve Elremni,lge

::! io.q, lcat and 10.96 Ratrn.i

:i!!9 nddel to p'lduc hishrr cni
 dJr IJI ft'fu JilrD[!tr liNl li,
.rq
' r c4rr- . ! ,J U4ilirv olri
 r rr e{vr. rqr r.l.o r irc r1r,,.nr r! irr lir 3 rlr.! rJi

IEEE ENVIRONMENT MAPPING

ren,nsr roDd i shcr! ohid o i srcuP

..j(L rn*oid or Gins insobild c
1.Ifldlii!mbmobrlthi
:r<'idn rappins Gkhou*h tifupi
.. .. n ircnmon ,nrP)

- 1\: ind othq b{\lrcund obied5 r

 rf'G artoundhs objNb h a *sc.
roandq'hc$rf&eormohjd,Nepr+dpndaEBo
'hc o'rrobjda'.r
d En rc'lRkxh rrcjNt.d rirel iFa onb rhdeNjsmed n:p b pnl uf a
s ae inknsiry valu.s io! pnd. rf ihe objd rs rmsprrcd, wc on rL. -
ft&r Poj{red Pixcr !rca 'he
b rhe {v
prlms'h. n! Er]!<rion or a Proi<rd P
himsiiyisddcnhedbyavcEsbsth
rson of ih€ envndfar mP.

rI'!ZI PHOION MAPPING

Axbghibadbn'yndhdGnP
ihe@mPleriiyda*4eiGE6$B

hon rft rh€ gedtury o{ i kde. ky parhs aE bded rhEush ihe {enr -c

LlEhr $urtes dn b. daisnared * poi

lphoront,andrheraydiRlonsaredBMbuFd ndofrlyApoinrlighrrL:, !
dieional (s"dion r0.r) ror dhd lighr mrcs, !;ndoh ponhds i -
on rh!

lmn bidbi liahb ihan ftofr low posd liaht $ures h addi6on, !,. ,r

vtde obj<r hbrmadon wrihh blx! ii -

BE A)Lr '!(,(L rA( L)iTAL
EI8 MODFIING SL]HIACE DETA L W TH POLYGONs
thni prat M tr | a)d rrqn Ft h. r\ r ,td4

,,.d.
"_ "-..;rr
uhc ncvisibr&$ tre dd{rion ai:
'b. PFs. on. 'h.P"-' I oo lfor

-,?r, Dd.r E{ i.!.h , iFd. !"

IEED TEXTURE IVIAPPING

{'h uq"I ncF\..-Fbmm4b d. cd($

c rhd modihs ohi{r oros TnjsDdt. ,,
t -rrqd ic oi. rdrL
'[r'"ledFo40Ad.{.@''Nodh.''

"ro\Tn. ib-o.oro
rbT o.b q..'d nu F.8r oo

RLB.q Pa{r d: rro.. raole.n

b r'-" .;-"..r,.,o .rh€,-;,h","- \
dd{rdi_r' .r* 4 u ";d! e.'

ian3rry rom 0 e5. rhe fi6(hnc dem{b of ihe aqav doE the Ra3 ( -
'd

co1o4,Gytot !do .qy Lrt, d(olqrarcytrt

d o"r'-,. ro,.i r r.,b;Fod.p4,"rp.-.
 ]dr1l.nv.M4|its621
o'ng![F3P4q'.onlfrEi,rEr
!nenu*dbrry!Jmjltio'o.rd
blFr4pinspordJf y! rrb u
r, , m, ri; ; b b" sid.o b 'l1"
;*,drkrmorob,F rrd u'he rT !ft1,pd r orc ror b"F!sa"d
l Fbd or pu.k. icFmns d .+ ansrhorrbrf.tdF/rPrc 'rF
Nrdaroilinareldsesp sannshRcBolor(kRc8olorelemnb)
;deb'@fiara rrmnv
pi:iers6L\erirearedrsprayedhthatoloi3
.iI5aebb€raPp?dbiheFG
Esnedro6.h.oldAko,i!r$mePirlenaymPra.mvPGiddnsl.fulo
c3' obB. wdtu nhems an h "
alb-rn.ly rt'sl hraPFd brP& robary
"-\ :nolff@-.n@-
; Ma nrov eG*'" rd {ooro
,

--. ol rhe n6ct Mo ol

db!ffphs
-titu6
S.m pid€du6 :ll
,.ehurdD..;- o'a o E-bmoba'q*he r'tured,\r'e.
,di. ; unft h.."'. r, -€ E
""L:de !{.smPthehh€FPa d v tt@
tsbk,,* o.I!, fra
'h;\iued -i
.rr;"de' FhF-nob. o.
r'4"1 Ao orp'cd u.E lft 'hin 0 ts tns Fq ro 0 irr r' orPui'd
nlues6binanl'0n@tb10.

l bxhe lor a surraa ana rsonmonry d€6n€d with n Et'grlaiold Pab,

$d db\J uc $ldibo;be.n
-! ne-ub{d;nN r4sa "F
f,Fr m r$r[Bh";aaojnru
!d irn rrcr oro ro. Fenr'lry
na?f
-odb;dfteRun4
-ordracd{r6Geoedirs ls onPmh! in rFe arr d "r cn c +
5, iN. rnd 6'hm,r.0. ro) Frf"
--d,dd-nrhersrc4d,h!
, hbitucald ddrs'cB uw
**;.F.p"#* B. pb. bs *r'i'*a"-d,srd'md- bn*
r- .'riimir, e",r-. tupp'ns Pc.d
objRr
'e' B e$trPn€duF
.eu*d;,.;€tu$r ifr""k.Mm
6,.inbc"*s*d
-a.'er;'i-*,.o..-
."-.,*;,h"@*sdp.*,P-
xrcdiF*binewdeolatiDgl€
mll nt!! rwr. td
'rI,. e \\\rnr\
1,

I d Pq\bdpt. rc. !

' pa.i ' '.'" m". od - .q .

h- obi i..o,as..o4! ri.. um r

.|h"|'{'"kdf'|uPD"'h'.'JvooJ
rd rc. \haryuf.,ir..r", $!;"f <

m ho r u 4d F. u_ , 4p,i, n . . :
L r. inr;fs., -
4, -.s..tp n'd:rb4.rr",".
L ir. ns ptu{.i, ro p!, ..
'rh'l'glor'dF o.u d'unr,nro";.sh.'F;;,F.\. .
, "n,r,c r_tr.,._.,", v;ii. _,
 A
v",.
flPPns by Ptri.ds plar

rM-n$ ehd!d.-6."
Pilihi6lJo'hehfP6b@.o

;r lnhrdbrhs"unpx. "e DJ<E E

tu 4pl*n by ;ppins a &6n€d Pdbm db a qrin&idi lutr.e

ffi
co'p?mgweogderf.n.ffl
o,$.Frntu;'tr Fs
Pmr6d'he.yllndisldtdjMG

"l
l..
1
'+;:l-
tu u4drc Md t nn rt,jL- ii e1\ rrttu.

| _ sal2,

rhc(a $hn rehRne brrhe.i ,

!=bn tylr), !::

hd PmFu<d P',e Pc on5aE n4

s=2rh, t=!

Vo un€ Tefure Prtt.ns

-.i re ulhg rhr.di- .n!odi IF

'!,

d@FF ".". ompo;",o..prd,, L;.ob

a;r,b.rb.....r:ascc.
md a o&e i !; p'ts
'"'*".-,"'..".A'',,.1}'l
.;., ..,:"a .npLy....
".

bobd udr{"n;odqn , -
:rture R.dudLon Paiierni

\hs h! dL5Frd s^d rheq.n n

r."* *.r*ri-
".,t" d{dr s. F"

10. um T.xturinq Mtlhods

m rnifp tr3rD! Fnaq\ $ obied d!

d (.;i hrmon! Mdn'tr' GN! !{\cn

 u f!orrd!n d1;L'r,n trr

TtrlEIJ BUMP MAPPING

tr.1'r, r) aPEfd5 i Posiriotr on i P

kFdion,.i l.d I ll;! r dru:

\ N . rhe p€i'6cd a <c nmi' s dh6ed *
'hm
N =P, q

r = irr+r''r

]nldinthcrbstqP€sion'9lhal

N'=P,iP +b lP! i n) -r,(rtP,)+r,| (nir)

,,j]r-h ".ed,h*F q. o"ldbe

''?mphlo"n?l^
ITE
 10 20 DNIcLrh hdha lrsvlrc

ITIEE FRAME MAPPING

IEEO OpeiGL ILLUM NATION AND

SIIRFACF.RENDERING FUNCIION5

'44o.''d"'ireidLo'ejoP
-.. hni -nAcFn.so .cro-'.
.hieds cn be dLplayed usins c her 0

CpenGL Point Light-sourc. Fundion

'!' co!- Pron,rd
mPo,ni1oP4t I
.-,--; ,-o ' " ,p"
e".; r;d ",ts -.-i. r,Fr.o' " h *r, prcpd!,.r h_ " lBh
iue

:{" N4 o 'N DrcrT ;F

".;-"-,";*,"i*" ur$ ai ids'iricr, + deonc'bo4',r r4rLsr'
iurce n rttu;n cd "."rF-
md pann.6lishtNsqe isa$isn€d or€

I -r;,, c..\ds mprp,r..L or.o,op'1rft ro' ro.L

h'hq',-'.*.lrlL.}F,l-agl
,."; oo-.r + .b..
..,sedb;rrshreu _etum r
 opencl rilhriu rou6ns, and $. do :

Specirying an opencL Liqhr-Source Posttioi and Type

* mbo Lotuua ..qr r".- L0."t

r!o3,qi n".. i..,\ofr,+.4u c. iF"\,ri ! n@ Lror -m .
.bi..'.,ob"U,nr -

nA'b]ligh''o'''.'\e"TaKl'sh"o"T'''lld.:0.t'dcm''

lslpo!''Ul.'ff\tlh-"T!

rdecicbbearcrudGb $uE! rF -.,

P^ll{ul',TidbnoPrclA
isudbylh.rishdnsFditrsbde'enrnerhe[sh'dndidb;h;r. .
plgl€h'lisdenstd6ald:l9u'.

tf nc do nd sPeiry a Pos ion and t?e for a righr$u@rhedef !reru!!

(0 0, 0 0, r.0,0 0), whi.h indnabs r

oPnL. 8-on r l{runlo

 le1o aNlcLrti ud@nnr tt4rc

P" 'h'lhoaol l|.gecn' d' 'od!,itr9

t ue sdt L\e lighi sure b mdc 6 ihe
ror rh. spc.itkaiioi or rhe vt{ing ta$

tpeclfying op.ncl Liqht-Source ColoE

oLlke m rturr rtshr 54re, opmcr lisht hrs 6N drilee RGBA olor

i.'c.''''.'."'F-b/.Ffyrd"'

:; kom ,he mms or ihc sy-bort ororpftpedy osbnb. ore or th! rish,
rcund Gnbtr ) lgnt h a s.*, anorh€r

mrisiicnrrarshtsdehas ju{one.oloi
ri Ne an u* rhe rhN oPoGL lrd
.lj.c labll.d cL lIcHTs, b bla.l:

5pcciting nadial-lntensity Attenuation Coeffi clents

an OpenGL Light Source
"r
!mnapPlycdbrhtEy*hs6onbtheligh'cnldimnoPGL
ljiushgEqlG2,whd]*ihedi
ijd po$on The rhe opscl prcpqty.onsanrs lor ndrl intns y n'

:r n Eq 1G2 Eiths a PsihYr inrgd

 roE (ambj4r, d ru$, and sFcuh4 or:.
s6do cm.bnE aE r, : r.0.q =
dbr renudi,( t.d,,h = 1o Arho!:
alBdcdisPhys,ihecl.u]alioNaEr'

0penGL Dnectional Liqht Sources (Sportiqhts)

Ftr teal tighr eurcE (ho* nd omideFd iobc ar infinny), wedn also sp< - ,

'!oF+dPdF8'foJ!p:e'4or'

h rh.[e,, tsF,\ tr ej+:. r,

rh" i3h oni \"ms i

$uRb obj{rrcinon. e smeuk

ind sPNurar rlghr cdoB ai an8te d by
' c "o; o '{o; rh" qh
h!\ Eric5nd,:ll.
or;.1b,d,hm .ft.cl
rxPon{'klooa]''...
 \o 20 aqtLrtu iv\ot r s!$4 Raleaqt'dd1o*

-jute 3 so lhal lhe toie,xis is in lhe P

.h! esdr;:::1fir'h,0
- o rkar'o " pda .0 ft ..Fd44'tsaPoh r'3h' & .
'hp;-"ur

lpenGL Global Lightinq Paran.t.6

i.EElophcl-ljghtinEFdidd6
fts,;"*d b Anhl ihc way ei $me rishrins churadms de P€ ooed,
:rd a globat paEnct! valc is *r wi

- ;."a--
^-d"h"".
::ratNeDenassFe'lano'fnclsyfb.li.el5brt'ha(id6tilP5'bslobal
.:s. <rer"r-i,shrts{.r'-n ron {" d1*'"sroblrrabi4' Bh,
'-"".-.F'h"".41,'..
ndMdulllsh'5ore5,wean3l
.eDnd.r'.aluPlollhcoFlLlb'
''F. *,.*..- op'(; r -"-

. nM5n\ rd r,bru;6 rwrh.n a pha.a wd ro

:ia do nd sd r sbb, anbidi lishr rh. delault is bw inhsiry ehjre

'ryel, 'M
-,i 1*.
" '-."t..t"'.-
*q
,;.q'h"..-dr no-" .,,"."ps.
''..L:!r.h on" eoth lliBcns'ourtr- .nu*i oFL 'dre.rion
-',""",..h'^"
tuu,intht Md' ld s!'turRttun,! Mnk
A].hough'h$Pauleclfullotrbke

.\,., I ,_ric.r uahoi

.
rcd.,'dF"..trFP'.'n.n"lb: .' Fd
,ph.. .-rc1,. .; b 6d,-
|hclon.P.''.1' .'lhd'''l '
rf''hPoF.nLl'ghhEn''AA-
., rLrin r.eaa d. rrt I. d. ":.

.r!..d...! r ".,,t-.. d. -
ovd.:d.rh" sh' s...,rrrc . .-+ pt. , .
.i,5""..,s.
r. ,...bN+ .,n ;n, b,.

o, ahu.ocd,ir.ri.a
cr laLsB (o0,or00)bihe sllishtxo&] firtrjd,Nhr.h Gih!&6,

OpencL 5uface-Property Function

kndid .d€ftcicnb .nd dthq o$t

, p"," ; .." .
4","''4".'.4'"'."" ","
p.+.J,-.p..nd,..^o".r -
 )o-aa aplcL rN btq srtfrt.baa4htstkn
*t Ihe itrunttudd FfPde td r
'lr
d d&db€ the obiEt gqn.by
ETGLsynbdltsldae.prcr€dy@bftci BtI sslor As an eldPle d\e
or rq finr srrf:e to . ltht saY

.n ob.cm tu +m r;dor".weFu,demetrrrdaesall3n.ffi
\EGP'hPo'm.L'FbdnpTp"dy
cL sPEc LiP b4 rruFro rl.eer
wPtr do h uu-g rhe!vmbol,. !o
r,.imr m (0 2, 0 2, 01 rot $e .tehuft
'& o3, 0& 10), rnd tt€ <tefallr Blua
.010'lor0fsPA'Lla'.Fl]dio
-*i * rh..dcranr cL
qe rnm".0 to 123 to thc p6?eny, d tlc defaun v'lre c 0 As esmPb,
iollod"Enakmmbe'|\ehl6ft,'thei}ercnedd.o€fijdmbdlh.
F dAoonmt rh! drou rd mbP ctuFbaf d$rh'N nlc
il' eLFi -: lshr bl@.olor wm ! 'x'juEd wi" wtub Bhr'3PFr
1€rib; n rhs oror or '
hdmr liah!,nd rhe *<ur errmt is i$is'rd
'r*

4.rqr..carfr I I

rhjs purF)* wa a$3! rhe .olorhbb n'dies a a lr'li€l dt h€3d d

!hn3.po,nrac!y. and l r).
'hedecurtn(0

qncl sl13 rJ} b!!t

'Iutr,dq
.e eobr dntm. "sa. D 6€ r
ir'6mFn6tofihelighrgtes,and
sFcuhFinGGity.dnponentof€ hlieJrrffie
u,ivtbl Mdd d11f'4 h'tu 3{rrd'

^ho'helnitvdl'sFcl'yhglh
viewgo'tionsnotu$d'Ijqaligh
rish' dr(fun Edo L n h mc oeeGre didon b 6e sisned iifthh .,

0penGL Atmospheric Effects

r]le dcfaun vnluc ror rl€ ahosphee .oro! is bla.k, (0 0, 0 0, 0.0, o.o).
we.dfu*ch{kdtahGpheHl
dobhe objd mror qi'h rhe ah
'rE

on w'h !h€ qrue e! Ne --

'iP,,

e!LINM'Thed.fadtvaluelorpa
sfac@lor fo hobFd Eutioc::-
 D o4ncL nt )in16) nd .|ft
'r
: mnGL Transparency Function5
E P6tbk b orncl sms thc ohr
F'tr'ln'loFnLlpoA'm'i
,,,obr; .ob" o.,,-p "..*
nw b 3P.ory de8rc o{ taEpacfty
'he

\"nc;r'" d e1. ientuv ono '

'oopTLlprc''oFnoo'R'pl^.
run'|u..d"q.t-'a':"nl*"
' r.i d iu*\ $db6 rhe irsh' taGfrssions ihrcush de Fm Ensp:Mr

..-F{;-d---rp-p
EFrobbFdsinsEt lore balQlab

oPnuiFtBA''ld'relo'orrJ
:i 10.30) ror ih* objEi rd Aanpr. tr we spedry lhc orol io, a r spaE

' 'ao"L-dp-*d.s- obift- o-''

"d{torh! 'h.t'ednEDo'
rhc {ranc burre!, usne rhe asi3re,l sur

iadrc oo bemn:mF$r
:!a (he "hn" objdi) . murdpbln by o ,{) = o r,), ind ni oh
::-potr.nb o. rb corc5pondi$ tuamc.butfe! pcidos ($. "darb ion") aE
--dPltdbylhefadol,4=i,l

-"hs6losnelhnblmdedEhs.q
= 0.1rhcn (hc rew llahebuJtu.olor is

. op".']'r. +*sh " . rL*hLlhinc.'\.^\o'Frcn\

' b
t4 dtrltr F d. !Mdr
"r)Mdd.
u'ingdeop4cldeP'hbu#elfuil

sudac, we pd rhedepth b ld jnro r

I s€ pmes an obi(6 h dep'h odci
$ s(h tatuP,Mr surlae
se .ould sPa€'c L\e ha ohjfti.h$ ^renEd!

tf rinspa€n' obi<b irc nd Plq

'he

OpenGL Sudace-Rendering Fundions

suiflEoDedlFliyedwjihopmc
fnd{'ne. No oPscl rcurhs di :1

weeled@nshntinrcnsirysunaelendddgbya*isninsthcaFbdi! :r
deraulo, we ce th. synhoric.onsb cr sHoorH.

Edl,tPo''8@!d'icbGl.ultl.:
polygon.olor'Ihcc k*n@npdmh

suffix .ods lundim iE b (byrc, 6 Gho ,i (inhse4, r (noa,

-
'his
d (double). In:ddilion,
'or N. append rhe

'lcdnsJDh'€'u4htheDrye'rcn
 1v2o aNGL t tu16t 4d i4rce

# .mp.nhb ior rt€ su a.*nom

Fort 5unac hdd&,etu€d oniyonesudae norul tqech pd$d

*l'RgcmstgadPolygonnooals,ftjre&dPlE

t \ e sarr ro appry L\e G@eud sut ae

+. we Ped b daauc a nolmr v(

Ahndugh llt]lml vdE na'l not be

srae noIml ts autufically dvsd

Itln .om@nd alsEom'x6 'uJae vdE ir they h.ve ben modilied by

Fom€hi.tamiofraiimsu.hs{alingo'ner
Arc$a a'lible dPfrd B rtu dajsm
. vdr€i any (s€.dc and {3). Ttu
*lem€nb to .fteg an aray or mm.l vcroc.E '17

datary,e i, Gjg€a tr\

rM, ct
'J:mb
a noAr (the dehul vrl€), o! cr DoUBLE.l1te nunb{ ot by{es
dFanaytrgndArra'isgi@byPa'

opcn0L Halft onlng 0pedtions

r edely or sloc,nd gray<Gle efirtb aF p6sibl.6 some ry8be utng
oprclnrlllwunnF
ai J &d" d.F"ded. :nd $ey
"r 'yp
i* ps pneL RGBA .olor *MF .d be appuioatd si& hanbc Pail.m.
nrasitq Mh Nd svha R.d4 tMttul

IIEI openGL TEXTURE FUNCTIoNS

nryailablehoedclweGns|)r.

b€ u*d dr) in Rc8 (RGBA) oror node alrhd4h $ne pdaoerE Gn r! :

op.ncL Line-Textur Functions

wc hav. si the li6r :r8ul)qr in rhc

aray ror a oGdindsiqal oqel i

'

dd, and {e dikus rhe quely Pce

vdue 0 r}te fi6r 0 value llend arylm4o mans ih rhuanaynndar.:-

jr.hr hxturt Pafths. Fq ik ,hid r

ach coror of rhe rextule parFm B sp

gIl ''PFen'"cno'] oou :

qs,ihelourhalEum',lsbbe:s]:-:
iqumt (the bordq PaEmerclt rhe I -
u*beaPouerof2Iflhefiflharsu:.-
rh bl€ndhe wih ftiehbd;lg paftrc. vlb Gn sr<iry the de bs4rr k!
nd$reoPencltmplem4hdqsall
bgeI k6n paftms. Padnds ds
dtsebmpl€,*ehiv.mbddft dea.h

il rc want b derinc a dturc pdr€n $ h

yra aa sinihr b rlle ar3!ffib h

Srnclsyhboli.osb hdataFo
'or sp*itj€d b rh. bxtuF,ray Ftr tu
pffib aft b b€ gien i &e ordd bbq
Eu, rt4 ,lphi. ro 6di.ab *€ BCRA or RGBA d a qF, an dts!
wc
€lencl.cbrt cbe cL lnscMD BYrB b p 'he
anetu dararrp€. othd

lh.ddrlo@twech{l4,indudecL
@.oroB,bandiErbas<!E. whd
ndrrbpoddsor$eiErboundeh*AtreraHordbeo .iJrcdRjthin
& bounraiiesora sinsle RGe (or RGBA) bxtu& deffiid rtould ddlaP s
altifuel€i6b'TojnFlify'lf.

Fem nud be$hr3sd h lita €p€fi€d.mitb,E imgeh r <mq and rhes-

em hd ro b€ Edu.ed (rh€-eo bxtuE
f{ ions i! opocl- aa E erar b I fr:3nitine, de, and hd,yi$, xtN.)
&\ougha$igningrheme$brtuP.ololloaPilelsnbeP€rfonedquic*I,

"dr " pa'/raP vilF

sP€i4ry oPocl 6bE Pa8ds rtr
rrig suiJaenoml vRbF, RcBols,

.e 6.dim 1016). Thu, rhe cttor pah€n c appli.d b obFds b a *m by

objd pcirions Fdohr 5{oldinrb
A
Yr^-r'd w"' foln $ ffmrnd
'rr

d (double), dtr€ndine on ih€ d*a l|

 ntuoi'ddt M3 ond svt$.utua. Matoas

whjchapplk bausubsequatly d€6n€d world.@rdinrepos*ift . ft ed

To rup. lin6r hturc paih db
mdPMF i Lf "i9tu. nr
'y
@loEcnb€th.nb€aPPliedtotheobrfttiEio6w.y,,andirEoPacld
merlodcbi dpry 6.h piEl slor !.lue for rhg abFd by d\€ @re5po
dlo- vrlue in rhe htuE P,*m ulnc

In rhe forrsiu eunpr€, {e@b a rolRtmsr Lror k,e

ft rha *sisned b a dc8hrrtr ketfrr. sim rhe tine n whib, by def:dl
diPray€d b r}t 6be colG

r€{1!e l..r+rl - 255;

r.illie t{'r+t - ,551

neLS
 or qtftLr ,nF lrt
'

.,P{cL'oglen'&oflduE

:. iisPra)'ed $ nh 16 gcn fdid5 an

IlgnoEdud6swcsP{trylhsslu6
r14 shoM nire posible lhe p*brns ih*

m5arca$ibbhwhoPsGLtlut

:cenGL Suface-Terture Functions

rr{ifyborha widlh (nunbqot.orumn,

id a heishr (nuDbr d rcss) 6 [r I
 *' i,r".*.,rn"r..r-" ": .

h* -* ;. rhc env b ,h. RGBA *'ud orcseond eb,h.i.!. -

'h.
d.nsurai h{ue sprtr (Ft. r0.r 0r)

r? . nf.. rd " ihnrur trm.p , .

preicded i,I{ae P6 DE6hsm.n

or ro sudae P\ers, we

Te{urulPaeLnorm'ud$lhd'hepaleniscf€(n.cdNilh.mrdii:.!

t r, or d. w. ile aPp4d 6e sufn v

!c.nGL Volune-Texture Functions
Msprte inple sxthsions ol the
i: eadin€Gidil kiM sprta. A

: ri.i! | t€rF!{Li r i.eprn e1en66 &d the widtr! heGhi, and depur

!:th *lebd Posido in L\€ 6fui€ sPa

CpenGL Color 0ptions forlexturc Pbtte.ns

i:?m.nb for a dturt sp,e dn b€ sPd
1D,gtT.{e3,0,edgrtqt$age'lD
: u-d ro 5pdit ihe sene6l roiftt a
t.m'tsarcNailablgfd(hissp€ofi'
:rion. Fq qahplq 6.h k{ur elen
 |':d r i phi 'd c 'i"dd' ;n
'1.:1
sFft is a onebyre (3 bn) RcB dlo. $rh 3 b , ,rd ; *"

su.h
"s{h€.6c d',- p.ibm.-;r"" *r1"rpi" *,"*. rr..a-J,,.
 b br4db8{olor dda 9?e And !\€
'b
OpenGLTexturc Wlapping
clrcoubjdelhenryenon0lol!,wcan
d h a rdlui€ ndy using ih€ .ommnd

.:lu. searsr rhin I 0, it i3 sisncd rhe yabe 1.0. sinila y, a .lanPed E hr

mPng ror rhe (mdfats in i Padt ai

aopying oplnclT.xture Pattems from the Frame Buff.r

harehurfe! Posiddn (xo, yo), dahe. to

ecurmrp ko d r€rtuHleh€nr pci

;iiuhtsivelhcaj?co'lhcPiclb!Gl'

cpencL Texture-Coordinate Amys

oF,dpo'yguedsefug'w{sPEtiy
Naming 0pencL Texture Patrerns

m, w. *t{i a po5iiic tunsiqn€d) -

.'!"''o6't|..'r1'ms

si!^d]tllfoP4cln
 AqEry@FndnailablghoP4cLblido

IrenGL T.xtur Subpatterns

.-bptkm, b frddiry y p.n, oi !ll, or rhe qBd,l Panen. rhe hxhP vara
'he$bPalbmEPhe5Fdlledslu6
:! forrowis iumds daiq!'ab a $t

{isir ork- {hf pc

:r (0, 0) Er€&nas elcme
'hc '.xturc
f,i 6n(xr..EleEent, yterEredent). PaideM texslbridth a.dIer_
:j'd3h!8Ik'lEsleofd'e$bp
:isubFll3Li orhd pa6ft B arc t

lienGL Texture Redudion Pattems

:j €dK€d obja, 5t6, we an n* o
aps (s€.hon tctT). one way to .Ek 3
hvoks rhe slrerrbas! lundb RP€hdly
=rumc n rcdEdo" p"fr.tu n b
(qd:reuneit (the "level nunbs") b
:i rundio. ft. onsrnal PalM s re
z or,h. ongind p bm i3N*rEdrhe
c Edr't@ Paheh G daisided * lercr
 A}mncNllccnhNcopenclA
oNn Arrc;. Rcu^ cd ir P
,-i"( shs ttu ron--ns crr i'n.,-"

-.p.i,*r' o. a"t-r u* -n" s bri.r (0 0.0.0 00,0 0)

 a€ cn st the ri6r argmenr b. 5yD_
iit ;sb . Gued a dbE poiy
- d"rh ro o ,b F ,uf prim
J FcL @0, EiaPE-.d do

..rbdmln.ncir.ra.m@ra

qudbl Pafrem hsishr 06, in d'! G*),

, *h; d o h E,unrd h.rameb t
! rhe varue rcquestd oihq Patrem

.,i".,0 hd;h &"r th" q"-rd P"

bveaGwelioraPrcPos.dk!foF,}e
nuf ishr;,heabrseoPrhcFhm

Autohatic Texturihg of Ouadric Surfaes

ndh6arcevailabkho'enclfd
l'6tre'b.
.h, r hd,dr:dolcl
m;
&kl4n lnRodtu'+ orr06r,dodrclL tunc
:.r is aFtbble d apprvins rhe- b!
btuoioru,. t--oaquoa.'.'q4 qpn^t+rupi"o amgtrrb'
-"F\tu;,F,- n';nLchvorrh.rouownsru'on:mochrettq-d'
rbj<r, as dF bor insdb 3-6

io. L !\€ tume or rh€ qsd;. obt{' ltwe

riomogeneous T.xtur. Coodinates

1 rouriiMsional dtucaPae Pcitio i5 3P€ifi€d wh
nr ut at a1Mtu c I r 5rqt tu !1.1M rF*
singa4byl m rix in rhe sne way rf.
, -. rc..,^;-d,--.

ja'm.ymdudeabitocparcinercdu.edw had'crcnrpebp<dveprcjls

Additional 0penGL lexiure 0ptions

d'''o'oFnLlnl'.''uitr2'-''
. P"h- fbf obF' r, ii'
maeFms on by simutabd m opencl by crcalig a k\tore map in rhe shiF
, F. n.; ci.!rm\,;1m. p".
J.;.r-d*b,turcJpe -ho^.-be d -r, msrcd

IEEE 5UI\4MARY
b sercDr, m obj*r rudErcd B

4r"i d n d,b\ o.'!,,.;1 . .d...

r bp , at,r, rbn
P tany kaftPaEnl A rishring eftir

Light]n6jiy*asurldeD6ilimsca
rod., . --.sden..o;-se. +.n
appFrimrioB ol phystr bws rh6e lighdne okul*6s rtuude ! r:

si. ruFiedon modcr tyri.ily aaonnodds nurhere ridr $uG d ,

rc6. 16r erG, d iedr*hc. Aoi
rcdhlcNiiyfolea.hRcsolor.o::.

l{'.'kumilceft'1"'
sany aPPrcimabd !!ng a sioPre f:
droush a.oea creti; dfe.E !i: l
"rb"dd"db]'d.'flrA'F.Fqin
rshr $urce. Ars,drohiioN necery ror obbinins ri*hi ftflEhor. :
'M
nmsirv b;E datrabl€ on,he dispby sFtn ii uR. A rosanrhmn bh$r}
*tolintNitylqtL'haiin.rca*wilh
5'Ganda.olNlio|faPPli.dtoiibjll
nuestoorHilollhcnonlineantyo
rdF t.hniqlcs ro sinuhk , !d$ of

. -. *, *;"1 od;dd,he
...".,".,-;,""," a.d.-.--

rc poinb rr ploFd€d PiPl Positjms

:.a$ c wih Msb rEsitr,$ 'o

,-';a hd liahr$me p*td.is an hr tom obi* r a <mc cor d

'he
:\.akulitin|hl45yvJu6dpolyg

d'hepolyson6e'5nEq'ltbaskiL

raos E ; ndhorl ro, obhhhs

Rav
-Gsbn elleds by r{itrs rtsh' pdhs rhrcu8h soe b FRl pci6m: Pne' EF
'
4,h6d''ou'on!^lIn4['P
ici$ ;h6 ac @Fbhed tom ik
!d. oq(hnr6dFn cturahoG i
.ubdivlshnndhods'haiFdloloy{brKtdl€edbsodywishsbngiom

rd ;. Dlrd
R:d,G r
."cd'.
'roi r
i.ncE,
*dbsp€.du'$cndicityal.ula
inr by @mdnha o*s raErer I

i,.m, r-,"., .1r

 hp ihrneo d! '
hsr,ns ro,m{'onJ!rr-"-.L{,'4 ft-'!.uir o " .m.n

sudae dcbir on bc added b obic.

PD& bunP napPig, or haDc nappi

misofuoFimdqfuhbyanon'hgfo

'..p'o!d...u-rilol'}r'.op.

+r l i rish'.qu@ PloPcq Ebe

sF( ry khi4 Pdift'fr uLc.

sber
5P€.jfyiynuc6t&oPd(sePxJ-..
 &ds€ oPlY,rro 6! aPrns $r@
Md€d4*hdi6PiPPqinni@

D$ge,q
rFt P!6n*6 o d4uP!lqd iw.i@r

sPdit P{.ndss d {tDg uP i 6dim6$d

sFit Pmn&E 6r *{hg uP r teituftiqd

I
sFtP:n€bdtuEnuEEFhs

dl--i"otur'wad,ns5iqd rdi'tuEod

sFLt P in€ks,$.6 !
'qtuEoltditr

+</v €ruE c@dii6 i a Lts'

'br
L ilshd

(on
'd)
rtqu dhr Mdd. tur swtu R.d{Dt tuMs

h i ,Fird bd 6! a oFdiffi5r@r. ilo.

I REFENENCES

lnd i+nb rq) qrd-dbr! F$

m LryTFi, Fr, .rr , un,r

. a], .-.". r,nr-,E_e 1

'rrurr$r..* $@r , ..! h;.

t"oFcllstsUsPdeIB.'d..fu
bdlMlh:hnP7lk{w6aidu/"Grch6/ors]}h'Andi@nPtr{..
iqdo?$cl hniBdm dd Edqhs 6idoE tr prclidd h $eb{ (M}
I EXERCISES

h'irr@@@'nptsrFlLqlG:olqfuE&furuq..ql"F.
;*&-d.h."!e.--.'d,r.
ror dch d fie Fryp 6€ Md i@:
hbs4 Lshk;; ftdry, s {e
'd

:!lMdi'ylh!iou6EbExsi*lczbd"Phye5Ph€n6l${eujqcdala
::r tuit rhe dda h EEEF 1G3 ro dtsPhy $e 5P6da1{ne un3 Pbns

,"cb F.' tr . -;. ""d d'r ',,ie {.-r e ,Fpdr sF Leb o !

B;;r;d.e;.*r-1"d tu"q^,d.-
a 6, s. ..b-, ., "Er LahhLG , ?!tv r . . riehd
-,*i.
:ri diryltulo iR in perdhsqd*bdtPby edlt6l*4!q h3
:!7 Mon4 & @16€in deP@dLsqed* b ii.l!&a rbar hhsiq/dbudon
dtrnebiid!&Ml{h'$qGin'b
:!, tudt ik dse h & Predhs
r.m t!l:w te drneMce rd righr €rpd b e h 6€ iPPe6ie or lFr e
dbgFeEkoNdeHwi$

hhilynddlo!disPh'iqiddF
@$rePidro6ld.^8ft E ylGit

b| Prqr ert q;E tu.h F n d b d

d; r h!'6d RcB rynen !d a 3 br a Ptd sndl

dcinkftiq! Eh,uirshdtu€
asutudqs qrh 3 by I ptrr side ad tu inhlv r4d5 o. 1)
 r h..q. nipn,o

'ysFdrid Bqeiu' or spkEs dd Nrr;5;d 6irunDadr., -

r ;*+ru -G o d Fro,

dsL whs ore hlide 6a d Nb$G j5 a rishr;uN.

'tu

ModjlytEPdF?nhlbPedrsqer
1c! Mdrt 6€PqDnh 6e P4edh&*Bq {
tG'w.9iPrcganbeeagjlqonedinoliooj
Mdit eqbn h rhe PKcdhs Ni
'he

runie'd by hrclidreqr6 qcEbbc: i(dGi sircd ttu de,::-

nphdh'hNo$d!gh.!Fddorc6[
rD$ Madit PqEn b te Pdi
'he
rG! Mdit pq6n f tE PKedi
'h
'qwb.cd+oP..-oqb'
 @loP6cLbePabbd4bya
Dd'd{hbe&drdmlbl@b&lgod'
04kn'epbsr:nhdPFdhg
bb39u.Edtuerlrcldbvh!
whEAtnslddr;'oie€rylFd&sdrndeF $'&dsdd
lMModi|'lhPl!€bnnePdhs
lD6wxydlPreguh&pd!E
3u6Gdd!clwuFl
lnteractive lnput Methods and
Graphical User lnterfaces
 l1-coFsclhu*tiv.Inls.D.vlc
-,I-3[alcl4jfi6dmo'In?u(
-3rnPutFfuforcrap]d.dDb 11-3 D6(e'r's i c6rr'i.ar us
-5vifulfurltyEnfuM

loe8h re.m.chd pngram and povi.te inptrt .Lta *

ing tF nerhodr aftt psgnn .Irrrrruds drsMsed in rlE pFvtd;
.n.ph, h F ofb rhr b b€ able b spEiJi gnphical hpd inre' .
achv€ly Dun$ |tie eKri6 of a pb8.@ Ior €xmple, we mghr
h d b \n.ns" rh. viry pohr or tF l@b6 d M obrd 6 I *m
poinring lo a ren p6lltdtr or we n'*ftt wmr b .hrrye a$rDtim ?a6he
uina mnu shdioE. rn daien a?pli6ri(m, conbol poi.t odimres fo.
lift otsttuditu m c1xxs inba.tiv€ly and piclrlE e oiten otlfucEa
inB inh4evc panaJlg or dr.r ing melJlods th€ft m sdl lfde of d.L
im us4dbya Srdphi6prs.a4 d a variery olinhEcrive hpliftdD&
t€6 devisd fd pMding $e d.b valu* In additi@ ini€rra€ fd
m now involw ex6ia inr6.1iv€ graphj6, inctudins dtuplaywindows,
, mmut. .nd a mus d oinE oMrifrhl d.viG

GRAPHICAT INPUT DATA

phis pegr,e ue s€gd ii.ds ol in?ui aah, .u.h as drdlnab pciritu,

ibuh vJG,daractesbins spKifi Gti.ru,seonetljetalEfonatio v.l@,
aryi$ cmdiiim, and illumiMim ?ahnoba. My snphks p.ckAes, in-
.liry rh€ lso ,nd aNsr sbn rards, prdidef exhEire *
oI inpur tdiN
pi$ing Nch dab. Bui inpui p@dl@ rqliE inbrdio with <lisday-
inds ud apR-tIi. hadbdda,tE. Ih@iore, !m gEphica s'B
''llfigs lh@ lhat pdide trinly devieindepddmt
tm, panicddy frn.riore, ofh
indude r.larively few inr@criK FsedlE for de.ling with ir'put data.
A elatulard dSdjzrid fd inPli pre.tms in . 3raphis pa.r4€ ir b
d@it the neb@ a.erdi.g to the ryae oI tlab dui is b be prcd 6y 6.h
nrdim. Tnjs s.r@e alros myphysiel devie, sch as a k€ybdrd q. noE,
roinput y <lai. da,.lrlflgh nGt inpur ddic.mhndr. sd dira iyp6

LOGICAL CT.ISS\FICAIION OI \N?\II DEVICES

whan'patJ6.dln a€ deified @ordjn8 b dab9?€, anydwiedEr is ued
b provid€ ih€ speided dah is Elsed b 5 r lqi.:l inprr d4ie Io. dEi d.h
hrqrd@ Irp,t tuthohqdcninat u* n4tu^

q1x rrelbndadrosi.rt rPutsdr

A ded.e lor sp{iIyinS one oodiroh p.siiim.

A dNie srr,6 neJ *r d.mrd Dk pc'tio6
for
' A de\i@ rorePeobms hn inpd
- A d€vic lor sp€.ifyh3 a sGrd vahe.
, A devie for seleting a men! oPtion
A devie ror sekrllg a .onponnt ol a picture.

Into!,chve *le.tim of a .ordimie poinr is usuany r..m?lished by positi

n a dnphyed sMq atrhdgh other me
su.h as mdu oPtions, could b€ med
joysrick, da.kbrrl sp,.eb,rr, thubwhpt, dial hmd cuhi or digitia!
forsftn{u$rpositiming Andydio6but6ons,teyeorsw .hes. b€
roindi.ab !rc.6shg opii..s for the -leded learjon.
Keybcrds e Ed tor lmatu inpllin pvenl ways. A Emeral?u,I
LetbGrd lrually 16 tou. .unor<.ntu] r.ys lhat lne s@en.u]u
doq rer" d d -i3 on bd'rw€.F .d i no\" rhp
diaS..ally s wen. Rapid tu6o! novdmt is acconplbhed by holdinS dsr
seltrd orsr ker Sonerih6 a l@vboad includes a oFrir( iovdist, ra
or thumbwfieels for p{siiioning ihe sreen rtr$i For sde appli@rioru, ir
also be convenient ro u* a Leyburd ro itF in numsical valnes oi dhe.
to indicah .oordimre pci6ons.
oL\er ,levic6, su.h as a lighi ri hav€ al$ hen 6.d lor hkracti\€
pur oI odinare pGitioro. Bll ligbt F.ns remrd sRn pos:6om by d
ina tighr fon rhe srm phcptron, rd ihs pqlNs sF.iat inptenm

This .Las ol lo8iol d€vie6 ir u*d ro input a .equen e ot oordimk pci

d ilE physicar dNi.es used fo. senentinE lo.aror inpli rre rho wd as s
de.e Curu,ou"To\m.ro dtu,J 14.oL jor\h r o ud
is ranstared inb a €d6 of inpur cmntinatc vatus. Tne eraphi.s tablei is
of rhe noF .onmon sb.h devie. Burm :.rivarion cm b€ usd b btae
tlblet inio ".dtinuouJ' modc As the cusor is moved adlx' thp hbhr si
a se,n ol ordimh varu$ is Eeneraied. Tnis ptr€d@ c ued in pain
' v m. rop rrF d'rbfr u!'3 \rnou. btuh,uol". I n3 ieerurt.r
als. use ihis pree$ ro ba( and diqftize raroub.

5t.in9 D.vices
The prinary physn,r deuca upd for srrins input is
shnSr in .onplh.3raphi.s appli.aiioB aie rypi.ally

oihs phFi.al devi.6 cn be usd lor generarins .hara.br pattem td

ctarehG .m be skd.hed m the sree usi
cial apprictjons rndlvrdlrl
.Ft-, lo,do' hppo"s c apdhl'mSr rnp'oF,m.nm "rpTb
.h'&h6 Ehei,bed dicdim4 of pEde6ned ratum!
 Lopot.t6itua rn Lf h Dad'

graphic PrcsEm io ld $alar valus ror

nebic bnsfornatiln, vi€wins pa
me appliations, $a]ar input 6 al6o @d for dtina Physcal ParaneteD such
renpfratuE volage/ or std$etain ra.bs.
A tylicl rhysi.sl device uscd to provide valuabr inPut is a Panel of conhl
J. Dal-bA. r.,ro? -d. prcduFnume 'GlqruF " u{m!qr
fined ran8e. Rohiy Ftuhoftte4 .6vat .ti:l daiion into a cshPddng
lbgq which is thm nmlad into a nmber wiihin a debed salar iange,
.h 16 -10.5 b 25 5. Iturod of dials, stide pohnonetss aF onerines r*d
mvd liear novenah inro salar valuer
Any Leyb!:rd wirh a pi or nuidic leta .an be u$d as a valuaror d*i@.
dDush dials ad slid. pdenhm.teG de nore eln.imt for 16t inplt.
Joysti.lc, t{kbalb, hblels, and oL\er inhiactive dev,G .'n be adapi€d tor
Hor.nPt. oy or.'pd13pf*ur
t.znR r.' 6pd ? danofrovcmrn.. st ler baE\, DP."mBqlJ
h. oop6'Fdiftond{F.ls hr{rd rPd
lue.@
'r hpur.Mo.crmrr
ue. ?F Fd..lu"m ilu) P.iJ d d U- for \e'l6."
' 'or
Another khnique tor prcviding valcbr inpui'lflis to disPlay SraPhical eP'
Lo^or JocF.butun-. or.in8-.d16 and mflL dr\c."1{m 1 r
sE ll'1 shk sone pssibiliiid tor *al. Ep@tdioF Cmn ?Gi'
ins, usins a mu*, ioyshcL spa.cbalt, or odrer dwi€, selds a value on ore
rh€ sl6. As a Hbac* ne.hinin ior tJE er, *lREd .olds e disPlaycn
olor baE dd a selected $alar valu. is dsphrd in a sin n wirdow nexi b

nb d rt"'.nl) u*d r 8'rpr(, or%-.tr,o sl.r p{e..i.g oPhon'

s4s !, Ja. rd.bja,-hdpA,l-d r- bbeu.ed inoLrr' r 13J pi " a
lrs sun,.d rur h, $ill uyoo,d, pdcl o' bui on h.\
'oud
r ")bMm Mdion le^ u' 5epa'rF ouhon boe ra.rr- r*d ro Pnri
u pktimr F:.h blbn or function key t pDs]:lrmed to seld a Panicular

&c€dbnarcsmll.hlrgs
hkndid hptt tuttu oacqhat un hcth.4

olcradm or vilue alihough pr*er budons or reF ar. bndines indu

Fr,. Fpr ,n orldFd mq, op i.\ bc s a,.!, rs,ho

. "lprr.
p whena- Fn.ruFo' po..no1,, ..\ *tr.red. B," ompd?d o he
naic €r&ns or er.h lirhd mft nm. A nenu iien wirh veiicar and hon
b.u'd,nA" |1" .,o'dtup vilu- .o ,-, mdr,,.,+leed
bPd.mdin:b\ $r +) ihe D€qua rles ^

or . aq € ,.dih Ft"u , tv ! n. olotuo.\pt4Fd.: bL.h pdd b

I
mnlyu6pd A cqFd <Fnpr'rciImh@Tdro emotu,lkhE
rdivdrl menu oprioa. bdd
'r'e r..r"tcrodrd o\o;eqh.r
ddrdIAbord.rbfu\dro pemr.n nrc,o-n"ri opr f .Iorrhi-
rr.'!u+r vmu[dh3 ran bf.
'
or Sivd 6hoil idhiiryin8 nam6. A simnai €tuodins s.nem .an b€ us€d
!dipn.ur.rreN vor "a p'.pr'r c ityr *totsnFnr\enrnbc..

e u+ d ei*lFrdpr
okr dar
in eme wa} s€vdat dilfMt neL\ods can be Bd to atRr a onpod
disPlard Rem, md y jnpui lrEh is( urd tor this pffrose is.t .
4. " p r d$'. p vo.r.r o,., of rhm. r,e o(.fomAd b) pc.,o
\F11a u"in8a m^re -. joy.r
oJn 3b. po{h,'.q rh"\@.tul' "i o'\'r3dbu b;oJ }"J ro
o,\el m,d,a",e. ni-ynmpc,bf (an rhenb. Fd-o.cxidnp,b
a fd of a r€slrakl surae/ a polygon ed3e, o! a vedd. orh€r pjc*
imlude hjghlighti$ s.hcm$, Fk.ting obi{b by nrne, or a .ombi

I {ng.F. LIlf pN,honuE"ap.d, h.rp J pr {uar.L drup:

1Fn pGrior o d wold{o'dinl@ l'(a'on unrS t}e n\irle.ArsE
14 her,ps fiad n4 I e ,.er. "\en ber
coordintc posiiim cm bc .onpard to rh€ .oddind. *Enb of .bis
Fick posfiid i5 wihin ihe oddi i. ri@nh or a single objd, rhe pid
has bfrn identified 1r€ obi{t nde .oddimre, or odEI infor4aiion
obPd nJPrber € b:polv$"d4iFd brr,btuhd d m arso
Bu' rh! p !( pc f . r'*u rh. iooiiiture rEn6 o. Mo o, moFci
furrhei te*iry is n(€sr), Depddins on dD ry!..robiEr ro be seld.d
conpLenry of a se, sevfr.l lsels of iirch my be requjEd b idmrn
obi".r rorpv .o. \.dtrnFmpin8 np,,alpharh rr{ordru;
ov.rlap tne oordimh extenb oJ son. oiher ihre-dinensimar objd, rr
pcition ould bc conpaEd ro the .mldmab ertenb oI ih. individual
Ia.ek or the tuo objd' rhjs 16r r:i15, the .oordinare exknb of individ

Wnm cmnJinaextent bB do rct lniquely id€nrJy a pd obiRl

ian a ton pi.r p.sitio b individual lin. s.snenb corld be.o
rhe
Fiam 11 2 ilurds a pick pGihon rhar is wthin rhe oordimre eibnb
line F8ffll' Fo. a tuojinenstlml linc seanenr wiih pjrel adpoifl
otsr.n.P\qrdFd ma"P'J
 hP rnrcthElq cnPhBt tuh

. y) b $e rin G GrdlaEd a

e?dr- ! -r,.nd6y 9-y odrr mplnods.. u, h b mrFnaS d,.!nc

end?oint?.sjhoc. have b€6 ptup@d sinphry the liFpjckngoPt*hm'
to
Pi.L prtrduG can b€ ,nplified ,r mrditurFr6e tshng n tut .anied
r <an{6 oran obF r. w\Pn d. p'.I pG ool
viihin ttu cordiDre eienG oa rwo oi noft ohjeb, rhe pi& pt@dms .
plyEbn a lbt ot all cmdid.ie pick o6jecb. I
AedE pnrhg Eluiqu€ is to Miar€, pt.k windos wi$ a eletd or
pGitid the pi.r frndo* n.6te&d on dp.frsd pcidoq a shown n,
11 3, d .Lipping po@dftF ae @d fo dehmi.e wnich obieh inrerst fcUREll3APid
pi.l windw. For lin€ pi.hns, w€ cm et ihe picl-window dil]rmioN u d
b very smll valu6, $ ih onlyone lire sestui intub ihe rick window
e g6phi6 ?a.rags inphst ih@dinsiotul Fcldg by e@r.!.idg
s.€ru sins &e visins rd psie.ii6
rlc JpFn3 \tudoq \orhn3 b d ?byed lrcr r,\l B m,hfti-. b , [p
nB prcrdws dr d.rtrue wtu! h ob,e. b rF " lninth"p..\,..w
dppL.pd ro
lMe A 1j3t of jnfmahd Id each objed { the pi.k vje* voluhe crn thd
tuedfdp@ing Thislisr6n.dbininfomadon .h6obje.ttu@
deplh r:nge, wh@ the dep& me. ord be ed b srRr *F effir obiet

Hthlighiing cm also be u*d facilfi.b pi.king. oIE way b do rhis i3 ro

to
ftsively bigNighl drs obieb wh.& oordtuk etrdb overLp, pick?osi
5m (d pi& wndos) A6 €ach objet i. highr€hh4 a rs 6'nd isrc a "ftje.r"
a"aNprrdmEingreybo'ldk€'5 Ihes€qlmcdopswn6the'gacceptr
. h4Nthr€d.bjflt a rh€ pick obFt Picling could als b€ Nonptshed sinply
ty 6u.@ively hjdi8ntinS all.6ids in ifte ffie wihdr *lering a eMr
pcitim. rne hid'iishhs,€+4..f be iniri2bd witn a btu d nhdim
rey, and a smd bftm.d be Rd b siop rhe pllrEs wha ine d6iiEd objd
; h*llighbd. ff very lj y obj{b d b b€ trhed i. ihis k, ad&rional
budoN .m be Ed ro sFad up the higl,xdrhg prc5. one bfton nndib a
npid su@ve hiSNighhnS ot .hlclue A e.6d bur6on a a.h!.hd to etop
$epnes, md a third buri@ G ued 60 sldlyba.k trP ihsngh tne high4hing
prc.s. Fin It a sbp bu{m 6dd b€ pjwd to.ohpleb tne pi.k prwdft.
llpitu.onpd b cm b€ slebd by l]ne, ]eytnrd i.put cm be usd
b pick s obid. Trri is a 3badtfoNdd. but les inera.tive pict*ldid
he$od. sme 36phi.6 p,.k ge ,Iow pnhf .mpmhh b b? ri vr.
'lmed
tu6laek dow. ro the indivi&al prinilivs. Desiptve trms .m be rs.d
b help a Er in llE pi& plws, bui * s appffih hd dleba.ks. It is 3@.
dly sl(rc rhm inr€n.rive pic!.iry on rhe r@ sd a llg wi]l pnbably.ed
prcmpls to renehber the variru srtuctuF name.

IIE INPUT FUNCTIONS FOR GRAPHICAL DATA

GRphi6 pa.rag6lhat !s rlre logj€l da$ifioion lor input d€vis prcvide

*val tunctim6 for plding devics and dah class. Tn* lllndioN alow a
|q60speifylhe'ollowingophon.
hbinu tnpt Mdrtu hr ctuph.d u,n hD.t 4

_ prcs and rh. ipu

'Ihe inpur inienciion mode ro! rhe
sEphics
rh r cp,oa an, rhaoA'15.,1nuhJdi"-h.dboft..,
'
sinultaneously.
+hhon d d oh) rdt da'n rJLr F h oro\'d" hpur ynu r 1d
lo3rr,lJ o,'rv,,,arttpdcblc r+d i d,r.rrd!!,.
'l'd ,ou
arRuonolrhp 4prn, Jh.c o,d"d.clE

Peidenn) noru:x o {Ed dra tetnr mode,

In Fqu6tnodq
'h
dppL, ,no' paSnm n'inprc'i mFy wcr ,
\druc.d eqLehd prllF.1r ,.u,pfdcd fhts, Trtu.Td v". F
eived + .np modFm eooid!hFe sp d DL.or,.ihor tr,
poAralming lang$B€ rne pro8ran and the input devies orrah arr

rr qnpre nodc.,hc dpDti.,,- pledm a1!l up dAi.tsopadk

pcnd,{5 iou Ja i6 mdv ba op4d63 r .l " v ! im.rh ,t-p,op
p..i$nC on4 daL. \ek \r r- ob a,rpd,'m hp pdda,ed;pba
\i.Lrr up dn" dlu. wrn rheprS-" r cqLtrA, "h drD "dpl.
onent val!6 inat haye b€en soft{t hom ttu devie mDlr
rnamr Todc. rhe ip'.dcvd, nr.F dab npL|o drdppl db
s,f 5.po3'"h,n I Feinpu' dA...."3 oridF.o1tunnr ) bu E
inPutdevicdeLiverdabtoaninpurq!4e,alscnl€d evdtqueue.nl]i
dah is $ved !!lpn ihe pr.g. rguiE new dab, nsoes b di data
Tvpr:l, an) 1rb"r. rdcv,?. 4 b€opcar BdLf.vmt1r.,1r 9E
drdrye., nodes rmr,dnb..oa: ndfsqTp p -dr 4tutFortq." .
F:,1r ne.4rodaq hp ndqd
.h- fu. iotu m r; pdrb,dydar!dbe"$;,s., o.r,
rhc ro3r" d,u.b$6. 1. npr pre{,am
- .p; i\; p" r"r
!o\a dp iured pnrcrrs ro' iaer d.ordeur Io m';F h.
wDrld oordinab positid, the inPtr po.ca@s nun pro.e$ an inpur tr
Iration ba.k rhml3h $. visinE and otur ransto;a6.n6 ro rha di
worrd n^rd iiF d+ lPhvn o, a f
folmtion from th. dEptr! $,nd, s rcuhn6

F.qu66,an J.rdx\ b" a"de 1r

d d" id,". .'nm Ml f ' F w\
dhp,\edMr\jJ.p".ir ! .oe ar' bIor..dbd,Lrr udp. !.
r. .ir4 0r FP..I qndo-. r"llff
. n.o' r\eryDco,hiSN'Shrnqmbahp.]rcdrfgp I opa",oF rlFE
(hin and nix) lor valu6 input, ard rhe resoluhon Gcale) for vatu orl

Iode\'.piraepend- nrph'^D4t"ig.. dtmrd.d,i,purM,rox

p'.\'ded nd1d,tilidal,brd\ rnpurpb {'E.anhaFh,rot, d J.
tunctios (S€.iion 2-9) Lh,l inkr{r vnh q€r€n sofNare The Imdids
th€
bYa Ptugnm qheat rPd' "!mrod' \'
le dlirpd 4mbae mdiryr tuM pPstr'A a mo !P burbn .rp?<'ng.

INTERACTIVE PICIURE-CONSTRUCIION
TECHNIOIJES

Avlmqolnts'ad.'"n"hod!:?d en 'n 'Ao'ared 'n o,3r.or".. p, rrr

rd.,; *r dra. oon olp'.m'. Rour t".m h prc!ded io'Po ir:ming
^.bred, appryhs oishainls, adjBtins the 3ia oI ol,jeb, an.t desisnins shaPes

.rF ivar .hora.lruF Po$ho- Porr wtr I nB datm rhd

'n4:.
d.affnle:hm ho" Fpo rnon "l-fioePen&d'hc*14bdoG
ing oprion. Tne .oordimie lo.ation .ould be endpodt pc im lor a n$
*s"i*t, - it o,ld b" 10 positim $ne obj<t ror fdd.q ih€ s
d:Fn b"ri.n"ord ""ed
?86'pr ne$ pod..'on rorrhem a d d -P\.r
dE l&ation 6uld be ued b sPRify ihe posiiion for a eir shh& whrch
dbemrr Grlcahono' - ould brrtsN m rhar 'mhor A3anadd
, p.it*s.a. *. 'a,*r' +lded N qoNunF^ cdmh
n:with rhe-ehed'- oordtrh varE as a suide, a sr onld nake small
ra.rive rdiEtmenb in the @nrinah value usina di.ls. ll@ kevs or olher

oihd inr€Eciive pcitiming rehniqDe i3 b elet objed and draS it b a

{ ldarion. Usirda nosc ibi nEbna, we positi rhe oMr d rhe objei
.n6. o-, a m;"e bu rd
.,.b; F".b|d ts b* d,"Pl,].d, h nP$ oe' ltuhon U u:x) h
r i5 dilp i. nr"mm'are P.. r
^.d

yotwuPfo Jrrnx lpn 'ludr,E vdluB roobstr d P.rh<ul' on'n'

-.[F.-r d *.bl;r '..id:.o
- mr6oe<@E"irrJFbeno brdnr l-o, MPIq dmPurl'n"
i,mr.lor.nnol d' JlutahdrI'3 llr
lrl.5 lo'tulcm .h.. F{Fot r.h r wercTpde l'.nPu'mdide
'^ i ,.. h..'d'onb i' Lhe dfta-e i tl e v \ dlu6 oI m" Na tu
nsn,nuxarh.n'icddn&"-r'c ! v..'*'hoi4nul nnrbdEpldted
tri*,. vertiol lim is d$wn Ihe honanul veni.al .mtlraint is u*tul
irohe, foming neorr layor6, and it eliminais i\e ned 6r PEoP
h
ibonin. oJ endmrt didina16
oh*"r-d"d-d h-" .^b.tPPr{ rouPn.@dtur6ropodd-a
.ieeoIil.me b. I iE -ard b..otuhaffd ra F^ e i prhn r 'ld _ 'u h
r,..,r,,ip"r.--u*". -,r" r" 06'imdt h? rlmB o*d.Iined pas
 rdn4e tryut ethxds hld c@ttut u*, hbttu*

Grids
Anorha kjnd of snsbaint is a e.b.8!l.r g.id displayed i ene pd
ftnd4 wi'hf .npurmdituhdF!
r\.T er gndirb.qhor ^b\{bd8r'diotun4d
l'guFlt{'ttui'" et'&aruwin8U.irgdsl
oh sdhd m rnrdnSr'd in
poinr, and a ljne s dFm behs ih6e tuo s d posiiions. crid6 facilibb
[r" dn bf ni,ed Fa!l) b d P,er dsrJ m
by &l{tina y p6iid near tn€ endpoinr snd inrdse.iion of .ne end
d!pL\ed Ltr. Sp,, ing bck*n lirld hh n.hdopbon,rd Fr,a.
gfld,s'$d fernr.pd q ouldo.red 1(e6'5ftmaEr

I se r8n+ts dnd olna bds. lhdP 6 4 msRf,.d d d pG ooned

rubb€rband mil\ods rh.i arrow tne sizes of obje.b b b€ inrera.dvely
o, tolrdlhd ficu jdproLrr ci rubber bdnd m.om ror.n
spa r),n8rtxr"*gmm' I \r dL\pdfr 1p6irn i.et(edto,oA
ofthelin€ rrl€4 5s rhe oer llw€ aFmd, rh€ line is disptay€d rom
po.,hm ro rh" . in' pdho or lh" c' s- r\. 4dd en,lpoinr or dr
npd w\enJbuddo-..yi.pTFd I trg,n d.. w. o,hd,n
Fraai-k 0ne whre pre$ins a nouF kela wn6 d\. now rey is elered, the tiE
n onpleied.
we cdn L+ - arb' tubbe-brro n an
od' qs.b risD rr3dhocharE rubb". b, o mn.h, b o, i
 o
rn u 9 ffiarubber.brnd itrlP@BtuMr l\e!M hPl€nmr tubbeF
| .-@tuN ii ",nou wayr' Fd {'uPle ti"srBP? and Lk d i Rbglc
be idiEErt by i.depadddi rwins.nly rhe bP edse or the *ngle' or
tot; €dse, d me of the ede eds6

Ficld
b. dEt]rfu ol 6r@, w. ff.tlG Ro 6.mFt lln5 ',r PGihds
vM rndpoqr dur-iE rcr { cnd inFidm sim n pGibm 13 of
3.rq d; d d€.Mnding iEint @ b€ dim.d, a slaPhic Pd.se '
nd€ a puedN tlDr .mvdti my inPul p6ition rud , li.e s€8ftni hto a
itim;dE !re sins.Jfls.yf?rd aENund dE line Anveiat<tPGftio
hne 6 r \ I Mlti t. o h tntl) a1 Lr-l t n F45

wnhin ihe sraviiy lield oI a line n n.vcd ('sravihred )

d the l,nc sav,$ ficLd ara dou.d r lj.e n illu*EteJ
^
crav y fierds akiund dralitu endp.inb arc edar8ed i. mkc e.*
,c. rtr ardP.{ .160dPc o'.
1i , oIr5c6'r'h I'co,r {'ir<dro F.ipo,n nr,4 ' f.r
siza ot Sraviry fields is ch.sen tarye .nou8h to rid posiinrninS, bu[mrl
rher Lin6 I f many lims aie dispraved,
aFas can overlip, and nDy be diffi.lx i. lPc.ry poinb corre.ilr NornaL-
b.undarytuihes v,iy6pldisnoidjsplaye,l

lnteractive Paintinq and Drawinq [,lcthods

opti.ns ror sLetchin8, drawins, and painting .one in a vaneq .r roms s
lin6, pdrysoq rnd .in re .,n be Fns*en widr nerhods dk.lsd u rlE
' :, r. aho,, a" dJ"\f8.p,^r .f b" prc. d". n.ir I i.i,d4d.
shap6, such as lncul ds md splin6, or wirh ffehand skerhing pnai
spli6 nhndN.t orotrkd by spdiryh8 r H or n,nhn poin6
ne
.r"lrr .\ I rh" i. -. h-a+ '
'rl.5"p"or
the rr of poinb wth a polyn.niir .u^ d rn freehmd drawin& l:Kes e i
enhn by lonoqinB ihe parh ol a sryr$.n a snplnc iablcr or ihc p h (
sdeen .usor on a video nonitor otue a .urve is displayed, the dsrgnE
after $e curye shape b' adibring rhe positi.ns oI iel{hd poinh rlds rhe

r i " wid'rr. r 4.tr". md d\ 'd

h*
oprjons ar inplemenied w h rhe E-
ods d$cusd jn:tehon 4 s vdio s brush 3rll3, brush r*Fns, color.-i
d d .i Jti . F. , + pd ts1.
"? dL. "\d,l:bt,
syncms,pafri.ursrlyih.sedesigned:s'd!fswork aiions sonepahrs\.
."1 I l.'dx rth4o'dJ .,.rc o,oTrorhcIl'i o" cr:
!" d,, rhp .n .,. ' dosanon-r.r."m.a
: pdn rd oq.l .S- Lln auo. J1
jed sh,pe, diflerenr sula(e e\tur6, and : varieit oI liglnin8 .mdiiioN ir
 |J|llcLhhr^lielrytnD4d.udi6619

VIRTUAL-REALIW ENVIRONMENIS
rl lz rn a:.
Mral r-nJal ?t l anUsmAnt F ixu.artso.n F sqaoi2!i pr
ive i'
aiio.p .',--r,,"*',o*-t" hdda"Bro " $N h'.4
le otiApins.nd noviis obFG displtyed in a virhal *ene rhe onPlter
mhd r;€ js dcpbyed tNush a head nored vt i.g sy em (S€cti.n
1) as a emF,p]'r: pbjedM rb.kins d i€ cmprh the P.sitim and
imkhon or ihe aad;t 3nd dah slove danve io ihe object PositioN in rhe
e wirh d s sydm, a us6d nove ttsr8h dPslae md ftar ge obie.i

nmL\er neih.d reatiq vidual sen6 is io dnd:y $eFgraPhic PG

Jor
i-" - . -s!.r -.'s.r *nh tr," e"q ersgdPhi. vi€ws dis?byed on al-
fte .t:* i" hn m dmuel "hNe',Phj 31d'-,
ir\. ob"i m,roul,rcn ."1.sr. F " .orpi-hd " 1 " o.u sro.P
aua-^ ncd.,Fbn onj o .f ePls€ F{don4nd dhbroF Fl'h.eb'T

0pcnGL INTERACIIVE INPUT-0EVlCE FUNCTI0NS

fl'o\e oal c irpr,n r op{Cl prs"nbhroledx t oL i' s ir rh"
rc .ne. ne ro mhrrr.c wir5 d I 'nd6
b;. h GLUT, we have fmchds '..ept i.put fDn sbndard devnes, sucn
to
. nou* oi a keyboard, as welt as fnn ialLeb, sPacebalh, bufron bots, d
L ror each dsi.a we $€dt r pc.dm (rhe .'I bacl Imction) thai is ro bt
oledwhenaninputd6trronthardevied.r6 IheGLUTcomhrndsat
ed in rhe Dai! pqeduP aros wftA ihe o$erCLUT shemh$ In addin6,

rheCLurFou* tunfrd ror prl up!t.

htdtrw trr4 Matud. d ctdphnrt k kk446
GLUT Mouf Fun.tionr
we use the fonowing tudim ro
call€d whd rhe no* Poinbr is

sruruo$equi. (!oq6etcD) ;

This nor€lba&predm,whi.h weeheatro!3eFcD, hs tour a

Peiftr brtton is GLul eynboln mn dt $at dm.ks

.$igned a
the tlue mNs bnrbnr and peamE action
i6 asism.l a srTboli
.b.r lnd spts,he! whrh b!(6 J tid he \rr b F ro bSSF rhe
{dvarim Nai. Arbwable yalu6 lor buttdn aE CLUI LEfl B
CLLrI MIDDLE BUTTON dnd GLUT RICHT BUTIoN (llwe onlv
Mobrb noue. rh.n $c re pn $e ld +ub 4nd r$hrbutu dF
tjom, witl a.ne-butrd nNs, m.m d y @isn prran*r buttdn rh.
oN r Ir,.nsh .. iiol , f be , sSned e'rls s- T

fo* bufrtr or \ htr b e FLrq ,r. wlFn pordur .o E€Fc o n svori4

dFplry indN lo aoon of rhp mod*,uMr,e 4tohed.d L\p m'rlDc
"
n Pldtjvc,a lt. iop teF-()lmo h"d,
window,ethit ous e is lh. pnd dishe ', lbm tlE tetr edge ofthe disphr-
ddrdyxou"- i.w pilerdisbncdohn frcm rh" rop o' dr disphy s
B) a,r. lar nouy burbon whrh heftn or{rts ainin r}. dr
window, we c.n *let a p6ihm tor displaying a ?rinirive 6ucn s a si.gt
, Lnp*a'lb.d, hX,s we ol'l aL. r B'" mo* "\ a Pl r dn h.
onparinr rhe tued stcn po6ihon wiih ine mrdinare exlenie of di
obi.rb in a ya€. H()lg6, qp€nc! d6 pDvidc mtiE aor Nina rhe
as a Pick devicq rd we diro ih
A3 ! sinple exahple of the up ol rhe g1lttou!.!uDc routiru..heIoU
pr%rm prds I ftd p.inr,{iih, poinr siu equar b 3, at fie p4ition ofthe
tuan ir dr d?bv windoq a.n be crar we prs rtF .lr mod* butu
$e.ddifte onsin lo. L\e Opencr prihtti€ tutubon6 t ih€ lowa-left
of &e dbplatwind@, wened io nip ih€tuedyrou6 e vrrwin drc p

-4d0'9inlei3ht-300:
 i,4 llr,r 4

a.i p!ejcctioa porooerers ./

glutrritriodcvPo€itlon 1r00, 10.) ;

{rliRe.haPeF.i):

rhpnexrpm8ranexdpleuseshouscnFutto$tcd mdpohrposftionnn
\csncnr arconnKt.d b demonsrar in-
adnc clnsh.bon oi i Polylhe ln
 t'ened htu tukads 4d c.qrnd us hkt e

bedfk{'rh'hcl"hmoJFbutu' rosm4iFthef'Fr[r.8+mn| F"]

rvr\Pr esn"rr rhr PolYl'm AnA
.,ipo r.. dr"p"'s*. *d*" - r,s trr 'o

elcrealcolor (0.0, o,d, r.o, 1o)

sterrrftde (cL PRorEcrron) |

slcresr (cL coroLsuFili !rrr;

clhr n4Eeisht)
/. Re6.r vlqort dd projlci1oo plr{.ters /
(0,
srvr.qort (cL o, Dcdidttr, idnsisht):
3r&rlrdode riorBcrldJ,
sruoltborD (0.0, cldouble (rdidth), o.0 crdoubre (neYE.rglt) ):
/. re6er drrplay'vi w 61'.
 r-6 opftcl hr-did til Doff Fui'rb6 631

ir (burtor - GLUTTEET

ir llurten -- clm r3lr.JUTroN e& actioi

df,!F"sarem
rtttuiuhp ute, tnd cnPrLd u\'. htth6
Anonrer GLUT nd€ miine ihr we cn ue i3

Tlis nurine iNor$ fc.Dosonething when ihe nous. is moved

display window ,ith one or noEbuihs aciivared. rhe tuncho thar
in n\is case has two a€umenb:

wh* (xto!3e, yto!6e) is the noN horion in rhe display window

the nrp+ft oner, wh5 L\e n.u* i5 noved wfth a buron pred
sim arly, we can p€ om some acrion whd we nove rhe mce
display sindow whhout pesjng a butm:

Asain, fie ne l&rdon is €tuned

po! onrdouse. voEF Trd \Frorhe'oprp1.o'n

GLUT Kryboad Functions

W h L"yberc dp.. s. L* drc roucrg tun<io o"pe'D i p'moc
k r^be nloled when r te\ \ pEssed

Tne sPdifi.d pre.edure has rhe rrgummb

P.ramder rey G asignad , chan.u vahe or the .orEspmding Asctr

Ihrd' pr\ -ndo" mo6c ,\aoo1BFr,npd + p6jbixqo.s. /ro
€laijv. to ihe ioplelr c..r$ ot the display window r{tM : ddsigrahd r!'
Pl@d, we. se the nou$ ldation to itudah sone a.dm, hdep€ndmdr
wh€ther any me bftoE ae Pesd.
 ln ih€ follow,ng odc, we peMi a sihple dnedDwiql p6.ed!rc tsinS
reybo'rd input a freehand (rde n sfleired by ho6g rhe noGe wlhin the
dispby window thilE holding down the t" ket ']}is {tGplays a s€qu€nc€ or rcd
dob ai ea.h re.orded moE psition By slowly n ving the nou$, we cm obtain
asolidcurvei rine Mouse huitons h.ve.oededu rhrelanple Fi$,F r4s
merinpleoul'utfr.nihisproeifi

31c1edi (cr .oLoR BUi.Ei Brr) i

// ser poili srze to r 0.

(clrir nedidrh,
/' iegPt wrclFoir did Pioje.

sluorthorD (0.0, 0.0, Gldqubre (lertseighr)):

lord Prolrdrit relhr r, clrit y)

slveieii (., y)l

 d ar cqrld ue t kk4n6

ddrch GurvlP1ortuy)

PlotPoint (r, y):

vold (inr &!.c, char,. arsY)

'sin
3lutrnt (&srgc, 3+v) |

("rerbqa.d cu!ve.D!arllr lxsrDr.i)

For tunctjon *ers, amw Lys, and othe. spe.ialrurp.p key!, we 6

r6peclrlkEyEEi) ;

Tlrp speG€d pr@dr re h4 th. ene rhR :r3rffb:

GLIDI yuo$e)

bur ,oh p""4 4 sD.c,q_R"! i5 a*,sred m rbse{dtdad ct Is

06r +t rrj tuturm k')
t. To
l}b 'sn 6LUr cw Pr). ro. $e dFb ]q.. hc u4 oEtrts rud
GLUt_*Et ItP and crur Br Rrcm Ofter kels cb be d6iSnated

up md d ilu r,.k Tlebarktu4,ie pe dd *4pe rdyltr b.d6'

w h rh' sru' {.vooa, dr u . Dum"Ffcdrl AfudedhuriF&
An intea.tive psgram Nins &e @!e, lrybMnl, and lsdton kG
dmolh?d f *f o rd 13.odp. uorpinpr.sLfd rcetdd loao;t
Jk ro\s.lefi llntr d a ,ed squf. I FyboE mp.I b ad b r ,. dri
of ihe squa€, md a new sqlaF is obt jned wiltr adr dicl of dE t€it
 o|4lcLllt.ulel\pdDNur@lid'637

lrder3lr - 3oor // rnd,r dbpray.,indov 6iz.-

g1ct.r!cotor t0'0' 0'0' 1'0, 1'0)

stxsr.i:iodr (cuRoJBcrroN) :
200.0,0.0, 150.0) r

.1c1!rr (cL,c0L0r,!DF i-irr) : // drear diserqy ,hdoy-

eLbt nedelrhr)
/. ne6et vi€qo't a r.oj.c
!.vudrb, nede4hr) i
3ua*dode (cltroJsorroN) ;

BluorthorD (0.0, cldouble (ndrdth), o.o. eLdq"lre (nedeisht))j

/' Di6!!ay a r€d 3qhrs Yitb

void fllrsquare (obr burtob

yr-vid.ttr. yxou!.;

if (6uttoD
- cltrr_rr@_lu1rcN)
crrars!s{us.rl
h'4rw ttplt Mdh'r, hd cr.prd uyt ht4tL6

The* tmlaiion di3r G aEnoimLized wnhin dE raig€Jrd 10m-

Sinilarly, . spaeb.ll mhiid is Ntrded with

And dE irrR-dhsio..t mbtion msles a€ fhen avanabb b dE

GLUT Button-Box Frnction

Ilrpt tlrn a buuo bd b obhhed with ih€ larlowina slatel@r.

Burtm &tivaiion is then pasd io the inlok€d tudidl

Tlieburmsapi&nrifiedwid\inh8tivaru6.a Ebubna.iionis

GLUT Dials Functaoi

A di,r rdahon a b€ Emrd€d wiih rhe lirrdina mfine.

In dis.ae, we Frhe Gllba.l fmciion ro idenritylhe dial and obtam rhe

vord dldlBr.n (e nt d1!r,

Diak aE dEtmr€d wi& ine8s values, and ine dial shtion G ftMed s

Op.nGtPicking Opcrations
ln an OpmGL po8r@ w. on intehctively *ld obiNh by pointinA to
p6iids. Hmevn/ dE picl$8 oFrarims h o?6cL ip d sh'thr{otu
Basi.ary, w. pa6on pichns Eiry a dsiBlabd pck window ro t6
F .*d r .s . orlrm !\e ,"5gn ,rbse d.ntiF\ ro obJ.-r5 h 3 ldc 4nd
idshfs lor inR obid tn r hrr*r thersi*dvi$ volm€ arc sbrd j
picl+ufcr da} thus, ro us rhe op€ncl pi.r tertue, we ned b im
d'p lollowing pro.€due inb a pngran.

. ceai. and diplay a wm.

. PicL. srm pGirim md, wiL\in the hd*.,xb,.k rundio4 do

.9uPaPrckbde.
' A.rivate the pi.rins operarim (sldion mode).
 oFrcLhkarvhrylDlurutlht

hidariz d ID mn€ s.k ln.bie.t idenri66

Sa"e the curst ri$trLs d3en'ticksfmaiidmbn
sNif! a orr.wudow br th€ m@{ inPur
o-* a"",i... *F.t -a *Pde* dle .Mc J'ir 3 thc ? "ed
p .r i"o.-n.. tLli 5bftd in lne id bftir
'i*"'ot-"neonsrdl\'er8 rrd^grcncui _h Nbdrunir
r

RsroF 'fo
M4hrc lh.nmba rrooRb $d h,\eberPiled rd 4m o'1"
mtul Fndering node.
. Fre$ tr Pick i.Jomhon
FPrcdduP b{tr obFlritl'd
h*;;;;4.;., nx' r d^;Pr''\Pd bt 'Dfr'r'irythc'\di6
s'rr"-.*ivn.olun -'* l Fdd or dc' sn'bs ' Pi'r bu doe
A Pjck-buftur arty is s.i !p sith the comand

rlsalqqthfr.r (!icthtfsize ticfrnufre'j:

des sndh' r w h p i'L{i '' ?r el
::""-;:;l;.';;;-i;, u(don d;{ be;\okd b4d b o?ecl
'nre8e'dJv
ilili'i.iii,i"iii;;;" -":. r"aq€''d ar mLbE'Nn'h m ri.d
l.:1.5i";;i;a;";"' ," *:'rob'* turL+rd<r tr'me.Pcr rm
;";;i;;'. ;'.;,"....n bc noR.a r rh" Pi bJrr F'dPP'ndrE
L:;;;l;;;;.." radFm'dm,hepLI Gq mnrrtr
".' ",ndoh

in th'
fte dr @dlon or rrP .l'F ' " hi h ! $"or numb6
pi'l
or
'amhfFr
dr(t
*." .t.i 'p r ,.a .a'a,"g tL pcNd the ed

e) Th€ nininlm dePrh of rh€ Picled oblecl'

€) the n.xnm d€po' of L\e picked obi"t
The list or the jdentifiB in the nine sbcr tun tlP firi (b'tum) i<ldti6e
b ihe idendliei tor rhe Prcted obi{t.
ha Pi l burEt ar rhe ongsd' valu* ir rhe
ft nF*s dPp,h \:lur ! od n2'-
^n" -0br 0,.,lbpl,.dbY I
ih.oFnclPtrkrsoPerarLmsa€ actjlakd wis

. od, usr e'a6 q\!noHnsr raee.5P'lgdtuiCl

mode
,i-ili,p";",""'.-"'a-'h"h*pr,) ed enbd'"i A * od or infom-dd
ijliis,liilr,,i;.Ji r',' u* h' rc' tu @d'ins t'r€ E
li."irl.p'.il"r"ir..aa"*,t.6;*o
" Ftum5tl*nmrr o'P\r'd
!il" i---i .-r', o, a,o' mationxe
Nrds n re Pr ' bune' ro
ok h sr P"nde vode
L.i..,i'*i*]l --r;;"-"a*g-.ae rhe,rei'dr"
-6- i.. ,t. ."*i c--smeo a LLd oPr on b rhP '€umr
.i ""-" * .b'. i --*,* ."a .t'. -. *n- ., r*a
.

if"L- 'J";"*
*ii"-ia..'r,-,E;"
'"-,i;?*. .unF reedbe. mod' b *ed a obrr d
;;;;;; ;ii;l;:..'"b;6 dd.b.p"-'*-'-'h'"io'
tntqadtu hptt datu, Md .ratu@t Dh ktuiks
l\'uerhcforrowuS.hmFnrroddv'Etheirdse tDtune"4l

ftelDdd.. ts nr rr\ erpry,nd rrus 44 r :r b. red vrr r *d on

ro p d c.n ftjSncd nFs4 rdtu o rhe.b!\..F cr,;vore rtu, or

Thi. 0l,6 hp vatue o pa'dl@

pEviou, hrp lrdedowr ro h<mr q on ir rlesh.( l1e.d
EPIrQ $€ iop or the +id ll$g

bL xp limd u* h " mnn rd b ptrF a.rtu. o, dnrmpt),a.r Ad

e i$u. ile (hm.nd

4 pick $ rdow . tun d jh(hd \'ryp.d r d"Fn{ b,ns b rol

k,ndor Ftdb\. b rlF towe. ld lolE

rhf \ iewpod lvhen ih* lmrdf,h dts gr\an h h mouy inpu,.iha m
oordnda F elrbvc ro he uppfF,.Ir. ;s dhu.f n4dbu@
mpL v o.6. vdtLe llr doubtp.pRNol rdtuei tor rlp wldrh ro r€h
dr d(L "rdoh dF \p66"d I'dr
Pffdg wA, + dts'9n"6 d h esd rnr) mnbr$B h <erdx-dp pd
'
ho md si, prruftrr m, rhe(-lll.HrvFupod. !\p(r obbia dF\lnd
paFh{e6singrhesrctr.teserv6r.rlon(s€crion6-4) Thispicrkin:
i6 tnd ued a a dippins window fo corerld a Evis€d vis voi6e iir
vie lSbaJBlomdbotu lnfom"tion d obFs hlrnFdb\tsT\is.d\'
vorm€ is Plac€d in rlE piJ^ butf?r
weihGh: e!t€olHLt p'.tngopeshmd r he bL(MnB rL
ihp<olornblSle"h(rs m hS .t-dFa sDlayed by rh* prc€-d. Fo3lam
Forrb
picln8e.dpi..weL*rcby.pio w[d .andd;qigd;t, I whd6i
givenrirr'noff mplr fi, EIoF wcRdroinvdlneuputeyous..ltueD
inc rh. r',cwp.d he€hr. wl .l1 B r}f rou h.len4rdd,!pdmr vp!.,ay flsd
tu3r.isN3rEdlD - r{,rheb,_eFdd3e6sj3fdtD -t0.fd|JE8lq
drgLtrd.gr.d lD - 20. oendnqm rhe jpi' mou+ p. o\k-
p'J r Ral3tc\ m" ftngle. koor $e ddn8B. or r lecbgre.
orFbc. Ihebkn3lp.d.nr lesda.nhFdmoterDdkJ inhe.otorordE
ed, bl p a'ls rtsetom whenh"p'@$rp,.t{Rqle,re6,tdE
o b d,.t p6hd nurnbF For.dmpte..j.h"rbd Fj
ho. nlrbs hh!(r . rhenR.pm d $e p, I Eord. E 2 m w. hJve p.-t d
'he b r. ddgte ard th4 aF Ro dranste idflrihq s lFdd Eendo.d:
 n.6oytcLkb.lful|||lDereEfidir8691

rlii
n6[-RE turh*

ftdd Albmhvelt we ould r€ dt hn miry in dF rer4 which L the iden'

dtra T,brrtld;hFr h rh-".dnphPrcFam h" imp
or rhe orr d,rc' \ehcodqf d"hFil'1tl-erepLrP {dlldePdv" r^
d0;'$mpk rp bsn; n e\rnpre rr_r ro. mou'. mo m'ion'hir
"
."*, bdd he Ed vo rtrd qmal- No me hnlm b
'h.l*.dtv
pFvided lor bfrin:tins ihe Prcsnn, s ;y turbd of nous inPub on be

vord !.ct3 (eiebu !od€)

.tRscri (40, rr0, r5o,260);

 d. t@ta ht{116

pickBrff€r ! t)

ro. (j - 0: j < D?rck; j*) (

vold Pic!tuct! (crint rltran. crbr

rrrch!ffsizel;
GLlnt oPlcl!, vp^rlay t{l;
{f (button !- cllfrxn bhroN I
/. obtsrd tre parareteft

{hPichat.r- (crdouble( ouse), cldquble (vo^rrav

1.0'5'0'wPA.!a,):
aruoftro?D (0,0,

nPicle - glR.Ddertode (cuB D!r);

prccasrPicrr (nfict6, pickBlrferr // !recer€ picled qbJ.c!3

s]c1.!r (G! coLoLBUPf$ !rr):

// Diseliy ti€ lecransles

(cLint nedrdth, ehn! !.vHeisht)

/. Res.t vic@ort and lioi.ctioD psre.tc!6 '/
slvilvport (0, o, 'edidth. i.vHei3ht);

3oo.o,0'0' 3oo.o]:
sfutli 9de {cdo,BLvlEl);
 ichr NcB I dlmrFc!);
(vrDridth, vbseight):
("!*a'p1. Prct P!osrlD'):

8rutD1!Pl4r!hc (d&Prry!co) I
('id.sb.r.rcn);

N@ber or orte.t' eicr.d - ,

EEI opcncL [rENU FUNCItoNs

In additim ro the inpd-dai@ muiin6, CLur conhire variG fuditu ja
addingsinpl€pop,up nms 6oprcgnm wtft rheFtundiom,w€d *!pa.d
r(Gs a varjety of @u md as*irlPll sunnens. TrE clur nmu onndn*
d plac€d h ?red@ .ain along Fidi dE dhE GLUT fundi@

Crcating a GLUT Menu

A PoPUP hmu i3 l]ffid ddr the stahmr
srutfueat.isnu (Den@cr) ;

vhepp,tuffir. Ecn 6 rhc@.orJpl@dupbr

sbb.Dvofdwq
d fdumhy j etd"d rhspE btxJr.thuFSe,
vaire ol€pondfs b the p6ho of: et .kd ornm

vold !.ndcn (cLitrt Denurtdubber)

Tne inbg€r val* pasd io ra
 ar qnLwtundbE @1

r.'dcn to Psloh $ne oPadio wl6 a hmu fi l]Hted, it is aMi.teil

rirh rhe .lll:gr d*Plny windo'-
On e {€ have deigmhd the lMu idim tEt is
Mu ih 6 *l{ed, }€ md rp<xy rie oPb@ dut
ll4ru b d6 *rL with a re oI €hdts rh,r lisr the
a.h opliu. TllR shtub lsve the S@al fom

aftter .harstrrls st{i66 texttiai i6 b b€ airtldyed in tE mu, tnd

&nurtedmner p6 tE lErid fd ltur 69 in thE lrmu Fd
ple th€ touoving eh6b @d a l6u wirn tuo oPrioE.

srutc.eaiereN ('.nutc') j
("rrrst xeru r!6" 1):
("s$ond neN rtq' ,)l
nsr 3p6ty a nde b!tu thit B to be usd b s1..1 a
'lgu
rrrtAt!.cmru (bufto!):
* t.srEter Dttton i5 dsiSrEd {n of th. thF GIIJT svnloli' lnidb
moa th€ lefi, mddle, d nst tfubub
T.,[cb"h rh. @rhn rd e of , cl U-l mmq ltr toUowrs PDg@
id6 tu @ts ror displayhg the ininid fill ot a tiangL. Ir$iall, *E
eh E defned witrl so ivlnh iPdi6 * rd lfr ard , hn.ob &
;Ed by d inbpohtio d trF tsc\@rou \4F F the sishrceffodel
rri6(sailtral4mdlGm)bPle.rat lvso{r6llrhilbeilhEasolidoLr
an intqpolarim (coMud R^.tednB) o1 $e wrtd .dos A tunu i6 @bt
ur6 K;u dEr sltoh 6 b d;t bcsa *s ko opbffi Eins rh?
h, -;,; h"h *l'- lr[ ru de l5 mide rh. dnd,v wiidN Iht
ut mu E displrtcd with the upt+ldr .o'rE ar t}f P.!dd oJ the 'i@
tr; a ixdaEd 6 fie. ll. lo A IFU oPb 6 luEl igihd srm w€ mF

FF4 offq dilprayd i ln.

 The hishliahFd oprion ii ihen scl{r.: n
,ro,\,':t ti r,. lcot . i -..t,o.. oro

rh. F' './ior | 1

_ts.r ,r;h.^..,_-

.o r00.0, 0.0, r00 .) I

glrhadenodel (r 1!ode);

slvertexri (D0, :0);

 .',*'-o*u.'mo 1 !rsc6 IG tnG!)
it*nrna*ro"'.r. rto ruo
Ir
'i'".c...".,'"a."
"t.nru*s""

ErtArt*u4! (ctur Rrcur BuroN) i

gr"rR€FhaeeEunc (!e€hsteFc") l

Creating and Managinq Multipk GLUT ['leius

\n.i.,ndL': i'd- uhd_F'o '
'".d 1u i"rs','oJ!$nd qdrd$c J
;;"-;';;-; ;;,,,"."
*." 1,,;..i -;.,: ".a
.i";l'al"'i..,a"'ie.!a1'eq ,h '-F o'IF' r-L Fre!
rff",.,*"i --.t" :rr ' db\'.el
-n -";".aoid $tr^,..*'
\alue $irh <bbmen
a 5uch a5

mmr bcones L\c .sr.nt d€n! tor ilr. 'uront dnplav

mmu fo! dre.uftnt dispbv window, we use rhe naltnent

nn mdu rhm bNn€6 rhe .urEnr md4 which sin poP uP in rhe 'liiPhv
iliaiiiiir"i,i.i;.* u"".. u., has b€m arbdrd io ihatnenr is Pssed

Llr'rq ri dd Prr\ nn r' ^ hen hds'i

 htddinhp M.th.d tul cqhidtusht tv6
ldtowfS frfttio i. r*d b obbin
.ftecumr nE .ddifis to, rhe \ lllar
,n ttu djlPlay windtu

At.1F. 0BFtuftd:Jnomruedisrb fEdbpj.yhirJdollrh€

.!frr nmu wa..rinin,Fd vjh rlrg-urDes.Ioitr€ou turiu
Crcatinq GLt[ Submcius
A_{bnhd 6n 4 }6Hpd wrrh a NU by mr !Hrnq the rbreT
sru u.ea
r I *-N.d.np knh ,
$boptim. and th; tjsbnn F. \rt
Ldr oJ ,
dstr rdd,hdDrorhm in hctuin *, v\E"_ rh",ub*; b,neor
,Br 6{ m: n n4u {or odF bmmur 6jna, <cquekd
"dd lbhmb!r.t

slud&letry (.Fir6t lenu rrep", 1) |

Tfu s-u,^ddguor" u rundd d atr be u&d ro add rhc auDnFu @

rn d.!
lotlowlB pl%ra4 w. L6hrp *F @ud o.a tubrnu rtu
An4 stu! iBn rd dqrd ot rle prqob m{u pb8ro. dEpldrr , ,$.
riu. pffde u.* , ord a\ores rbr;.
e*.,
or tF hi.n3h Tl. Din mmr 6 .n tiehd"^a "
r"Jr r- r." i*i
w,rh dR optim and ur
ii,"i

FIGURE 11i? T1F

 oql6Lu4|hrli+hl

slmb l o rdr:E
;l b. d"cLFJ i F nL8hishhd :s
grutPoe!ieduplay 'h* fund'o
'L"r.P\ i! uded rhe Pnd
firdion ,nd dP subn,anu lmction

!snderiisoPtioi)

ca'e,il.Dderlignod€

s'itch (coro!oorron) {

irca*:r *a.
 e, nnd cnPh\d u.t htlta6

31ve.tea,1 (160, ,30);

srcolorsr {r.0, o.o, 0.0) j
31vart.!r1 (ro, 100);

glloedrdentfty ( ):
sllonhorD (o.o,

vo @ln (1rt qs, cnq,a4v)

(clm_srNelB clur rcB)l

erurrnftrindoePo'ltio! (?oo, ?oo):

(disPllyrriansle):

s]ut^ddeiusn*y (ier.ed, 2);

/. ser€cr !.'! oPtron usrns .

srut^tta.ir.nu (clur RrcEr BonoNj i

3latR*haperunc (r.!hapsr.n) ;
 Mqa ry q ctup t1iu1 u*t ttdtt t

Modirying GLUT Meius

onbarLJedb*16 ranrroPr d h'h'd
-.-,h.*,m;uHd'1r.r.n l'jfin,b F n.n.h burbn Abutu
rhdl@i is canclled 6} ihe.simt men! wfth

P"idm€' noueeuu' oo isa$8Td tPt I -n l1ru anr ur ds ii6- l}F''r"

ioJslY "hJ'h'd b rhr melr'
'o,don" l-iir 6.hne;mu alaLobirMsrd ror?.dPL s' 4n
deleh r m rhe o ffit md
"ption

rherc padekr lienNult er G lsgn€d rhe inleg.! vrlue oi dt nsu oPtim

Orner GLUT Futims allos nodirv &e rons or shts or nen6 dthin
us ro
n ruhandu Foreffple, be-an e;* o,tu' ro.h3n3! ln" obP ")"d
--.-;--"-'t"" o.tuF h.,F n" mbd or.l'PoFon o' F.hrse'n

IIEI DESIGNING A CRAPHICAL USER INIERFACE

o' ! m.h oPasr,Ptual rcmPrd

roxo, 'nraL'e
u*' 'naPP rns
nd aln-
*l^ r" , .*--. o-4.- 'pmdlzd dhiJ 'd@ r .. dj.losu6 'hc
d"-sn"d
'F
.pl.^ "- *ie Pd bi' 3 tutrula Pm s idrin " Pd b't-lr
-*i'r".'1.o.e.i*r
r"'" -.r"d.i,,.t -. *-eem* ddwl d-ruB bNne$ s rPrnr'
Flo6 mrcmic 't@'rl q Pl r'ic orhe' o " 'dn'io E {o' : f I inFr
'a-
"",i
m,-.*"a,,i.' ; v";oi" "l!rr aer' eE"F'r' @rh. 'drJB

Ilr. User Dialoguc

or *r dbigt ol !h'
d.r..i. ;v m-nbi€ whar r " ai.dPri5n d $hrr
F dbPlaved sd
*-"'-.,* *,,t""i t'
ii* *.u'. '"t*
*."'p-a+
& tve" -.hd! 'n ' r
ro,;.dor the *sf, n _ bbe d?n s ba
".-
-.-.i'.-',1d..* ,h. -odel".."-'.uo to" ,hep,.."c"6 o' *"d
^r
otud.'rodEDla! \i;'o{bLjdinFbvPc'borush';l''ddF wndv*or
..i.*' u",ra." ---*." e -" -:.v "tod pa asp nsh m'rud" {'
r
'rr'-nr
t-i'*"*, J'""*irt' t'" w!o"'ro,Pdbo.inc d Fro'ued
h'l
J.. - ' '**-'n-'"u. ;r"d ! ( a L,aa'iqn pn&am Po'dBer'
d osl sr b.L .nd rh- PGn6 ug opfl daol br 4ddf 3 n delebg elelldts

iif;na66 i. rhe us dialos@ is pKred jn L\e bquaseertim

All or the aP'
dic,rion.In ar r.rllEfud' d6's p".us" *G Tp s L\drdll r ar
;h "H "" , h --t rd*l e;m
b6, cmpnier€nphiG etu, or odE oncPts tAai nrv be unraniliar b d
nhrcrtu taPd M.trd\ d.ntrdtt{ttnik,

@. tc dljt:t|t hhRntrr!@nr; t) fird M4,.es, hq d su mrurd.:l

hor rr I pd LJ'h tn, rhe obN.s.ur d<,o o" tunDuldpd r o, dpFt,,"rr

and for fhei.rions b bep€dormed on rhe,ppLGLd i,b (E
hc pf omS fd?.. 3J.hp.opc_,oL"fr^d{r..no rs-,.d-
trr .sbtr. d, !,ocbL.,npforrs rJ
sch wilh ib own wind@ mser whnh.oLrld b; shdured f.r a parh.d.r
applicarion.
r,a. -p? rMroJ_,. ",
df offi ?bl"d rJadTPtk:rion ' "r
Gts m:llih...'h o .an-nd nor

Accommodatinq Muliiple Skitt Levett

u.Lr .,nrlr r\- grioiat
r rm io-,4nplc rmr,oroj.lb..ppnfilooupo gb"n,on r!trg
"
r o, d, {n u poo up a.ru ., }, nrm8 r L }mJ.J.d,n&d rtu..,1t,
PacbS€ ro 4(u]mod e u{ts th: ",;
Id a I* qIEneGd r&r, inreiace wrh a lew easjty uidecrood op
satio$ de6il.d pFnpti$ is fdE eir{tve rh one ;jih a laJs4 o;
frhq sF:pq?' m 1, a .'noh,.o q o, m-bd d oFo F . ed r,. tsm
d*'r, oI dr nh'L " \'nrh pmr -d..r,r F:;-....F, *.-r
inina,p*en... J"e oIr rpp tdror.oa,lJSp T\eF,m rh,rr qD,.Jro
p-:d.,T.,..9 n,aDs lne.oaok{F o; p&Ls
t--tm{ h.Lt rm ni.h dedil
r.oai-^ d l.F.o,r;o.ts rnd q?dDr -dq.pa d \.re,B-r,
o{npsddtro m ii n Fd.eqr"...do,w.
qcbE,l ds tsJ h..FhD I onlq. .. hlnut,ruhplpfoL r.d,b.n,t,.}.
dnlou. t. aqndno b.r *t
bunr rc,. .r "e\pa F.pd r-" ^
- *,*,,r,.* +. ,,,- r,..*_1
sinild\r h.lp lacilujs an be d6i3n€d on seventlNeh so lhar beSims
..n .arry on a dehned diat.Suei whjre mom eipmnced rkB .an rJu.e or
 1t3 Mi4i4 ' G'qtat us tabrtou 106

hjcteprcmpb md msa3.6 HelP h.ilftiB can also itrllde one or noE

bd ap;licims, whi.h pmvid. ns;s wiih an intrcdudim fo $e aP.bilih6

dDo*4nrde,F.oBida,hd in flnhd' e n cmErfl.) tu rcn !h"r

di J".$ u!; " "nsle -effa rJ$F BH 'crqjls h ef[''qr d trPmt
ioN u.bieb depodhs m dle conExi sone otnd ebnPl6 of dcistacy
always piacing n6s in dro sme ElariE PGiiN so rhat a lsr dB noi
h* b 6*i r.' ;@d..r.. .pn-, arways usins the ffe osbimiion of Lev
ioardkeysf\fanailim, dalwatsBingihesmecolor codr$$th't5'olor
dcs nd h.ve diftamt renings in diff€dt situtjmB.

Minimizing Mcnod.ation
tuiahfr n m inhd.-e $ould ,Lo oP dhftuFd $ our Lhej n €!v b s_
&u,md r. clmf bn oh. f onpttdbd m f" .'nr' fd :bbFvbred
ollwnd Jdmb lead b contueion md tdrrid in L\e e{dhve dPPli€rion of
th€ $Mrr olr \er or bL d llq b dx delde oPsruh@ lor Mple is
--b.hodmb';r"nddoroftren' levrro'drnfldr rmdso d"lde
6 nininiz nemodzatim
"T*::" rin&*"*- ***.*
inJo;afim 6
ars be
be "*izd
eparaied into dilfedt windoffi 5 that
Dnarent of
ru{r cdn err 'ddufv.1d Fld Fms l@ +oulo b. G 8D'd d s'ilY
Rondb'. JDD6tEiaRrldh'l b#plidhor obF1" d rd 4bd8 ro I
. p;hcur' rd;n. r L*, +ould b.abh bvR he (d L\at eiblP-'la
tLr

8a.k!p and Enor Handling

.^dedri forudoingas€qmc€otop€raridsG oth.rcolllljulertuor
r inhrf&e which anow; . u;r !o exPloE th€ capabiliiis or a 3vsh4 krowng
$aithe effEb ofa misbl€ onb€coroied Tt?i.an, sysbrocan nN udo s.v
-al o@tiom, ihs .Idins a us ro 6d rh€ s'srm to em sP&ifralwfthout
adim
F- d;* *d"* ih.t @m{i b" **s.d, su.n .s clclns an apPlicatim
snne .hre6. lnp shM r.ti b' d \ P.it. .ho 6r hc ecxaEd oPaarion
r"""aa'i'-. g."a me$is. helP, Llg a drtu
".s"-o-
rhe cauF of an €m. LIbIae
".a.m
cm aiehPt 60 ni.inize ems bv anri.iPahg
d.h adims dut could lsd b .n €dr And lffi cm be Mm€d { thev aP F
qu6ti$ higeus oi indmtactioc, such s aitemPiin8 b aPPlva PrreduE
60 ruriiph atPlaation abjds

tr ifplfu' lsfoF olan mtsde P,dd

tdl! Ior d qlerrrd u*i a, .rJl .!Eol 6 ", hpd $mc F?offi J D'id
b.;. *. oh; . b"F" b dondq r hd L\c', ikm B do lc d
'*, '* ''jshr
-;'h",,h" -" .hn hre "shrd
r*au.rlonuee'o i".-r rolm.skh4rishrisnhnsr obALdF
,,re - -. ", .";"8. ,.d dJ'pbFs: -F !'d menL oPbon r ' dirn'
i"r..io,. !\a'- *" p--i.' c"t. Fq;e.d rrion D Lrsih) Lh"dEPb) ord
hk.tdrc hqt de3qd c4Ph@t u! hr1'B
nahnrg nes8e-deL hougr's, d orher pogis indi.aroris inporbr rr-
+9 p:$lb! rd r\e syshr dhptay pdiar €sutis as dEy a;ompreed-
F 6turdi.Dt:,
L,rdr'lr i!b, iup,p'Rddrr"
'o rh""r.h tuSh,.i,;
b inp' orhe . olha1d, o- dab c tute mp D.tu(nd E bmi pfrF...
'H Standaftl' synbol &signs e used ror q,pi.al Lnds or t€dba.r. A o
hlMing fa.e, d a ihmh d()M synbol is ofbn Rd ro indicar d, ero,
ne (nrd or r T".mbo o d o 1r ns r L rt qg- i. u.d b.1d :b
r i.r m L bPinB p'oeie'd. FB \F
ll1m spe.im.€d wr, bnl ih€ b€sim.r my ned noie dchir€d fedbad(
nor only defily indicac whai dr sysh is doinq but arso whar the uer

cl4rn i5M. Fe.mpo anr.stun uIfecdb:.r 4hF--J.Jtob.

udc-rood.buraor.oovrpo\er rg|na rh.u*' .6nn;h"hon .trer
wilh ru(rion keys. te.l}'.r d b€ si,- a3 *dibl" dr.k * by tiehri,s,;
-
key rhat h"s b.* p*s€d Ardio Giiback ho ttu ad"*i"e" thi iid*-n;
up*lIg,p,c.rnd dcirro.v. .h.lF.dro tr'nn rheborr
A h\pd ma.J3. aFa. r _\eo { hr . rcrat$,yr tnow wM. b b.r
r'*86.bur nd) b.rovr kseou m.m...4bp(. *oor I Te
rlh.wdr,EneJrhcr,, r.-db., l."n"t" bcdFitav{ -dji"f
ro dishnguish it fron other disptayed objRh. "
khofe{b:.L i.orFnus.ut P"r
.dbc qu.Ny derq Fa BL h.ra d", up. rcr b" {hFd nhqr
scJrli \: J$ Ltur aF *tq Fd Mrl da, o, hm d iptdr,co &dp" d?

seldd of .ddituie poinb can be {hord wilh a tumr or orh{ shbol d:

dpp4d d fie e,xFd pdhm. Fo' noF pF M mUurs ot* .mj p".,dq
rhe .oddiror€ values old ,t6o be dispt yed on ihe yre;

IE SUMMARY
Input io graphie prgEnscm oft ttrn mny djffemihirdwaa ddices. hi
eoiohs rhe tr. sq;" ."$ o- mFL'.ab u4ha
rpu bcboE f odr d6slE bb" r;sDfld. F"rtl*,T oy"doDq
! rosici lrdec.,htr r, h4. da,, *. q a*- n " ,p-n.,: ,-.a,,e i
" ". - $. r(o
tylp or grplx,.npu.. Fc', .ri..l d-..*.*d
'he
.bda-ds r ? re, o,.,tut".,kinc elub ,Mr. d Fi.l tdb@rc -d,*9
inpur a mordruh pGitsd. sftte d.vie. np a sitr o.<ftdmB
sh Sdeq 'rgJehpl.rp{ valubdpv a-erd \ab, vatLe Choie (w -F-
ued fd lMu s€ktios. And pic* d4ies allow 6 to sekt 3oe conpon*
D€vcndepsddr 8Ep{.. pa, r!s6 of,r a LdFd dpr d in4 td m,rtd
are defiiEd,n r dr{164 Lbrary
noq d*d m. outrf.d41s tuquBr mad" plc
npurLndo lh., mtu nrlheapphuionp'os-r crot, moi"..losLh",
d5i.6 ed PIlgIm ro oFrale.dcumdy. Eye m;e arows inpd da;F
rontu'"ddh mh "i, o b pqsirsold3b orcbehi\erhsrdrd*
ro aloaj,4ldev'f .isddrl.pa'1 raJpht\i,Japv,erob.u*dbentsrdE
das of &1a, n'pd hmriotu aE us€d io enlei dab vah6 inb rh€ pr rh _rr
aPpli.ation prcg..n cm mare si4ukamus e of sml physical;pui dAi6
opeting in diftedr moaes.
 tho&dFrcmfoal\ Fd ndtJeh cl
pr".."-. * a-g. -a "db8
.1i, ?".r aPF Ttec m€'tods Prc!'te
"-::;; ;:;;G. A vob6, p.^'r;- ;Nftmood'oPFdetuFd
*"",.*.,-g"-;^" ".i,,'!'nr') d'N o pd robf,+id'r'mr,
iiii, g'.'r'y nJ,i -a .iu.--t'"d ndft& e ued ro aid in PGihdi'g aftt
,
|)wrpnuT-mh
''-;1,;"44,;.-k no10P 'aho sb,.ad tsatocor:opr' i iotu "orhr
1
"1,,"
,, l"-,.i.i,r'"--* "a**ro ".i hm r\e s, modr hh!hdsnbathe
;;:;;;.;.-" l.n4qqe +pi,., onipadse ^ erem"nhor t'.ddr%Le
ne osakdn lhe "" ol $t ipp[(d'on
-'vi,-"." i'';" ; rb r. e ^ h D^*dlr" br .*P"Lr
"-"-. *, -";ruc.q.rlsdo-
*a."r.i":..". "vpi J"fu dab"dNsmd
*h {imort nulhole whdfl rldas.6
-i'.i-i...i.1i.-,*, ou.*;dp.ie a*er e s ! rar* Jro tu brL\
Pr'€:? r'3'.d ro rdinur rcmbr'nq n fr
.i*.a,i.ia L .-* -. a,rn t r; 'r,L rv.rs rn dddr dhpdba,,
Fh {ae
';E
Mds
;:i;;;;;,. *--/" ropd de'-Jrtrn'
-,
b,.r@-d 'o Lns dP'bll'tie'
' - ';il,r
hrnd
-Jd..d-*E rmrri crul "*dinpd ha'r;F F dv,bo'' !n nsrdive
,*^1.';.";;...
' -r"r i.-t"'t -n-- dddh bo\ rn dd'
i " t. i. '; "@oMs
a omb'n *ru'
"iir "-'u.
ili - -^'*1"."r",l-,a n uq";"b* 'nt't'dD wc r d*Phv
"-. irBr-"
'o1o'mPur
4P"rd'*d
;;.";;;; ai , r'i'.o . "ll$e *" u,.i op-'cL
. a ol t-.b' h"cLU-"L'lrb'd a
--""---* " -_* r ;rdu nndih B s'"tm n thP rab A I r-r
U
""a
o^"-t'np'
!'li',*.i
".

srrMMAnY oF O!€.GL lNPltl RjNCnONS

; .,;k b.M P.'*i

"h- " --* "
sPeot, @B alLbad N r'ht

+6'y r mdEeihd rm(bn 'hr

oqedwbutP!*l$abufui
F'6 r (qkrd db I bddidErh
;b,;bled "b: "bdid ro "

bbeWdedwhr!P&lpu]?o*w
G e, luctun ret G Pn€d
htodiE lnqa Mt6e ad crqna uv hnrprc

sFdt a bbld cirrbkk tudm dEr

s?<ifyahhldcllbkfrfddllEl
s b b€ hd whm a bbLt.9tc f

s'd1yalPaeb.n.d.]badfu6o
ddisbbcinvokdwlElsptrb,n
bdbbpl@dwhilellPfuueoffi
bh'dbphyqildd,qud'qmdE
dlP'ry-wnnow edqron ngaod

s!6f),asPdd'enbacrlfum

s!€iylsP&eh€n@ldfuifufui
!bbehvordshm.q!.eball

sF.ilyabubbolanb{rn{'iondd

sFjt a drsr erbd 6ftim dEr B

sFify 5@ md tuEe rq dE
i.k buJj.!
tcr oFGdm 6bs dr
^djqk

A6we gle ohjd iD olft shk

Pud oqrtt tdodnd mb d\€ D 3b.L

Efu€!\€bpilmonllflDsfuL
DefirtaPtkwindowaafon'Fjd
ievoluftlolsepi.ldjts@lfu'
 MMARY OF op.ncl MENU FUNmoNs

c€e!PoPuPouud+6'lylPclduetna'b
hFgqiddddatssign€dldL\erddmn
speiiy opdm tur L b k rb€d in. porrp nd(
s!<iry dk nd* blrhn s b ud lole'ulg
'r
sPdly*!cq'!6ulo!ecurrqldbPlaynjrdow
s9e.jJyda.'.if&affiulhalnbb€.'tnh'61,

sp€ita shhu is b be hdud.d ii a nmu

'h

crelalP€oned4ouFbuhah.hfm'fot'hg

HebisFifiedqfuii*Plq'lqD

I REFERENCES

Ih. 4oluh ot dre .om.pr oI iosnl (or vjtur) inpu dsc b &cusd b {b]]ae
0976) i'J h RoRndEL Mthci6, Praff, xffi, rnd srbin (19s2) lnple'mbtim rq
adN n'pd prGlu6 aE sr@ h Gra8sd 0q, bo (rer), kr 0e2t He.b.d
0e{), ard r&d' (res). Addi'iomr pnx6nvMs e@p'€r lus noG od reyhdd
tudm6 ii dE ctseiclbau rbEry sd DecLU tbaty b 3ii6 hshdnfr eom). rl*
clu inpur d rmr nftN n lRd 6 d*il h Kb d Oex).
plGnkd h sftidemai 0e36t Apple
0e3a, Bl€ser (re33, BoM mdclmin3lEn 0e3e), Dtsrbr 0e3et @/Morc oes),
:d hud Oqt Fq n'Jo@tun d *E x Wudd sysEn * Yo6s (1s90) ud cutrq

I EXERCISES

k{El ahdirhh dur aros objdb b b. F6ibmed m tu 3:!!6 Ebs a

lqab d4tu. e obj6' l@u oi 36mdc lhaps L b be pe d b a lq
whonbserdm obid rd I Praan{
nu!$!! o{ oba+ b be pciim€d fd' : "efiii.e" nsid b 3lEr

iiddEdbefoep.s!o6grreun'lo!@
s a denu 0ptid6.
hktd@hP Maha3q cnPhiut u* tnk4ara

!r s.r up I pmGrua for hrndwry srtrhi$ FrhE 63 tua &vi.e

hqPloyedin'PaIun.ltrgdfupdetlr
@rch inplr chan.rB asand a sbrcd rlbi,ry of sh.p6.

nundc srls b br srEbl by p6 ioniiS rhe srid€ aloxs *E 3e b! lL

nw€i .mDd t€.id. b *Ld incr6 (h d€!rG). he ansukr vatE dd .

b b. ehed b . bd disph)ed mr tu (ftG sare
s b.tuh, Pide s a dof srnishr r
'leF

rr{ wiE a dnwfg prth$ rh* arb* prto€ b b..qrd wjdl sktrshr-&F 5€.
ftn|!dameb,gspgifiedendPohb.sdupasraity6eld{@nd@dLE
ln6bdingnrB
tr,Mddilyftedd*ineFkbgein'
nio evehp € dd*ine pebse dur (s d+by F h e dr
m .rrimar srid

thIfu4dPoh6d{dusingal@E
]sngbqstaPi'@bysl!1fugshlghllriE
11r' D€Gi a dnains pacr:se ar,rys shdsh' h, cbFr6, md orcr8 E
'h 'o
l.Bwibapix.dle'i*illqsi
sei€.tu@ib e.xhb fcechorj

FlayddcePebydGggrng6.h*ldbdshalehbp6iddfrlhaPid
'|'EhiP-snilPl."Inbrono.dr

rl r3 Desisnapred*tqhplq€nd,€bputtun.rimsforquatsnde,mdad
11 1e Ei}ld dc @^cL Fhr Ploh
dloGaugb*ldPos,eandpoid6loi

|-21 l,{odjlyt€ pt.gffhdie pldhe

It-2' wft m he.fie op€ncl pft€E
uIPdPGthfr'hua&Pbywd@Thebpu'pGihbbb.dFd'gd
dm!fudEPbyI€eKb!$bna$Ld
fl 13 Modirt rlp pn€nn n rhe ekedig qedF s dE bplt pGidon b Ej€dd
'h*
!r{ 'Ialldl'lEEhndecaFdbedlPlayedfrlhhirtdisplayddN.
Modirt {P i! rrrc
Plo8En r€ced
'd$eddgl.sdupafuuol
 fye6'josihad;PlayfrndowT}einpllpcionkthedilbngpGiton
-swdkanibddEoFcLE@ar
ohj<' * dy pcrtui li'nin a drs"'ay wituw rhe dbFd b 6 b Ek€d tuE a
Dou ol bd! shaF, idudi$ (ninid9 a squE, &k, dd trnglc.

trimssioul dj€* b bc drpLyed, wnh €d objNr *rE€d hm rhe mmu unt

* Modiry eprtglmnrhcrBrdinsdeebinN o++ bb€$red trrh@d

,,wdbmdE6di.o?cLPrcgnD'olFidqt€adgl.thedioedonn
obj€d wr6 a dsPray whdow Trje obl

dhs qde b al-tdw ,h. obiEb b b &Phrd

rch.objed drPhF. rftllde a roh' r3h,

dimimil {.nc 'seo!€ncLptkiruoFndoslo!adue

duiniq sftrobj
n, wite a h,sidie.!€ncl Pm
cuft'ftfou@nful+on'PGldm
trsMdilythepqdminlhePa
13{wnbtndiveoFlclPfu
6ulPd,de@iftlptrbaFbbe

zoidht.dL,.gl$sahe€hr!b
fudsignol.alhk.fue6!8laPh5

wbdlyroJheLPwNldbeaPPsPd

abbloIabefuI?w}d.h@$ods3eb't!6!dqP6id€d8l?
dng nenus to a u*r rnd BPbb urdq whar

ll!,9tupad6ig!(olawhdow'nlgerPelase
u3 D6'gn a u*r hrdree for a Prbdtl8 Fogl:n
!su.ll, tablet adivation ()@s orJy whm the n@&.rsor is in ihe dcPlay
6ndow A bftm .vdt lor rabter inpui i3 then ddded wiL\

rd tE arammb for $e inrcled tuncnm r. similar b ih@ ior a mw:

cLint xlEbler. crirt vt361et)

$e dBtere a bbld but6on wifi inhger ide.nfier ea.n 61,2,3, et cerq
ad the bubn dcrio is again spEilied {ih
ei$d uP clu
clul-Dow d
Ine r.llllml varu6 md yrabret aE rhe bblei cdrdtrai.s vrib .an
'blet
&t€mire rhe runrb€r ot.vad'bl€ bnlel bu{oN wiih ihe commd

Motion of a bbld slyl6 r cusor is pdsed with ihe loINinA tuncno4

(rebletrotronrcn):

rh€n {re invoked fmdion h,s $e iofr

'Ine dmd va1u6 1et and yTabl€t Srve ih€ c@dinats on &e bl,ld
'ra!

GLUT Spaceball Functions

$b E rhe folloBi4 Jbdion b sp€.ily an op€rrlim when . sPacbaU button is
-rivaied for a elcreddisPlay ndw

The .allback tuncdm ha3 t,o parmd6

.eban butuc e sd€ inhgs valu6 as a bu€l and pa_

iden$Jied witn tne
Frs rron 6as,Snedenhe' the!,lu.GLm 'Po'thevaid.cLUr Don
rk cm debnine ihe nunle of avail.ble spaceball bu oro witn a ell to
tlutDevic€cet uine lne aryunat
Tianslationai ndion olaspaeb.lL *h6 rh€ mo$ is in rh€ dieplay eindo4

didmces aE pa*d ro the invo*ed 6r.tiM

Color Mode ls and Color,Applications
 ft YA d ruiEd 6t' Moder

u disl:sim !p b U& polrt have on@tatd m XCB

of .ol@
olo! nethodr *hidrw.elor gmnrirydtuplrtr mvid6.n
itu. sevqaloilB..,L.rdsipt''caEu€6n,s relin.mpuF
sraphlcr applr{ilm Som ne6od' r u'€d 60 dsibe 610.
ourpdon ptuid 8id pltu, slxE e !s.d for taM$r64 dd
s..ld 6fofttion, rnd otIEB e upd b pnid€ a me htuitiw old

PROPERTIES OF LIG}T
w hlw md in pflio$ clEpb, li8h ext$bite r t d1ff.mt dEaeie
, md w€ d*ibe thep1lFri6 ollighr in.liftieMt w.'€nldl$eEnt ocxE.
m en ch.nderE ldn .3 .odiana ener3y, bDt w. .l$ ne€d odEr
^iant
epb ro d@ib€ @ paaprim ol l4ht

. El.ctronagnrtic Sp.clrun
phyd.al 6@E, .dor ie €lKtM.sdic nd!d6 wltl'ii a mlrw t€qlFry
d. Son. of ltr othe frequay souF in dE eltuEFdi. tFttuh @
l! ,6 radio va€, ni@wav6, inrirtd kv€, bd x-8r5. FiguE rz-r
dE lpp@tui. tEqumy rans6 tor d€€ v iesaFGordetomg

Fld tuqaAry ulu w hin tlp visible qion of dE ele!@.edi. 5p*

l(rcpqds F a d.,brt' .Ftd old At $. b"-fi€qr.' dd Gc
dr' 1.3 r01 he) Ed o106..nd d dE hgFfr"qumcy md
'ft 'JE

€
g
I
I E
B

ElatrlnlgdlFfu,
da Meh dda adndbtG

(appuinably 7e: 10tr hsa)

3 sshE b er! tuq"im6 f b d? nrnrpd d d urhviolpr tnd!
colus ranF frm sha&s or rd thngn oraqre ai'l yels, .i dre l@-lEq
md b std6 or Eeo blte and vbld at tre hi3h end.
h tne war 6odel or ellsmed. ndiatim, light sn be dedbed a
.illatis barev€e elRd. md risndi. IieLds prcpasarins thrcush sp.e
ektic and nasn.d. riL& af dilrting h.tikion6 d'at aE p.rpe.di(
erch oft€r ud b rhe dft.h of PrPd
dination oi rhe 6erl tugdhrde L sivd by dF rrequ5.y t. rig. 1r-2 iu
&etinev.rying@radfu'qL\efugnifud.dflhe€h.ti.fElduid'h
pl0e lhe hne b€ken uy tuo (q
up sne amprrtud€ b 6lled ilE p'i,l r-vt dr fte *ave And dE
r e dEt rhe wave ha taveled r@n rhe bqtmins or one Rnhdon b
bqiminq of rhe nsi cirhhon b €lled tne ddb,r.,, r Fd on.
color (a mdrhDmti. wav€, the myelmsrh rnd r,tquen y a€ inr
proportidal ro each orher w h ilre pDpodimliry .oNhd a d\€ sp6a

Fqu{q is shspdrdr@bri5a c(DhnrloraLl turer;ls,but rhe

lishiand ihewavchsth aFnarqial deFdor In vadum, rhe sp€ed orh
a
veiy ruarly. = 3 x 10r m/K Lishtuvelensths an veq, sman, $ hSdr
3ually sivm m :ncsbm (1 A = tor
l0 .r' An equ.. !|f,
tuff I r ldiRqu{fl md "r rhe 3F hn /Ed) \d. " sr
'f
or appbiirarely 730 Mn{'@6 (mt and the w,veldsL\ ai tE oL\er
'gl.r
rle rF<h r .'ole \n!eqrwlersthmbmffLhir
',abour'3om
@nvdidrrDdealsilhrh feqlm.yunib,spetur@lm*rypnant
r hm5orrhe w lalG iJ'. wom
elen8tl'
4 ghr !]l-n4d6dFud.sLnd4rdhou!€lbld 3\ bulb ed
faqu4i6 {rdrd th€ visible r se b pDdue whiie lgk wnd k}db
ii in.ddr lpon a opaque cr,id, sme lpqumo6 aF En*d atd 5ar
 H npombiMiimof tEquercis pHntin the rE le.bd liAhrdetmE
we preiw as ihe olor ot ihe obid low hqu€mi6 ,t pFdminant
r
dre Enecred liAr, dE obist b d€*iben as Fd Ii rhis c.F, we ey th.r th€
eve.l listr tuE a doninm. t!{wmy (d doniMn! wwr.nsrh) at dt rc'r
of ihe sp€fum. Tne dminnnt fqum.y b alm call€,1 ihe hE, o sinpry th€

chologkd Cha,aderistl6 of Color

I pFFries b€5id6 fEqueq are nede,r b .h reir our rcprion of
i vlren we liM a 8om€ of lishr, our eye8 aspond ro rhe {oror (or dmin t
um.y) and ko otEr basic msarioB. oie ot rhe w. .all lhe bd*hh6t

ihe lthr (s{hon 1&3). rn ihird p.icrv.d ch&a.uisric js caned dE puriy,

ore srGrion, of th€ &tu Pr y de'irb€s r6w de a right app€B b b€ b
tah d pare.dm have low puity oow
turrid) and t]'ey app6r b be mrly whih. Ano&d k@ .hl!,m.i. y, is

ity d dmiltrt lieqJAq (hu).

Rrdiadm edfted by a$m€ ha d aF€y dGtibution Lhat.m
whr€ light
iepj€ed detre tuble rFq'jftie a d F4. 12 3 Ea.h n€ttuen y.ospc
'g).rd rl.. ro'o o
my pl€gt, the €n€r3y dieribtrdd
b
Fi& Dr. we would da.dhe inis lent s a ad oldr (ae doniGnt rftqFnry),
i'haierdvelyhiEhv:ruefoith€pdr],

ishb$ofllEgs€s*Fa@udaIlE(l{ewhich3iv6dEftlerery
it/ snftd Purirr (siunrion) deFnds on (ne aificre b€$d E, and
Is. nr haer L\e mry ED of L\e dmimt fEqumq cmFFd b rhe
\ErEh ompomr L^.rhe\sL€' rhepLnt) olhekh $th^eapuaryol
FcntwhenEk=0andapujtyo

lahtsumlid'dmh'n!qE[y@r
lbledefuot6.6q@irycnF
IEE COLOR MODELS

Any neinod tordpltug L\. p6pdi

ot.oloi .o we mre e or dJtuRr mdd.ls b help &dib€ drItetut.

Wr'4 h .ombmP th" hghr rlm t"

r (nhBity) of lishi kom.rch sore to
nF::rd.ofddd ori.ord,. -h. fp'€g m m'\od fo- fordnS d
$ftecn€dfieEi.ry.olo4
',
lhe@loig.n!l'or$enodelisihesdofancobfrthalw€mpnduelioh
prfury0106'Tsopriffiiafiaipn
hry olod. Eenpl€s or .mpl€jlmbry olf pac n nd dd .y4 gl€fr
iagenb, and bhe ,nd rdrow
No 6nit -t ot r€l prhay 0106 d b€ dnltned ro pnrdn an p.
vBible.olor Neverthele$,ihRptuadtuftddttdnadprp@,
o106rctinth.olotrg,futlora'"efi€d
utng arendeil nerho&. Givd a *t
,ny roud .old u.ing .dftus

(c'dcn-d odearberr,or@ FrsrF ){sh@"adorrob, @r.4nrtrm

fortheFinai6.nd*Eanouto'schne€dedlorduceysFcbal
'nE orv6 prord b fi3. 12.5 vm obbnEd by avqashs the iudsnmb d
raq. numb€r of obsflm coroE in rhe vicinity of 50r m cr only b€ n

righb.IFF mc'r! rhar r Dror 4mu

.har 4d w..h rnour oi Ed ltlr ro prcdre rh. b uF8er {mbiFE
sp€.ifiedinrhediaglm Ih6,mRGB.old.mibr(]atrordisplaycoloBin

lntuitive Color CDncptt

p,8mmh Dlo-n rhe v oI r id?d hrb,nd trs r $elrP <L'h1s

iz
 le FisNnr lor a ?uc cde" ("pE hE"t rh. adkr adds r bltrk ti8l@t
b Dnnu€ diftbEnt elDd6 of rhrr mloi rlE Ircc bldk pisnent tlE darrer
dE shade. sin ar& dithhi rinb of tne .olor aF obhin€d by addins a wnie
Dirh' b f,()l@a' (old mrs [shF' tr ruF wru? Ddodqi Toi- I
ri sbr aF pruduer by adtus borh bhcr ud !h,bp srtrb
To ffir rhe olor mprs .rc noR intoiiive tnan dsdbiry r color at ,
d ot thEe nunlbd tlst erve $e €lative pDPodms or dE Piinary.orG tr;
hrn] d f:bng . padel m .ora by"donghh'h ro
'a D) $dinsb.ro tuProlue ftRror
lEphic paclesE pryidhs color Pale6 ro a er otbn emPlay so or noE
in6r maers. one noder prdjd6 an intuitiv€ oror ine*,.e rd oE us. and
rp a$s d€dbe th€ olo. @mP]mnb ior dE ourPut &vn6

S.TANDARD PRIIVIARI€S AND

THE CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM

lln no lmib *t srcs .

of l€ht be .@$tud b disPl'y in Po$ibl€
oloF, rhft sbdard pntus we .telind in 1$r by ine Inhaiioml
colmisim on Illminahoo €Ierr€d io as rhe crE (cotuion int€mtimle
Itdailae). Trp ftre shd&d prinni4 aE tu3bary oloE Tnet aF
in€d ftdreroh..ly wirh pdrive oloFm chins tudio.s (rB 124) thar
iJv tte ammt of €cn pin-ry ne€ded b ddrib€ any sp..tal .old lhis
enhonror.JoloB and hcc$PTris
dlfuJP .oo' mijJg oth"r prcb'm, emn.d h h
'wlve.JJe "nd
rb.tug a *i ol Ea1 pnnai6.

np * of crE pimri* Sser.Iy

ts pf€rFd b 4 rh€ xYz old nodel wlEr
FnmdeB x t and z eplEdt rhe mounr of E.h cll Pdm'ry ft€lted b
I'lduc a *lecr€'l Nloi T.s, a colo is dsibed aiL\ rhe xYz nod.l in ihe
9newryln tr d*nltd a.olDr airy dP RCB nodel.
In 6p thlF.tilMsi@l xYz olf spr.e, we EpEgrt any .olor c(r) aE

E;
3E
whee x, Y, and z aE .dolahd nom !\e.oldrnarhrns tumrioB (Fis. 12+

=,L.,
=l/","^
=,1""..
P" d.r' rT r+e4 Golanon. ha rl-. \ dlr. bal lun.tu E"H {\et t
f,lr'sh ridi.donptrm {dinsrrh ar"
Pm, Lg! euM (mR q Pd r
d,r ndh.e which i*he ele.&d lisht inkdry b a pamelll dkdiotr
Fwirn., , Frletmj
(E+ r0 a) rd dDt c.ror Lu(imNe varu6 aft nomauy :diu$ed b rhe
I@m 0 b 10o 0, whec 100o Eppsb dre lminft. of whib tj3ti.
zlororsPtraranadd,F.
don of rhe pnnariG Ei.a unii vebn ! ], z. rhs, we di wnb E. rr-,
-

hdirong slorproperh6, iiisonvs'jmr b nomaria rlEmorbh E+

a8atut $e suf x + v + z, whrch rprenb rh. rdal lishr emq4/ N

Fpeffhdnrt,u+rc,"rc9am
Ak,,eh,ven@rzdasain{idarene4y,$pal?@i6slandldep*r
JF chmtidry v:1q.. H6 F er p r
y vallc alm. do not allo, us ro cmpldely deib€ ,ll p6Fb6 ol rh.
dd!e'dMo'obbflh.4rolnsl
of a color is i)"rcaLly sivfl wirh ihe d]e valu€s , y, ,nd dr ruFin .e y.
EruinnuclEamounbaF'hmGkulakds
z=aY
dry .o.!dtu6 G, y, w€ en Eplld
colo6 m a eo-dimcnsioml diaSrm.

Ihe CIE Chrcrnaticity DiaqEm

Wnd n(rru,izd aruub r and y ror olo$ in dF visible s
we plot the
we .bbinhsu€haFd {re
ine
crP.hf!dt(it) dj,srm.Pontsa.ongrh.rup.JTrD\panr .oo\'
'o6j rf lueFrrnsrl-eEdcJrdqdFsp6rirpoins ?r.,Fd b,3rf
sPehn. hrcior poinh €pRni an pcible vbbl€
l,]ru, n not Pan of lhe
ombiadore Point c in the diaSr .oiEs?cnds ia th. vhrbLshr pc-
A.tullr thB point t plded tor a shrh lght $fte kn(rM 6 lllunrd
which is u8st s a simdard appDxirorid ror av6se daylight
 n' shntua h,Ma6,tue.h@dit! D4, 1

dLslaB h lb sFd @106 6!;

rhc .tmndi.irY diagnn b€.ae ol

inane b( wfth rh€ sane ch@ftLtY
p b l\e sne dn' rhe duondicit/
co$parq olor smub r.r difte@t sd ol piin i6.
lde i{ying.mplemmb.y6lo6
H€rmininr puity Md dminant wdelddn fd a siv€. old

idmiit olor smub d

r{{ .hmftriy diasnm as dnishlline s€3@b
d pol}am resroE. all o106'heslds ille ita+hr line joining poinb cr d c:
h Fig uJ d be obbined by dds apprcpnaE,nounts oI the 0106 cr
ad c2. II a Seau prcportun ol c
FlcnlREug
i d nrg" q'o \e'rF d rh€ rhE.od' o6' @E ft6 rhPPrbrc
lhe€ oloE iNide o on ihe boundirE edsF ot rhe b$le. Tt6, dE
onry ihe
dlrlGd.iry diaeiamheDsns b udmtmd why no d oI the primtu.mb€
.dddvely .onhrftd b gdelrre all o106, sin.e no biansle wdb rh€ dia8'a
d enconpa all.ol'N. color sanursltrvido monibFand h:rd<apydaviG
& @nvmiqrly .mpaed cn itt chrcmti.ity .liaEran

ri p b. .ob ror h o pon L 3Js" F .o, pt" 'F-ry tulo'.1,'

3du. shrl
'"PFqN d dr,hro. cdoad,.sr4

ot a .olon we dnw a shaQhl lhe JIm

[\ru8h dur olor poinr b a spe.tal olor m ine du(fteiy .w€ the
'0d n l'3
'rr
an. Ihs,610rcr crb€lqrenda! aconhnah@of whik u8htc d
.a6 Mdl,adcb \Pt|@tM

ihe sp€bal.ord c. tuhod lor deemitug donin r wav€lmsrh

Thto
* T
n { woa rd .016 p.rnb "8 b€sm . dnd d} plrple LT D,adins :
fEh c rnb€h p6hr c, h F€ 1?-10 br6 6 b pdt c, on rhe pui?I. I
tn dx.. wP.'re se lomPlffir d
d spdcr (:I4e, wlfth b dr poinr cj/, s"*.
ihe rh€ doturt wawkigft. c
ch as C, in rl s diqan have spdHr disbdms kjtft subtR.hve dod
;
wavelenErhs. we c dtrrib€ such olorby fllbsding rhe sFbar dofr
waseldEih trcn whib liqhr

disbnc oi cr rrom c .lons rtu sbaishr lift itus C b cj Il 4r dm6

dl"Lnelron(FLlaid/.b'}'o
rhe oho d.r/d<!. color cr in ttus
's
siturd * $our onelodh thp rer disbre 6qn c io cr At pGiiim a,,

IEIII IHE RGB COLOR MODEL

A(snss brrc h ra"tr r,'@ J vlocoir46p.nNp.otorrhtush
sdnuhdon ord]e visulp*ihb i. rheoffi or$eriini.one ortFpi
n nos sitive b \qhlwirh , udveleneih of ibdi a30 nn (rcd), amdE h-
ps!snsjrivlrdabot53om(sEn),arnrureihndleme crcrEepr
brighrsithaw erqth of ,bod 450 m (blre). By.mpariq inhids nr
i,shr.er p wcp€trvcdFturdorth?lrgh rL,h{,) or!,.,oEdebs
disprayin8 rolor ou9ut d, vids nmibr si$ ttu th@ pnD.is Fd,

wu cn trplifir rhi nodcr usina the ujt.ub€ d€rbed d n, c,..d 3

a shown n Fts. 12 11 TlE odsrn EplRnrs bla& and tte dusonally oppd.
ve&x,wjdr@ldb s 0, r, r ), iswhih. vetu oltne ob€on rheaEEpl<
$.FiurycoloB,and rhe maininsv*h.* rerhe.odplemmbrycoldpdir
ror ed of rh€ pnnary ols.

...\
rGB IX. VI CHROMANCB NORDINATIS

h.h ..Lr port wirhin L\e unir ob. en be EptEsd s a weighbd v&br
,h or rh€ pirn:r/ oloE, sbg unir v.doF & c, and 3l
cdi -(n. c. Br RR+cG+BB

xh@ Faim*e6 x, c, ud t x€ sis(d val!6 in rhe rMge ltun 0 ro 10

ror dample, ihe na8mb vetex is ol{
falur b piod!.e itu tiple (1, 0, l), and whib ar 0, r, 1) n lhe sum of rhe
blue sha,l6 of sray ee r+le€rted alonF
rtu iai dla3dal ol .ube rrcm oE orisin Orack) ro ihe a}nb tdex. PoinE
rldg lnis dbgon r have
'ne equl contib
c6d€ h,Iway b.eM bla.k and whire is (!nknr.d as (o5, o 5, ot. rne obr
lEdutuc along *p rio md bp plam or thc Rcs .ub€ aft ilustahd in
chr@dcity .Nrdnds ror rhe N
Nrsc) an,rard RGB Pho5PhoB aE
drcnati.ity oodi@res wilni rhe C

! ldor cdq ve G) ; F|aUFE14freRc'mlolg,'d

bbhl'adviewls)L
sqlhFy.sabdrr@I.@obh.kbwhfu ruic cr d ridoo (0 n0,0 316r.
calolMdlh'dGlr^Pn1nw

IEIB THEYIOAND RETATED COLOR MODEL5

u RGB s6pli6 mmird FquiE *pd,e 6rFab
AltlFlgh lor rh€ Fd,
ardblu€lmplrlHbol4nituge.:
NISC olor .odiry to' roming dE .mpdh vido .is.al is carkd s€

Ii dE YIQ.orE nodel, pa]nftd y is ihe sm d fi€ Y drlpmdr in

cIE r_rz dd spa.€ Luninmc (irBhh.s) inrolmdd i3 .mkrd by
v pMreh lh'hdnnaai'n d{mrhm /hu" and purJ, e o o?o
mb th, | ,nd o omRh A onbiroiif or fd. cllfl. ird brE k.
forrh.yparllryb r.yddrl.sbd.nltlllmGb ( !e.!wl l@L,c
lmiltreinr@ho4bb.t-md.{r'ilekls jsimnmibusonry E y sis{
inlolmiid thar ppid6 rhe nesh-rD
shdin& p,rd*e! Q c.ni6 31M-nD36b .otor Dfolmtion, Th
'nd dporft .olor
Trre NTSC *rur js &nered b Fwide intonrrid in .
forn rrEt (u be ceived by blachnd-whik &levisi6 nmibB, which obri
8hF@re hforMiim to! . pitu s hin a 5 le band{idflL Tnus, rhe yrQ
iromadtr bds mcoded wirhin a 6 ltrlz bandwidd! but rtp lumil Q an
ch@dticity valE aE <eded on *parak mla si8tul!. tn $is way. rh. lE
frnire sisnar is unchansed ror bla.kdd whih m6iG, ad tp .olof iirG
rhe Y v.rm, is Gveyd ,s ,n ahpritude nodu|dm o.
aniei sisnai drt
a bandwidrh of rbdr 4.2 MHz chDiadci9 hfoDarion, dre r
d Q vatE
n cmbin€d m a sc.md .adj6 si3ror th* has a ba.dwidth of abour 1 3 reL
rne paraner r and o rcfer b rrr trEdur,rim nerhods us€d b strlt
'l,nE on dis
lne 61oi inlomrtion 6diei An anplitode,modularion enodjng (.h.
"rn-plEe" 4nr! ta1Mib rhe I vrlue usins abour 13 tltHz or oE b,.+
sidrh And a pha* sodnratid dodinS {the "qudraton" signal), Bing abod I
05 MH4 tri* re a varle.
Lffip t,ia F hrnd"d d a lx3n* pEaid nrhe\rq nsn.{
.12 r,.trr brndwd* ) dd d,. chnn
GR we.s ,itm ssily ttekr 6nal b4htus cheg6 dnpatld b sut
roror crran3s. HNevd, tF b*e pEnion ru rhe drmati. y ocodins dG
suuin3.mde8rdddnorrlie.oloqualtt1ar NTscpi.bE.
M. nrdEd tdr prcdds dNnaticity vatu6 G to bbdL\etunjn .etum Th
dT cd od blue (trnPolEb ot ihe coloi Thus,

r - 0 2e i + 0 s37c +0 n{ a

Q=3-Y

TEnrfomations Eetween FGB and YIO Color Spaes

An RCB .oloi b onverbd b a d or YrQ v.lus u6nl3 rJrsc d@ds u\ar
inpldmb rh€ crcuradoB h Eq 12{ Dd mduhe fte cdier si8iah. rn.
@ve6id flm RG8 3rae b \]Q tP,.e b aMplthed

o8s. lBl
onw*\ vR velsrd ismlerm b RCBoro !,uequ'in8d
\
\I3- decodei qlxJr tud +pna6 l}F \id6 ssul dto E Yrc.mP{'Fb
{d rhens\s be \ro\du^ro RLBqlh TFon\€Bo fiotr Y a'tuF
b RcB spre n a(mPlish€d w h dE

tstL,m ,mo l lol

fteYWand YCcb Systcnt
B€.aE ot rtE lfld bandwidL\ ssien€d b tn€ chr(md.iy jntomrion in the
l dr.olor qua l o r 'rTca P' tuF is
--"-h'i-"- n;Fk \ d"bm or dp lT o tuoory h,r e bffl da el
oH b imDrtiE !\e.ordqur4 o,druffi$(n on".u \ orcd'nc'
dLtuv*id-1. d,ft. ro
"\.hpddArl-€.mpG'F!olo,uJ{l
h.,r{rdsnEn;d ,bkru,LJrd r4l(Fhrp Alhmrnm Lnq 8dd
vndb;i d Yro € h d 6u, m, dFs err"d \ ( c+ rhr roro, Fpcflbbd L
uF'd d4iu\.ddbdijdmaron.."rd binlrmoEed ! bvrrbisraphG
6le fL,ft6. \uch a! L\e iPEc 6Fh Itdn l5 ,l)

IEE THE CMY AND CMYK coLOR MODE6

a ddo mitoi dbplaF .old paftm by (mr,inins lisht th,r is mit€d Ibm
tuff ;htrh b;cdo'b\ep o'R Ho$meihad op delh,
'GDho;
a.h a o;'; .no plohs educ c lob prtuF bJ oMs r pdPe t rh
olor p gImb B?; ltf,.oritr FRetu m $e Pap.r bl Ffldd d3hr hl! \

I.
$e Prihiry..,r's.re
me'l with rhe
ai.d. ry 6r bc (Rribed ,s ombi'
*;o" d re^ *d b* ftddr' shm hrla 'sh E Flfrad hrcn' '
olor€d ink the rtnebt lislll .mbift arJy dt sls d brE coiponhb,
sb?lFd bY rhe rr' g@la h ru3{u
br btkns @.onpolF hor n 'd{'.i+r fdFrowsubbeE$?
blue onpond I mit .ube EPIgob$m for tE CM I nodel is illusbakd in

' rn be cl!,n -d"L ihe.p.hdl pc io Ll.IEp€6b',.j'ruc,l

ubMed ftP oriF ?tr'rb {hrc l ch
Ftui a ]1IMG or &.'. d ; prmD oloF psd ue Juda d s! aj dons lh.
!
mu dDgml d lhe ob- A @nb:tulm or cd "rd m8.nh br Prcduts
 brueli3nl b@ur rhe €d Md F
sl6€d sn,ra ,/ . ombh:hon d 9
d,.6biErimof ru8hb,nd y€uor rlr yietds rcd Lqhr
'IrE cMY printing pllrls orren lg 3 onddm ot tN
n* dors, whi.h
andJl3ed o 4 tlo* pr*n .ors h-' tu FLB n@rq LA rR prc\phc -
doF.'.1d h p?"b -. $" cvl .ord mod" s *mr,. u p.vlr r;dd.
when ( i ihe bbcr olq pannekr olr i.r dd b 6s1 for^dch of th. pnnE!
.oloB (.yac Nfab, and yerrow), anr dre inr dd B bb.!. A bl'c* d;r ; ;
ry,1 mgdb.and \e e lrr!nPIa!
p'odJ. ronlv 6hde d sra lme ptob: p,ndr d,fi";r. olo, o.b;q:
h ,PE\u: rt. inr hr. ri€ uR P'
bd, b€rcF'n4d1 rorb[.] ui.btubo.sE\ ya.pp.obs o .d
'rm

Transfornations Setween CMY and RGB Cotor Spac.5

sdlPTs-hco P-d.lmf RcB Fpr'fudo b,( v\ EP6-
bbdUshgthelo|l4inBrobb\formlioi'

wh@ L\.whii.pohrb RcD

lil lil til
space is rpffiEd ae dE uit o1llm vftmi

tfl til til

InllrFlEr6br,bor'lhch''o|u
For rhe cdftion frm RCE b.he crry(.olor slae, we 6d *r {
mx(& c, ,). T16 x r subded frcn .a.h of c, M, d y h Eq. 12 n
i,nr ror rhe kanronation fqn r.Myx b RcB. we rid d ( =;in(& c.
Thfr.x is s,bMed nom a.h ol i
b oJormbd eqshh ad ofbn m6"d b rmoD; vpturinsqLdh

IEEI THE HSV COTOR l\,toD€t

Inhrr,c rd*re linsot6tu I

dne' d " d of Pnnuryino'. we
nod€l by st6 bns r .pen dl otq ,nd I D I nosb oi k\h €nd ola.L 6n
b6..dddbrh otor b obhir d,ficF

Colo- PlriMn b hs mode AF.dled tt. H. e\n\h,9..andwtw \v1

deivp $ . rhl!€'m*idjt otor "p&" bJ FLrins rhe F6\ F'mdx b
 FrauRC:r= rhHsv

I difthm in rle RcB dbe. if ,e 6r*ine tuhs [\. cub. arons the dasdal
fim tne whib vei b odai (bicrt we s an tlire ot tlP ebe rh:r has
rh€
.; rr F. fte bo".d'.y d b-3m eDftmb
rh'eair, hu6 ",.d E u*d 4 rmpor $eHSv l'e\rcre'F
'he g l: 16) ln H5v
Eod satuhrio 5 E rui\u€d tuc d \onabl a {' rd rhr v'irc P oeh
r' a ntuuEo alons a vcrrurl d* h
HR . m6sid a d rqr" sor b. !d. ar d! .. ,sc! s hm 0 .,
uwuri ur !ed.G i dF ho"p tr."FruFd by 6lF inmala(rde€_ Yclls is'4ar
"e. e; r rr0 . md () r roppocre k Fd Pomr 6d H. r3o
etoEdm Dar.;b c i5 us€d ro dB rF rhc F' t] d d loior A pr t olor
,sFbalolc_;herh.vrF,-10 andd"lE'nd Jva'u5hdb:rd l}F
qav El. l@ is = O * $e enrer or rhe tu.cm
- vd[c r'\ric-fDn0rrdFrpe olbrtP\o'eoI0a hFPd# IrP
i;h'b. hqm - ro-di- 0.Rh:veheprhrB Paidr#t,16
'
,ort*wh .pot'r ev-l0ands=0
ahMfu'd@lAPful@E

gsvh€i!tr4,shMBEBjNlol

mr nodel nn sk rinc olm shi

wi[h r sle.6on tor: pE hre. whch,pEj6es ihe hue anste H and *b y = s
l 0. qc dafl be rhe {tor wP 4 !{ u
puF i ." Aodfsbk,\d,n€6r'tqr vrh.€5brftd.rcL
3€r a dd! bluc, Ioi icre€, v ould be $r t 0 4 widr s = 1.0 and r.i = rt

y=1'0atllH=2,'0..Byaddiig$
v:rd < s r a.c6lh"Tod..ry''c J p'''<n €rhe.l5vtsra1@chd
b i slorealerkmlaffpsl,d€Fedi.utor whet

selectrng shad.t nnts, ahd Ton.s

col@ deHs y ,rds rhe 3ide of $e hdone bwaid rhe bbck p.inr:
4hebsp"balr.lolPmduc|i
b) loors bdn bLrr ,ld whh ro.
h b1'Fl.r a6.Rhon, ;
hin th€
rr.e\@ u4e r'no,wu {am,, t4d'rs' tbdolrfr' r10d,
.nrhtrrs!r le\ a . r. Pd dh of dltr a rf oq ur !F4d6 0" u. *td
, r b? drh+d. d€1qd4 d d! 1
s \ )crlos ror i ,nd rbotr '6o'r
ihe.pft rf ft i"asft du. w.tu1drdryr'.' lbN j. r0, x'€_
r
diftedt mci grrphr6 a?p1iaiio6, 123 hu6, 3 saturaiim l*els,
coloB. For
16 v:lue drinss irc sufiirisr srt this ranse or FrameieB in oE Hsv

Fr@tuP JbtFano r+er b

"p. PDdr

Transforhations Betwcen HsVa.d BGB Cotor Spac.s

ro&ltrhe F oPe."ho1s FquiFd
and FCS!pr4. w. ,Er,onro4 ro
 -r @to d"I!r"oaFn)b\\F
od", ".;"'u'" -.o
" -.n,..orhaR"*.
--;d, *.,...otu
,_r',d-d,h",-:r. ". "r -
*.\'ltftj.b'"N3tJRLB
1 ao(RC8 'lF'
b idh.h!";ii dhon{r\J rit ri' ne'-
'o..
6PeL$.d!dedlF''fu''
.d.rn ur' b' \"r.; nd d
b.reiir r' ndoprr ', h'nr'Po orsHlv
r:ru; is sio h rhc lollonus rnrduE

v sPa.€ b RGB sPae bY deFnbhs

"* "h4onb! in,&b { o ;

equiions aE sumniiz.d in the lollowii8 rlEorjtbn
tur Md.h tu tut /4/8tpw

cc-v. (1.d c. (1,0.r)));

IEEI THE fi15 coLOR MODEL

anodE- mode b$.d d Dr b.e olor pMm4.F B dF nrs,Frm ud I

u. krtud G,?oRrim Tlx. lolor ?ae has rh" doLbtFlm @ffiEb
+oqinF,3.12.13 rhe ffi p@nFFB u n]js oro, n oderf arieq hF I
LshtuE (L),fd stuhon(9J

v.dd r\B tu, ruh r hue tprrrjj .oto,) tn lhr hodel. H rI lorll'fr
d bru. ft" Ee,ruu om ar 6p"c!.d,rud he FiJnd{ d r}E
i15:& o*q:-,], IJqv md9 vasdhLars.Fdk'r )s drd 'iEi
A34 ompt4-b4 rGm e lsc ,Fd n rhe rydi
@co .' fl - tm . 'l: d
rhp q. bdt,\b in db nodet i5 dled ti+d]\, I ArL=0,{.hj\eb
'
irdwh cEdr - r.o.Grya.t.utuBarrtonarhri .\i! fdduFE .
sdrmbd p,r.mft . €s4r sFdi6 rh. pbru o d told. nE4"n
EdlFb Lh+ 5= rodnd I
sdft@, lrrm whi&; added 6 a oloi nEsrayele lirua at s =-or 0.
 129.4b1*6fu'dA|plfuldn9

To.F.waolf wPberbyele-rnghueargPH q" aP,rricub'nade

* -':.*-'b h*^"bb-"dbrddi ryptuaftFl ud hPobr6
rchF 6lcrE'.,.s4L adra{io s dr earar hhr
i.d- **d. rh" sF,br.d-"nds"b'
p".'

EE COLOR SELECflON AND APPUCANONS

dp€b I'r F in J saY rhai 4d. us r n:In

*,- ri-, ri- *;db. d inkd@ rm rcnbn sLdca 4.d orq n \eL
-i,.
h *E RcB:m;mb b ddinon sffi aG cr be plovid{ rs !hcn3
b^--*-ld.onbbftdb
lJ'te nerfid d obul4 : *t or rodn:a1s . olos E @ gm.i.k dt olo
omhilhon,hnamd iub-tx d..olo'model dolo'de*ladar&
ul'rinknal. alo{r, .h'sh:lm qtu tuRcBorCM\ rub" cvrpr'
-. *" *"d b &ai a d w.n mth€d.olDs r.ndorJv del6ues d
"l
6ni; n ol.t distlcts.s rhe bd thar \€ PftivP.oloF d d'hrnr dePra
rhrd.u^h.r;;re)srn m.oloEtudnsrtlm rFor!! 3'6
fa c blE P'h'n nFr bd dpcM !u
oN * th@, rs4 R oMudx
$lf,ned tu;'*"e,T ro - ra. pmbrer @ b. Hu.ed bv'ctdahns
dv@k'aab4ttuib
the .0106 d by usins mtos tom dGhrll d le* or rh. .olo
H(v ooda. w rh rtu. r"dtr sf , d

n.mbft d.,,d Ar,th 5 ho

hnd@brenl*hft rMdrpuphc,q,bddSlurd.g or rh"tm p,

IEEItr SUMMABY
I iSrr dn bP oF. bFo 4.nuofus6 I
bubo ipaorgavs hrcwl.o" e,m,h"tuto,, ompaEbo. [, i ro,rcspd,
3\'Fh'bi\oh paP F ddne.hararpn,rh.djremr.sF-o,LsI
u €a\ Fh orp''ma6 wrh.he r i rlw 4b,w *Fdj.lcd6'jn.;
.ine\Tra.r hphLd!" tu!tuc or !,6tb'.6d {n aid f ou"r , v,up;r+
hn,oid ligrr €uq ! !in8 Frsr, n dud,Mr ?qEryft;,, lJfu;
".

wp cj5o u9 olor modcL b ., phi i rhF eF4 d

.
Lshr r .(6
6 mrlod fo. d.lrb8drlo. tr odet,. ro !p€.uy i +rlombinm-
of so;1rtDplt.re
d4G rhr' F.onbinrc b.rdue vrc "dhe rcth H@4",nof,nrFqi
p'nrr DbEFdubleo.oaiu. i$r rslo ddM,b rAaLh'reo.oh
r$4. tu or u!,d b.3@" ed DJ : d or p'lmne is dltcd d dor3d
xh.gilaFr"ll,.diom.'hmkd.oll^
nrorr 5?tn'fm'@tu ((nm +,ooon tdl1r*tur,.ti."dophd qd
rhRhrPo,rr.'i,i.ot ruuns rlllft "
'
lemoro,. hcyy,/dod"t \h"Er.t bdlep,ry,,rherorboro. Jrra
nddbrr-ldyoLrirfie4ffirsmh, y6 hr. rv obFnrftt
la'aFrNeJrdllFtdoulb
m. {r! Te*d. rh. tmhrN v
Jnd u d€ Ls-d b pld d slioc b, :j lF..Ea 016 on rn6 .rr Jr!tu, . ,b dr
,ord oo&r! mnpt., er"rr otd'and ro dtutun, dollrld
h,tuer(} and 'o 'dFo6,
punry for a sp€ie! @tq
orhs.od nodeL b4+d m d q 1,hRprui6aFrheF, B \rQ:ri
- et b d{.nbc {toF rhlr a}; _
a {d.o om,b, rhr I a modr s u+d bd* be r}e.omp6,F 'a d.P
q;{. 9r
for h rF sio bNd4tu$ $d rr" I M\ -de b _d ; ob,rb".oo _

\e@lqn@Pl5'.u'hsdfrr5\:JIJ
H6modPr5 rr. -ltrdnstotd vi ,h
fr\ 40f arr4,ed hu..no @ ndo,,bd saFfd bb L {ddhs bd*
pmdqts .do, 3he6 h rub prd 16 i, !. r o rddina b.rt- bt!, r ,ti
'odf8
(old 6l#'0r isr
'mpdflh htu
d! oid .ld\hj8 oltr .mbu"arB.
T rFd.qgnormb\eoBphy\ r.
6.M drc@:dtEr lotoF f d dspry d{
do nc difrp, r.n! in d(lfudr \pquenry Ate. \ ?, f d^told o
romd6

mmhardousotcrdupl.v
 REFERENCES

;iJ ;-J.Gt ;.l.'s-*tdtirbsdtoet)'Hdetoela'

u"v n*1. hD oes) dftvb{rq)
iiirqaso.*, c;:...a
iili;iii.i' r ;"i"* -t' +o-i^ .1 py-*1.l G:Y' 12 1i:
ii=iiiriir:ryii;;; iiqr';a r"o F.! addtd@' dtuo - &
ogg51.
L *,i1,". -" *' p.*e"- a d o16 R chs* I rq)
'ishr

EXERCISES

Dfi€keYPleon.don\dnBRb

6; , d-d*d !6! Lh 6v '"r'*

'tu

fuylhcpqrnh&PEedntsqtrj
!!dy&P$Udnfuffi'ngetr

D4futldp8lchlqwdg
'lsldooD6'4iMhuEr'orN
b.frgl4&o5r6dBALNincB6Fc

,',' ;"-, *. "

^-^
b.*-;.i*.6'd "d."!ew@bDhrbd!tuF"r{
r"*. Hsv
"F*
D'llwnejgregro'fuiq'lPdu
Computer Animation
l3'2H4offut@d6sqEn6 3 AdohrdFtle tuahon
r3
13no ctacl hnadq PqlduF

.mnlyUs€dbPtldue
minatioc lor a variety of aPPlnd
pduEand.tunt, adv€ltilir dPnh6( deryiier
(norim
ngstudiB, dhtusededKahon Arinaugn we bd b $iir
of aninahon s inpryms abiRr no
*qa{e or viFul dE4.s r . Pkft. h
addidq r. dEn*i.g obiEi p$idN rshs tanslari@ or Ehtims, r.omFurs
Fs*ed dimiion ould dnpby tr unahoc n objed siz, olo. Eac
;.Erc, - -d&e txtur. inations orbn hasition one objat
^dkd$s
trpdqaanal4" b) \a4iry(nfl '
F'.mde; v,hd.pc'q n - aM o tu..?nsrh tud M iotu nl'8FL
;s .n-b * dh* p;'-d* -d plsrud asiated witn inmimrion and
Enderhs 6n b. aed to Prcdu.e co
fudngs$deiatdno^P"bs@ia6tminnlidb€:]isnMiny
$"di tPFPFmEtrordD h.P'nr
r nfMdadD€dbirhd 1i"r, mode
i! hrdd fo d:ld!4h"Trdo \.r r" trofl \in'ld\ \hul'or ror
Em;r qnlili p dEdd h4!1-qu

n* *** *' *d"p.a",r " h*

adtuiomdioE Horever,rhendnanydr€himeniandadvdbingrP
ibdiien? &rd ' or d soal Fo' P.tr
p,,p rratquaablBdn o P; dj pbFd-$P*.jG'od"q,b€"rr'haPs
ih"' h"' Fd e, hehh'lpr"Fa,.re urd". dr rlP ErLr of !h. p\) !dl
' Twobasicncrhodstoroctuctinsanoton*queneerrlfm.rim-
ridn d krnFby.fl"ft sin.tim I. a ELfine.mPd*din d6, dh
..oFo Fu. dcnturim 1b b?Cr
.,.d r, r';dn,,,.p"tol"h b"F5e.hk- r1d
or rr mdrcn .q +Pa?tslv 8*!Fd lrd
.d(,l. irhi r P rr"TF .! bP ft
dnphyed on rvils nodtu ji "ral tun phtta.k" node. sinPle drodo.
 dnPb\\aFse Frdxt produ.d.1F:l
imhd morcioh tr. nd. d ha
rfu6m oi rhp M turion. a r,s. aTrd, c;
'}. rcrpinruh
Es.itLp.\ of
mrim, for exmplq is ptudur€d Ed dne burp !\e vidbdtprrys nud r.

msmohhd$e md b €[o] rh.mmPb

.Ispl,y s.quhe b b€ detop€d qu([,

IEtIl RASTER MEI}IODS FOR COMPUTER ANIMATION

ELis T4lim tudo& 8ur in 3.€d

linr 9 h ffipked hi.oug
J
F$red s djLr
ina 6} ro las \ ie*u 'ne'
mnn$m
ftc e \e!€d b\ muB
6rcu3h rtpffdead llmc"{f or j"framho,jd b. h,tuhnrd o6l;
1e
I\errnrbSmrbF dimabfl i r fJ b€. howry.. F ned rc Produf dr
md'onhdm{d !r \ 4ro.Ch5ln,rroMK Fndosm.ci!drpry.4
roracm pla 3me oT F:tr or he rl]ldhol.oJ'd ErF;d orrhe E r+
Netm b ron!tu. rn rhar.ds oopr6 s€Ea ed rur ror.d * dwra\ra
Ut m,.-6 s.FaEd @,d !\" dd o' lh
RiBh ry.le s4rd di$pptu aj'crrrttrdtnpyhftd$ptard ad rr
vn{rpk. a^iturim. namd\tudo ilm ortobf hdlh
rm o Ftu+ $e ffi llf .s h:d b ecdii, M om dd Fh
k'}. it.'rlrE he
d,spldy. trte nRr dbprc! i5 8h4red tu.L.csj!ft) I drned pd
'ne rPadlmqq.d{md; h,E'Flls
ot te r6e. sftn-ph€h pll)€ ro prod@ tuim eqlme quicktlz

one mthod tor p'ldldrs a eat ii@

ploy e6 4feh bunc rr riany, se roh . rrse for lIE d;rio. ijr (r d

lne @16 0I thp tu,, b $ rhir rhe d,*h @oh u* F sm ble

'fres dy Fn
dur13 rhe pr(l4 o .edn8 rd. n *E rihr btft 1b rthatuE
hhfl P,IXR mfuu6 thmushod dJaD
.ucn op<Etiotu ry}Illl \ h,F q e tu' 'o c e.'ddrLhld6
'}P d d i,..hq;ns Pem;
'oLrin6.nd
m'rEfunbm b .nhr.hdsrnB dp bl4; rhF $o.udo,
dou,.'hatui"dE_
wh a .'I ir nade b sfrrh tuo er€h buttur, rh€ nitrharl3. 6uld t
I
Pelom.d,'valr4shlr Tne rc{6htrdoryNrebnKuhdsbshidr
uf no bLftu^ d rhe 4d or he. r'mr?rh+ b d; 4 rh.4'd rctu
ordf ple.h, bsn rr'Dhr8!o.m.mpt+rher h.b;d,r:rrirhd
+r rira oia F6Bh 6 de -yrodrmnd e!ldjd, ou.r4 rorpLjAd
3F.M'ion wirh rhe N Fte,h',h 3d il ihc h.Fm+; aiiznEd
6 lo$e u4n rhe aF+ qn dF r rl.4r hm b d-9 a'.d d 1! vi u ic
?ls
,tuffafGh'hhilP 'h"ef{r 60.nimbn
1116 hdme F b"n3 sssa,pd. Fo. .vmpG
frdm. p. *.mo $d LtA_+ordremo
IBdBehv.dd$e ;rk.reddlrE
,1ncuf ."F is ody r0kft6 t !lMo.th t.tv , he tu KntuAd
sin@ each fi:nE is disPlayed rhR 6@5
 s-2 eFoli'itu'dsqlno tt5

iftcui i?mEF- d Gru w'b daLbP bufieiry {ho *€

an rehan
hrme.mrru,!o " w I Frn) equlbf nbgerulhP.ed seffi
r.
ehsh tine. &anddPleordis,ilrhe renrth6hrrk is6! h.mes Persond,

:;or""*..:,d..,\fd,"d-
rodh. B{aw otslighi:vdiitiN i. rhe nnphnohrbn 6ft iot t€ rcutim rhar
ub, $n€ tranes ould hre a linls n@
lne to .mhd .nd s.ft a litk le
.hmF abruprly and dad.,rlr one way ro rcmps$re fo rhts eftu n b dd
a s;n {ne deLy b rhe Pbgian. Andher Pcsibiliiy is b dld lIE mo6onF c
sMede{riPlionb'hqhdE'nm

G.n.bting Animations Using Raster Op.rationt

a r& .d also 3ftrah FalinE rasb rnatjos f,n ln'it€d aPPli.adDs sir'3
blck bmtus of a Rbnsular af,ay of pixel valu6. This mimiid e.hniqe h
often 66d m @" pbyinq prcaranr As hr hi\. qm r e.r 01q a 3mPL
Prh& b qmaia rn ooiF frc
n\€ lctu. T,aainsionar dahonr i .F aLo ,nnPk
m1r69bs o, 9tr
b 'w alrhouEh w€. dk Fhsdr
sron, blo.ls aJ Fi\els tlNus! dher
ansls usus mrblbsing ptredres. Fd a btadon thar i not a multiple oI 90',
ue ned b Btrnab rlr pelt6r ol aR (rcas.lo! rh@ lixels rhat overlap L\e
rcbt.d blc* sequo* ar rdk oFlations cd b. extrred b Ptodua Eal
a time rninahon lor eiifter eoninmid:l d ihc'dtui.nal obiKb, s los
b n th€ prrd o , platr Tr.1 no qe ing
or visible{urfae alson$tu n€€d be invor€'l
vlh. arsosimtobisardr3eldireq'oalmfiqPailsai$oloF
bbl. trsfomrtione seF *e Fr€d€Iim rhe obid d 3ll.tgi@ P.sidc aronS
0r"mo66pdrhrd*rrF!.lRdw
oo tst dF sr h a foEcrud rol'r' dd tF
$r a. m s i,hed by .h-Fs d* rcrlchbr. nru6 e
i!''.LalAoih4obr4'Pd'ffim $. ob'd doi r .
..(sre d,nm, \"--'bq F h bAo.E tr'}E, roEs!.md oro' o
rfte pftediilg pGition"'o"q
tu d b Lhe hacksbmd .olor (Fis. l}]l
I
@ DESIGN OF ANIMATION SEOUENCES

ctuiry m aninadon qenccn b€ a.mplicared br,Panjcurady wh6

itnvoLv6 a $ory lhe a d nuldple abjR6, ach olwhicn on nove h a diltuMt
say. A basic appud i5 b deign euch atuiim *qu@ dg or ronowing

! Key FIft spRifrcfioB

nE.b4b.'rd F dflineofbf !.
f' oIb& d d rF b e pbi . tlP.ro
^flE
ng m rh. t}?P ol4n rurcn ro be
 ,, ar.oqd ddn rcn .3.tr b,,i r @ a iorr f u.,.ho..oDrr hb.
,d?up5o " r? ?' s !/ ,.r
h.a'Pdob,Tnm"''1
i r}t. _. a . .eiDr rrc u,t, G
m"r d cqnie w'\r 4-l [4 Fa
r..o djS ru !h. T. T' ,hn hm

*"b,",*s''.d

animdion n ddetrh d by rh€ dnpr,y n€dn ft* k ro b. Bdd FitD rtquiE

I
o, rh\pd.F o"d b lrP rr rcr sonp !e)
iinE ! . h.,pr, ;hd A;
EU.*d ro...:r pa, ri h'iF dE
:3d kv tr
hc5 4odd n4d ",
'oh.di!rjoped.
rnec arc evqar orher tasrs rh* MV $r Equ Rr dePmd'ng $. aPpb
c6.n TlE* add brur bsk idud. n;btr
Many of rh. nrdioB tEd€d b

5bh c.md6d omNbr @aEdh;m6

G E,aned EriPa
rKhnjqu4 io pEvde tild*€ erb6 tu h6
'qh4.]ruuuh
FE mrFtsr Fd.d!
of e?Rsq nqddiq rru 6.qsqE
dodhPLLA]l' ';.!r
 6o en ('.xi
-:-\

-o+ +o

**'--.+-t
0+
iiGUREg Atul*br -bi-d s. t|cUREl}.5ItNihd!@@g
e
"eud dd 5ker$- hhoue b 6ehr*nc did m@on Ebieiftnsb'fl,ru

IEIE INADMONAL ANIMATION TECHNIqUES

Filrn inahos s a vflcty of nEthods ru dePi.hng and mPhalhg ndion
{uer6 nr*inludeoqdodd
oIE ol rlc s6t jnpotut rn+Jqu6 Id sinutahng aclarahm erf<b,
Fdi.ul.ny for misid o!<b, n qudh ld 6hrch F4@ 1s shws hs
brx A" m. bd, m ereE 6 r b€eD b .tu l'hm h. b,x rah rhe noo' and
dops, it i5 fisr.mPres*d (squ6hed) rhm sfti.n d aSain d ir addqih
'nd
t"rl'" r. hq* "*a W ru,".*"Itr -.inins, hhx-\ FhF 'o nP"P..'
eirovheob'ts?Pn*Edw''l'roP
d;\ $G" r'"*.amaL"h@
N*rh€p4hdrhrmobmlni!ptu s'u6b'hrtis lJ'.dh4bPPcition
.hd6 be@ IE@ llll:'€* as: bou.i4rballmffi rash
obie r m!mm6 d rr{ be np\E >d oy fl ins Prel'nusry moD
6,r;idF.rrtuprionatrDnus'dM l-o-.\imPl. a6trihaiadr
delr lan r{rm and mhF 1' bodJ beb? dalfus ro M or a.lD :fr niShr
p?iM, *i.drp bc..d*,uJb,ll 'rul"' l, louo*_thdu3t t hm ' 4
dM* t€ ; .Fe u:,+ b iL uoo! o' a hr d n\ ofi a tufr 'ht s
,bpFd abrupdy. And d dim can h€ emPhasiad win sb3in!, uics Fcc
b ;ny n€t$it lor reudig m r imptut pad oI a stPru, 6u.h 's ' 'ha'dei

IEA GENERAL COMPTJTER-ANIIVATION FUNCIIONs

Mmy $6wm pa.kass h,ve be! dry€loP€d eithq td gaenl rnimdo de

siF; la pdolnus iFcr,d "nn,br 'r'r' l!"ula'\tmhmtunluos
r;rde "."DrA abjRr mdim. FwaMs qs or obFF. prcdkijl3 dm
{a notjos, Lhe sFnention of in+€smIflre. s.ne ihriihPa.k3€,
'nd toi.x.mplo povid€ sPebl lwtiG forlotn $e Naall ani_
ch s $r'vetmi
mriddeaensid tnepresbsotidiiduarobidb O*Ba€sF.iir-PurPe
 d.ksBrdpad.u hnF or mndrd slln6a'rhforsmaotE
d&Ns hm6 q 'a 3y5bn ror turF a tubd
4 *r or mulrlF aotu' pmvrded r !8tudarrmbF.|!s.ro,. q.
h3 r r tnmSus rhr obid dabbay obid sha€ nd s6"ed p idr6
'f llru sd updakd in brrdDrp ob ;bFr 1llllrfi5 urLd" dlP
vodm Gr b€ sen{Fo .oi*:-t uJg vc
'hov,olgdcT'd}obJd{'b'6
. drn{om D hR dinpEd l hertuioru $no-d r, nobo, ia
b€ applied b idflhfy vi,ibh surks and apply rtu mderiry alcddm.
Anorlu r)?ic'r tuncrion *t dNtab cnen nd.meni. $ndard cnd
ltins'lmdU'rv.r'|.e.rnr'orfo.n
I
IEIE COMA.MR-ANII\4ATION TANGUAGES
wr dn dp"lop,tutlG b G sn ud ldh ,n -rrc- *qJ"IWs hib.
g-sd pulpe pmg,a'mine ldnsuse lui a ( r . r!p. or romd bi
+!FalTs'a *d n1 Jbd Li g!!sF h,t. bh' d*dopd rr*.msbgE
Rr"pr rcedrb.4,nrnm@-oi; - bd_,s *
'F,{xr'Drtudra ;sr.er
sPr.ub---, -.ro*r. 1tmb, bd+
4,onrrud \. {r,o.8M"h
nethods,orodrerFPltnlalim*hemes'
4n hPoranr 6sl d tu.lon.
,rude, $e p>,boruu 'rorabrd r1o igh, $Ln6 dphmns rh; phob.ft
p€an4\ rlshr $si rfthe dd {,rac Lu')]ftb prcp.?r. an
#$ h 4md Paare?'e iPG
anorhe *:ndard rudion k d;on sp{irdrjd, whjch involvs rhe tavoft of mc
oo pddL r' hc ooi4 ind , atri!
qe in3 d 46Tq ti. " b an"fo' n4iioE 3ls.h. r d1"b, ru iotu o
u.hond x Bmm!
"q,i,^0(tlh,b
F"d " nFEk*dtu.d-
mturrq s*qr r'€ de'1oermtu-r*J9 .pi,ieol.y1616 \oc.
narorrrcr d1TrionPlrljg. h r
,ihdrB .e sch oq. urrm,.d.ntrod.a 4. o, iqjd b.;,F .rry{nd
m'ko -uno- d &$4o h edo;.aan"smpte dr
. ngte m mb., h r,g rkhd.-\d
amtuep,sholdd3Gw1,etb.*exhsio4pji.h,yiw, doll.wecnexd

C,"

FauR-ll- eFddtu-d,
 ,r 5 @i4riFh de

dr nmbd aJ de8es ol n€ed@ ro thtt sbd ,m io e by 2lrowiis thlF

d@ion t htds ld tlF bap (Fig 1$7). ff we 'l3o ard bae rchtim,
dDnbdammhaveabbl ol helvsd.ts otffid 'IrFhumn body, in
onpatu4hanm[h 200 desta ot r!Ed@
tuerizd rFr.m allow objet Ddim dEEei5d6 to b€ spftifred a
patof seobjddeiiitom. 1Ladju6bbl€padmcF@ntuI $.hobjRr.hdac
btudcad€a'*olfredon,notionlinibrim, dauowrblesha!€chtr36
s.dpdq 3ytu:now obtKt spRituadm ad mimhm seq@ b b€

IEII' GY-FBAME SYSIEMS

A *r or in belllas 6n
b€ 34ned fton sFdliadd or so (or @&)
key Inrc 6ing a key ftane slsim Mdim 'l€
pai\s a b€ 3im frdi, ri,dad.
,.5ni',' as a d or sprtu .aa, or L\e noum . b€ p,$urry tavd by
sF.iryiq Lhe fo]€ d.hng on ihe obr
For .onpl€x €rs, we m sepanh Ele fffi inb idivi'lual conponmE
orobidsall€,r.ek (ellulddhspaft i€) rltukmdswloFd 6!m 6tun'
imdd edniqu6, whd the ba.k3rsd md .ach.haner in a rerc wtr
ph.ed o. a separab baGp,fty Th.i, wlL\ the tmparh.i6 srrc*.d in the
orddtomb&Iqrund rof.rgtud, rftey uephdogdph€d roobrain rtt.m-
plered lrme. IrE spNlicd tu6m p'dB e th4 ukd ro obtain the d €l
Ior €a.h.h ad€r, uha rh€posidoB ac irkpolared liom the *.y-ftaft iinE
vlrdr onpl€x objEr bansrorudos, dE sh!p6 or obieb nay dDn8e ovs
iim. Effpls ap doth6, ta.ial GalrlE, nasni6ed d€bil, olvineshaPs,md
edodn€ or d;inksntins objeb Fo suta.ee dsibed witrh pol%.n mesh6,
in*.n ga on Eulr in sisnilk i (haises in polyE@ slDpc $ $d tne
nmb.r ot edgs in a pol$on odd b€ diffftnt lrm.n€ laft b ir* next.
Th& .hdg6 ar in.orpdir€d inb rh. d*elopnenr oi rhe n+ees ftms
by addhg r bth.6ie pol'8m ede€ a@dllg io 6e rtqtuG ol ll€

Tmtom'ri.n or obid shaps rlm de lom b oihs $ emed bdphnl&

whid i' a.ho@d fod.I "mharlhosiiu". An rmbrcunodelno.Ph
iryby t"n56offigpolrcm snrF€s inm$h rhe in-b€tum€ rtqn ffi Ley rEft
Civ€n ko a.n witn a ditteEni nunbs or |tr *smnb sp<i
Let n.an€s,
rynls an objet b:rsrD'mMi, we. tusiadi6rfteobjersp(xiGriminme
ol ttu rr..@r $ rht dE nurber oI folyeon edg6 (n E nubq oI pol'ton
v-@s) t' dr *ft tor dr ho fr:fti ftL pftplRsing shp is inBhhd
b Fig 13-3 A sbdshdtu *gndr i k y tamp t is h$fom€'l inb ho line
9sGnb h LL'y halc t + L silc rey rEftt + t has d ahr€re, re.dd.
vflrs b&o rerdcE r and 2 d k!'y traft k ia bil,ne rhe nDbs oI vshc
Gnd €dE6) in 0E tuo k€y t:m6. Us'ls lired inerpolatim to 3mrak blr€ in-
betu m,w€baBirion!}Eaddedvflrsinkeyrift tsbveftxs iro$fte
nishLlt'e path shNn h ris, r3i. An *mrle oi, tcnsle liredt erp€nding
'10. Figls 1}tr ind 1!12 dDw empks
or noryhine i. bl{ision advedsins.
 \ \
I

naant r-n tuds.-,u.-h. Fb^ "d2

qGUR'Ejr.9ba.dErPd?tqhfunsrcru.

natnat{
tcrrnle
h"slom.tu dlnmo6ib'oeaubbobil€dEnEbhl
4c.qh6, tn
snnah )
 lsfoequalLingleylrareginbIGo'
rotvdi.6 iobcadded ba r€y hame we
riBt.cnsidei equlitns &e edsecou
nu'ber ol line s€Aftnb h Hoons
ntrmber ol lins ro b€ equriz€d Gn b€ d&min.d as

,"=*(*)

edg€ €quia[on N thm rompl'€hed r th *F

(r) Dhide & edses ot kVt!ru., inb M + t sdm.

c) D^ide rhe rt!8n63 Lr6 or @rr,'?". inb f[ ktid'

n, se wNrddividdotr rEorkqytm*+r
or[4F,4r aFlefi intd.
s lin6
rf we €quaLE the v{bi omt we .a u* Pdin€e^ & d vLr ro d.
nd.hcnumb!."r'.no. nrhr eo.olv.Lh.t \) tlm.IndL,r ve
Tnen ve.mpub L\. folMnq eo val!6i
l{, = (v-, - 1) hod (y-. - 1)

* = *("*&-+)
b pflr{m wF\ .q@ klion h$

0) Add NI Fdb b lim ssds oflayirruiu.

(2) Add N, r pojnbb rh. rmaininerd.sot Elrr
^4,
t^".
Fs dp tiangbaonudilabml eEnpre, Vr = 3 and ykr = a. Dollr N, and j\t
aF r, m *e vodd add qe poirr b om edge or t' id4. No poinb wouid b.
added b ihe linB oI kfaq.
'aaihs
5imul.ting Ac{€lerationr
c JryF6dine tuq€ ffi orh uvd o sFi^ rh" ffitur Frh)
lej fJllBcvcnd*\eh Fsjrift dd*tR r 6 n6n; *
drh litEd trnmrinEr partu. Fi$e 1!13 jxu.rab a Dl]ns fr"f k*
ds, w. 6n adjur rhe iine spad,u tu
rf dre nabh E to Gu * o6br sFd a.elerihon,, we e
hkd iim sprcing for rE in-b.eeB rd Gm iNhe, wftn in berws
Lev-fran c b4of , end D lTig. I 4.. rre ba? il]Fa b?tun rh.
I 6
B drvide ih 4 - r ?q rJ rub ntuL ) ietdins f in betuf spa! hgd ^fy

^.=!:!

_- ,t-_-']-i,+
_i- _+ _
; '
 tu forn'. j$ b+eren r3

tBt -\+ jat. j-t,2. .1

Fi6l palrlrlfu f.r $rr rr.re or rhe neo

sF€d dms6 (n('rao a@ld{im) ae uru.lly ll@ry ar l@ pohr
d anirurio 6ln o stu, rriobrty ar dE 4Di.s rd dd of @
qll€re. Tne sd-up {rd slow-doM pdim ot an anned.a p.th' it
nDdel€d with rylim or friBdffiic r6chm, blr paEboh rnd obn
€ tudioN h.ve 6e€n .pplEl b &lelpi,tun nclelins anrmhm pil!8s
o y tumish ttmondic tdim fd sinulatinB {eldario6
To model incffiins Bp€ed (!6irive aRlsrriont se w.nr 0E t'!re Epachs
.hln8E in pcitid ffia the otixt
nrg \iz fd fiP dm inrs\d $rh ti!

1 G3, o <e <ntz

r' beffi, dE rnF ror ihe j$ rn$eh
'

Ar ; t€ tim .ufeEN bem rhe ko kly tsnB lir 1}15 riE

plot oI the rtgm(fuic a@lention frdim {r d* in-Mren spriry tor
vlb o nodel d€tgirs spe€d (dRlenrim) 6ins the tudim Bin r, wifi
< , < ,4. Irl€ trF P..i6m of e n'

tq=\+N*4#1) =r2
pld d rfii! nlrdm ud ih€ decEsirq siF ot

EGlii-i::,ii Adgmd.&erdrhituldtud€FdnE
i&tu3Pdqtui=5da= i!/12cEq.r'7,Ftodudrnad.@dfir
enF s dr obid mv6 {wu.h ach ft tu:r
 oIr-. dioB mbn boft . pedu!5 d dmdl)9fu !\e /n .
^dtufim of ftu8rruu bv hBt ffi3 'rm.rd
6e in+-
"p€.da
hm 3pr.1u. thm deo@rs rhis spains. bdio b ldu;ptsh rhe @

lo .-o.
T1rMe r& E I rh r+€lws E no! ca .utakd e
rs, - i, + A' -.o6"r/p+ rrr} . t=t2.. .,
{'
Mth Ar deffiB df bru drkm berc rh. eo r.y nre rm inml!
hr d DwrB ohPr fr, d r.]€d rnd

,rz. rq.'.r-3.'bd@d,..'d6d'd
dinl6 a tu djd mow saqh qh e trhmL G,

FTGURET3-17 turis@ltd {clsrdderdar i*h o odr26d

f€ffiFdg+e@nryrds6ll=5h!q'19'
 hocssi\q tu in'ldwms is sinplili€d bt iniiant no.teli$ 'lkelebn"
(wiFirme)obt{b,$dEtnorions€quen.s. b€inrsa.rivelyrdjuned.Artu
rhs imrimsquere jscmplehlydelined,obie.6. betunypmleEd.

IEA MOTION SPECIFICATIONS

des;piion of rhe inr€Ecd@s thd prduce

rhe norions. Tr,$ w. .ourd delire how m animaiion i5 ro hre prac by sivins
rhe ransformarion paraftB, tie ndion parh panmerere rhe tores rhat ar ro
t on objFb, or ilre deib ot hd obj

Dnect Motion specifi cation

The n6r skaiehrro$ard nrrhod ror,leriins .n aniFahon i. dirtr turio, rpc
ir ri,, or rhe geondi. t,nsrddiho FrEn!&n. Hcn, w. crpliciny 5d ih.
v:luA rd rhe 6h6,n ,ng1a Id hansl$on vltroc rn€n ft. 8qruhic han'
loftdon ia6.$ ,rt rpplied b bansrom cerdinib p.ri6ds Alr.nlhvdt
we .odd @ ,n iFproximbg equatio Evolvmg the pr,od!* b sp€it'y
Puioab $e Paih of a huncins barr, ro!
i5bne, with i danFd, Edned, siR orvc (Fi* rr3)

whw ,4 i5 the;iGr inpiiud€ oeiBh' or*E ban lb!re ihe Ercund), o k !\e an
g!la! IEquency, { G Ih€ pha* ansle,

Ar $s opposiie exene, w€ .m spety Lhe tuio6 that aF ro bk€ plr€ h B.n

{al h'm fiat abstniLy desiba $e
woids, m tuhm G sF€.ifred he
syshs m EfeRd to as *er dtaia. .n@ varu6 loi ihe ndim pffim6
b d?kmined rtm .hp 3o:b d bff4do. cdp\mpte qeoutd.pd
ll.,l w? hJi 5 ob,{ b 'Edll' q FA 'l- d'.h''i. o;
ro d8utsrlurhahr',nd6F ro"o,.l -'.. p.or"oJla"p4hedobi.r rh
hpd d'dive m rr.r fr.?E€dmh!o'ompl]mr nobol!Uur w d.
lJerchi$r tu ar s$hobons ro
T

Kin€hatics and Dynamic

we can ars cNtud animaiion *qll€'lg r Ehamtna|dru d*+
n
b6. wdr a krEmft deKipti4 we sp&i6, @d-
lhe minarion by sivinE
pal:ebu (pc ior v€ldiiy, d arclendd) wfthout EfeM.e b aus a
gGrs of rhe mrion. rd on*d retodrr (2o aereRhon), we d6i$ab L
ndos of 4id bodis in ks. by sivins ,n iniiiai pGftion dd vdds \E
b tu s.F obi6 r Asdn,' mpr". d a.dF v "\otsituo - 1.0. 4' GF
sq lhb v€br 3iv6 oF dichon lo! th€ sr{shr ljlF m6o pa$;d
'lren Tsjlutr d \cts i E,ald@ 4 r b per *r. r \ca s sF,
$p sFed b
i4 JG F'rioG rrdP oid'i4. or\etdtur he rn gPnsdF.paiLp. \td-
d.w, snd (]r€d notion paths. I<il*fihc sp{iri. ion ol a notu e ab
be Stvd by snndy dsribn'e dr nohm pdh T.n is oJb dM. srns spl-

h albmk appru.h 6 ro ue ,146r hi.mriir Hert, k speciar d* inida

ud hn€ pG br ot obrd. r .FiJi
hdsffs/fu4FlrE|mdckld+
mire rhe 6Nht veleity $.t s ammprishd'.noEG ofu o6id
1 .t!denod.uknu*dh,lh
obF.bbyeivineih.pGdd8fdolienbtimof endnodeoI obid,
a.h dorafd.Thesysb$4
Dytumi.degipd(r,on rrrdhei han4ft qtr rhe specilicrionoft he
rd pnnaa $e vdddBTd aaelenrios Th. dsphon otobid b"ha\
bm of th. inme of roK6 i3 so*.Iy Ffeftd b 6 pry,nry r,s*r n
(chapd 3). Eehple ol toRs atrdins ohd ndon include eltua
8/avibt al, f.idiml, md o$er m€.hani.'r idr@
oblet nohoF aE obtinEd hm tha fft equadons phr
las, s!.h 4 Nsbn s la$ oI ndion rd sradbrio€r and 'l6.iibins
tidioi,r pr
Eurei d NavEr€b*s €lluario6 dek;binE rdd n@, and |,{a:wrrt equr
feeleoeSneti.Iorci For exanpl4 the selEalt nolNefrmts€qd

,=*,*,
wheFFbL\eforeved d v is L\.vetodrytEbr Ifns is oreht, k
$"nu,P. r 4r h h.FpqsS raclsadovabictlytu
. dobh,q se monons d 9a.. r
dr{trrrese .Iruui,bledmusor Le pejnr.m. w.dnilss
,,)@,6 @ ob,in $€ r{)l$ e\en rh nbtm ftnal pc.rm o, ob,4
 appudtiom phFftIy b,*d nodelins imrude .mpLex iigid body syt
of
t syr€ffi a .ldt and plash. mrsbts. Typidl, nn@
kms and su.h nerrgrd
iGl m€rhods m B?d b obbh dE ndio p atu€E imlm{hry hm ifte
dytumiGr equ6E Eh8 ftdar cqrd

IEIE ARTICUTATED FIGURE ANIMATION

Abasicred iqQ ror firuri€ people arnmh, i']st'd,l dh€i dieE is b

nod€l rhm as.i{.rr,r..l nsuF, which aE herarhical stucbm (1npa*d or
a Ft of 4dd rnrs ih,r aa (trDebd ar rcbry jainb (fi3. r31e). rn res ronn r
re m dN ud dE . rrrai qe rodet alu,k oq^s A hoqry. ri.t tpuF. d
,mpLfied.relprm d, u, ra { be waop€d i irh . ub4d Fplt,gmS !\4
hrn'fuf&li6sd.d6ordhFoutf.ml[gs'
Tte lrNing poinb, or bns6, ror anicular.d fi&r af pra.ed d L\€
shourd6, hiF, Lns, ari orher srdeGr joinb, whj.h baver arons sF<ilied
hdim paths a rlie hdy no6 For emple, whd a frorion is sF.ifi€d for an
obtftt, 1l€ shdurdd a&n.dony mNes in a ldin sa), and, rhe stEulder
rd6.rh.ffillue Dllcr' hP 's
d jdprn&,E d.fned ,nd asdi.dt si$ ptub.dar n tids ior tne ronb and

A Frie,€t salljns les ndiot ior i6ftq dghtb. d€fin€da'in FiE. 1&20.
Ihe hip io&r ie raml.bd fodard aronc a hdrmbr rne whne fic om{tirg
InbFrlomasi6of ndffik abourtlE hip, rR, dfgr.iohb.sbtins
*i'h o sbaEhi les (FE. llm(i), tu finr hdid ! a rR bdd,r rhe hip nd6
iovanGB1,20(b).rnenlhelesswls3fo nd,6tuhrl!vdtimlp6i
6on, ard tri$sba.&6 sr.*n in Fi33. r'20t, (d), fd k) rtu re
a wid. trine back aid a frm ra dr 5hishr vdcllxsnon, s'rnalmhms
in Fiss. 13-20(0
dd (!). Thb miim .y.b n nFakd for r\e duGrio of rhe aninatio4 rs rhe
6sri. nd6 d& a spedfied dn6E q &n€ hewat
A5 a &ue nN6, o$d mo6ds af ircrpdaied inb rhe vanous joinG. A
fiMidar dioo ofla wiih vains anplitude, c b€ applied b rhe hips s

\!
ru-(Wlzolld"**'"
imp red to ths shour.res, md rhc h€d .ould bob up and down
3o+ Unmn,.mdd olfpha"a
o! " fPaPrary i 1 &nfl ?4 b_r
\,iemdhistdnb uqdrupnrdu, sdmDpnobm \Falblrdrlk're
a .onpri.ird liglP, inv* Lim
onoB tr:y e Fsbh ror. gi,.h
.s.1 Lmqu. .rLi 01r4r d Fo<srr
.ddi4ro-tr'h,n6

IEIS PERIODIC MOTIONS

hh{ qeocbu.' r rn- dhor { h Epeai{ mmp!rh'.rr Lr

' sobF -apd ob.{Erh
e'@3\ro'Pll'q.
lhemdion6.dmplcd tu4.t-)
Jlcm,4menbrc
sylchrcnjzed with $e renr€eFarion nb $ tnar *e diplay dddl

a .vp,.,r A rPre o hJnds'dpad

b br iurnins in th€ wio$ di
.'.leintherotaumofasa*on$h.d
m Fd.pule JD'
Rordcd ontnidlhesbnd d mdio pnbr proi€.rion rare of ?1 fi
tug h,! mdor hou.d h :.
ri& 1}rz I rce rrre wheromPte6 I or; b- ryq ; or a kmd,
1l

6a!NdileiokdgfuibFiq
 l3.ooutdAnddPl@d|6
animrim f;are is sm4akn pa cycl€ and d€ uhel L\E appeE ro b€ rcbbs
in dE opposire (.oueKlckwiF) didim
L. a .orpuhrgwrared animrioq we c,n cmbl ine smplhs de h a
psiodk mdis by .dF6hng ihe morio paramds. For .\ample, re can et (ne
a ftrins objd
m th.r nulripl€ rrane aE
incrmdr for a Fhrion aqle pmduG
3.
120 hobon *p3 dudn3 oft dolutim,rnd,4! in(6m( g6dab 90pcidoB
Fai t6rd mtimt lar8tr statbnrr seF .o'Id b. rs4 as lory as rhe nunba
oI snpl6 p€r ry.k ; nat b sn:I md th€ ndim is .ledly displayed. wne
tmphi obidb aie b b. animed
thit ine ftaft ostutim tu nqqht hive m ihe fft6h rab, s di$B*d in
sdim13 r TE mhm ola.mplex obd 6 b€ nfth slmd th{ R wm. n
bb.ir br*t@lm8b.o6tue
Anoir.r ra.ior ihar we ned to .osida in $e dtFhy at a reFa1€d dion
d€d i se.hon t4, we 6 pdiadi.,rly M par@6d valE io pnvdi lne
tu.dJied e@r JId pldddg d
.ourl dril,ft'd vsrueoft Nay.y& (re).

lEre opencl ANI[,lATloN PRoCEDURES

Rasb op{rnos (9€dimF4 and slo.indexds€nn€.t tun tu6ftavailable

h rtE oF ljbrary, and buhn6 lor chanE]ng old bble v!tue, ae ided p
h cLUr (&.rid 43). o'hq !6re.,n,turi@ op.ra6@ aF availrlle d'ly *
GLLI otue bec'ue tfiey depdd m the window s @. In .).h
'tt\cid6,
<mpu@nimahon Lrtud rucn .r dGbl€ bufiding nry nol b. incLuded b
Doude$uftedns opentiot il an$b, ,t achvabd u.hg rhe touowbg

ftLpiovidBeobtr'tuB,canedihetdirrll'l d 3F r,cr h,t4 tnd wedn ue

.lklnbly ro Eii6h *E ffn dnpLy. w]lilc d€ bufiq n ethg d rhe pkesh
dtucbd in L\e othq butte. we sp€dt wrh ,he tur6 o( eo btituG ae
'he

Tod*nirewhedr*ddblebulGropearicft aihbleuaEydm,ws
sn i$u€ rhe 6nowins quE
hr. pr:mda3 !- ro-ti J1@a!gr4r!. rareor!p'@o,
ro Pedom ihe oP€nijons ror inrcn

rr DLJ d"T.a?3 /a' h.vaon'

n Pbled d rhe cen@ of rtre dsPtar

we !s dl+r.y lisr b ser uF

a rhe d6.npdon or rhe Eslbr he\rson, r
'"iAc6l'1i''dgi'ln.J'nP
iadius (di!bnc. rrolr rhe pol$on .mkr b any !eft{) or r m pirels rn dE
play ttum, di€prayrex, we spefy,n initial0 ohri.n ibout rhe:

ro Tl, arur m o .n. 11: e id

nousercn we noP $a rciadon & r
ins fte nshl noGe burotr, whnh .,u
d!*oltredrFrlay ( )i

gletrtuoda (oLrioIdroN) |

s]dlEd. (eLcoloi,3wrR 3r!) :

 cnr muDn | 0n R6):

EEf SUMMANY

An in,mrbn *qNtur Gn be consh

r drndto;e@stu.hd dd,od

P dueo o'.r.. . d ar .4fd?EJf n

ue, Fh qi -, f, brts,, . h3
no
rcn fane .f rhe modor. nE $e rcLs oi

"ou. " d rcbGl q.1ts4 .ou

a3iDprerN€.ra rcd sul bl@lolp,rob6rronorcrn ebuf;posiho; I
d_,$ o t, crh
.{.q ni d ..r*.;ufton.b.dn \8,
'nry.d l.b,\' J.'lr"|'d''on.''':'"
ntr"b !,ro.odrdi-.1rrd "

m3 rrl h. do^r!h1.. b4' dern

,. {oqa o "e
obiP. . q roel/'4P. ob
 b€€n$bblisl€d, h bem tum.s aa sosatd to constu r mmrh ndo
rrcndek yh'ftbd1snen.Aconpud inatjocanhvolvemdionsFc-
norionpaihsfo!ine€{b dchambs

norion efk, squash and stri dI€b N sbnd d nelhods ld 66in3

.ddahm, And ine hnbg bem mrim fraG on b€ vdi€d to prnuc
sped variaiiona Oinq n.dnis imlude a PElininary rnduP ndion, r rcllow
rh gn ar ihe €nd of an 46d. rd sb8iry nei\ods tlur rdu5 * d imPa&ni
e'ioniia rme r4Binondtlb.tu re lna y u*d ro 8e€at rhe rift
iJl-pFP*$tsaso' $ rl aSffid
prp@ 3npl 6 p..ligr. sy*rs dbt aP avail.bl€ lor a!bFa!'d dnPatd
mimtion indu,re lerhme stsbm, p imcte zed s'€Ero, and *dpring
Fd\:n 4hn+otrobjEr,\dF .6atu
siry $e n+tas
t:m6 b tdsirim the dectus poEb md lin6 in oe oblar inb rhe poib sd
MdiN in an anination cn be deob.d wiih dnd nohm dtajnodN
drha dberGl dirc.d Inus, an
sin\ lturi. or dymhic p.rmeh6, Kin@dc hodm desnPfm sFor,
$dll-lu r.tr&-iPric.liesr'fl n
k!ro ol dE rol€ a.riq on tE obt{b in a so..
adculared fi gae ai€oft .nu*dio mo&lrhenotuolPeoPleand minah
IUgid lh*s, comerhd at iohry join
$,,tun a moh.n n inpaftd to m obj{t, each.ubF{ L Pbclahm€d ro ein n
a panirular wry in€Plre b lhe ov*all iodon
Trre snpling db i'
psldli. noiios shornd prcdue mrgl' rrlms per
q.L b displry dE afudo.one.dy odEr E, ea3dc o! nisleading ndiom
rn.ddddb $erer opsand.olc-iable mtnodra iew ftndm aleayail-
abL€ in the Opdcl- Udri9 Tdr (cl-lr]] tor deeloFins anifttim po8ram.
a
'nle povide 6utu 6oi doublehfiaing oFEhms and rd hffilnB
norion paraneh dtr3 ldl.pft*ing inb.ls Ir Table Fr, R Lsi the
GLUI tundoc lq pftdrlns animrioN wirh of€ncl pFgr:fi.

Adivatdoublehi6n4oP{dd

oEryaqtu,rodderowtr!
sFily!nd]qiIinebEds
I REFER€NCES

roEd h bs*b! (rr3'r, TlDoi, roMs;o. d

ttub ost), :od ho@3 klb (re) Mahs mdho& rE &clj*r n
lush4q x- c4k4mdP6r4q
'id trnr?ind i rmwdnq,d
vatuB:boiM! tu turh +phdm aft !v; a& h cl6ss oseot Ano
o9eu K.k 0e2t Ghd oq, snyd4 IMbu, E&b, curin, d&roer|
4'iFuq€4orLlEgvmube

r EXERC|5ES

'LlN9i$r,bdhPdxdl(lwpdFu
t@Pre sdd u@ -\ h Fi& 1! ro
&ltyfr'msF(fuink'
&13-'6irylb@inb+.6nd
BrEpdeilurdqu.rein

['4limhE@hbol
11 5 ee. o odvq p"rsno b i,cr' i 4! e\- e.rylq nb,nfueu.d
y;f.:Jfl*!*'up-3l.bh.,,.^..pheEfbssFdtu'olyh€dnELt
*,-* wod* 'dm'm sd ryktunbrE
''- E,r-" --'*
l.arc916rLq.l!.d14
9'upsininidoo$66afuhP]

Id.'&q6Ln€ulrlgE'ft.Ut
vddy rd h .* bb rb'- rcn r.e -"ri. d ae.":r. d -no'-

.r,F p.tu 6, -" & *di,.6r b

"

'dolndrFnn*!u.'-q.4
hrqrd by rie pdb
dPPArc$,ft'b.!n+.sPddh
{vM@uelh.stsddbdla
 vlriE'p4!nbhprqn drnc6drh6nsbru{EE,Lto
'1r1
l}l5kpmddrlllwfiinepdio
md6or&€b[i,b&Fdby

rn7 l!}j!rpns'amhn+l!!g'dreoturytutu +dirrare{i'h

tuclW ohtdb, dddEodonpuffi, rd 3j*itred rDlgtu3slPnb
.qurim (For er4pts, tu obid
edrd b l!]a sd bEerr popqddn b dnhie .quried )
l}fMdiJyepbdryh€lsPE3ld
obt{r b be rebrr rrn r or nmu oPdm.
'i*
l3j9Modily6!@beEn4@Poguefulftl6bdmisiolrnsellrPidl
lHMdjfy$.ftufiigk!3sPFgtr
Hierarchical Modeling

5y
trktModdqcwePk

n *htis up thed€tuntu.I: conplex objet oEFkn, it is usually

e6t+'o5sU'yhrtfheabPaAi
FdHbFthsbbmlhesElUa
dbb;6,-a!.h:ii, nle jor positioning
d Fdars, alois with L\e
rhF.otrronml b lo'n
b-s.aiaprru4r
*"hdi"".h"*t1."'*b*".ne
Arcniktual and eqineetus 3y5hi su.h as buildins layoub, aubnobilc
o".isr,
"1.
b!, ^ ro F re lpplarr' aF row rcuM.) d.\.ooPd
*.i.".c"'"
*o l'or reppstus""d"*.FF
*"dnic rmcial,
'4 o'€Ftudana! rimrilic, seial, and
dvtuenbl systrru. sinulatiotr ae oth consdd€d b dudy dr€ behavior
ol,sv'frundervanoEondilion
* *;*-.ri-"Ibt - *, b"* L' tuIdry,re.isioNabout Lhe sy$en Desisn
.€tin8 and nmsinS hrd hicalmo'l_
md sone pa.rags ale conbin pEdefined
€ls, shaPes, su.h a whels, doore
ges, shar6, dd eledrn{ircul {onponenb.

IlE BASIC MODELING CONCEP1S

Mtsrsle@."qai; ' a ed"mddo 'hc.rF \F'h ourdbed"fined

nnsa 4' r.'lkdr'
;ditu rp"b, ""h r.hmprd"F
semeti. nodek, b€au- rhe onPotrni Pad .13 syst€n arc tPc4red wiL\
Fom€tic enrihE such s sbaighuh€ *srnmb, polySm, polyh€dra,.ylinde6,
; 5phd8. si'n we aE orcd€d iE. anly with E aPhn5 aPPucaiiom, we will
6e L\e rem nodel b ncan a onprbt+qcrated, somed. repl€grrtion of

5yst.m H<presentat ois

qknon n, bgrrruir ill6ldrrc rhe
dtuRsonmonbnm\ r.tu _odc
played s rqsndi. sh;diriA, .an€d synbok, and relahotuhiPs betus 6e
srholsaft €preenbd in lhn erdPle wiih i neftor* ol.omei$ Lin6. nns
 .rros.s F ! rt.B.oP.norlb .{
o andrd Th" otr^o 'cj*o{'i.F.d,m.F'F r r-Go/nP ' d d outF.
now (rcn lert b iisht rhoush $. sy cn pans On€ synbor, the 4trd sah, ir
bi f ida.. nru, capi.rdo6.no{r
d;;-",,mbor,i,ionno
s!.h dorenc; oI a svnbol withi", nodel is cnucd an indan.e or dut svnbol
vih hNe onc in*an€fu {re d and rdr rynbols in Fis l4r and eo ireh.es o.

..;y.a* rF p:,."_"rl e'"ptu*ls|b l. +o+,,omFTru.p:6

u " r*nd d!d'db]'r ro, "inr morer"..,dn
dard eldtkal o loEa. s)mbols e 6ed But widt nod€ls npl*niins abstmt
.onepb, su.h m p.litul, 6rm.ial, or .s.nt sFrens, symboh nay be t
oivmimr geonc6. P5nd.
Inlomaiion dcribhg a nod.l is usually P$ided 4 a dnbimiion or

p* -..
"".srh -"P-" Pd'r.4rP Prmjl\Ar1o"htsrb' i '
iions ro de6rt rhe shcruP ol the P
besenthep 6. Ndgg)mtic i.lomatio indud* hxr lab€lt alsonihns de
^lo'da?-mniry'!a
i \.+:
'o-ponm' DrG Pro rPAiJrd

m"n p d. : mod r one merhod

'
pideduE Insod4anodersp{jncdowixo
plpouF a.s@g1._arodAraedehled b_p4) hitr dt' nr 'tu$
';bdi,ddashrtuEand
6."notu e aFpl"" m oFe'trr'orir
nddetinr ofobje.6 nighr R no*ly inrormation hken lron $ne dah stuchP
b derni.ddimb pcitiN, wi!\ very tuw Fredu€. a sedh€r nod€l on
rhe oiho hand, my need n6tly pro.€duc b.arfldab Plob or tuPentm

r or d,h sdtus and preducs 6n

bp u*d, we onside! sone alenatve nodel3P6fi6ti06 for ihe logic.i(ut or
loglo_Pti€nJd16Lbb.fublPlLl'
t so m.pq,ry ,oi Lhe FEt. t tr"
'Anion!
r oe .lo\ 'helrrul oP
m?o."
'yI otq-L d po!r otg d1" f:h.
rhe*,s MLAju o r.rb" trdn.
* --;i'.ti.* .I 'highrl''" ""srnb and eliPriGl aG. Labek for sch or
,,.! d"d h tr bo" ".,rcqh trE ib-|.
-,"b."-r"; d" a.!"1"-dbpaeda oa ' 1r €osLed" dp".
Pftedrtr wourd lns b€ ed to disPlay rhe gab and osdd Pcmechns
lines, ba*d rhc oldinab F.sidoB cl rhc saEs and 3 spdtred order for
 du(b ufd b F(du.a d\e.hdr oriPut
bin valu$) tu rrv srrcn,npui ftE ptuddur qiuld
y be *i rp tD d'splar o'nv
+elinalotrtpur,orir.olrtr bcLlls,sn

, rllL8 th! gdc5,.odd rhor b| dcrincd

ro?d 4.r,

\ liny ..n bc o$anized as a lnfrmhy or symboL nrc b^i dcns! (r

'nod.ls
bor,.d be !*d b rom ompcric obj..b.
.!lobjs's, dso,rorlheFn sconpooe 5oirhemodd lnrhcsimpL.+
ne tsrc hFcrehy or <,npthenr pa s,asin

hdadhaiqned'fumjnightl'n
 enhr ofwor ituis Eiih $! ::::

.r! i _P.fi g,. I

ir, q.,.,
trlrerL +rdhd*nfiDhcrl,f,

]ZlF: I\/IOOELING PACKAGES

p /
rm,d f r,.r,d.
p

. .P" .).tsm, , ,r
" ".rb d ri,. ,

insaPPlGhons 8trr so .scPhrt!

,. . a".",.i .,J. ^
etDk'o'PtllcsipFkJhs

ilaitabl. nr $. gophc i$irv

hLndlJns
sP<Erred noderjng Pr.kascs, {,.h
irudurd iloidEg rr rh. sp..r,i
 rrr j H,r /. (4r,,i irr!rrli,,,.
,4ii r 4rJ,_/.r ll d kir urrrit

r\ r! rr N$ri,r U.sr.rnP! r$ d+nri6

-rd by i( qri,gutud nr.(un llc,gn +Flnriions, and I'A.Il6

^DFi.krs!
ri.!ni.L{rNhi...,i,d.Nt IrNr

lizFl cENERAL TIIERARCHICAL I\r0DFLrNG t\'!ErHODs

bino DNsrur Ai iLi. hno N

c{rtrLrnlrd itsin,n, ir r r!.
 urE rln 6jd6d b dffi6

se6l dsip rPliat'@, ndtel8 ar @tu td uih iitstus (b,c

copiet of the i€mebic rh:ts8 Et aE de6nd in . basic rrnbol d
.h iNhe is Fs ioed, w i tlp prDps dihhti@ in rh€ {uld.ordnEb
e nodel. the vdiNs snphicn djd bbe
a€d h d appli@ri@ aE ead defed &l,tiv€ io t'. wld<ordimh d.En
5y!b& is FI€ftd ro 4 rhe lwl @diet, sfrrr td $at abjd I-'r
@rdnub 'hidre.l'oc ed /@dni'a Mdi@t.,r tuatuffid e7dine
fuN1,!11i uhe l@kordruk detuiim for ko stE$ob rhi @dd be
cedin r *oailnmjo.l tacilityl.ptaplt ldm.

Mod.lirg Tlansfomationr
Io lffid. gEphicll md4 we +ply hllolmrim b the lc:r.(ordiMb
ds6nitim ol strbols b pndre i'lfues ol tE sFbdr within the N$ll
tutu ot d'e nodd. nrroL,r,ti@ ap?li€d 60 tE nodeling{o.rdimb der
initi@ of strbob 60 giv. drd a panicd,r p6jh@ dd @6b1i@ sithin
I nodel & af4d 60 6 roidira trE mrl@. ft? tlTiol crdormh@
av,nabLhaftdeb\gprdreeaEtu!6d,nbri@ de'ring,butolnd
b.stotuH@ njShr rbo h€ us.d in * applidim.

Crcating Hienrchical Strudurcs

Afid ftp h a hjedd$.rl !6telnts rypti€iim is b omtutnod!16 th* c
.mFsilim of b.Bic strbota TlE nodu16 tErelB my thm b€ mbined
inb high*ler€l nodui6, rd $ m rib de6m €6.h rni!.r nodDre @ , nlt of
rynbol istu, armg wi{i rpproprj.re r@r@a6o pdranecB ior qcn
rynbol. Ar dE re* l*el we derm 6.h hidelevel nodule @ . Ii* or synbol
uld loreFle!€l nodure irotu,rong *rd1 oEi tudalmum pilutu.
This prdss n ontinued uP b the

rr a nodelig pa.k!sc, a nodule is.reabd widl a s€quen.e ot mnds d

Erch inshce ofa basic sFbor B assi$e

inat modlre. siniriily, nodlls N conbined ro forh lnderl*el modures ri{

The rNfoma6d tuncdon lor ach modrte di 3ynbol rp{ifiE how thar o
is b b€ nh€d inb tfte hidreFlevel nodlre. otb, .piios ap pnvided ,,
a sp€in€d lrefotDrjm mfu.o,rd p&multipl, p. muuipl, drtd e
although r basn sd of syhbob ould be availible in a modeling pack!
dE synbol *i mishr mr @bh rhe 5h:p6 we ft€d Ir a paniola.pili6d
In rIEr Gs, we on .fte addirim.l shap€s wiihi a nodelins pl%la. as
erdple df nuo\ rg p* dmo. r"u,rnr< dF.parn4 io or d .inplc I

I
l
rign€d ror hicm(hral nodeldg M
gn*ruduftsAnd*l{icdncl-L.r^J,
be hishlirihr.d or novcd arcund ,n thc dspliy dltrg rh€ desis,l Pucss

IEEI HIERA8CHLCAL N,IoDEL|NG USING Opef,GL

DISPLAY L]STS

cu+'kr oq{c en ljt d6db.d
D opmcl unns nehd disPlay riss io ron
ndno.lul.l.!$enodelisoslc.l$iiha
iihjn ihc d.riniiion ol rhe h,gherord.r lisr
so.ia,ed w h cach jose ed obidt b sP€.iry
rrt hilh!.lcvel module A\ d ebnPle
'ide{nbe a biqde th* is snP\ ahPD*d

u ould be .omPord ot rdn idual distlat

IltE 5UMMARY
phi.s applio6oni, ft{e^ ba gaphi.al reP-
e* \,n tu ione sy em.Basic.
e returen.. tans, lhnh dE also rereftd
K;s modcrin& or m*ftr, .oonthh
trruit by placig tuides ol ih. sr_
 M y models aF msr!.bd a 3)Dbol tierardies. we d oshd r
hiermhi.ar nodel by tusiins nodul6, which arc.orpGed or tul:cs of bai
syrnb.rs md oihd nodur6.1ti5 n6ri$ prcs may d6ue dom b sc
onPu' p,abte5a1d rheir nEiouB
"a.h <trbdl o modLle 16@ w
nodeliis bnsf(mdio 'dis spRfied for L\e tu.bil shtu
A hi*aFhi€r moder . be d up io?4cl- sins disptay li<
efrttheoveiallsfufuolas!'o
bol'lL.foP"olothe'DooJrc":P
witlu' a nodd€ ahg th. 31c!r1ri3! ih.tim, pRded by e app
st or dansJormda$ io s?*iry dE posihs, dishtim, and sjze ot b\e i

I REFERENCE

I EXERCI5ES

u]dbea*@isbfolgd&
hs snPhior EPrtghtu 4Brr
bira@dur]€lrfur aadrivbrer
l.tlFion'b"4!@o,o@.

Devjle.eoni]ushrltrdlityb'@lPeF,6lP@nE'nenuol
*6hu4dfrshabl3a

wbdrtdal'rofud$44dd!

cberor: nod.fns r.&se h ds(4s3 r4n !noi6 d* d[ ?now a dei

lhab.€nPladhs!re@qn;
b€ffi*dbofu8Fcfuc@@nbwilh3hlAhllirt**Dwb
e doris 9€s o,€aihns rP
nEbgd94b.ing,andddedi*dlbdlltEb'
ddPhyed ou€6 h r ndel db a nd
dehE:ny *r-Ed objd.
l4uwirr9rc€luFoh'shlchll*
' - *iJ'.-*-'";ivurdJ iror ' @rd
id ,'.ror
dfu.trigll:loudfu
Gra ph rts I ile Fnllll,rts
 r5 4 oonPcidon d 6e M:jf

ny soad pidoriar nprembtim is cned i gnPhi6 61. or

ims. bshr?raphic srshmr a olo! scn disPlay is
fire. Fo!
t orPi elFc3!alu6 A5 qe
dt hrm bufit or ant Ed
mgllai shon ot ir, is clled a pirnap Artnaugn noochronad.
naser rr b€ sbFd in a bitmap iorn (6irs a sinsle bii for ea.h Picl), tu{
G*s picbls tre now sbied 6 pijlmps. In sen{al, y Jaser rcP'tmbtion
le.rvtJn\ rom"uhd"b.rde\eoP.dtor
oein 7iru $. uJoma ! r nmr"
b; rM o; qL F rrF e mcr 'rl. rodE dpply \oae t'"e o orpF. rd ro
fdL4 b5. ; D b.tn fo' r \vos
b€r rI .old varu6 in a tult{lor inage tile n*t be Fdu€d when th€ Ptu b
b be d;plar€d on a syscn wirh linihd olo! oPabiliies, cr whcn the nb b b
be ored b a fo@d rhar dG nd supp.d 24 6iit pd Pix€I. HeP, w€ P'ovide a
bnef inrrcdudion b BraphiG file iomaG and rhe .otuo y u*d m.tiods ror
Fdu.ing rh€ size of bodr an ma8e fl€ aid rhe numbe! or colds 6t ae h h
r*d in ine display of an ihag€.

IE4 II\4AGE-IILE CONFIGURATIONs

hxel.olor value in a msb imaS! fileaft tyPicanysbFd as nom+ariveinregeE,
d-o r rmb" old.,ibhl"b-F p'rl
p6no fo; d ad .{ro- r o,. F, ry) RLB mg" r. \a.r ro e" r. s o.
'mpoffi' E bFo don"bjre f, F q C sd 3 \a LF r m " 0tu: 1v
'nCiry ft snees
u(dpftkd mte.sraphi.s lile comped or RCB oln varus
leGced b fiu dab or a nrer fl., Orhe! color hodels, including HSV
Hs8, and 's
YC,cr aE u*nonpEi*d rilelomab. 6d drnmbfr olavailable
in
bih tsr pixel deFnd5 on rh. folmi
Fil. Ioimb !"i.'lly indud€ a h.rder llui prouds infffifion aboui rhe
shdre or ttE tu€ ror onpased fd€s, $e head* miy aho conhin hbl6 dd
dcPliy rh. omPmrd inase. ft€ header
.d tulnd€ a vaiiery ol infolmtioq su.h as Lhe fire si4 (nunrbs of d ltu and
nmbd ot pix€ls per $an line), rhe numb€r or bns d byb anrabd ?d Pir€I,
uce thc sie or the file, dje color nnse tor tne
imse bacr3rcud .olor
pixel valu6, and L\.
anoinfl chaGc6s6. ofrshr in+e lils is the ordetus lor rhebytE w hin
rhe lil€ MGt dPuk Pro.6eF noF multibyte inbs€s wirh L\e Imi si8:
nin mr byb fiEr, bur sdne prc$s nore mLdiibr& n'kEE wi& itf le6t
 sieni6.dbyre 6Er The hn bie endir is ued b rtfer b rhe od6inE n hrL
mctsiE ficanr brft 6d, ed L\. bm In{. endiu EIe6 ro L\e nie.ing $t
dr ls* &gnnild byr€ b+
<oDdLrolmE{oraplturtr"s?
rhc.odiDe psibo$
' 'ldte l'lbrur01rorrh,8 'LT*sn*bE
andvis,,brd. F: n !N?Po n+,
rpiefladon i5 onndny F ftd b s a ffirtrtdtur sen d\arsh nd -
selftbicsffiEarcdefin€d wftfi sba8hllfe *s'gb oisn€n, rheb
\.. tuFrr3u!.drodeoea iror r..flenbfordi.Fh\ q, \ry
,pta.d br r&
<y3ttrc ci,l Dnrh€ ubFr deKiphd\ hi\ e em.,ldeo o rie rRror blA
\enJmPonbr.labeaPPlircloin
sFmem. dtuk,uDi"4,"q "bc
m Efend b a hybtid lomrb d
61.6. n.t
sdelbtu $udlizanoicppLconlothrr -'qe, er ri.. a o d-
rr!ts8-fl dedrcmr4\ursu.rmmco, lhr;eftriompuF,.D
bdlnt ro opmvdrFab.u rd ivtu adq
'ousprcs'm.dF$e1r ra?Pts+a"hm o \o,. eEndenry<

IEEI CoLOR-REDUCTION METHODS

sc.aai -dhods h'€ bm &vE"d ro.Tdu fsr..rLmbe, oI.otoFUrd n rrr

dLpr,yufa mrS" na'G oopur4 arhd.: prhoprnddhprdS" e*
im a dr dF rul*r or .016.
i?F FTo oA qMUd|on dhd
dmlhemdb..FLirr.q6lumn.!h:l6
andsmpTg$mry'1r,pFs h,' padrs. o y'.F;i d , rLA h@.
onrinua \d 5b'!Loo Hdq{ ?r..-4p5 r.\ b .qhnuo.rdnFh.
rniBr0rF or.4P.a o'' @t.- vdh F -r1rbE rr!otorFd,.ria
'ioa € d.dd r u a s!u;, di!.+ qd
.old3 Furrheno€, fie olorEduc
de a q ol . o h .uJ rr d ea h ofr h. fr - r nL hp p o .om eA-d
de.rc.pdr. 4id q b,I ,ed.o6

Uniforn Color R€dlction

A sinple nerhod tor Edu.ing 6loc in a rsr€r file n b diyide 6cn aJ L\. n,
d3 oLr lev€rs by r iniegs and hn.rh ih€ 6urt ror.}m!te, ir we divi
byZweEdu.eeachofd€i,c, d t .ohp@b in a tuIida; rtl)Itgbri
Ficliir+i Ad-- 60 r23 kels. Ih6, mirdo slor Fdu.tid cplac
souF or.onisqe6 r
leveb w h a redred @lo! levet as ilsbaed in Fi!. ls-r.
adr. dpprcd-labFoL.:g,oupo-p.vt$ JFh \tt-!\Jtuo
n the srup. oL w. .J d Fp'd - rhr FJp ot pnA . w r
middl. pr\el .

lzc.va'AqUb?p.l'ql'1*Eir. I
rtducHqnerhodbthe.oldlev€tsb€kenln€nininun dmnnun14
ihat adualy lifu h dr imaBe ule
vlb can ale iprlv djfiedt Fdtrm aneria ro rhe dir{ffir RcB (l@
r{F.pd,.bne.!€loulordrrirx--olorrir.*E jeFdJrd
olorconpmnb:EFpr*ndwil\3bnseach(3lerels) dtheblueomF
mr j' E?rt*nbd with 2 bis (4levck)

Populaity Color Redu.tion

tsb .ffo'JYhmor'416 ha md
mG,tK;;d,v m r"F,atrnbhm !v.6ih pdao' rPLr ft8P
d. -;,-h.brFor;b;dt rh.rd,s od RcB!@pd"nb PEl.
!h'hrmdih{!r;o.oFbDmd'Prdr ortulbFan d $?5€qErry
ot()@e lord.h RcB.oh;sPonenrTo pndu€ anduGd.olor Jile wiin
t 016, we sele he t nGt lpqently d.unhs colds in the hee file.

Media.-Cut Colot Reduction

lo .Pa..Ior *i m3. hle 0b r ''bFaiN
^"-k;dem F"- olor brs.F or rle ub4m loromrF. {b4iru'
he 6E!ddffrF;ffum d
Donenb, R- , r--, cdb, ctu, 8iu, Td B* IhcE valu6 8ire u5 6' bomds
; in u*k .r -L* .ithj" t RcB sror .ube thar ar P€mi in *F has'
heo4amitrrhenedd\4lJemd cP
*^ li'; hd Mo \mrb! blda aroloB a'r"\rpl. itdrEd om
IW' hE the la'qe'a4. \. rompuF th€ va uP R * !L ! rttrr n U o{ rh"
;,*r *r,^.* p- i"r'" a?orre w. r' {m,Fe rue" old
"b;. at $c ",'d
bck inb tuc subbkil{s '; P6ition .d 6hown in ris ltz Erch or
n-d""
th. tuo cold sbbIo.IG is rhen pl1}Psd sing AE saN suHilision pd.dG
Iris Dre$ .6tuus until w have subdivid€d rhe diAinar inase cold block
rbi uboe* A'{+ Fp {e dr aPp\ tlA -uoo v6 d plFdlerbro l}.
L'F..ubbloJ An argP oora,meG€pRBim.e -raldh Fdi]I
..bbry! md.t. r"Ee-lo, w.'M r 4uobrod in rplaFd {' h dr rvsrsr

IEE FIIE-COMPRESSION 1ECHNIOUES

A vane$ olompt$id r€.hniqu6 c.vail,H€ ior educhs rh. nhba ol

byc i d imF lile but rhe €fdilmes or a Pdi.ul omP6i6 nedlod
d;pa1& m L\e irle ol im,Er. shple neiho& thit Imk ior paft4 i $e in-
as; frle aE mod iddive nrh s€oltrn d6isE tnd sntti larse sbsl&oloi
 sone onPresion arSodrhns involv
htudw rchd.6 etu, in add i@
:r- moat a8e Fx . " nr rr o. be; dRodcd bID
oroF A! I
". rtu6rldrrenoraerj) rhelJm o
olurui ifts.. ro bsue rhEsfl ncs{.or $r b .p<i6ad a! 11 . r
r-r hdn rp ru8e 6,e o'rd btune s. .otor pd). Ir. tz *. dNdj
Lhe .mpE$ed file. Bli su.h dlor .lmses aft oren blenble bRalE ou
r,r*?du4o 1 d,rho& rtE' do rcr t
d€ b€oJ' lous,.$.mplgion Fhn qL6.;T rho+ rha fth.otq. hr
ac fferFd o rdry t @ptsim Fdmqu6 tnrdl:a+. cw,orpt*
""
nerhods pmdft r luch sEaEr.ohplsion mrio loia fle, wh€; re.iiF
sion raiia n lhe nunber olbyhsh th
in dr @pEs€d 6le.

Tnis.m?eion e\me sinpty srh€ mlisuM, rtFd

th€ imrse 6re lor
valu6. A rtducad fte is foned by sbdns each *qftk
@6kd v!16 oI
rhe frgl€ 61e varue along drh rh€ nmbs of r€pdiions. Foi ernple if
hlue r25 dcuF 3 rin6 ii tu.Gsio arme a sn jrrc. we $m &e eo vdr
d 125 in rhe ohp,e€d lire ftis ndr6 rhe odsiml eishi byb of sbrace
tuo byhs. For inages eiih br3e sinsle{oror als, rhjs s.ddbq 5d8rc wq
weu But img6 tucn a3 disihzd phobshphs have requoi @ior ch.ng€
few olEedve aFafiisvaius, s th,r@ny.old mt;
would b€ sbEd

vddons haw be€n ddetoped ro inprove rhe efti.iry of die basic

ldEthtrcodinsar€Dritln.Foricr e, we suld e a resarive np.htion t
brdidb.*qd.-red lhrFalinS\dlr. Erher$.r jEr.dtrsa ?'.bb
b, orof wd1."!holrlev4LAu rhe mEp€aling.pglPm A!4 rq
of !hi,. the bl@ us rd of vrus

-h,.nnd!ibtnr !Ju. r0 q.
-a
xrl , 11 6 b-ovtu by 3coft;.5d dF \arP
w
In h€ eRodins e\amp.. l}. :t t< bt6 or rhe npur'.e d mtrpt*o i

Dev.loped b\ Lmp" 7r. n"

and !\ret! n.
@lje, tz,tzv, zndt:zm paem4og 6 arsnid]m. rn &. rzw sh@
Frr.d prFft m ,1 m8P 1 P Jf nPla.ed q haMP rdll'fue ri"

.h rh..odr., I m i2 rnd rFe Ftu'n rg

Ftd.t.2{oJ.'nbeassr r rFt eFlE val
'6
6 th. hput lnt b rhc ronowing 5 bYEei

lormlvely..ny nomptua *'tu. "d \'1F srlF so r40l old h-

is
':s 'sc' ode @ \r4' " rfd.onsh.b
Ba,icallrrheizwarsdtnm*d.hetornpeaied*qum.6
,Lol'olsi.FsLrp closrAI'e :$Fr{ €ts r"'J.. rhl m..d'
sp.r.N6.ir"i:{, hroJ trt,thaq drt n'Da Fta drpn a s"
.;"*d db .rhndded inm rk ode hbre.

Oth€r Pattern-Recosnition Conpre$ion M.thods

P ro lG e nP.' trm tor Prdculc b 4L
h.l md P' rcded ro ,!-ha €du- dr 3i2c
ot.mse hrs i' addrr. n".ti *
aKded *1I-5ini1a ds ot.olor valE

hrrdlffma "PPdJ b! uFnsdvrtble

bndr. $ iheva u6or. fire. th.d 'itu smo'ry dl od.5i8I .
'jde 'ruF
$eshaftdodebrhen6tri.qrhdyd.urinsvalehthefiI., drheloE6i
cdda n a$i*n€d ro rh€ leas tuqmdy d.urinu wlu
Tne b;. ida in tE HlJfftn algdidm is $e sme as in ine Moe odq
wNch asisE vadbL,lensth ch.D.b!.odes 1o lerhB ol ihe alPhab4 Hieh
P JF ssrd mc .hdcde .!dr" ind d "
b";i F{tm., .@"F:",Fed toF ha'& re ^nA For e dmPb u\a d
cr E is .oded as a "dor ( ), rhe ldrft r is .oded as a "d,!h" ( , and the ldb a is
ithmedot.ndrhietlishes(-- -) Insbd
or 6g .hahcrer.oder h@ever L\e HJfmm rcde asistu vanabbhgrh bir
.od6 ro rhe v:lues in inase frle, whi.IProvide SEacr MPrtsimntis.
rhe fiF sFp n rt" rlutu1
"lsoartd
d4 hEr; bmpd mse'ire rhq h rcdF: "*"uncdo bsu*
!rcrsb rh" F{-no om'. olr merhoo {' r$ ru s he droble lersd
" vio,thefiish-!€qa€tryvaluesm i}lebP
or ihe fte an,i the l@€Ltrtqlm.y varE as rhe lerf nod6 srarti$ w h $e
ii?,hm trbdtumuP [!.,mrnode
o !lbhEa*lsi"odnunE rdll,!.r Dt\rie mol-he+oue a{uLor
-ode ldh d Eho tuldm whr FFi.mrphF.aLLleFlbemla'
b€red\rh'hebL1"4 vaue0 Jnd"unsh rF-?lab"PJhi$ h"b' dryt:iuel
nlo"Fdbvlm"FfuinsJfbl,n.nbn
lab€k h@ rh€rop otlrpi@dlrM b rh€nodePcituof $atfile valueh i}Ie k
 T.,rr6rdF $cg*Et hilft@lhon ttsF k ,*rJFd of rb.,6
h s rhe \.lu 06 on.ria 3 b* rhr. rr tz(ll]ll g4 riro. td {br

:E $e towFr dqu4ry idn jR

6cUleMovatuF brr I rly 6F rdG,t(9. td)
n:s8Fdd :bd $ar i. equdl o hc !f d rre nmotrdl)l\fu.a
'odp3 2 + L we delde dr6e *a 6le valu6 (210 d 43) t
ib ho ofisprjn8r -
Ifiq cnytur s I Bdw. Br@cFd.
ftcPbr r u rod rle re{.dbh
uing by ko of dE the n€n6 rha! h e rhe libet 3. vlb .h(@ rlE so 6L
'rlu4b u nrhe.ubR.hoh,lf 3 tri.andwedid" hc.atEt4'dad6
htu, ou o.dr,Jrl.rJbGhh@orha\ D ibrtJ(Ls t+4,. wF deri.
\e.rbet r tu ,ne {hve td. hd !r!
'rh sultu. Tlre ko subre aE nn
tne tuo low*i ".omb" in th€ lir npleqr
oFsed ropmdr Fn*.ubrshoqinr€. ,- rindlr e ompt.F L
@(i M o, rlE berv m. rFd l\.nbyituE rhe 6rp\a rob ro lh.r-
lubtee we.Ebd. ftc varue r.sisned ro rE er ol ihe @ is E btal d
(21) Ior an
vatu6 in dle imse me
6
Now dEr $e have alt fite !alu6 in a lrnary tu, we tabet teft bra
ir ihc h 4rh rha om4 , atu.0 dd , gn, brclllF Erh lhe bi,ury va € !
a,ir,3 l5-3 tul1c 'h"rcororb-h he.ffi:ImFrhebrad !h-
doqod.hddre: Td",. Fr. roms lhp +' d varoblp.le$r} b iao to6
rcn s.' up "b. rE-2 qh,+ M'l be lrira
'nh
&e .mpcaed nle. For lnn exampte. rhe; is one fije vahe #rh.6ejiF

FrauiEB e*r"H'6ih-bh

n6uFE 15 6 f(,lr4rHdnn edfthrofnrso

uorefusluer,{'daoqrc!red
 Eih4frp66Mliq617.

/\

/
/ \ .v
Z\
bil@ 6de tn€ nle valu€ wiih r thEFdign binary o,re, rnd ko 6re valeE
wfth ; rouriisit biMry .dde. n\e los-6quency vahs h.Ye lm€q on6, .rd
ilE ruqher hiumy aru6 h,\ € shd'6 .ods
h^o d.h,--",-b d * Hdmd.od6 st nohrclde baPPli^
<

ro rvsh;br.od.. rhkauof bbdmd?J.jord.ode6le!drbvPrc

v di; llbr r. r.r@ {s rabr. I >2. ro demmsak deom8 aborr'n
'hr rmlmlm rh.
re 3u;DN tr.r Lhe.;nr*)ed r k ob^ the bi'sbm I I
*'"i.'"t*.lr.,q" .' $ trsr Fprqt h 6re *i,. c. b..E dE
ieablr.ode1al.lu!.tubeaPEtuIoa.yorhdode NexCs.have.bit
value or Tr€n is no Gbi dna oder inan 1 d aEe at rc elbit .od6,
O.
so lIE nst s& m6r h€ ddEr 001 or m10. Cnerhg the indmd @de rajJq w.
6nd I fte v3,Le 210 $fth rtu sde 0010, whi.6 tus t]lit rhR .a@t b€ a 6re
larue w n the .ode 001. Ar rhi Poit, w. have deod€d 6€ riBt tu fir. vars,
96 and 210. TIE ne{ .ode in tlE bft slff nud be eithe! 010 d 0100 The n
a file v.lue wi*l iE .ode 010, $ *@ cNot b. a louF6it ode widl tn.i ptf't
Thus ine$lrd d€od€d frle v.lu i3 1{r' ltt .6ihue ffilydne rhe br 8lrtm in
tnn namer ud the cobpl*€d 6le hs td rrdy de.oded
$b 6 ale up ot$e :dems ld se66.g 3'd asunirE Hltrl'm bit
.od4.O@reh e the tEqudcy Mi, w€ mld,sSn a.ode lal8tn b ea.h
6rev.tue tituq$r{o.l4rhdrdhh€qm.y!our.kd dmaaLd
A PEd€fffd.adP 'd d.l,o
t'4nr !lsdld'- b e"" ft sPFF! b ' odelpbjffih,}ts
b';;b;sF odA b h rih '"16 whnn n.€d ,o.be the
.od6 wilh the .o',pEsd lile.
h$blhoffimqtrm.d}F€q
'Pn,l.ode
toryqu{rF or rt e dtp, clu." nFfltm4. dod,M Jao. d-
r! rooouA rh" h n bm ot rhe ,i.e b, . o.rup.?d oy $!n valle rhi- r;16r
+roi subink^l]-wrhr!h.hrinF{l tm0.0 0 r.0 Tlfn&tnrr.b,.1n
is aFabdly napp€d dro dle sabin6al6 b edabtirh nllffiiGr inerab rn
.T1i€nuhdi.itboudsfddE binhnaa
ae u*d io encode the.on$dabm.
To insb'b rhe nerhod, we coNider a fle with 30 md€s dd jNt drE
d.& 1\tc Ff rFqls. t. oun rd ompondjne 6j. L,ibold for ihc \E
v.\ F m I dr€d in l,blc r5r ft b. v, ur t I dsK;kd h,rh rhe !ubd?5r
hdn0 00 b0.20wiihinihe ri inreflal, vstue yr iss$.idedw h rh€ subhbrit
Ir'on 0.20 b 0.50, dd value v3 is assb&d wiih rhe subi@flar fton o5o b 1.([
Lr dh.J woids, 20 p4at oI r'. unii in6al n eodabd wfth 1,1, 30 perd
i win lrnpJ )0 p€n mr d rhr. Fs E$ dubhF {
rh. bp h. or fic urrr
q.rh" fgt6Dm0.r0ro0b0.rpl*nalnr*qH4
' rr{ b,4 FJ64
obMd br F mFphgeor r. y d., L\. yr !Lb,rnd l4bt. rr rs
m3€ to! fte* rhr* hGvalue 'nd *qffi conrituina in $n name!, we 6
m"p $e inPn ,15 tu ,}e a evru. *qq .s db odF s $iiF-ib
rhe squ.lR 6r lddgn omD dr oleoI$ehtevrLe ftemhd:q !alue L
- otu
rh? 3 lbinh drs aE rtH u.ed roh.od
v&oui lkmrhmr rm b. u<ed bI
fle varue conbinatim. And the afthhed._
ryodq3 4 3ff r L tuxJ ffired bi4 oma numb.\ hEao d
ih. ir oe^dl ap@;predbL srmr
*.norbnFpod t:rEsw'nin 'rp

Dlscr.t. Cosine Transform

A ubs o' nm-r, rA1m ne$d&. rdudrns dy oui.-and H"d"rua
'
forbhcrojommonlvu!.daeth@P{'ol.nPtrmbbdalsDlh6
 15.3Fir/4rfr@6t4hniry61,7

for 0E tt6t* Gire b@6om pbvide tads exedo sndbetu olG fid.Lv
in a llosffil pituait4h€r .mPEBio rarioa
Fo! a Dd oI r nllnEical valus Yr wi
red'od Bffie t€ lolowins *i ot

q-. i"-'l-Llr] -,=.,,.

ft
tr:
bnsfm ne$od .onpub a dir.de 3u tr .6ire h. frd\
'IhD6, mis lr.'
tr*iahqmqd'lhlhmp'ifoderlhaFPoptoa]lowjpulvs]LE
E d/ Ir pNibr 6dd od PmF. dp onSim. ! dE m RoqPd dith 'lt

v=t.r*l'"1"'"1. d{ o.r. .,, 'hr'

Etnr
!q otbn.tt<tub\cl@v 4axudedto,'m cf6arb"aid'.lr}tr
lMiffiindEtrv6*Eftkm+rhm Bur ue <itrlldhuology ffie
ur @rfr.mE.r *8ffi ffi6 in lhe sulrrmbo m r P'odu!6 rr v;
To eae fti! lt@lod mLhod, s. ' (moF JE ro osnrs lier o13 hPur

1215, 2@, 21r, 207, 19,. ]4A, $, 631

nE bansrdmdvaru6, (rnFtd b tuo&.in rph€/ lurhs hpur ft

$71.a, 143.31, -67.76. 16 33,? 4t, 4.73, 5.1e, o.051

ln 6i,.\rnpie. s erhe dPliud6 or rhe brftbraFd ! JwB m' r.dl.

n@ rhi.
d".€*, $ h'slH n qu' "y rc-ine tu SE$LF l6s b dr
rh:r rhe er'
ol rhp trpd lirtE IrBB' bas..h 'K,
idsisricolL\ed,ffiGimbr56tr
.h ,i 6xN- b 6 @Dtub d*ry rhe disitul valuE u-!ag or y tP I 6r
e6al 6,ff f omed valu6.ft cf oc,roobhh.cobPEs€d hg!fl qwe.dld
olcuLb rd sft jud the 6id nalf or
snows ine Edb to@Eq.lt2wlmweue4 s,ararl3olrhe tutomed B,la
b RSah 0E inplt v:rl6. An carcur.ed vslG h ihe 6ble aE Fud€d b tuo

*.L ry-,. o tt'" -onpl*,m hlr qF q smsrorus

qbn*urar bb.rs o't''
uFr"ra"-.y
v6lri rarl..r tun tufo'rMg Ltrr h oI vaLe
rel.!d.irc iqa,qdrbl(!orrbrrirPur\. uF. dT Eatuforntd
'Nr

4=""ii'4'''[q#4]*f ; -l
 lnveatDRt.tec6jr.lnn:fum6ra|

{i
Aiso rte, by, setofinpur v.b6 &EoveFd EirE t€inveR ban nmali-
v, =tt.,vr-. gtlq -. (}+r)'"1

j,k=0,1,...," 1

IlJ5 hMlfom.no rF nva* d rypu-\ jmphffired 6trg 3 o, s sro4.

or hpJ vduh. { hr sruF or. o o. uluA atdq 3 sn trF :E ptu
"<.a

IEEI COMPOSITION OF THE MAJOR FITE FORMAT5

Hudf*d br. foruh haF b€o de,e.op"d for ?pFhdJls snphna d.b
{idlin d'{.rr m6 ro, d'ftilfir oF;d'v ,Fhs, a .e
p. kp 2[ Eenulmrof sFdl "y.@ ] ddFob,tuL;tr ?%.oE
enm Prc.ane rcuw3 Ano indrsdLat l(mr! tur for sF .. app.id
.rs aJrlmhad.s-"P1,.c16a uk q
ny-rd8 softw, vido Eontin& sddtit -vhstrahmsftwft,painipt,
8Ftu ho d pro *,nE 6yh.. .p
dm rerPq{d b$dqsbs.dnd I
( \st dmda,* . or-.te4 hr, e pDplrs cvFr. formE :nd LleompFsm
MGr
'aariil€ lom:tsf d6isr"d
.Dpryo{)bb'b:p\ll $ .rhebft|n 4nob !,ledd.h1asdr
bm b @4p ir t qumilJ #d bFffiotorinDprprmJFr. rh!rurm
o $Pold.. tabel bim:p b L4P,blr
 t54 Gn4ran lttu tujo, Ftb tou'L zte

B€iDre fie develophdr ofolor displays, aI mE. inas$ *esbred a3bituPs

(oft bit per pixel), qe*tins rhe bla.k-md.whib pnel patens in a PictuF
Ai olor hchni'tucsdtreloped, PirmP fiLT (nuliple bib Pd Pipl) €pl{€d 0E
mrp\.4.d€'i,.
,y o' u {3e6lci4Flab l.da"i'mp
lo;b" 6 L\qi\ ihry apdtu nyphpldmb{multipleb6PdFiFl)
tsowevei L\e do.;mdion for such fouab 6n b. .dsuld b deretu th.
nmbs bib aitu:Iy a.lldr€d ro ca.h pixel posido. b rhe lile.
of
nct pd, the lile ioma6 daribed in dtn dion .E not *ad.
For rhe
Trlq udqo .wbnt Fnim and wdar6, md nany vai b oftm exist for

JPEG:Joint Photographic Expe s Group

In ib basic rd4 rhG sidely u*n and omplex {se4 d{doFd by rhe ,Irc
orsiniadd (lso), osis6 or a larEe
ads
toudon or rilc-onple o i oPr ob. vo?thrr NvdJ,m v:rchonidsir$
b theJPEG defniiior so rlEtn dbadplsnmbd ina nmh.rordifi8mr way:,
h {mpPlN csa]golhr.ro\.rytus} omP't$m l6t r4hod' B" dP
bd'. trEL dcMi[or de ao. rd_p PF y 'ptry hod rhe.oFP*."d mgP
i
file should b. sdc@t so that can be @d on difiercnr compuk stsr€tr or
by difiercrt appLddoB. For irobmo rheF n nsP€.fied ors!tutu lor ine
heads inro@addn rd
$erc is no sp€.ilicton ror rhe ..lor mo,lel th8t should
b€ us€d in thecompc*d rile.
'Ihe JPEG dmdad den€ lou 8eMal file..qPrtssion nod6, whi.h aF
.alled ine bsl6s, Fquen6al, Pn+r*ive an'l hiearhic'l nod€ In fte JPEC
lo$lrs do&, d pdbn.R.srud sind. i5 rcrbned q u. tr Hdlmr
enM r! a ri;di. {.od "s llo44- dirndl il- c l *'* doP \
'h"
nota€effichrsoL\pravailablelcsle*romab,$ nr €lyinplehdr€d Tte
JPEG baseli. seqenrirl nod. i5 E mst Nlmoiry se'r vsion dt ]?Ec
Nurerical valu6 6r dre olor .onPwnb in a PiM m $oEd in 3 bib, and
dErcm h'h fl'he
, abs. $\nd?d *qra @ rca l
b,-odcfd nvhlnmro' o_pom6
lr brPfc pmsrsie. hod4 M m8e th
pm#; .rc.aeidlp-€,o !ha, l"J.^ a Fe itus" a1b8"€r"d
d varyhs rtsolutions. Ttus mode, Sensally rttuGi b as pd3%3i& lPEc, is
bNmingPoPuleioliibndappLcrliN,b..auanushaPPFxin*ionofa
doi r."d'3$. mP.drmgelh Ar
;rharcu. on orF...dL ". roroorins in.Fm, !r\ 'nP'o\"o p6'on'vr
hi.ilnodoqF(Fd \de'dmlsPi ro
':ft rc 'obcPmgNlc v
.oBtu€d Ben* ot i6 (omple\it hidd.hnal f?Ec n tur ddety ed
opdm .ould b€ prcvided in a larrkale ,l'Ec nnphdbdm tu *e {_
nd rL.romPA oaDJEme€6.51.F s hP
he"Lrtud rr.dram b$.'F ry,db
@te osine ba$tofr Ale, (InpEson delinitim 3P..i1y rhar eid'd
ihe JPEC
H|frntr m{odins d dihmeti. enodiry tr be conbjned {iii dre dis'tr .e
sift tmlom. But inplendbiioB or IPEG rever E. L\e tu*ndic-mcodin8
:r*oritrm, bRaus thse rlgon*ms ar parmed md Eqft a lhmin3 re
al$auqn rh.lrlc apF'r':o n do4
 Fon* qFE), pnpo*d by Eri. lrdid at c{ube Midody ehs and bni
on 6wsdijn6 nDn hdy l"Ec Ul6 b d s folmr the fle;adtr ort:uE;
dflM{. ffeml b s ur r e rdrorrr.L\.r*ord11J
niqup IFI_r
bld D rh" ijl" df lftse.iz, F.dEr in pN.s pcrn o p.(! pa nf,.urd
iL
heig-, :nd
,hrhrJ h of d oPtoa;r cr
'dri
ih:sfl.md ?RlB\a.Fror _aopb,pa!{,mJs. pd
.oororpeh6 nrod r rh- c
8-d.%rp d63f o F y-onpoffir i! u.ad o6er tuion d L\e&
h! . d6 dr bb 6 nRdcd bv ri. omDcdion ,lsolhs. rnFgec d . oPd .
JPEC 6les siis the biqsdian fotur
ft.Ifl u 1nrd.drF qL- E.Fr odrgo, r iDge tudyp..:xJ o'ls
o'sedGi44rabons
rr) (old ( m! mDn: Pi^Pi Rc B !
(r) coro, shptiry: the ruds or oror vares in ih. fn. cn b€ du(d b
bingodv rhp\dlaflm +|l1Ed? vtsd b, eisfs he,otd.od4;
mbdldiarmr pLerFmP3 A.impl mpt"r-b\mfff rtuvm
op."nmasni bl€dFmto. r.lar dn e..ryo,herpr.,aqr =
p1.,. d ryar) fourr pMr L "u I rFe oro .mpolmi aF emi, €d .
dftdhcquc.js$dslaoF'm
le-Ed. Tha allc 8ab (mpRm Eto,robe4tu4.o.b6iu+lfE
a

()i Dis* (6ine T,brfod: \.{ FbvBgrcLpdorp\p myvdth-

lm€ftdb(jjftts.6inehaJElomqlc6sAEql5n
14) R.drriq orTtusbm.d vilBr to uhr. hps rhc cniied inDF

dso ud@dehii. r dLnrPot jPva]fuFaj]tr;8, *

oB.mapqa@,Pqlrnedb) .h6
i$ rr.d,iL4 $ F.hAbr \ar6 r; !r,.rrd;ode s dLlu.d-

,, Th 9in,Pi.M Ae,odrd by h
Hdlon sd rr* 19t) IpLc omjlR i. f e, Ftu,4 0t lrfi ft s brmr h-
ru\ -rh:toE doF orrtur jm eiri5.Fbdrhr\r1r! uF*
r ! Fp:eJFIl in rfEL@otemrhbon, Hecvi.ktpcc $i.
"\en ta
r! roft onLin! hmy mofcpqqs lh.n m, be pc+2t,n oc rdcrlE
6!io rd Fsmprc rfrF us rGr mlord node,Irc.c,, burcp$F;a!r&
atm6difudflemt.ololhodds
rd phd}ruLm.ofprF h"p6 rd o gred phoFsEpr!'
ru,h,rPe'f pts- m,ricPIo. sr!ph,^
idersftwmmpBm B.o rlbatJr,_
ca o,.od bforruno io' lnpL p oE, hd m al hJsc lnsle{to "'E
CGM: Conput€r-craphicf M€rsfiie Foft at

o.,ry(mpuhrsyrMf df is d,o+6puFrg,ioh,6. jft ,t[;3!.Fn*

r* s-"od .. rrftrh PdoL;r& -.
 15'4 crl@Maltu tuht F tt f,mds

dy,ppkation uins rhe cxs or PHrcs Siaphics libarr' ni$, ccM suPPos a
\rreiorkallJe d@hm
Db.qi\n -:;m"p q s: eto' romeF r otuiic' nr'.dli8 'Frb$'
$ r; Lre M, h qe hll'ry: dm i n4d4{ rans\Pdhdqc v4 oJ'
ons D aftbc 6 i; ndudeii h m imase cre, s!.n s ft€ hatum value
ror o;r omponsb, tne size or a.olar bblc, lisr ot roib lsd in dE fre, md th€
boud5h.llpeLnawindow
a rh,'E;i;r' {here b us€d LbM ro nffie 6le $4 a d i
.'.",-1, .uM ."d. i.pM".d r.r Gr 'nm..dins .nd daadins s lne 'm"sc
L€ r,\e r ,ra d b. s v;r ''ia .
YC-C!, CIE nodels, an,liolor hblri. In addrtu, PirmP lils 6b€ onP*&d
6hSwrudo6ol rerEih modnLg md Hutrmn modins
TlfF: Iag lmag.-fik Fomat

ooe trr s an eEn;r Io tui b r !t ne ar4 in.F bdqer diffeca'

";di.,lor,rd dpLFasm' alrho-sn ' 5h4Jd)mrpa nFli'oneol
fi md ndbh bmb. d tn b. ru{om ad d Ldi\dul,PP[ .nom
lr is widelr us€d h srh diveF appli.atiom s @dnal inaginsj d6nop Pub'
r.5jp, rdpn .dl * inhLFs %hll e b cgP .bEge \ mns,llJtu
ri"_TIFF f,,*t .- b. u*d *ith b'level, sav{ale, 'nd
rnd hrn{6! iraS€
ad TIIF 616 aE dBiFed b siore nddpLs nsb imses Prel color t'Joma

r TrIr L\.r 'n dnt u$e''Jtu TA.! {mPffisio

rTm6 n.Ld;(Moftr o s o 'dnl{grh er'odd& --lw fld r g Hufilru
m.odrns, d dE suik otJPEc hethods.

PNG: Portable Network-Gtaphi6 Format

D$Fid b d inory dqr Fup ot da e'oF?F PNc p!!.de a \gn v eel dr
."fu -;o*"; *h.". i.''din* inrse t oap*sion.'ss.-' n nNc
rcrrde duJi.d h dnB mo r r d'ian' or L7 drodiJ\s ftu.6 ! r i5 s"m FB
ooDul$ry m h" nhraid - "s". Mse.nd Ean5nE d lrBr rrnnlor
dNr';h domq 'aa c rp*h pdiirs , o .qple,mPJF siph i
p,";. P\us*;d* -A\,h rm r'st
rhoE
"I
.mDrsd lPEc fila.
h*€ \;r,ai,'"d in 'sno
oNl anumb€,oroPr'oturRsuP
"F"r"j.,p*i'-d'p-I'bi6pe
ood€d u PNL, hduoss R.B !or'omP6-d YYZ rclor dp.r {6 3r3v

XBM: X Window syttem Bitmap lomat afd XPM: X Window

U.rik oils f()Imb, XBM r'l xPM dor PidE infomarim 6 C c C++ 6de
rhi b o r Dm Bsed d wdnJbon! c rs $e \ $nooE 'reo rnB PMI
- ea', {ocd u an lim odfl d b 4hr As he
',16a-;D€mkd
*^-,-'r'l\Bv*.r-*,;,bih
-, p".";: \.,ldpl" b" p- F^.|r. ril* btu^ d .uooorEr D) ao I Fb
or r\p tu. Jn bp rdued jr$ \p<:x) da,ig_po @mpftJon pmsrcB r_
.rqd rhqder t 4 r@ rorms r r,r-F ptu.;s, d-;,;, o.p*

ro?8auJld r-u' andbirrctu..$J4 m0Fp'enr,heth; bd rsmu.d!d

,b;o n oto, bb F L"iie R.B q rlsv
be

Adob€ Photoshop Format

widely Eed h ina8ep'Ixsmg aF?tieiioE, dF adob€ photoshop folmr i,
ophz€d for rar' "..s5m3 or b3. rr {to EsEr .f,s^. tr rMosi \ c,l I H.
r{nh.Rodnsy;"m *. n ftd;,h.".
!i6rr q \pr 01,of fhDro.Fopour Fd,o(m;F!d rerhc.
dr'dl}a6lr@PrcvioA:q'rlE
olDp' o15 Phob,hop \Lpp.,b pid:p. bitup< iffiGhmF.,r,gF . aid
8Ev {'e'ml3F \doFdb,,eo FrsRLBoh ompomb,cMYr oh
!omdl)lEb.dinolo' 5bl6 MvdnoLdq npffi:?po id.. u, ?p'RrbE
rdtsoe.oF p PI \e ud rusF a. h ell f hnspa6.] p.?m6
^c[e,
MacPaint: Macintosh Paint Fomar
A pnrdud of dE Apple co]?onrim, Ma.painr is a *andard rorftt for r
vd"in.$ "pplidriotu trdd€frlb'a r}b forru. dbrtuF \ \aovih

p'€'a L*"*€oFd r
176 pLet po .6 ,r
bE
d d z0 .
"an; hne.
n orde. :rd M!.riinr br6 rh {v5 lonb
A r.teTlh mol rq 4hm. r5.a
'

PICT: Picturc Data Format

Ir hybno {rlmr '. "ro'trs prco r ro. v,cinr!,h rpp jro L finr h. 4d'
,
( dpordo soft!n434du rr€pFibddeb,h,p.
pffi!.org.trc
tu EPlEq bhm a ncr 6t" rhe
rr of Mitrh! ourr Drar tu'.hons
'1
hr o.fre c piftR€sa *ror tDe s..-
- mF.porrsm.4a bihp8.odEmj*, ippirserdmes.,dFbuF!;t

rdigB b. .p+o L 3 1o1o hrcm .f (b tup, RcB -.1

rcr poMq o' d io d hbh R6e '1te !f bp tumpEyo Uss a u. 6!*

4lmr& i .dried c o b,p bm . Bvp rcturxy .Lppoft iDBF r le- rE

'
ob odhpl.bir\p"' pF rhir rom, hod.vetop.d b! dFr,r(conc
p.ntim tor vllndoss opmrj$-sy6 appli6rio6. Anoiher sidtar pi
rormtdutjsall .:rhd8Mpisu*db,*Et3Mc6/2op€r.$nssysren.
h.el \4rua u a Bvpr .ar"brd u.ihlc€rd,m;a B;i, rs
:r. o 12 bir. pF p cl FFprl.old\4tJF i1@iF.,.d q;; RLsc
c -pmao, \,rh olor bl.. and rr" p\et ar lim.af ronn mm ood
6le;6ullynokmpltsd,burarunlosrlt€n.odingarSonlhncsb€aPpli€d
ro PixmaPe wiL\ 4 or 3 bi6 pd pixel.

PCX: PC Paintbrush Fire Format

D€velDped by the zsort cdrp.ratim, rcX is amrha pimap rolmt u$d by

to 24 bib p.r Fixel, and pix€l ydue c b. sP€ined 6in3 RCB cdpddb or
color bbl6 v:la€s e $oEd in ftdeod, odea wi$ iIE san-lirE o,nenns
lrcnlheb?of L\e isaS€ io th.b.hn hd L\e r6er fil*.in be omp'€*d

TGA: Truevision Gdphics-Adapter fomat

I 01 il rhirl rleldl8d€ dvtsaC'Ph
6mai poPurdy !*d Ior vj,leo e'r ins
is
rn ine rCA tolmi, pixel valu6 are o€d in litlsdian onla, d imse
615 cm mbi 3, rt 24 or 32 bib p€r pixel. Pirel coloF can be sF€.ined as RcB
.ofpolmb o! h tablet wiLh twa pNible hble lomab A si+le RcB color
bbleobeused,orth€R,G,lnd 3conponmb. b€Siveninspdarehbl€
lj,?iclly, rGA fiics aE not .mpltsd, but mj€$lh en.o,rins akonL\ft .
beappliedbl g?r inrye files

6lF: GEphict lnter.hange format

]tus lomaL desiSned Io! e6i.i5r €l9honc.li.e tffimi$d ol diar imge
!16, is a p'lduct ot 0E Compuserye corporaiion. Usins an Lzw ,ktrillm,
Ll}Fmvde.?,sonrb.) gom orp Plelo-Pub g,phF
L\e pndu.ed by IIEC or PNG. /,rinough CIr has ben u*d
aR not as sood as
i nany applnahm, i6 popubnry has dEeri.,ny dedined bee olih€ Patent
isuB Nooaed sfth t}€ lzlv ompre$im also hnr
Enhe! oofthrrft or hrliiolor pi.tus cu b€ prcc6s.d by cF, bui Pixel
varus on only be speitud in Lh. sng€ tion I ro 3 bib, anryi8 a mxinm ol
2s6olm hxel valu6 ar noed in

IEIE 5UMMARY
For a Esblgr5p}n.s sysEm, an ihagl file is tr"iolly an RcB pimP, whi.h is
dltm efftd io a5 a Ew 6kr 6le. The RGB pixel nlus aE troftd as ink3r6 in
ihe ran$ fDn 0 up io a marinun value inat is deEmined by rhe nunbr..hF
avajrabre ro ach Pixer. A FcM d
.dbins 8l(fuft desripti@ or rhe Ftu.onpmnb, such as line sesnob,
Wt& rshr imse liles ac b b€ tansrered beken s)€es or soEd in a
loa it my b. ll.llsry ro cdue ihe nunbs oI .olor varues eln*
pafricuLr
sied h rhe irGge. we 6n mirorn{y ftdu.e the mnbe! ol.olon by.onbining
olorl*ekinvanouswayt cn as averaging rhe levels Tn€ poPuiffity mdhod
rd educiq .olos *leb Lhe noe tnquenily ()11udn3 .olor valus And rhe
 ol'a.Pa'.inb:qoio'dchl}ax.ok.
wib@chbtod @taed bv rhe:veF u(r dbr
vaicDtubha. e bFn d.FrdFJ
hmforpcd.ir6pp. dtobo'paiiot.r.y:r. T pt;pbma6dirtcrrrb
.h.'w of ri. hqd!" dlc. dn byE oilt trs (brs c'llrk o, t,.ue ero Mr h
i1%e, \arue rhc eJrdrrd,., ,@rcdueh fitesr b..b.&.
rh "fn{hqe$'nd otJ n,. fd d0 D
"i.d ' nH{rd dy d omptr\on ro;e

'alheoTplFcd6lesi*rJeFo'.b
rgo'irhryuaiF. \..olor !rtuAde'turbrrdrdenioed".rcdy iji
66. sr ar e\a.rjy EroF dF .oto, v,lu6 d dM.bed .s .osr& -o; a 6L
Iotub atso hploy .otGFru.tion $hen*
A {Dfrd mdpRsio mJrld o ftep blcs E tur. pqr*
Fp cd,i -.qrreor'tFrd p €l.atsk,d \e\Jtu"rorheM.mSd -.6b$. wlnd Trr
Epa"N p:kru or p \" , s'!h d {,la orher patrtrFfth -u ffprsia
r.omp$sL d F:m p@d:G b, d; a0nE
*lln 4 \6 orpu.te.F tn Hulfun en odup. a airbh l{sF rcd;
i5 d$ Ened rc, old v:lL6str' rre rcr FgLf ;rtre !a LF hdprF
€ rhe r4uq 'tr .oui r ;ou ! cn4
ba8€ fle ro @de subdivisim of Lhe unthrdrl hon o061.0.l.ie b{Ddse
%.t .ub,nhru.l:F nn .*droo {da rlrsm.tsdrold ." rF Fp *e bd
b) h' .uou hr. Trif dqrh . G m hroform mulnptra ?, f I d;. \ dE
'n(Ds.nsrirqJml md $h .,;5,nepldl.b rhir
by mMe eT,w. h
.JrdbonP,(l4uv. sa {' 6
'alues. r,l"rohpE 01b tm:.hrred bl plituabr lme o- ln. turodEd
ffiion d dE m;e
vln\ 6le rom.F d a. rabLb-va.,@stuo;.."ppdhNrdry
uffir @mpuh.ytr'* rnmp fof :F sef de\dop{ hJ \.s!tr:d'd.
pmjd ,nd li]tr dE prcduc! a dcperenr snps A f$ o, rhe s.o. ?
d omrNr. trrc.'irenl. rNL $d h@ a, $r\ r4mdowrrd appL
Macinrosh .o.Puec, ard &. w;d

I REFERENCES

n HEbd 0s, d rq, chssns 0e{), h!

0e1),dKrr04) co@re ud whk oe37) djsrs kfth ndnods:nd hs.
@.! *onp€gmJstuE4&ej;
H.ft4'rc{ /!fdLeiF.'re!tr '1 {r,ir rsi.&odorpir(o, $o
oet and Mano lre). Fq ddid@t brorfrd@ on loEc, k radllE Dd M;{eh
(20u). tu ccM tu]'d* ifud a dened h tueln ad Mulbd 0e3).

I EXERCISES

*e si ddu..d hqa orq 6ak

1',l6dIydEPlr6bePEfugde$l}:t6!bPutbnb€gelkdut
lpedfisdtEducdntrofle€Lb
l'3l,clxy&pl4tui&(eF26dulldt'l€glduhiunbdnryPsld
b & & G,$n s .mroM6 fr. rsrutu qh+ard.d a 6. hb€s !ry
IoIgchlmFnddenfudb6
lwthFdlebrdcblullolh.P!.€gdb{le/dfpitl6ldv'lE
PdPodfua(Msga.hxmrin.'

!gMe.PrcglDbdpbdfrlM.le$dl6@d!$ieldry'esn'teM€li!\3
1@1bbg€!vah6,d'h*hv:lu.hd.
l'7MdxyfuPryfril'€pFiou
pffiE6dlig:lgdi[mfo!'31ry'e3d
lhd6hng1024in'€qYilc'ddl
tFl. od,t.PE*n6sFFadRcB
1$9 Fsd dE phsFm hllppE edlE a.d* b Fda m hPd il wia I !l{
1'l0cihubPurinlsPdeoIbjnn€
kE, wib a FDErdbdl'da bbL.r i!q!6cr oDb h de pill614!
'6
$nUdi€ehquqfub'mePl@lhg€!€F*uie.Prbgranb.6.
lH2UjngirEn.qle.yqubfulrleFlo,ftkapl!3n6b.nPE$e
imasElreElurnuElesd4;
1'B ci6 a td d a Ptd db6, d6 fu RGB .old @nPold fu a.t F:eL
cl* tffifon vdE (Eq.151) lore.h
dadE 3q of trer' h {E rid
3

1sl1U$gEql'2sdd!hB'o6
8tr b dLullb d! mcd (lEld),lel6lod
l'15'J.dn'eprefusqdeb.
orsPnd'EbLssy*lRtdnu$grof(i.ho!'oq'elu6,*{1,,Idb
by32PfuCe,dftdERcBololon
€rG(& L+3),q qd 3uldh gftuP or3 bY 3 PEL
lr'U&,tsEq'Fdmfuqnd!trDlue'qn'fPEad4.t!fudElPe
gro b et ulrE dE drl (dod) nb, t per ddF.
l'fMdrylt€lE.dltgg6&b.d.
ol3by3pt lr u4 my 3d€d nuqhu i br of d'c Ftu vd@ tut i,
narnn d.hbdFEd y htF '
vrlu.fr.n I bA ddE
 Mathematics for
Computer Graphics

v,iery ot rulnen ial onepb ard GhniqE are mploryed

in snputrrynphic aEonthn' HeR, we povide a bnef EreF
m€ ror rhe nerhods rbm analyiic Cemety, liJEr ale€bq y(br
anarysis, tur arysjs, .dplex n6ba' quahmic, .ar.dus,
nmdcal :narysis, md orfter fts
cu! m ihdgliour s'i5 bol .

Et[ COORDINATE REFERENCE FMMES

tuo.e rhnA ar€ orbn ualul in ompubr

giaphiG appkations. vlh 9pi6rry ep€.i{y oorditues i a sEphic peElah
6ng a c,rb;n rtreue sy*d, bu he inidal 3pei6ation or a sse ould
be siym in a non-cafttun rrane or Eieme sphaicr, .ylindnct q other
sFnebi6 ofr.n sn be e\"loiea b sinplily apEsiom involvins objet
d6ciPrios o! naniPularion6.

Two-Dinensional C tesian s.reen Coordinates

.oodjnae pGitions ar E emced within ihe liEtquadrantofa tuadireNioMl

Canesianfranein drdFsirion,asshoMinFis.A-l(a).nre.mdinareori-
si. Ior $is elmn€ rrme is ar rhe ltr
rre nmbeEd lron 0 ar i\e rop ot rhe s.lq $ llut stRn pcirDN m rep€

dai.ede?endst onlnhd' .h as L\e roi hdedR nput dd disday

window mnipllations, ofis fttuhc sed oordtub5 ahg rhe inkded
cdks6n frane +@n in Fis. A (b) Horizobl $ordhac v'lues in dE tuo
syshs ,E ine same, and an inveftd J Htue b uwbd ro a y value m6wd
 tutuFt.6e,tdcE/tc

In sl)m appli@d6 ?a.r,g6, dE rcn<odimh digin 6 b. pl,@d at

dblbry po6id@, e!.h 6 rh. .ab of $e g]€a

St3ndad lwo-Dim.nsion.l C.rtaian R.f.pn.. Fr.m6

!b w Gtui.n r)sbG in Enndrd pc ion 60r world <@rd!uE e
bm. rdina rydnDB. fd ol]E F.eFc qrhr rh. hednn.d
viMiry piFrire. cmrdimk in ihs ri,re a b€ pcidv€ u reaativ€, wis
y nnee of varE. To drpriy a hlw of , honjlrrftiuul pitu, m d€ig-
M&'crippbgsbr vidw"dn b mp a dion oI ihe pitu b l@
'nd '

Pol4 Coodinat$ in tnc ry Planc

*--- f A n€qundy E,l kcdinmim.r ln{arteeim rt!6dr G d pol,Kooidnub

Ef€sn nlm €t. A-2), wlft a oddimte p@id@ ! rpd-i6€d *idl a ndir
distu , ton dE turditu o4h .nd s dgui.i dbph@t r fun dr
hdiznhr. F6iiirc rn8ur d&pra(t@l' d Mte!.lekwi*, d rcsariE
bgd.r d&plaffill ft clo<**ie T1€ nr.dm bdsta Cfti rnd p.lr
@.dierE i! srEM ii Fig. A'3. cwidaing 0E rthr ftn3le in Fi& A-r, dd
uig ine d.6nitim of dE rigmu&ic ftdim, *. tufom from pold
Mrdmb b cllbu (@rJ iruk' wirh L\€ e\Pisjm

riF in€r br8forrurid Iso C'de m to polir ddirur6 i3

(:)
Ansuld vilue cs be ll@md €iih6 h d€gffi d i. dilr@i-r* ""rk
{nai:m). One Edim i: dedned a a norn ror a an3le lIEt is nbbtled by,
cimletrthirh .lasiheqMllod'..irderadic.ftnd*initidi!illahbd
in Fi& A-t which snom ko hbRt'i3 1tu3 ln i plaft rn t r cide 6k'€d
m 1r€ inertim poini l. Fo' dy .tcld 6re&d .n P, rhe valE ot angle , in

e-5
wlm s is tE leqth ot th€ diol.r d subbdine d, d r ir dE ndiu o, the
.irle. %br in3lln dbhe oud poht P b the Lieth or ihe circle psireb
pn4 divlded by r, or 2r mdirG In hffi or des@, a ode .iflun1eEfie is
divid€dinro3@acoreqr.llaBI!mih*ach.Rtubhd.m gLalIdegR.
nu!foF,360. = zr radiac
odla @n6, hentts .irdes, d b. lpd b spdiry @odhab p@ii@
!d ex pL, urlg.@d. euipFs tubd ol.irl6, we siwddbaE
F im in ellipti.rl @rdjruB s(nady, otna qT€ or rffii6 6n b.
dploibd w h hlFlolic d parabolic pldE @ldinalls.

St.idad ThrceDim€nsioial Cart shn Rcfer.nce ftrrncs

Fism Al(a) dr* aE mvmrion:i ondbt'd ,or dE c@rdimb a€ in a
rhc-dhdsld'lcfti Ef€Ence BFb Tti3 i3 caled, iishrhanded sy}
b be6u* the 4rrt-h,nd inurb poinb in the Fsilire z diied@ wha R
inusn€ Sropi,as ft z arb wfth fie tnges .uliry llm th. p6rdv. ! 'nr 6
rhe pciri€ J /droJBF ocr a!
B in Pi& A.6rbr In 16r @69Jte!
'I@b,ed
snpr'iGpmgt B. E spFry oqdr d"oPtft dd dhs oddiruh Pffi
khighuqdedc:tuj @dbtb Fd dtutffi rhr ghoutrhi3book
0ndndi$ lIE appodix),ae a*ue tlut.Iclcl,n de@a rr.ffi m rtht-
hiid€d u'16 sp€ifi.aly 6hd orietrie,

i..:'-
Mth.Mtdtu cdnwtl c,41ffi

c:rbi ftuRn.e lrao6 ft dhoaon:l .d.rdhft !ys&n6, whi.h jd

framh rt":,e< f .ba Bnr rh6
Hrulirnry"Fpiir o d vdd JlF"y.tu;rsonnaomtu heeE
rhar rhr Dr d'Eaioro d cny pMr
,
:u' FDediobi
"

Thrc.-oim.nsional Cat€sian Scr.en Coordinate5

wEn a view ofa dr@riim$idal vm k dftpt yen on a vide nmibr depr
inlormadM d eroed for €ch ffi p4ibo. The rhRrljnsiml pc im
.trapondhg b each rem pdr is ofren Efem..d wft rhe lefr,hand€d sE
Flshoq.nr,s A-7 ih,a*.rh leLheoF -botu6 rrrpG ;:
didion shtr imasift erBping rhc:
we ' rlr;hft hi,n
$ L\at rhe tinreB.t
'.is
on fton ine p.siiive a ,ns b rhe posidve , d6 dftush 90.. F6i6re z v:lE
ndi,Jb pN' -. b-h d lne im lor ear po' I n rhe ,v pldr :nd jd,sE
vrLF!o136PPsihre. b,r r

Thrce-Dim.n5ional Cutuiliier-Coodinate Strteos

Any nonctu deoce t"me is fttuded b s a cu,itinea{mdh-
syrr.m. Tre .hoie.r cmrdiroh sys6 for a panicular Sraphi6 applicErin
depad. 01a nmbe, ol rm\ .urh a. "ruq, r.e or 'o-pL 5dm .d
\ irb shvn advanhFs I irur 4 3 mw d smrcl 4rvdre' ;odh.re i+
€6e rran.loned wilh thR ffidtddr4.6, where €ach lurtae h.s me
the rr, surfe. is deried with 13
= @4
Cdn ire,$inmyftred.etmeaEtheinbe.tuorv6otrhe.ddiur
surf.cs. n dr.dditub .ulfacs nrle'Rr @ryheF ar n*hl 46, we
r odho3otul drdrlnedmrdimk sysr@ Nmo h%onal, .wiltud
.n . rn r* 4e Enn lor .ma rpp
Sovmed by the hws ot s.neral r€litid9, but dEy m used t$, IqH v i
l]npuh srrphi.s rh
oftnoFonar sytus.
a .yrdtur{@dirotu ,F.ili.arion of a spaii, psiti@ i' 3hom in Fi&
0 d.rion ro d, : d\tr +feltP n
cylindeD dD trfa.. or .onsht d is a vsrist plme .onbini4 rrE z n; 5r
dE surfa€ of .mhr
z i5 a horizonbt ptaft panllel b rhe catuim :! p
trf'mgl:ly"*:'*.*b'"ecificahmbacafuiart
 ..il)

FIGIREA.ll^eltd{gL@

Aetha Mnonly wd cwilind<..rdimb Aeindim tr d? sp*r,bl,

@idt t in Ft. A-10. sphaicar.mrdimh * 3@et]c FI?Gd 1o de
'rh k the4imi,el edd. the {tr of @h' b . lph@r
pals wdituB
dE Burlac ol ffir , is ,C,in a ver{cll plm MhjdrE dF z .rr ..d tE
slrrae or dnhr C i! i @ wi$ aFx ar ttE @rdnar aiqnr It C < 9(r. 0E
(m is ab.ve dE:y pl,e. tfc > 9e, *Eqm i5 b"lm rhe:! pLna$€ rsf.fl:1
Iada3?hd.dsordnub3pedfietimbac:tui Ei.mcn"mwfthfie

Solid Anglc
Tne de6ltdd fd!. $lid 3ruleo b ldmraed by f,ro€j/ wiln fie d€fnili@ fd
, tuo-di!@iml r.di - Ble , btu tuo ini@ring li@ (Eq. a{). Fd
3 ftEnnn*idur e8b, h()a€wr, we 6Erdd , ..ft w*n ,pd ar , pont p
and r 3piR mkEd .r P, d 6hl)m h llg. A rr, Th. solid angle @ {ithh dE
 M,k4L.6 kt cMptkt ct'fid
^?tENDtx^
@hap€d resian widr aFx .t I is defftd a5

v
dhm / \ rl. Ar of Fspherdl,u6e.nFRibobJ,}eor.fd,Drt*
A&o relo$ w'rh wa dnrn(ro
hr fo s[d rJl316 k .:rhd *. 3hdid Tr. ro at sold anste rb.ur p.u, p r
rh. tur or ihe s?h€ii.:r 3urrae (4,r) divided by l, or 4, skradr@
'F
EEI POINTS AI.]D VECTORS

rnd bd:IEd dn€me btum Jp

is I llrmpr or : 3{ffi! poin, aJ\d
rp6 ,ed {i,h .oorduab , atEi jn \le
?l{E4 ,he 4 FR dn. mdmF< d ose. prcp.46 for rlF poinr &psd
!e A\Eroionlneorh4 \ d.haPDPtu
thar 6r hdepmd{t ol my panicular sordimb sy36

EslE A-12 insdab the osdiro& sp..xi.auon lor a kGdituffimt poid

pos io P in tuo derru ltm6. rn fiane a, the poinr has @rdinar6 rhrr e
gi\ m b! tr ord.d p€x .r. I, d d iB dr -" tun rh. odsu b v-r t l!
'
hdmB rT{TeFarh.s,oamF<(0 or.4i,lrhedj5hebrtEmdDh

Inr .rrce oordiMe sFFm, we o de6n. a vdor s rhe diff€E€ b€ss

ko Finr p6iti6 Tnue, lbr ae ecdjIr1sion.l poinb 4 rd p: h Fis. A-11

= tv,,ul

aGUREAl2cfub6l!'dttpdidq
df.lreo'soFh'Pddo'
whm rE c.tuim .o,podb (ar cdrhi,n,r,drs) yr and yy aE rfie pFiec
riG af v mb d? , and y ai€. \4. Kuld arso obhin rfte em€ vEror con-
pl)IHts aing eo .t1t6 poft pcilim in thi3 mntimr€ EfeEm. t e. rn
Iacr, L\e e s btrdb nuibo of poinr paiE riar win produ@ dE sme vdor
@tdenb, and a retu i! ottd defined ihasinslepointFs imElarive6
rhe.rllmt fre of Er€lwe T1EE op, , v€br h,s no fxed pcftion wiltii,
aoordiMb stsh. Ar3., il w€ rmfod fie rtp'@hrion rd v ro anorher
Efemc trmq dL.trdimk roi d€ pciic P1 and P, ctunse, bui tne basic
PDPerdA ol dE vRd Imaii rffn g.d.
vlb d dEaib. a vdor a a d,rftr.d r;u 5.3,r tna! ha6 ho tudalrmbr
pnFnis: ft Snihrd€and dhh For ilre tucninmiomr vEhr in rB. A-13.
we et ulab dE ldor naSrnbde 6ins rhe Pyrhasoer drffi. thich 3i€
s dE dnb!€ alus ine Kbr didio b6,m s tuo mdpoint pc io6.

IlbcbsFdfyfieve6]rdie.tioiinv iow waF, Fq.x ple, E m give the

didiminhlft o1{ie mdadnph(:llmi tlu dEhdizmbla

A vdo! has dE sne nE8nilude and didtim m De wheP we pGitio

th. veb wiL5in . sinsle ordinare stsd and fie vdd menjtude is inde
pddd of the milin.h EpI€gbtm HMdd, ir we !@iom thl lsr b
mL\.r Efffi fER, rhe virus ior its .onlpl)iE6 6nd dktu frr,i dEt
E .rgn Frane my.h,4e. Fd Mple, we @ld htufdm ihe vdor h a
dkd catuian lrare e rhar dr Gbr diredd b arola dr ns y didio.
Fo a $Enillrtriqul Gtuim Eror Eplenhhon v = (v', y!, 4), the

Andm. gw th veior di&rim in tu ol rtE didi'.,gla c,,,.nd /, flaaR :i; D-d6

$,tfievRdhir6drh6.hof dEcoordimb s(Fi&A-14).DiRrimsgr6
ft $e pdidve rgL. dur dE vEbr nules wi$ ach of rhe pGitive.mrdhaL
a6. we eLuLr€ rtE* an*16 ag

*, =# cr= Ml! *y = Ml!

'r$e valus .6d, c4 d.G/ @ calldi i\e adr,' dir4 oI dE vRd.
I
atun, k ne€d 3pedry onry n o ot dF dndio osiB b sive dE didim

i "(r*
vdBmedbn!@i yqumnd6durlEwL\epFpdi6olmS-'
nibde ddjdim.r\{o.onnmennptsaFlom d'€ldity(!ig.a-ls).A
roK.rbethodsr.rd6rr'll1furoro6hoourdorsdpdh!rrditu e ri,ar"*.m;L+r
Fleitvda' epe.trEhowldrtut).nouari.,mmgh,d{indft6. ;tu!@d1 @bv.
 tu 6dt6tuc@p acvh$

V.ctor Addition and Scalar Multiplic.tion

By d.fnii@ tp sm or Mo vs6 i, obbjred by adding .oEspondi'r

v1+ e1= lw + w, u! + v'y u. r u,) tA-6

l'o-dnnffion r vdr addidon i5 illBhbd 8@bicalt h Fis. A 16. r*
obbin [T vdd sm by pridns sd FGiid or one vdor at tE tip of d!.
the
orh€r vfti,nd tliawiis the 4lefttim to! in. vftr sm rrm rie sd
of fie f6t Ecbr b ine Hp of rhe smnd. Addidd ol a dd wiih a $at'
is unde6:n d, 6iE a scal.r h.s only .n. nt)rei6l value while a v4tor has I
nmdar @poenb in r ,-dinssiotul space.
M'rldplistion of a vdor by a *la! Elu€ s b dedmd as

rq enple lr..u p,an .h r 5 na rh. va Lp I 6!h (mrqert d v ,

doubred,nd its menitude ts doubred.

one hrghry @fur netnod b b muuiply rne mglnbd6 ot fio veb6 e

rhis pradtr n upd b formeither anodEi vdor o. a $aln qlmriiy.

U
Scalar Prodlct of lwo V.ctoB

v1 . v,=lvr v,losa, 0jd<r

ircunETt h.dd wheE d ie rhe snaner or &e ko angl6 b€tu $. vdor didi.ns Fis. A
ltb nurhptciion sh€ne b .axed ihe &rtn pod!.! or dot pr!du.! of r
vftE Ir is ar$ &feiftd b as rhe r'8 pndd, pdbolarly in disusing
prcdcn b6ormrFi, Equ$m A-16 n v'rid h rny mrdimb ftpc
lidJd6bemhrPreo6l}Fp'oduddllEF'alel.mpdm6olJre
vdo! wtpf vrlss a i! pmjA-df oJ rRbrv- in rle diFtr or vr
In ddidm b th€ mrdinaeind€pddent
'ie fon or &e s,jll pedu.r we
e\rls fiB ehurriim m .parr. (wd mts Fplqbhore ror a cc
afeEnc fnhe tne *r,r pbdud B .:lcurahd ,;

v) . v,: u,vL + \v\ + v v'

'rhe brd produd is a
sffialiarim or the pyrh.goaan rhs@ d
&:ltrprodd of , c.u wftn ielfprcduc dr squa of dE dd mgni
Abo, L\e sabr psdrd oI rwo vdc G 26 if d only itihe eov{bs m
Do! pnlucb ,a (mnuhdvq

bEau*$i3@drhmpFduc6a(al . And dot prcducb aE dishibutive wiL\

V.ctor Poduct of Two Vectors

We eth. idllo{hg old,lation b.dhbine o vdo6 b pnnre anorher v,x!,

v| vl= uLvrlv,l<ha. 0!a.n

P :Ms !r fiis *pffiim b a dr v4bi (mgnitude r) *urn pelpddialar
b bo6\ vr and v, A 13). Tr€ dn&6M ro! u i' deremined by L\e /ig,rrtau /
(rirq.
ubi egrasp * rhn Gperp€ndiolar b rhe planc.onbiningvr a.d v: s
ihar d* lh8e6olrhe i4hr h,nd.rr rDn vr bv: vEbru b tho in ihediErim
of dE riEht tnMb. Thj3 calcubtion i3 aled rhe v€ror pnducr, or aos p$du.(
of so KbB, aid Equiim A-20 is valid in any oddinae n?ffibtim. Ihe
ms prcducr ol tuo r.bB is a vdd tnar is p€lPadidlar b tF plam of nE
eowtuE, d the mg'ntude of &e da*prodd verd is equal b ihe aft of
ihe Frarelo3Iu tomed by ihe sa vdoG.
rb.m ab. €lprc L\. ffi prcd
sp€.ti. F eltft fi'ft. In a cdstf{<nditue sysh, we .alcuraE rhe on-
porenb of lhe rc pDdud as

v,.vr=rq,vl \,u!.u.rL vLtt e,v,! vyv,l

I we <tdot€ ihe m rebs (msn ude 1) aloag fie a and , z 5 a r-, !!,
hd q, we en wih the ass prcdd jn erm of cesim onp.lub 6i$ a
d&nironi nobtion (sdid A-s):

'ne .16 Fodrd ol any No para

prodd of a vRbr w h i&rris2b Als, dre cros pFduct is not cmmubnver

vr: v, - (v, x vn
And the .6 p&dud i3 d a@iafive ihai it
v! , (v| vr,+0, . vr . v!
BLr dp@sprcdfr 4ardbur\.qin €pd rovftro idd,hmo:dbkar d
v1: (v)+vt - (v' x vr+(v] x vt
Mdt tutt5t,.4w {.rqhB

EEI TENSORS

A Strraliu 656
rion ot ihe concepr ol a vEbr is rrE das of abjds .aned
rdmn, a kmd is defin€d as a guanriry wi$ a speined r.ii and with
e
rah ba.sfonabm propstis shm rh€ &ns. n .onrened from m .odiDb
ftpl€6hri6 ro maLhd.Id ofthog.narr@rdimre eystu, n\e bffifomaiic
pra?db6,& shaBhdNatd ud the @e s !ho* tor vnbB. v iouphy:i.t
ps?dde of objc.b, suc}l,! 8fts, shir md cmdudiy r e tuB.
ftFE *ota@,rldn3wilhlnednlmimorrhespaceinwhi.hdElffi
i3 delined, the nunber ol .mpone.h (.lb call€d elmmb or.oe
'let€min$
ci b) in i\rr bMi S.al qmtfties dd vftroF are spe.ial c* ot the nc
8e'lml cras or kM6. a srar is a remr of 6nr zm, dav6brnal€@.d
ranr me Basi.ar, ll\e nnr of a tu speifi€ *E tumbd of sub&npb u*d b
dxigDh th€ tu elendb, and ine spad,i dil@Dn dehines rh€ nunba
or v,rl6 dukm b. K\sned b a.h 3obs.ipr rha, a saru quandry (b$r o.
i,nlz@)haab3lbdiPb,,ndavdor(tnsrof ! kone)hasonesubsdiF
Somdir$ any panmeerwirh one subsripti3mislabeled as "onedinmionar',
aid tParamtuwitheosubrdP
{e4 th€ dinftim ol a qmtrty de?{ds m rhe spariar Fpre*nbb4 nor -
siml spd, the digle vktor $bsiF
6b€ asigmd so valEs dd\etunurFfu
rn rhredill1siml spa€, ihe singl. vdar suhd.dpr.f be Ngtud dE v+
lh*dft .dipdndb sd,J lrab$d
En* so hrs so subsqipb, ard h thcnintrimd space thh bsr hd nin
snponmb (dlE varus tor ea.h subsripD.

Eg BASIS VECTORS AND TIIE I\4ETRIC TENSOR

we. sp6i4' $e oordimh didi

lsin3a3dotdv€dqlahehdnl,wh*r=r,2,,,a€inFis A-r9,wNd
iu6hb rhe ans vdoF ar dE odgh of a ihFdiremiml onilinear spc
Erch .€diule{is dor siE dE aiEtion lor ore ot rh. spatial ar6 at art
poi.t aro$ ihat u$ ftR ans hgmr v..c rorn a linffly indepmd<
bewri{mas lind.onbimti@ oreiA
odu. Aisq my dher Ydor h in* +
vda6 n .:rkd , brns, ofu er of b'
w.68, for the 3pae. In 3senr, lhe spae G dered bftla' +r& and h
as a
basis conbnB lhe minjnum nun$e of Gtqs ne'led b Epffini any odE
Gb in dE spae as a limar onbimiion ot ihe base vEh

o.tcrmining gasis Vccto6 for a Coordin.te Space

rEbasisvtuin y spae m ddtrnined fton rhe p.sitid leh i, whit
j3 tne vdor ftpl€brim foi y spa6i] psidon For .bnprq in duF
dindd,r cai6n spa€, dF pGtdd !d! rd dy Fohr G, , z) G
i=rur+luy+a
wn€E u- uy, d u. E dE uit ba* ve.bc lor ihe r, , dzax6 Unlil
oilu .oordinb Epl€gbtim, c
hdep6d6t of rtf epati.r.ordhE. 5 tlur we h,ve

ai

Sm anr br m! dhe $FdinlmioDl grc welomulihh?r"fff

rar f.. Fsi;n vd; nr,, r. h, h hm d rhe oordirob 6' rhdr 'Pre 'nd

ln sffial. dr ba* ve(@ ir n rcLds (tr)l1fu6 m mt vtu.11\'Y

ftfttu or dr ryariJ oodnDE
a d.nlplq the P6iti6 Itrr in trnim'ffil Flar.ordiJEte

i=rosru,+r.hr\
d the pol&cedln h b,sisr&_tos@

k=ad
Inrhie spae,i,.whichb a ldim oI0, i:d mftKb elib,whichi! ndion
'

oftarItrE b*ir m ffimli4d !o fit 6cn rfu h3 a n.gdtude oI l

nr a
we oh6ln u b.sbEkns in yb\Gntuim.lsPdewfthtn€..lcd,riN

d of 6i1ffi it 6lled a nmrr t.da Aisq for Carbda .vlindd-

and thj;
ri! eh. .! rd odF ffior J u*d rclm . 6iffi irtludnB Pdd @
dtuF, dF odnth &, * nundl P€ry€ndrJ r e&n Pdrr ln ?m
nddrddbuqd6Brhd€Erdhasandn r@nb-i'Adof ftL
ordDson'r b6e vdG i' 6lled m oinmod.l brdt, did rh.e be €lors
s6sfy dE iouowhs ffi:litiond.

Ar$ou*h reptunanry &ar wim orihosoml3yrtu, nmddl%dul @odime

ftl€ffi€ fErc e ue€tuIin sl)m.pplicr'@, includlry Pr.dvity tlEry d
v,suiizirim slElm for dbin dth *
A eoiindionar C.iedn sFb ns tE or0Mtr bdis
tuMtuhtbt @cnrh6

And the dihoMal b.si, fd a rhl*dinddr caesir EtuFn€ Irft r

For"qdirury" Mntimb spae6 (dut is, n\N h whtch we d detire ditu4

$tuchmromtlvRft r.asFa,.rti?4,r. hes-alarpmdudor \.
bsc .fu, bm rhe elehmb of th. m.Li< tu tor rhar sre:
\

rnb 8F mw tuo, .! of ranl< fr o

hdve utl pwrt.i Tf " plP.uh or , T* . ha. rf be LEd b
6r'q rl
dtunirt 0) dredisbn.sbtum sopoin6 iI lhakpace (2) ti.f5ltolmho
"qu:Pdr t! lmft'm b ano$e
o 4sbl veb opsdoF \\L.} a. F rc.n djv4J:le, 5,rd turt) -it'h rhi
epa.e,

Formple,inacad€irn.@rdiMk6yrhn,whedhebasisvtueoEd
un* ve6, dE ndc EMr has ine ompoMb

And lor the poledrdrn re ba3is v{bc Gqs. A 30), w€ cn Mik ep ieir

"=tl3l
For a .yXndicar.qDntimb Frel@ IIme, rh. ba* vRbB *
n, =.Gr!, +sindu,, n,=-psinr!!+pc6duy, n'=!? ri.
And tne natix replgabiiM to! rl€ m*ic &llg in.ylrndnd cmrdim

li;?l
rn lphscal @dnrr6 theb:*vddraE
u, =osdshc\ + sindsind{r +.6cq!
n, = -r sin a 3in c ur +,ccrsind !y
nd = +rsrrosdu! -rsin{!,
'.Gtssdu,
Using the bap leb in Iq. A-3s, we obhin the louoairy rufrix Epffi6-

rr
,-13 oodlnrbt
tl Gphalcri

EIE MATRICES

A etn i. a ehSdd my of qu hti6 (numed€l va1u6, expm6ic, or

trAbB). !:Ied rhe etemmE of rh€ mnir soiE rumpt6 of eciG R

ljl i# irl
$€ idmrily mtiG mordiry b rhe nubs ol
[::; . ffi
rnd nunber ol cdlffi.
t,]
."
For dE pEcediry mpl€s, irE mriG h leJi-d4ghl ordd 2 by x , by x e
Ibyt d 3by 1. whrhe nun'beror
tr in rhe sdmd Mple, tne mtix n .6rhd a s9uz tutit
rngensatwe. {dbm,by.@brra

"l;,; ;]
wheE Epresr ihe ehnHa ormd M TIF fd bsdpt oI my €lndl
'r
giwsthewnumld, ddrs€@dtub*rlptElv6rhe.ollfunmb€i
A tutix wilh a single lw d a stsle @lllm ltlrenb a ]lfu, Tn6, lhe
lilt so nabix sinples in A43 aE, EsFdivelr a mdror u<l a.el!,tr ftroi
rn s4ral,a mabix. beYi€wd6

l ftm vadru op*arions ft e\?msed h mrhn f@ the shdd mtne

ruriol mvmrion i6 b Ep'eni r v€d wi$ a..lm mti( Fon n'e d'ir
.mvmiion, w€ wrih 6\e mrir tor a tn€jin@i@r h
'a?&snbdd '/€@

'l;l
Ardtd8h w€ u* dris sbndad Mtir reglgehrim for bdh poinb rd K-
@, drE ihporht disrimrio b*em dE *o. the vetu Eplgah
is an
Um tor a point .lw.y6 ss6 ih'i tE vdd is rbn tne dbn' b $rt Fii't.
And uE di6tu oI fie poinr tlm $e o49h t mt iivarlaft whd se swirbn
tm m .ddime sy:r6 60 anod\ei Abo, e md "add" pohb, dd @
(!ld apply dar op6atim, tu h a5 rrre dd prcdud d clw pFduct, ro
tu1htur6 j' corytu ca|htu

Scala. Multipli.atio. and l\,latix Addition

T. nL'hpl\ 4 mh\ M bya\ ala, .arf .. \"rutr plv ec-h ?tetEr,, b\ dr

"=[13:]

'"=li' '1;l
Mabir addition is ,re6n€d ody n ror
.. Fd! ry kd, by r n.bi.es, dE sb
n obbirud by adding olEpndiry eremen6. Fd runple
,l too ,.5 0., I ,.0 r(
f, 2. bl 1r I
t{ L-0 r.. -r00 - L )d 61 4o

Thepr.dud of ko natie is deftEd 6 a g4ralr:tid of dE ]/dr dor Pl!+

Er rt6nmuuipryannbt,mrrAbyalby4@dxBrotomdremrn
pndud AB, pNidiry dDi ihe nmb
e i = l. bb rh4 obhin fE pndu.r
rir fdfrin8 sllft otrh€ pblurb or rhe eremenb in rhe nw vdoa of A w
by 'r tr
ine sftepondirE deftnb jr n\e olum vdon or B. TtE, for ih€ fonosus

re o6hin m by t mrix c wh@ dmenb aF 6l.ulabd d

'
t = Loptt
rn rhe rondiry ernpre, a3by2mhix G poshulriplied bya 2by2nahir
b pnnuc a 3 by 2 pmdd mtii

l0 rl l0 r+r-r, , 0:.,,,\ ,,41 I r

veror
l_: 1l t; ;t=
oulnpkrrid
.,
| ",
mril mrationprodc
\ -
i.. I ; ,,S
4

in the ene Esuh as dr dor pm&

dpfts€d as a Iw Ebr d rh€ *o'n
vRbr is apns€d as a rol'ff vdd Fd cmple

IT' ,,[:] = Irt

Tnis v{br pndud Hurb in a narix wi$ a sngr. dmed G r by I mbnt
Howevei, if w€ hurtipry $e !tu h nvee dde,, we obbin rhe tonei'E
 r1l 14 a ul
l5llr , rr=15 ro rtl
lbl t6 ,, ,Bl
A3thep ioshr€eFodtrinutab,mtnflIipli€riqing*
sal is d dlnmuhriw. rtrr it
14,
^B+D^
Bf mtn nddplin[m is di*ib{ire with 6Fd b mtn .dditiml

Tne tule Mr oI a Dbn( ! obbnEd b), hrnhrshs llm ad @lllre,

tr {l k cr'=l,l
r,,{r =13 kl
ti ; ;l :1. '

D.ternin.nt of . Matrir
r R hrw r qllm m tr dnbiiE dl. mtix elenmb b piadrc a
'di&
en'8l€nun$€r..nedtl*d.i.nrld
Eddlnrn ildng,nd solvlng a }ide &n3e of peblds lor a 2 by 2 rrtdx !"

Hth6{rda &EniMb aa obhiftd Mi*ly lrd la*eode. d€t ni-

Imlvrr6 To ord]j.t r d.t.mnrt of ordd 2 or g€t4 we.d ele.t dy
.olllm r o(d { by tuhn( ad MFb dE dtunMt d
'
ddA - t(-l)t*d,, &t^rl
wh4d€t^rtethe(, 1)by0 1)d.bddt6tof$etubmtrr\oh.nEd66
A by d€retng rh€ irh ff d dE hA coltau. Altutiwl, w€ a ald ey
tr t md crcur.E lhe dehi'H! e
dd
^
= t(-r),{'*dd^r
 Nrdtmld/a. c.4b colg
^tttN0tt^
Evar@dns dehinmb nn brE€ mric (, > 4 !ay) c b€ rMplish.d
D]@ etncif,tly uins nh.d.,r @6ods o'. ey b c;pu& i de€nnd.
tuh: A = L U, r hef rU Pleltrb or M
L .bd. rhe d13or, m aF aJd a.t .k'.Eb or Tdbi' u bctd $e tli"
ft 16 $rb ila oi9ote L\e Plorud of rhe diapnars for borh t du, id
obbin d€L{ by ftriiplyis dE tuo di.eonal pmauds. Thie @rho,t i5 based
*E tolowins pbp.dy of dtuiMb
&( D = (ddAXddB)
AdhdnmeftallEthodtor.ar.d,ri8ddanin 6tebedmrhecau*ib
€linimrd PIwdIlB diers€d h gediu at4.

wJ'lquEfth F wp @n o6hm.n rPF adaL ,Ird m I irdrd.itmrtd

{r. *. turr b dl b b€ a mmhsD
hr dfril ooreflk, ifte marix is 6ll€d a d'sutrr nftii Fd nod pradit
.pp[crioB. whe+, rubi] Fp1€b: phsctoPerdd re 6 f \pd dr
rtuin!reof n by r (sqt@)narn M is d€nord a3 Mj and

whe I i3 rhe idarfty mrir All diagonat €ldnb ot I hav. rhe vate r, and J
otE (on-dil3mrr) elerf,b re zm.
Eleift fd &. in@ narir M 1 d b€ akutftd Ed rhe eLns6 d

'j- e;M -
I kF i! d*.lelffir f, dF I $ oh ho I rr.dllm d v . ind i4, \d-
(r ',,'
- rrbyrr l) submh\ obbinpd br &di4lnerlnrcwdJld rrh.o,Jtud
,ompubnrbro $ede;m,M6drd
rhe el.dfrd oI lf€ inpM d:hr lrrc eftrnmrly d r! nuEnot nahods

EE COMPLEX NUMBERS

3y d€6n i@ a (npldnubazisan dde'd pairol €at nmbes, Epffibit

z= lr,!J (,{-53'

whe : b @Ued b\e Eal pd of z and I is .aned &e irugiMry pd af z R€{

d i,niEinary paft oI .onplei numb* e dejgnabd as
'
r=R€c), y = rm(:)

cl'@sicl\ i ffpLr nunbe c.n rh.dtJ.r p@

'lsb€d sa
oe poin' h
6 illusrahn m Fig a-20
 flauREA,0Rea]db4hry

-nud6b"aPu' nryntunrnba
\im' rhvP..nurbfl ;b." p.*t"d*,--Pl- *$ l- , 0
n]u' ; d wib any E:r nunbe b d€ ton "-b-
i = (r,0)
cmplex nunbe6 ari* ton sohtim or equrim eud as

which have noEal numbE soluti@.Ins, b\e conePi ora.dplernumbe d

lldpul*ffi fiatprc.d.$luhonsFsu.n pmbl€ms

Basic Compler Arithm.tic

:r +4 - (rr, y1) + (a,, &) = (rr +a, y' +!,)

md we cd elPIs .nY omPLex nmber
.= t1,y) = c,al + o,y)

1lF Podrd ol tuo .mPlex numbds, :, md 4' b defmed as

('L h)(a" 4) = (:'& - y !r' rl}l + r,y1)

lq.onPlexnulhPliddm Srve tneene

Tni! tlefinilion Esult aforrealnlFh€r
nulhplidtid shm rts€ imgina.y ptr ae zF:
(:i, oxr:, 0) = ('1t2,0)

Th. pn inEsiMry nnber witn y = I is cued rhe inlsin.ry 6tt :na it i3

Gktnal mstu6 often e tn. sFbol I ror dF niasnury ulil kale dF

sFb.l i is lsed b Epffit elEd.,r .umi )
tuktndn! tu.w'6 ctu,nns

I = @,1J{0, r) = (_1,0)
Th€Eloa,l is the i.al number r,and

,: J=
f{'e an Epre*it a Pure inagha
i
,-l!=|0'|)
Anda35eGr.ofpleinMber. b

Compl.x Conjugate and Modulus of a Compex Nunber

mpe, numbtr 5detur5

,nbfl ,. qpr\ , Fo;f,nkho.et

,he Pl duco,di rheorun n rhe.omp€, ptan.

,\ r. " rLrr p .a1or .ut. b od"nne ,nc.,ru !,or

rhe.mponmb of the E$thng onptx nrnbe! rhs, L\e @t d :nasbi^
paft for i}le ra6o or tuo .ompler nunbps ,e obbined r
FolaFcoodinatc R€pie*ntation for a Compl.t umb.r
3 fo ffd^ l'mba3 .E 8ftdy 3dpr
brd : wr.\pl6 E Eal d msmD ?s in lPlG d pold @dftB

z = (@r +ishd)
$t on also sth nE Flar lom of z s

wh@ a b &F b& or fie nrtual losxidtu (. : aru2a1328) atd

Uaing rfte Fl,rirordinb toa w @pur€ th. prc&ct oJ *o onPlex

nun$a:bynJ6pltnsllEirrbEolukvalE.n<l ddinsiheirpol,ran3r6.Tnu,

To dtvide me @npld nmbd by anoaEa we dinde Lhd abblub valu6 .nd

vrib d.ls
uE ihe Fhr E?rhbbd b abhh olmplex nubs
TIE mh @b of r mplex Mtd m.rrcurabd a 's
.,-r,
' *1,--4t,,-t'*t
I \ , / \ n
tl.
tJ
ltEe lie m . .iRle of radlG ,?t witrl ffik * tE nBin of ihe s''plex
pl'tr. 'd
,nd *py (m rlE ttu lor r Rgul,r polygD wis i 3id6

EE OTIATERNIONS

CmpLex nmb. oyppB* Aknded m hish. dj:wi@ utng queni@

m rnd ttc lt:ra*ry FG. Eb a
tuthntur'chtybc4hi6
*hm ine .o€dici{b ,, ,, aid . in n\. imrqiary b@ @ p:r nnq,
p am6 r d I F l nbbe t, .d rtre uk, pF pcliftbr t,r ac

i1= j'.-k'1=-f ij = ii=t

Fm dre pbFti6, it fontus rEl

it =-kj-; h- tk= j
s.ai4mdbpidb.nrdeTFd nrJLoayqtnrhe@rond4sJF
.ro- vtuu .rd 6 -pr- uj'ieE rn.tL.irlh d rhe four ffiNr4B
ouhnion b muibptieo 'by rhe $t r sf - dxLr! cuh;1
detud ar rdditq ol .orcs?ndjlg e]mb

h +s2=6+q)+i(t1 +t)+ jtbr+rt+k(.1+" tA-1D

MUjLP ihf o.eoqu€m hbEnedou ErErlFoF'mmhE$ .-.{

w-A -f clso ./ dre fouMins qde'pd . mbhd b : @bI@ h hdr
i!lim e b the Dde,fd.prir Ep€obds Frora.meh, n;bs.

Idcmq I in rhis fptuaiir B rhe \e.d k. r..J u4f . rhe odeid-p*

addihm f tu hm

r&r nh LIE elpffi\idr hrqur{4o mulbpt obh F db\ ety -mpd y u

klmdtulddddpddKr
'J@
4,{,-Cf, v1.vr,rrv,+*+vr tvt
Ttc rugn rude squrd or 5 quhnon s d.6n.d bv alrlop w,,}l Cmp d.
nnb.r oFadm. bins *x,Iojtow'rs sm d rh. *ix6 ; h quFnjd

?
14 =!':+v v

And i€ inveR of , quhim i5 mluared ushs the dpEEim

r'- roa,.. ',

 ^-9PqM3@4k16'eol
EE NONPARAMETRIC REPRESENTATIONS

6en ee wnE dbd deidffi diEdlt m ffi of dE @rdrib lor tr

rclgre rr.m 6 u*.,he nonprm.bi. Fo,AasP'"
R 6 dsiDe eurr"e wu ejlh* d r tildwtr s ( bir idhft
'6€mbdm;.6rrd
'
Ittt. y.z, =0. q z-ht,,y)
Tne in A'32 is ci]]ed an ltPltit ei?Rsim fu dE aurfae, md dE
nd iom
sd bm is cal€d m rrpr; n PPlambM In *F dP[cjl FPII'*@ r
and r F n.Rd b 4 df ndePmdmr e i,bl€. End : E c.lled rlt drPs'dmr

$dlrr.y se €n qtEqr a rhFill1ruitrel@?d Lm n nmP.r f.

forn6h;F#idof eo&rdffiiotu o we ould FpFst dr .w?

w h.@rdimbr 16 fi. independmi vdi,ble. v.lu6 fortht dePendmr veiables

y rt : .F hd derujf{ t@ Eqs. 4 eJ 6 we seP rhns} vilu6 for / tor
3me Dl€gN iui$s ol inwals
\;'ffid. ?pl€*do$.EuEtur u dF-bi4obidw du:3iva
tu; tu. bu rlq hiw 6{)m lEdvmbF *l'6 u5ed .n Sdphc dgs
n$rt.trh€kda cirn o'{ R md drc rh. lu.FMmr 6n$le $ F-
da tE rsr dqiwriw Glopt) oreitlE /(r) cs(l) b.om€ sErra rh:n l tlit
v'bw \ ilu6 b deElff h hm w? ne.d
b bur 0r 016 d N rd€Fldn. deidar vdablc' ALo E$ A{l
rdid; astlird tormt ro, 'nd
EpedrhR m dpl-ldu?d hditr Fn in_
:bm, $e npl "r .qu jo d. hle €hEd m disD tr Jl. ry Plm s
'n
a'1+ i1 t-o
d tfie aplidt dplsid for y b rtE ndtiv:rr€d Juiid

In g{.81, a @r Mlmimt Fp6bdo tor abjd 'r6giPdft in 3r+hi6

abdillm tu h €ift of paEmrti. equtidt

Eg PANAMETRIC REPRESENTATIONS

$/e6 r Niq obi*aaodine b med€d Fdffi b"

'nenuber.rp,rffi
dF rddirEri DGituN o rJf abFd. A tun e ro, @ple in . ( ftm F:
elF- h-. ". L*'fid -.Gilffiiml E idaobsl,amasuhe6
r so-dllr]mn/l suddd obrd whm obF-t d€dodm n dlm in
tus or ib dinlsioMlity pd.de, $e d.siptim b .rrhd a Pffidi.
Cesi.r d*iprid tu p6itim ardS dfPd*t or . (rff @
ttu b? gvo
in r p€randic tom uing tu fonMiry vee P.hl tundim
 ^PPENDI\Afutrfue]ol.on'P|e.qr$
uhm tu ordrG'6d odrub Fa fr4dm oi paEmtu u. tn d
rP hfthob { rh.r Fr.mrq { v.B
de r. range filn 0rc t.0. rd Fr pte a tu.. in rh. r, prfa w,Jl .adrb r
md ffib p6ihd r r @rdjn,ts oapn ru b" dr$ed .n efftr. llm
:(!)='c(2n,),
y(u)='sin(h!), z(r)=0, o<r=1 n$,
5@htu^eBd.rned ndy,up#.reloutdelitu,htr4r, fi*,ie
rn a sh ar way, we sr repMeni.mrdimr€ p6ib@ on a surfre uing dE
lonMhq Gn6im vetor Doinr fidh.
Plu,v) - G(!,t), v<r, r),.tt.
'))
th.
Each of Gn6i.n cmrdln 16 isnow a tuncrion ofine eo sur'm F*ntu
I dr a snrfa€ drh ndi6, nd mk d th. oodnEte onsin, fr
cx Ple,
'pheri€t
on be de(dt€d wfth fte €qu'6m

r(!, ,) = c(2'!) sin(nu)

'
y(!, u) = rsin(2'a)sin('r) 0: 4,: I
='G('u) ,1r, O

rdanfr ! ,l*rrib.s lirus oI llmht tonsjtude ovd tne surra.E uhne pna*
eh u dffibA Lm of (rftbr lahtude rhp paar*n eqJ:bons !F
nauaiFz- sdmd. b.pii3 "g4
dc of oEg p.lamd 1, ed hue *^ ms dF o h4 se , {o_;
df *E mr rtu.. * o'lld pto' Ltuude" rd j(fuhd.
LG rq ry ,\si;
Krion tFie. A.22t

EET' RATE-OF-CHANGE OPERATOR5

Fn a mrinrcus tudio suh as f(a). R
or a sinsle indepodmr vdidble,
46
r f, Fnj ab; , str
ts dunsins
udi$ a 6^dd clled rhe /. @ha or / .) D.r ryd io L ni! dEivrhv€

lI : rn t('+Ar)-/(i)
6rld rhis detu,hm B rheb,u for obsrnnS nucd-rt !.tubos f, pEbtfr
rvolvin3 ?hfr uns" oF'i@! rhe hom. rdm b he dtrsr G ot
o'moiiyMs'ffim 3u! h dpdfnomul5rd hsommd .hdc,
aF:va,lrhre n do. ari@ bblee tud ro. 6bdrh,stp;lemrsvotvns,ih
Ph tldos. ue 6 rtD,aJv obbin <l@d-foh $tLEm. Bur. h run) -4
we n€€d b olk dkkhiiBe pEblec 6ina nulrF. merhod5
wrFn we \:w a fulrim d +\ nal vei.bL<, ahr.J]@.
*pd b rlr ndnducl vnabl,:aa. ed e.,b,/. wrir id@aarion! H dr
,

€\ rph. \ dr
afunftidqr,nds 4r u :.r,.weandablnfertEHr.d.ntrseor Fbrbon
s hFpfrbm! m or$e @drncb diRlm :, r.o,..o, rhe rimp,lm.
era i. A psiial dsivariv. ror . prrti.dtu hd.Bd6i w :ble i6 defmd w h
 Elo Pda|CnpOpdm
t{. A{s, wh.re.U odF inrets-ffir v,ri,b.6 aR h'ld lshr Inu, fo'
-;ph. ur p,'ri,l d..*b* .r / -th eP€d b bm G d€fiJEd a5

JO,v,2,t + Lt\ JG,V,z,t\

anmon oi@aJ.;rab!.oFrrb@ bqmJv dNgh dur d'rv

rh*
,* -vm sRial;-6, {ch - Fadidr, LrplFm div€rs@ rnd.ul
.*--o i* sd . ' -i.* ,ppL@dc aur e demiM8 L\r sanebv
.id-is*d"bF* d*..b*g*rb.ha\io,dob.rGhqtustudN
6l.uhiq Ado;s..hebdirbm dl*ts, md sn\r2!ne d*a*dsdi'nc

Ttu vtrr opeb*rortne toumingGrbidoiPoMbi3 cdu€d fi.3adrtr

Shb.l I i6 EIaEd b rs,,dr, d.r, or sinrply tle3nd,t rA4r G.tuLpMr

@"b " " .rr.ubhs. su'tue ndn*r Rb'
; l"' ,n Fdj-t qu sas
'
surLe ffiied
"
dE @prradR Fpffibb/'\. z t -((l1@r'
E srlre mih.l .t any pBidon is @l.alad a
N = e f Olomal ve.b tora N6p ambcturinRePEsftdd) (,a_e0)
As an e!,itL, a sphsical 3uf.e nt' radi6 r €n be Fpl€gkd i. lc
.ar.mrdiMb wilh he mparuehic cdai EPG4bri6 ,(4y,2)=
t + . r, ai 'ne F"'limr or / pmddc l}F surlae ndnai vdr
'/
,r,1;.2.r. Bd .{ " tuF; i' 4,:sr.d s'rh I pffid( pon lLmim
Pk.,;, L\m r" rn debffe bpluknomt uons *F !d ro P'olud

r='",:l rr*"r u*.'-, pnruo. qtu n.p,*btid)

m als u* lne sradiat opeb md rhe vtu.tdPddd

vrib !o rofr a s.ala
prodd €lled dE dtatirmr d'idlr ol a 6ffi /:
aj=".pt
n$ svs d rhe nFof.JErFor / u a diabon .Pedfied by rt* mr \'dr u
b iiisbae. E @ ddrmim rh" dfton l dFiv.ri! e for Lhe sp\4id 'urldle
Iffihmt = l+f +rn IE ? dietids

Y="''r="
tuhabJu carPad cnetttt

uhP u. B rtE ht vft r rog rhe p.sibve - ofu tud b Ltu roro\aB

ine dnEhonar dfliyafiv. ot t nh r,r. a e2 is

dt rdl lat
- _
av=
7;+ 1it'- lb + '/tY
GcncEl Fom of the Gndi.nt Op€raror
r4rdr m! $Fj.tlHsioral d drosorkliolin.F 11,'.14 x. obbh dre (m
ponhb ror t]'. eadi4r otsrab usim $e at.ut.hd;

.-.a
"_Hl.s,de
rn rrrjs dplBion, e'.h q Epffib the u b,si. qbr jn rhe ,r{ddi*
didim, 3rt :€ rhe diasoul .onplnmts ot rrr ndi. 6s for the spc
'na

wl r"n E dF 3no hr op.iaror lid he vdor dor pldd b r{h d sie

ditrturid op. ad dtLed *F l,pr@" or he ,rr@ opftb wn.h hs dr

,,=". ql,4
":!1- /4re

Tn:s.Fbor :: i6 .o.fh geSd

Ard in a v $Eedi.ffi
g a s 1ftd 4utu1, d.t ,qwtut, d tuu, sq,ra
Mi. nnosonolffik,^h. dF r.plJ,; d.
tun6M /1. v:rts@Ptedd

Eq4bmtsvdtrs s. r,deH aisc D tlhv ieetGdm. iJdu.b]g

d*iFhMofele.h@hcndu

The\emdoroMU4tuaboFrd d.ombie rhe e.dio I *radHfir

.
"tu' h{dm ro prdue sr qsr q ."xed dr r'rp-,/; ',d, " hh
ha rhe followi$ cac,m' rom.

"arv -=,. ''-;=!!,4.a\ -.,

",
In dw apFss@ v,. r.. cnd y. ffi th€(fu .6pom6ot
D,e€.fl ie, nBluF oJ rh, rF d irl?e d dg}& ora rs.dr vdr*v-
bdiq
 tu h-ttu rs. Id 4d a'au'tuw 1r@3
slsas u.lRtu bel4.r. poDr u 4'G.ln vulrFdtuml o'rhosml'
r a tdor v is aLlhed 6

dflv-v.v. l r"t:Ev,)r-,4 \",ifinvr-:-' ,"riEh,l

Jfil{2tu Lrr - -
- ,^-")
wfthrerub\ q, vr, Jnd vr @ rh. (6!I)lmb of rfr v w h 6Pd @ ihe
--ih.bddmt, s dd h. ird o. m h dia@l dd.nN ot rhe lfr

djtredc oFEd b rlP.L-rolr F b ktuch 6,pPlLd E

Ano$e v.ry ustul
irE r F idid@dh and rtFvtu ffi8 pmdd TlPcft-i lmpoctis

.,,,v=,,v=/-!
\dv
v.y-,r.y
dz dz rz 1r

Tna @*im F€ 6 6 ffi of rcbbd.l €*e* rgsi.Ed wlth a vtu

@f w,.6 5 r 0f &'@hs d eLdl@gtu Edirrim Fs my rhe
Jtuioml dhosondoa'dnh slshn r e s sp6 rhe .mPl,6ts ot
tF.lulrl@dtFffi!l.le .mporHbuiltstheLllDwirydehtur

tulv=v v_ , q'q- q-
vbi'*E ar a{ a.
I aEnu rFk .nav\
\hmq Etfu rdtb'skIfutc*€3P@,edA" cln€dbgona,lelelAb

ESI RATE-OF-CIIANGE INTEGRAL

TMNSFORMATION T}IEOREMS
lnllwy,pplidi@ re dmhr Pbbl.d 0* iMlv. rahklbge op+
.Em 6.am b b€ inksrtd Gm.d) ovd 6{,m EEid or sPae, wld.h cm
b.rldlg. lnEpall! rd6alurfae, q ihml8bur a rclle.r sP,.. Olb ttE
pmh 6 be Mdmdffid$tqtdr
MFLn€d by,pplynrs a
adre inEal b a L* inkE L . litr btFd ro a rslae raFJ a ldum
lnFEr b ;surfee nEF4 d. sunae r€sai b a vdutr mEg/'I rh*
ud;ll)lmd- d-J€@ * d MsdN jrwll.m n slvinE ' nrd. En3e

(tr') de&Ed Na 5@ lurt @ Egi4

sbL6'3 ridd sbb dEr rhe inksrar of ttE p€rP€nrtidlar cdnp@r ol fie
dd ol ! is ad 60 dE lim inbEEl of F aoud &F Fritr ode c lor rhe
 p cs,-rmd- r FF;br - !Ar;
tft ii:lrliill',x!;i::: "
6€rbrF6qGhdtJi !i;G^dri"Li

1t...

rhs qr\i$thc rdiofrhe s;rfra(s{dor:r rr,6shown6 hs A 21

Green! Theorem for a Ptade Surtace

,. .P
'-o.'idP

il." l; t/ f.
Hce l 11. y, md r.ir.0 ar,"-.

' '' ; ..,.o, . ..

q Pri i.f. .m Pc r
criks'.omPode s (i,I:,0) r

tL" = lt,
 tubia,@ Iahra fr'rshtutu 116ffi

sh@ !" L ihe u'ft v€fu Papadicd,r ro rh. :y PbE (iit ihe z didim)
de - r'' de and dE oiIE p.lnei.G e the sm 6 in F4. A-r0o
we dr G cre€it pl.re the6 b @mpd $. ffi oI a platur regltn by
dtns, - oard, = r rlE\ 6sn Gfat th@, aEaF,4otr Pbft

*ll a*v=l'at
siniladr ir w. d 11 - 4ddt -0,weh:v.
e=.[fu'u= t'"a'
Addins $. h psims .e eqe6@ wc obbin

i !",-'"
Ana R d d'o uvat thD caftim expffiim for dt a@ inio fie rolowiig

:!.,*
Clla'r pLs dE@. b€ *pB$t in runy orha tellr 6lm Fc
.xdplq ir w. defrE , - allay arNd , = atlat lor Me .6tr'ru turtdm

qa.
I l_'t a'av =
{
wh4 a,[/rn is eE diEditul rld'.dve of J in ihe rtidim of d]. @tw,rd
tumd bdEldld:ry.lffC.

tlP DpiN M rhtrs sF 6 mlnod lor.{rrwdry htud.urfie in_

cr.;k -d &. i"b*d". n d*.atu.rh.olmpnid6 eqdbd ro"m'
ding a volllc inqtal inb a slifae ln€aral d.mr€c€ry. ftb *l@
is .bo hM by vnious olns lrarc, !'.]udbg CRr't rhffi in 3P|c dnd
cNd. 116tnIda.dinuN, tl]Fdntltriondl, Etor fifrionF, de6,.d
dd.vol@of epa.ered.plsdpdi€rEl@lft€(,l6inaEwtutm

Iil^*,*=il*
wrEEdyir.djtre@l&rhllftelehht,ri'0unmul9drfolthebomding
Lc., ni d/t!. diff@rdrl elffir olsrifae lE.
w. e tE diverE* th@ b abhin ser.r oow enn h&8rar
tunwtuht c@rrb cqtui'
ftncdon/,w€haErrLvolseyelfuoIEq.A l0zwhi.nis

IIJ*.d'- J!tt !,#

ar
rn rhis .qbd4 ata, n lrE diRdtut ddwrive ol f h oE dieum of rh.
turfac ndnal
r d"a " \Feronr tor r:klrdbs d-
o'ltr o, d .p:b" _qn 63 , !uf:e mFr,. D€?mdins ,pm ho; R
Fp'€rhqFro h!r. hon r. e. d obbr fl m or,i" bG;s ( tu 6M

v=
lll"d','!,,.
- Il*'"""- ll^_'^","= II^:,",,

Gr€cn! Transfomation Eq6tions

A nufler of orhe. jnr€aral bfstumriaF c b. deind ,iDm rhe diE
8tuJrotln + r rous ine M o intsg'atequhoB c pq a r Er.renrd s
RnbrBrrd$!dd rod;i$,dcEni

[[J 'r,o'n*or,." ntav = ,,a]tu

l ,!F't. ',",'-'=II rtlL.t!\"a ,'"!

Inthe* e,ruad@, h ard l? ft ontlnlfu, $enirn6simt satai fidi4
altan atJ ah/an e |r.€n die.udal deivariv* in dE difrion or ib.
^d

EE AREA AND CENTROID OF A MIYGON

w. e !* 0E inksr.r tuBrotufios lrm

dI orcpa r 6 of abt* br lU plB.graphc s{tim A lr b cddbb van
Jop, dbm. Fo, p.tr s^. E
otu Er de .E ind rhe €tud .*dn 6 - p-c,m i,,,
tdotudoE 5in utftffi, sy3km daisi andJJtrmboB ".;ns s-"tu

iom Fq. +r01. w. tr ffipuF_$p lH or 4 po y3o1 b ptpEsins rtr

\frr mtud h pr?mbn fom fd s.lublg dE.:re dr*r.l;d
tu pftineb ordF potvsd . rhe pr,nfu equd@lor r r.dRsd r poh.
smw,\r\.resn renp ue(ris a ).,*b"^plffi rirb-
"
 Ata re hraid al I Polrzd als

wh* ri+1 = ! ,nd !r+1 - y1.

SubstituiingthedjJ1bselexp6iondy=(*+r-lr)dr dihepdamdi.
expffiim torr inb Eq A 103, * have

t!
=i
= t$r - rd)li + ({.l &t2l

=i) ('rrr !o+4nr' 3+{)

For each lire Esndl rhe *ond and t}ud l@ in inis sm c .m{€led by
sinilar bm8 with oppGib sisro in the erpEsi@ Ior 3ffiiv€ r-ilus ol r
Tr\ereroF, rhe aa of rh. polrrs i5 conpued frA

By delin ioD ifu dbid D th€ pGlti@ or ee md ol m$ fd . oFh!

,rmityobFd(a ponb h dE oblRr hive L\e 36m 6*) lhus, the onlinarB
ior du .enftid .e simply tfie hd valus fo L\€ cdd;aB ovd all pGiiim
s*nin $e oljd b.udd€.
Foiom sinpl€polygmsh.p6, we.mornrin i\e.mtuid by avdi3hg tF
venex po't6s. Bur, in gFenr, vftx a€+n8 d€ nd @dy ro.,b $e
mhid, beca@ n tuds $e pcitim lor an oths poinb in Lh. poly8@ a
iil$hEdinEs:A-2tL\eavdagevexposiionbN rhesE.btcqrmba
iio ot verri4, wlth ine.endd ls al rh€ .dd pcitim lu the ariE pol'3on
$ib .aldl'k dE 6tuid Fsirim ar t Io a polr€on in th. ry plan by
averagine ihe .o.rdiub lor aI pc ic wlhin Lhe polrron bound&i61

=)il* t:
j =!^ll"-
tuMtbjnc@t6cnrai;
In J@ €plE'h. !, dd /, e cdted r}t lrrl)Dmts d rh. ae { h €pd
b fF I .n'l v ag, eFEd!€h wn* $r aE i6 4\56rd b ha! e hii @iF
$& m 6d@b @ch of rhe tuffi ot rhe pal%e ui.s fie $ne F
.!d'lE F oplovtd b mpuh d* ae G b\. eotysd. Fdn cI6 ! Dt
rh.I,tr. ,€ obbin I fnp s8-dt equjqld b rhe@ nbFl ind E *jt4
[F rdF ubar.] bing pr'mbi. pp'Esbbro Ior du ctu lodiDb
roB rhf por!€c .d8e. c6 3 rtEorm b r plam \u,c nq. A-ror ) .bB

lL(*-*)**-t'u"-'*' (A'n,
rd tu *rl,ibuoI/.. rptu blr r- - .r 'nd / ,0u rlEF.edi€

I'- (dy
J lG'dldy. ,|
Flm dE Fdberic ppIgabdons A-113 rd ih. polySm edS6, we h.re
l-d+2rr@i -4)!+(&,, a.,r,

ay=Qa *)du
for achof dEn edA6,labeled I = 1,2,..., n.Th@t@,

rrr-"
tn'ro -4r!'ld!
", - '/ {+24u.,-4tr ,q_

-r)-k" q)((j!{ -q- ! (4{t

o i:i

Fd dE eqrubd or !,. k Dure dp shsbtu'im6l, _ ;ludr=0d

c@i ['.'r'@ E obbr
'.d
,,= ll_"*a'=ll,t', ,a.?',
ufrsrh.pa]i@6icrpcqbrima 11:r604aruhin€li*inbanl,reh,E
1.4.
/r .-Lr!
' $rEJ -! 191 tanro

G@ a er of polrgm td# 6a R d!. papltgN ,or 4 p,

w.
rnd ts, in xq!. A-rro ro Cmpuh df potr"6 mhd qdtre sim dE
e9G6im'r,h,, h hr.pp?sr rheulcur-:tim b rtrRqusbbd 4
'x
ETE CATCUIATING PROPERTIES OF POLYHEDRA

Mdhod; sinil.r b lrlk rd Fl'tm E u*d b P.lyh6le Pbpdi6

Bal nm w qnpuE rhe pad,r voll@ itut ad 'rthin
aI aq and dE entroid
i .*{.npd by avdaShs dF ffidnEb pdiuN thbn3lout 0E rclme or a
llErdlftor y @ti.l EFon b ttelirEn in Catui:n oordimb 6
,=il1-
thft mbFald bermeftd ro.sudcnFsn udnsmof ln.barttlm'rim
{-d* Arlo F-, plvh.da rh. err'e mhsrdl m rt6 b€.valurEd
uq a p uEti( Fpl@bbm ftr p6ibm a.tr! E.h 6e d rhe el d
rt're €jcd.h dE mbid pcjtih b Fry\rdn Bins herho& rnula, b
$@ b' Folvls. t] de5tu@ r r ;fuirn.@rdsrb dhd Psbo fr'
a r€sion or s?re (v h mit ffi Fi hft volw) i! rhe !]@ge or an PGin@

!:
+III^
t= +IIL tt
+ JII."
t:
aFi^ Ed@vd ! dum dhr/au b Qri'e rbErak srbJde PaE_
;h aFgbbln b" dp cldet' drdhiE d -aldr fie $rl@
intgrai! ()E iIE t@ ol r polyh€dm

EEE I{UMERICAL MEnIODS

InMpubEr'phi6.ls@rhm, ittu <libnffisry b solv. *orliffi equ_

rim, nd&Er a!aii@, intsrt equd@, andorhd frdiml rorm Aisq
b vi6udize a dig* *r aJ dab roinb, il @y b€ rftn b dn Pby a .miin
ff irF. d zurfae fiudd ihrt rpPlumb rtF pof h oI lh€ d,b d Ir
ds idia b" bri"nr @i:? sne otmq als@ift lor lolvhe v'no6

Solvinqsct' of Liner Equations

Forv nbk&, wilh a - ! 2, ..., r,reanjte a3ytstdof r lharequriN 6

rh4 rhe vah6 ror parneh,,a rnd 1,, ft kt()m.1}lj9 *r or.qurim a

h€ *pltsd in dr lorn
'trn
 tuMt[ j, cd4 h cqhvs
^tP.Notta
hrhAarb r br " situF rah, 6
rheolumdrtsird!.4luB o 3r. tslolfftuhotr qu€sovng
th* m:hil eq@rim td \, weobb,n

IrisssFr o rbm,6
Fsot! €d ir:rd o,nJ itA isa rnsqu. h.ht rhd
t.i6dphn i! nopm. orheR *. dF m! .M d h"h, l dF d As
r
o\€ fethod td sotvi$ rhe s or eq

hh.FAltslhem'DAshl..l
dprcblen!4,$awvmds dmGrhln$ft
IrJ5 turl od B JoeqL:F
ihe ff*od 6 stsmty effr.jq , dur ro rhc irgr
nui$nolmulbpl'c\oEne€d.db".dur4dileET dr.F\duhdorr
ij4le idMn by n r Fqun€s 604 th 4 mulholuhm
G,siudbruon lne ban! df
w h ihe lolowins et ot eo rinLdhos €qurrim.

T!5d\c rhi5 q
ofequnm. w.al mrt[pt, ,he,F"qu:bo1by. 1, lnh add
rhe M o €quti@ b eLinituh rhe r, t@ y! d trrs rhe eq@b
2!=r3
whichhasir!3olurionr, = 13/2.lhisvalGisdmsubshhrninb€it]dotih.
disinar equafrm io obbin rhc ehtim ror rr, whicn is e. rrb m uF dlni 6asi
appfr.h b stve any d of lire equd6m. but araoftfim have bEn ddis.d
be€/Erh.p[in'1:bo d odd. .bliurd .ke" " oF eb .. iLtj
A md;ft causEi.n.Llrr@h
bnad , npUrd"br of,".sh ins * d.' hr eq@ ,m jn d; dsodh;! s" frd
e. -dlted , s, ,nirKndl ab r 4n,l d ,pFF

4U .lp.Eb of m.ri\ L rmr e F ddSmt h,ve @ v,lue 0 dd a dilson l

el€mnb h,\€ l}r qdlup Alet"r-.d -.En u b. tu rre diaM"t h:r € dE

Inis arbws s b 6olve ihe rollowinS so very nudl simpler *b of equafioG.

C)!1F E h.ve d p v,l6 for F.msL o.ftn\ y in Dq. a I1r \pe

ihe4 r rrrr .*d e "r.q,hN @ etvp,o, +.derp* tr .,u r c
an srnple, th€ ronowiq equtim d€dlmtab fte racroriz.tion for a 2 by 2

^= 13 ;l= ti I h j"l
oft mL\od ioromputing i\e elenenb ol the ladoriarion mbi€e fi silq
h th. folldwh8 et ol equtidt whd u4 rF tn€ el6mb lor llE upF]
tiansubr natix U and r4 ft Lhe dftnb ior ihe low{ titrsurar mtix L

caNian elinindion is !t@e6 ra€?dbla b ltgh 6md{ti emB, sd

ottE metho,ls nisht rct Fodue ac@e soludd ln 3mh €s6, we nay
be able b obhin r soluiim usins ihe 6a6 S.l], ndldi nns nerhod d also !n
€tfi.ieniwayb$lvethe*iof linerequrioGwh.nreknmiheaF?NXin e
appru.\ we sbd wiL\ an infiial
. rrF FFer"diy cari L,rJh *c*n e JP.
posa6on6 dril rhe drftiej?tre b€sM eo sul*iw value for ach a is
srullAlB.hseP,we.:].dit€ih€

lI we can Eranse nabix A $ o, ea.h d;ganar elmi ha a m*nitude

smer than fie 3!o or ihe mSlhdd oI dE odE el€nmb a(]lB ih.t na
tun rtE cau$'Sed€l neL\od n BraEnb.d ro dv.r3. b a slution

Finding Roots of Noiliiear Eqlations

A mr ot a tudi6 /(r) is a v:ru Ior r illit saus6€ s: eqution l(r) = 0. b
smE l, rhe tuncdon t(r) cn b€ d alseb*t dprsd, su.nA a palFoni4 d
itqn invorve bal@nddbl6ftd@ e,kebnr. eipedd n m $ar m
bnE o y ihe adduretic opflaraE, exFmb, @b, &1 po{e6. Tran*qaden
dnr doB, s(h as rhe ttqonetic fuctiom, tog luctiqr:nd exponflfill
fimiim, e ftpHerkd with ininib pol€ seri6.
Rmb or a nonlim equtim 6 be
a .obtutu ot a6l and mplex
$lutuf.ranr6s&pmdbgon$eonplexigof&e€qurdon.Foi* ple.
fd ey polyndiar up b dege 4 dd
dE sb of a sidple brlenddbl equad.n such as on: - 0 aft rmwn b be
M tr1,n, ,1. rr !. Ph.,

roapply numqi..rp eduG ro obhn @oc of a;DiDar oi qm

ce or the m6i poFuia! ncihods tur'he
fiodins rcob of nontjnear cqu*ionJ -

.mns tu r arr r, tha dope (iri d.rivadrcl of dp .m€ i5

^'
dJ I t\)

l(nn
/ r()
whef J (10) denoics the d€rir:bvc ot rli) evatu*ed r = 1i. we Fpur r .
iimuntiLthcdiflaftneb.fuedsu.!+
snr aPP.orimaiio's is
i3mall ooush ,.

,"'-'''..p1"'L
And. ir ihc Newbn Raphen aEonrhm.onv.rses b i soi.il <Dvogc d!:r iLr
rhmaryothq!s16ndinrqmdhod B jrn*;datwavkmk4o.Fddro. i
, .. "rc.i.
:PP "". "; ,
'" ,'"
di ,B"iwm "p.. .r!'.

lariry su(ssive r pGdons inn.id df tElvrnE a.h !h erat (/,ir? pN:,:

ForsinplerbsEndrwccanorbndcr.min .r,"di""ir rornro,.,iiri.F..

bur,inrghqr,vcsxll e inrFr
 acnnEA.i ftft@'"r aGaRE;:te - inbsd -esa
nr6qui brMrtruiorro ^PPtud"s

F@ rhe dern im or inegFl w qn iorn tF tollo$ng nme ..l

l; l(')d'- ttG)An
b./'\rovB hr rhnr ro etrDle
'
;; ",;;""-,,-"h $";*.. ",.on;bt,drue ^\
ntu \sb'1F^ar"'d "dd
tr*J.rtu*,t-"**gr*,Fis.; A !' Itbapp6\iru1d .-d6 uP
rro
. " JL * ." a--;'. .t'" .r t" iubd'vi$n! "* he hen rr a@5' n

-r'r,*",u."i.*._*"*U w.d@"d'ucs'?dan3uj
.an he L'xt in tlF rosd{n do.
mno d q l- sorhval sffdnr
-* *i-' *l. 'i* rt. *.et" cpq o:.h Lsing d .* appn{mabd rhe
t;",pp*;r
L, i.. ',u,*" * *"*a-;" q!.dcor pol,atu , .. 'td i' d"*d
." * uiu*"ia -u. i *. " 'h-
ro dpPm\'
,-^- *" ni."-. ^ *- *" ^. "
tr rdl-oo b 'Pabb'ld)
\iEPdont nn' :nd
tne dkArd aPProxin:hon "m; .
is
'rhd

t; , I'i"+ ^"'] " -'

tn $is eipt*ior rhe hbry'r rsm, b b is diviited inb

{hd r ts: m'ndPborX and wiih

l i ro. *' u -m",.ti ., .r;dv appu,tuF,h" ddon G{ ihP

."i.m,t..,1-..'t'tp,-"s.1' n'oi' 'g *"ft1desmd \ ri'bl6l m
tuh,wrslt hrybc@ris

hddseidhh n;,lru&nri

not edy b €v6i$e wiin sinpsm,s tule or the oth* apprnurm netuas. n
ur6e ca*, we can appty Mon& cdlo hbsndm k.hniqua TtE l€m Mdk
caro is rs€d b d.rdh€ methdd $"r mployr andom,numbe pqdlllE
'ny
ro slve, d*ministic Pnbt4
r{.4ot. r vrk cdno m$od ro 46luhd in'?,:l b sss,tus,
red@ p. iiic hrhr a drngl. ir:*d.o16hI,,,tlwfieintsiat
hom4 or/FB A 111. An
"ppa<iD:b- ror $e DFsrdl

l',.,=', ,+
bh." p'rrus r b r o p'ameh 6, F F nulrber ar
dr qhnEle h.jshr

dt @nsura-Fgn "@publ by la smfl,rins No,,dm nunh"\,

and 4, rh5 cryrns oui rh€ ekurados

L y: ytu+r,,r
smihr merhod! @n b€ appued b
mFri:ls mLJopte
a;<lfu hr ,r rdndm nJnbs
0. wc
aJd a uifomly disribur.d ov€r rh. inid6r (0, 1) we a ab6n h d
^r Irofr a 'E
rardm-number hdion nr a miheftriB d sbrisdc,l Lb$ry, or R
.m rs th€ lonowiry atgdithn, cal]led,J!. tirtat oryreattut Sddtt
4=,ir r+c(mod'), t=1,2,3,...

wheF pftneds 4, ., 4 :E inbsss, ffd i4 i6 a shina vatue cled ilP

and io
*r. Panmeh r is .hoh l se as pGible on r p:lddar nachjn ,
ro b€ as
frrhQlu6lor4 d. .h{M b rar<e ine sbins ot nndon tuib4 s lmg s
c€mDt..mrh:.htrks r-,t' trhgq
' r. lbdE2s rd, _ 10rJ9042.23

50lvi.9 Odiiary 0iff.rc.thl Eq!ations

Any equd .dbinin6 dif€hhat iabkhase opd,roc is EJenst kr as I
difren6al equrim. Qlmric d dMF vah6 in $ne coniinmB sav fnn
m.mrdrnF pG od ro mun F"",-.t*-h,,,S.-*M";-a
pcidm, aid o€y d chnge ilh EFd b m y otha Fnntu, s.h as
€npda@ oi turion.r a@khhm An .qurim tEr hrclv6 deriniiv€ oI
d fidi6 oI a rngre lariabre is .aned n adirury dir.alkt Etuttn. we n]fe
a diftlqEal equrd .iLhE by dMjni$ a nfrlim'r nnn dur stisds rtu
equiid or by uafg ntu mdbds b dtuim dE val$
'r 'pptuytu
for dr qundty ar aletd h@,i!.
To solve a ditrdd:l equt@ se alsd cd b ln@ @ d ,l@ sbd-
iry vrru6. An equ.tim involvi$ q y rh! 6E! dedyaile oI a quddt,..!ed d
lAt$d8 dilmtbt qwtim, tz{iia m Ehins wl€ An equ.um ilui @-
bic bdh rist and :;l]od d.rivariE, .a\.r *ann4d6 ditt dti't Eutifu,
EquiG eo sding vah6. And sinil,rly ln ^e'ruiim involvins hish*ordq
tim rd spftitins sbtiry valu6. an
niii.l-Dlu prnbld b ore h shi.h *r rl1.m dditm re sFd6ld lor r
snuk val* of rhe iideFndai vatinble, A bdd.rta.lu. tbbr.' is m h
whjcn 0E hlom cmdilim ft sp€d6€d ai ile boudades toi dF dryddd

A sinpt€ enpb or inilial-varE pnblen i6 uE 6BrddE dilf.qurr

whe r EpGmb gredeperdnt v iable thatlan6 with tu I ($e ind+a'

dedvaiable), lG, , is dE h(nl &ne-vdatim run.iid d L\. cBr &dvadk
ot r, an'l r0 is tE givm vdue tor r at $e hisal tim b. vrib c.n a&o tdt dt!

d,=
And, aom L\.ddJ'ltidol, ddilativ€,^t,rdt
w€€ne rinih inrsv.ls bapprcximt

l'1l@ Aa = q+r - a = dn - Ir rd ' 6G ,tepr. 1"i€nt we bre

equ.l rim inkwab ard 'nd Lhe tollowiry illt@bl
ue ^n @Lddd b dernire
dE r ar €.t iim Et4, Fva dp valu€ or r. at ro
'?lu6

ftn nmerical PltRiuE €lled tlp Edsd.rho4 d itaFpsttdrer l wih

i6
stathdine ss'mb e.cf hm inhal Ar.
over
AfthouehnFEnrerhefi od casirplepredG b inplehmt in gaErllitis
dtdy aone. Impnvenmb b inn baic nfficar 'kdllm hm bs de
v€lop.dn idEiolotugTayldsriesei!ffi ionbyift Drp.diryhBhmd*

4+ = (r+r'(t)^r+;r'(r)^l +
^r
sim:(r)=J(a,t, we hav€ /(t=J1i,t, d $ rorrh toi dE h*rE
tutrNtt, h.. qtrd.nth 5

Rung. iuHii8odhn
ro foudh orde' rn. ahoflrhn br rhc

b= lat+112, \+^tt2)^t
| = It\\ +blL tt+ a42)a,

\r = rt +to +2b +2j +t)/5,

!\re un ipply sihilr tuthods b obiain soturions tor ordinary dji{erenht
.qliotu o, ! 3\ 1 u da r . sq e
" "pF.,€!1 F ro u..,t. t. -tu, -. 6 a
ihe diffurend, equaiion Fol cximP

Solving Pbrtial Differential Equations

As lve nlght *prd, pdbl dl{eq
sohe rhan ordimry difretrrbl equa
rtPla.cihepiialddnvieswi(hFniicdif'*nes
we fi6r .oddd a llndion lt:, r) r
'b -ouJ on vot. rB, r ...
'
lhita diftuEnc6 rhc rlows us b rupbe thc fu.dion of tuo vadab 6 I,iih :
oneslb{ript lundion oI a single vdable, tina

Ita
Th. Pafr 6l denvahves ire &en glaced sfth rha fdLdwhs erFessions.

lil
=l:i! li

'' 'oq o o! 'or -,D& c

s ."
'

appn:ihadon ror ihe *.ond pedal dfriariv. or tl h ruspelr b r

,1#!
-
diyide ttu 3pR€ inb a qular grid and E rnib dilismG for.*n spa6,r
Anorhd appD.h a'ir is applied 6 paiirr difftmr'rr eqdiffi n d'.r,ia
unod. Agdd or.mdnEbFddffiGd uF dd tne rionslnof hl€r,
'r,'g.
whi.h @ld b€ a sud@ or a rcltre d eFe, ,nd dEn th€ @upled equad@
@ solv€d at rt€ node Fsii* usirE wiarianal bduliqu€. Ir rhb reL\o4 m
,pps,&diig fmcudal oludo b u*d iBkd of 6librtifiesp €gurriffi.
Depddnsd ifi epm6leq mine8rartdup torB{)mqlmril7suhapturiar
dti3y or Midld elm. ftm som prx€d@, ch a a le6ls'rre d,5ait
b .ppli€d b minimi? the ptutirl ser3y or aidud dd. Tnis nininiadm
yields v.lE Id 6p hlnM pratu n' ttF appotutn3 rmdm roi dr

Lcast-squarcr CuM-Fitting Mcthods for oat sctt

wnm a lrnpub sinuratim or *rmffcvis:riz,rim lrdy pmdllc . *r of
,rrb vdB, k irnd arways w r b dehitu a nfdi@ar lom rhar wil
deibe a€ drh *. The tudaid neilDd foi F.duqrs a hftdm th,r fib dc
Sive&b is the lmr,q'ft6 dgorr6n. To.pply tlrs netno4 we 6et.h@ a
geftr,r 9F tu d€ nf.d4 3n n,r , [l@ furdd, . porF@j.r tudifr, n
d e(Ponsfi.l 6s.r@ $b *s md dehine oE !.lE ,c tne p.'amebE
h dE ftlrdml fom w€ hrw dl64 A hcdi'lg8ion:r EtaiglGlip lundim,
6r€'dp1€,c b€ deKik wilh bo p,latrk rhe sloF dd r1E y inkr€?r.
we obr,in rE tutrdd patu by nininizi$ fie M of rF squ6 of d1e
dif,cl€res b€laen dE rhdicar f@tim eira€ dihea.rn ld,bvalle.

poitu,laleledG,$)ninr-r,2, ..,,.aftdwehdesrd-ttdin.fundion:l
iom /(1) dut e wet b @ io &sib€ dE dih di:;nibud@ @ d up a ex-
pBion fa o etM fiMim E, wtrici i6 rh€ 3un of the squE ot *Edifl,€me
b€tlen f(a) <t dE dahlrlE *:

E-tllr-'l&r'
Pahme6 in $e tdid l(:) @ d6 ttelfin€d by q'nii!t2n'g lhe e@
& an exuple iI dE d.h d b b h€ d6aiben *iih l1E lil]a futrdm

r=t tle - ?rrc! +a&)+c;+r,d,a +o?t'1

sineL\€etu € ba fiftdmottuovai.bl€€(.! d.rtwemidriz E siih

tne iolo,ins h oupl€d egutioB.

5-ir,"*""*".'r-o
t t-r}&+r'04+),r'i]=0
tuthmtuJiraryabeqri3
vib@ rha blre tln s of *o lilld equatiG siry C@,r irnq whi.h

," =
(t,d)[, r) - (Lal(t, +r,)
-
--- "Lrro- (L,a)(Dr)
wr€e dE damim6or h rhe ko *pdm is

D-l| " r.q

Lb tld
=rd-(r")
sinil,r @lolan@.8 .died dt td o{E ihcti@ Fd dE p.lrDniat
ttn - 'r+ at +'t' +... +.,':
lor itu, hs b eolw r * of r li'E equriG b dtu tJE
b parffi ar.'E{
And r tr alro rppty led+qu.€ 6br b hdjG d
s"Eltdi:bl6/'q.o . .rr,which@Jdb.li'lgdndrnl4ind.)rd
 "BishPefthlne 3dN€LE! M. r and L lurD Oer. Fadd r4s?
P
tu'yson kddit , h pcdrigsof srcc$r'4.
^(nxY(dx,ERMoL!((1w)
B R&^.r.Oe3r) -tupelquadiG and A4lerlgrhs
T&!5lom?dd''rr$c4''1,'cm']!sdd/4'J0'
Gd9GGMPH,s,c.frplqcr',I6,pPl@n6
rciN MoLLE& x ! x. IlNEs (m0,) turrttr 8AN 1,3 A.ad rc sEAm trs) Lqrcunhr
r,,*".# d
erddii& tud.d[ii, A. K. reb6 N:i& M. 8'6 d rsb h ka+Li@", ncM
.jNAlrDB, I Os). "ky ra.hs wis cm6", h
r.edn$dslcGRAP!'&,':o,4 {G4'4s,1313), B$KY, B A 0e&). "a D$qiprbn rd Evrudol
or vano6 }D ModdJ, rE.E cd4rq crplft ira
K, Y ISAMI, ad T (URFARA OS2) "A SiN
rnEdhs tu N'tun1 tuu9 d kn",
Pk MdhDd ror
^NIIYO, EA@L R 0d A ts BAR O@). "A ed€Lns syn
in prc@rh3e or srcctrAJ{ 'eX conplq c,pr!r,
or srccrAw t3, .o44br cap,'.s,z(rt pp. tp
MPuaom,TER rNL \t{a Huwn h|4hc.u
thn: rh. ktuq htrdd. addr$rkbt savE R lte, PtFvatty.uase tututhsjnor1wkt
^4b c@,ns, Aod€d. I n$, $n Dqo cA
DAUM,DN.,S MANN,( PSMIH,4dI M WNCET
fuyoded6",hPEdtFdslcs'H,37' oeer) "tubs &d6sfiy ueblc t Prcpc
ca qtq cnrtic,1t\4),w s* 64 ed M$hh3 rFhnjqus tu ^dm& cwnrb
ANo,J.,.d 099r) crptrcsc sttAcded(hs,$i or Acuab Radtci9 sob6on/, in pffiurss oI
srccwH er, o"dq cnrh, r5({t pp 1{r
ArHEiroN. r F Lr@r
sN, rnd n P BR@(t li 04) ,r,B-r
!gft6ebl.htY:.!oi$quoc",inPrc@dslF
BAMFF, D. 0s) "Andykal tu qtut
Medods alsl@RAB 93'c4fu. Grq*'PP |7126
sindafuolNqf!1frhgRi3idbdi6",h'rc. BtEs"P Oq2l Ntl@dGltut: Mxk iG$dAPh
ldts of
,&'
sIcckPH cdry!,/ c4]'i6, ,3(3'
,oh Nnry & sq, rordo
3AMFF, o id A wns "qrd siFuh
(r9q). em). lr'sdJ ,sk4 a ]@n'r&
BmN, I. New edls
.ubLrt6ldnupoc,N
e2, 6P d cr'/ti', %(1),
gdiry"'inprcaednsol$@,e'o'jP./
8ANNSLEI M f,,A IACAIIN, T MAL$NET,
L REurF,dD s@ANoe33) 'kredsch:ds Bl-s, t. w 0F, .stcs .trd Prrcs Fir, A6rd
6! hge 5}rft15n,, h Pcdb3s dslccfulH'3&
anrd d c nlt i., t\4' pp. 131 1 & 8LESER. r lrw). -rAE fls srrL*ud. us hblha
sNSLn,M E oe3).frdrr Euyd4, tudEdni', kdptu", NASA cdad spae Frd' cend
Aod.nifug,kDieocA
BuN,t E4dM 3. I\JrMLL Oe76). TextuElfd kt BRUDERLN, A dr w CALvEm
oes). "c81
Dked'DFtrfutonofI]umaih'hq",h
,a6 aJe? acM,1et1oJ,PP.w 547. Fdn$olslcctr}Fa,co4q6ro,i,a,a(:),
BLNN, J r 0e7l)
cmPd*sy!sg#!d P and r NAvAzO {rq). "$rid Rqlqnbbn
sRLNEr,
srccuPH 7, conpl' c4di6 !(2), pp. rqr$. oP€E6o !s4 dended (ltu", rd h4s
d
8NN, I F and M. E NEWELL 0%) <ripPins rds d c@\r'e(1r, pp ttute
UstgHo@FE@Scodin6,'ihP!]@eg!d BRrcN,s aidc LEvrr (1e2). "tu vjnur wsd b
srcctuPH %, cd,r!r' c,rrrd,12{31, m. ar61 d", IEEE Cdrwtd ch rsqda dtb5,1zt4t,
lmN, ,. r oe3) "9imuhh6 o, wrjnHd sshai , h
pqdhs,dsrccuPr r&.ofr p/4c4rrd, f (3),
ddc. wawANoq) "krbP hDloorM'r
BLTNN, J F oe3,)."Atu{d hdArFbntsuda ulc Hums FiexEr" r.EE cdprb 64ris od nA
Dethg", /cM ra,fr6E o, crl6, 1{3, PP at
8LNN, J. E oe3,). ai3r R.fldrci Fundms tu smq joYG, a L A. LEre Oee) 'rwo &'/m4i Fun
l''bofcl@&mdhst}'su6c"'hPi]@dtl8,d
srcchPH'&, cd"/..f/ c,rhA, 1q9, pp.2!a. canp . cgtns, 2rtq, w 2144.
NNN, J E O93) "A TIiP DNi fu CGPhS PiFhI c,AMNm, L. 0s) "Th! A-suirqi e Anddhd
rrt cnti6 ord apptndk$, t rr),rp ua clrM'&, c@iPrb cu tir r31rt PP 1116
sLrNN,J G4O.,'u sri,3conaii rniD&tr ftCnpri4 CHEN, SH E. RCImE& C MLLR, Ad D
E.,
.idr?,Mo€rkuJ{4,hF!@ko,cA IJnXERosD."aPnrsmieM d r6sMeeodro
8LNN, t oeri) lj, Rfutrl cdia: Dr', At'L, Mq:n
ca Nt Gn&iG, at1\, pp ter4
bLooMIrWALt {rs).,Mddiry$cM$ht'Mapb", cN,N rnd s FNER Gq9. "Nor krnme ShedN

ckPH cdiflh c,t6 ,3{r, F. e+rft.

,3e,
rcNO,I] R.,I L ENCARNACAO, R A HOrc@D, l:rmc, c., d ,r 0e@) 'ErPro.ns Mtu wqr&
J.
d oe&). "GituFiE c4phrs ' sb^d{d", rrre wtd H$d Mound Msr Ddprars". ped,'s
.nP, c.qhns ar APtute' 2t5\, w,a sPrE tstutr tf frdcoptid L6nrn4 k Enti@''lrk
muoum, D L o%) "b hbacdE cEPhia aPPri Mt dt.d ta blnattut tu ttji atid EBinrti\i
admb^d!rtedehf'ftsicn",bP!!di35d co+r[! q f rR btfr $not vst at6 rtu D5Pt4
sr6RAm'n, co,Pdsc,Pr"6, f(3), pP @s. r!dnoror,6,1m,,aiu.r pr 1!20
rcuRc,D M.(m).Pry,bP6,!tu6rY6,otufy "de,
tsedcubeAeddty$lud@6!conP]qEnvi
BRESNAM, E oes). "A&qih tu conPdq
codrcr d a Dibi
' frork", r3M sFb^ /ord, 4{r,
sREN!.r,lJ E 0e7). "a Lh$ tft bd, D P GREMEM Oa) "^ Prc8lsre tuienhr
rnd Dtid DLphy of cirdli^rgonrhm
Ac", con,ui& APPfue]ihF6lRadi6il'hFfulolh",hP+
rbE/'t rcM,rc), PP rGr6 adrye d srccuPH '8, c@u q c4ri5 2(r).
BRC')K9'R, F P 0s) arhtuu3h: AD@n{ cEPh
cotrN, M. f, d t n. waLLAcE 0s3) n didry i4d

BR'rO6 Ir, F P 0s3) "crcP4 bl'y ftldd cooK R L :nd K. .. rceNc (rqa ,A nefl.dan.s
uu!6 h€€.dwe ccph$ $^ 4 $i€oe",.ar €,
BR@re Jq E c, M. OUH.!O!NC, J. J BlmR, ed C@T R L., T rcftR L CARPENTER O9&)
r t. @^nr( ceeo) "hojd cRopLHapdr Dis "DldhNRayTta&g"'hpEdhso's'(;
ciAPH &,c'4 qcnlr6, s(3), F 137-1{5.
srccMm e, o,F'b Gdrr6,21(1), pp. rr-$ coK R L 09&)
BRom,r R ads c@mcHAMoB).Pqeu flJ sIccfuPHg,co4ldc4']n'El3),pp.491'
rh ue rft4@, Joh wney & 9,t N& Yqr coo( R L 0B). ,sdnic sinPrhs s comPu€
8RON, c. w d 3. I sljmD 04t Cztn r/. cdpG", rd hBdioft oi c4ri6, 61r), PP q
rlddj'ffi8Pub[odo6,cEenwich,ca
 Btuior t! @e

C@K R. L, L. CAPEI@& ANd E CAfrULL 0934 ftxosg a "c€oftft cobdrr sbp€ Pa.
D. oe33)

.4&3' ol slcc@l ,d, .onPdc 64'h, ,(4), Rom sPlfu", ,cM a.ftdlds ci@,i.5' 70),

coaulNr, s qd P jANcN fq) "Aninrd DIGFAL€O!trMNrcoru 0@)'DsibrEquipMr

colPonhxUIgybcddd,kFd,MA'
mrcR, L I d r. c ToRBERG 0q1) "ftPhy rd
liqEs lq ck Eicoa€n obj-b", r.EE cd'F"r
cRd, rc. oeza). ft Axi5ns P@bcq hGqpu€c cror,ric o/ lli/rdros, (3), rP. ,eirs
sFIkld shJd hac€,'' (b,ilid,fis ,l l,f tDrsEY I. o, F x srLuoN, rid D P GRENERC
oeq). "e,i3l md $md.dmdoPqaLi3hd8 d
cRow . c oem) "tudq aBqihN b! .onPu€r Prtidon rfu", h plddhcs ol src(rJr}E 'er,
cEPh$",iPcdnB5dgcwH7,c.'Ptt. caqr t ct tFdi 6, 6\11, 9?. 4rs.
cRow r c OqB) "lne 0* or cclkal. tu hpfl€d oes). ,vor@ ldds", i Pqd4B d src,
PnsliDbphyo'vdo6'ndcblh",GPoEd. cwH's, conPrb cnlrd,2(4t F. 6174.
sssorsrccRAm?,cDpr4c4 rtr2€),pp.rs.
cRow,E c 0e3r) "AconP dd66lesrd
\\qA"' IEEE.6lpllt cqri6 dl| 1(1,' DUVANENKO V O'{)
^r',rfuM' cr,rPin8,, Di Dd! /o!nd, rury 1e0.
cRow F c oe32) "A M@ ddbh h3e cwEtun DER, s. 0q). "A hbtuw r6rbr ror Msdbd6",
hvbMof'hPFGdbFdsGc@H3:,col IEEE ca p'bt ct'tud td Alpttutbt, ts9, p9. +
Pd6 cqhis, t6a),w. r13
CRUZNEn{ c., D' J EANSUWR A,d Ur39 ruturydd1rao tu/o
(te3). "suftuid.s.n.n nbj.dd-&r!d \trMr conPd.c{Prj6,sPdrhlL&elh
Reii|]':seD€agltdrhPh'lEbdono'lbcAE", DELSBRUNNE& B. Oq7) - 6ry ddioe'
h PlodhF d sIcGuB ,9, conPlb c.,16' cdl&sPdg.\d4bll! 'rs,r,!
EDELSBRUNNE& H. :nd T MUC(E (IqI "Shu]l
'
limoisinPliotyiATdniqEbcoFwhD€€.r
J RowN, ard j R BROWN, e& oer).'n4kr
cntui, u,ht 6jd.oh d t4nnnh3, ttu wtq
EL8E&G. EcoHN0q) "Fiddh<urye RqoEr
oER" E., D c[LY, d a O',ruLLY d Oft rr.x
w,'lmsysb,m'N,srdl,sdndEdtdoio,fi.ill,& 'et),cary uct4 i6,2414\, wstg.
A3s,lM's.bsbFlcA PFNF O@) con
c\eug M i.d I. Br( oe73). "(r€lrri4d rre aod PqcghtsPwqn1i&cxslhlcltPhissb|
rrlrFDh$iomlcliPhs,''cfip,l8ddc4'6, d,,,se$gorvdlas,furji
FA&N, c 0$) cu6 4rr s!t6 P c,n&riiar
DAY, A M Oq) c{ndrr D6(4 rsdmic PEsr Bosh, MA
FAN,C 4dD HNSFOnD(re& r{ Co,lrry r..rrr
Dfu,6ndPob6'',ncM Tronedb6o] cmPr6'90), F/ GrPft5 lrd udd;' !. K Pdeo Nar& MA
EDER, J. 0q) .rd{6,Phutu$,NsYo.L.
D.ING, M. 04) "r4n tudud@ vitu Mrt",
hldediigso'sIccfuPH,9zc,,p'ac,t|r',d, os) nf .rym' kumd Pr1f6 Add6d-Mey,
DuRNc, M. r 4d 0e3).'b a sFro
s. R NEMN lsJlN, K P md e A BARsxv 0e&). ,a Fady d
NflAl3on$Dsfu$ftFliq:,,hPlxebFd
ollcfuIH!3,c@,!t|c/,P,!Ja,F0ls
'o!c6LEff{dr]D$adccPk",hPqdl€s sGc*P!'s, c@iFdl c{p,i,4, 1313), pp 4!24
DMB, O lm). Idrr d, ftn4rr 6 P, r,. Ne nvw, E. L neae) tue M hwret sbuht.4 Mbt
fueEPubbhng,M@Pob,N, crrrq Aotu P!g, B6b
E. rowe oq) "turPd rcLEXJ D,A. VN DE,S L FEIM,AdJ WCB
tueky{,s t; dt.f . A1d a', 2ti.4r, w q 4/. (tel.6v'tn c."rhi6: turirt6 qr Prqt@, sd
U REF!Yg, I1, C EDELN, FMNCON, M. JAgIJE& Ei,ti,'^ddbFw6l.y,fuding,M
adc PUECH 0e33) "rL' Moddrtunhiurohn, mURNlEt,A, D rUssELand L cAtrEMER 0$,)
sccRAm s, o",b ctor&6,2({), pp 151 rs nndh$ $ra al'rpp 37t s
^cM,
FOUiNTER,A andWrruMsdes6)'Agnpktrael 6LAS6NEN, A. s GqO. "Ad,pdv. Paiid h rqturc
MPPtts",uel(dbso'sIcc*PH,&,@,fuifl
hP Ictt' i6,2t)l4t,pP 7a
PRLTSTN@uCZ 0q). fur,16"lEE.Gq|dtco!ri.'hd^fir@La|'
Ptldh$ ol srGcMPH 's, .o,r14 c,/rtrt
cl6sm, A. s, ed oBi). rn hrdK,b btue 7h!
fNnN, q R !1d M. s GNINhLL' 0s0)
frtdler objd spac !idd6 sunBa k4osr, h cL{csNE& A s oe$b) 3D 6prb celi/6, , uf,,!
prcedjn8so'sIGwH,90,c,'f!,'c4h6, cd,Fan&hd D6Br . tud./r0,. krF
REEMN,T d 0q8t n6r4r 4d &red ncrfi8r t GLA$M& A. s.,.d Cq) c,r&5 & s, A€dsr
&'4,'uco'P{6npij4,EEEcdFFtgkEl'
cus6Nln, A s oe2). "c@rer suhdhdq r
FruMEL( A (1$e). "vdun€ R4d$4", co,,r'd rlter" tEEE c.r1$bt cnfitu and Afltuths,
ror cl the AcM, 3214), w. 1*B
FUDER, c', D coRooN' ind R' A' TYNoLD os&5)' cussMR,A s.ores) ,rrr+tu, olDdhl rwe sPrr4
s&rIk ci6b,, r.E.
"&(kGFrc Di,Cay d
6rMc @ns ra APddttu ,5l1r, pp 4 chsNsR, A s oe)
REDHoFi R M 4d w 3Nz)N 0e39 rr. h'r' fufrltnd.om'4&c4'6'Mo@ku6]esin
cqsNr& A s cdr) rdru ch$br or@ Nd.d
ru, ( 9, d a. RGI:mLD 0q). "P:tum k@sn fu'elnrfu!%i'c@?96ro,'.6,AK'Pek6'
dq rid conpder q5im", .?nplc, 1700), ps ,7+
cLHcs&M. and A. wRN 0sr). "rtuqhnh.LeE
rLrJMdo, A., and l< rwArA 0a) "laq.FEcroaa6on congaconftf,uPreedisollccNH's1
NjedqbF-. EEE.M "b/ cqvt,i6 ar Alptt, c rytu cturh6,2ir'.a,PP.Bl4n
llrNHougER, r A. d c. H. srcrnN 0e3) "Adats adond ob'er hlfu 6! Ray rndtr8", E*
cutP {c.4 ns t aPPtr ia6,7l5\,PP tn
coMF, ,, L. DAxs^, B. CO6r,\ id L. Etso oeer
hPik6FdsIccn^PH93'cd''GnP't5, N4|t r turyrnts alcqLd arjd,tuBnKzd.
coNzALu,R c aid p l{Nz 0$7). Dllikr ri!8. pe
bnrtkt c/qri. r,1 Arrti@lq5, 312), pp.33
|EEE
do''&AKreb4,Ntk,MA
GARDNER,C y045)."v!udsir ldon orcrou&", b
pDcdbForsrcaMna5,c@ip 464ti4,f(3), dd B BAnATLE 0q). "Mo&b8 se hrllde
r Ldr hen DrfK r{k-. n PifuF
cAsc![1, M P 043) or tKrffH &.turPlo6d,4r! r31) m.n!
hPmdingsof9GGNH!3,.d@,tcs'l'd, coMnN,D and s (:rmoerl "F@r.'GB&L EPhr
al6P 1@" ]EEE c@|lln cl4hts nnd A6lnx'
cAsKNraoer) P4Gep4" tr{rded,a/ne v
'
{RODE& M t COHEN, ANd P
COMLER, S J., P
NRAHAN 0e3). "wavdd nadicry", s pifu-
L E SUTHEIiIAD 0s9. "A Chrt*nhdor or
'wdslccP{rHcr.qiAtrcnlhcPPIlI
cwts & Ldrl,.icrr6 x(i m.r+r*
crR{D, M. 0471. "hrsdive N)F d 3D coopdr!
GRFN, N, u carindc.MLFO$3) "Hierd
ar AdiutM, 7(6,, PP. 3qt
cntuns cl2Buftgvjlbilily",mPGdt$dsIccRNE
GNSM, s 0e) "haa sudiv!6 ror Fsr Rly 93'conPnc4i6'PP1J14'
^
lahE",tEEEcw t Cnrt6 qrd ApFttut69,1t1o' cRorcF, s r oee).'tu.Dn.turon:t d sbEa
 taEE c'rpt1 d cnrhi 6 rd tut bns, 3 \3), How{D, a L. J, wa
HEwm, R duarcLD, I
^r'ty'x", ^Et dd x. M lmwa 0s1). I .
did hhndto, b
HAImLr, P ed K reuY 0q) "se Ac{rqh rnrcs ,d ?Ucs PD5, Md6 $h3rq, worll8rrm,
dm &tu HdME suPtsn 6! EBh-a!.Lry b.
dgn$,',ir8@edi&o'slccwn'$,c@@tr l]rlwAN, D a 0e52)

.lrk 10(r, F. 1@grdr.

&,x'6hwe tdh$L", rEE..oDP sc4ii6dr rucHES, J n 0e2)
^cM, "&hddd Fqdq %ru. Mor
H^LL,R llw tttMtutuntrdatuh6 r qc4!
HU[oc, H. d M. NsAr 0r35t "B-Sprjn sdhcl
SALLDAY D, R. usNrc( d I wArGR (1000)
R,/odrb .t Prrtsr6, s{, 3 rFz, IoM wdry rr Md Arrttdiaa, sr3t, pp.3e7
lNlulN,P and J LAWSON04o) "AD4w€ fo! o%) "A nadiciry MerrDd ror Nm Dilfu* Entu,
h6b",hPcdur$JgccfuPH'36,cozPb
srccwH q,conP q c4ti6,2414t pP ,eF3
HARDX v J. em). t h /Pr 6r,ti6, su Mnrcsy+ ttaAcgrM:ndM E co$ 0q4 "cnbl
'D L9DyD6i.simuhdqwilhfuqthhinb,
&hvio!IudlE,aidhabeDFdG",hF
0s) ey r@nt8 hq!turi
,e,
3D Fc.bc", h
Pru cc&ss or scwH 3z co4 4 6h,t,,2n4),
.diigs d sIcGwH co'P g croPiiq rj€),
JARqS, E,C N R Nrw Oe6). "a
ll$, c and a A osNr (1e1). "E6!i4t An
J ' 'uDrG,andw
@sToePiclucons6dDcPlryJ'c',/!h6rP'
(KesdjccMPH'9l,co4ec4,ii6,5({)' &r r"r! Pr6stB, s(1), Pp. 1r4
dd
JENS.N,T w(er) xeinriuB.sy cr6i8Prob'
A, ( Pe$'Nad.Lu
onGN oez 'cass cmPutu Adnd skEoM '4PPi4, A 0e32). "Crrbtv:rxdal wd Dspray
JoNsN,s
sys€q d 6e uniq,i,y o' ubi,, p@ar,'r ol spi..
GJIA J a 0$3) Ns r(btqu$ tu tuy r!si[
TORR^NC' D H SACSN,dD.PGRENERC lfuudry e6en ci*h", ,cM rnBdi4 0
oe2).'^ Fs'.nd &dnb Lighr R€i{doi Md.r" h
pfuhFdsCcMPg'qco-pdci4r6,26{2), GJrA, j r oes). 'ft tudsns Euftm,, h Fq
.eed,nBs dr srccNH 'e, Gzpd4 c4 h, uq4),
HsN,D.aid PBAnRtrer) "$oM! vbuMdN
ujryA, ra L MY 0s). "tund€nns Fu
.nd
'.
HECKBRT, P s 0@) "cob! br3. oldrr{ioi r.r srccME,e,64!b c4iiJ, !6), rP z a.
fr:fu8unqD!Ph'",hpocdhFolslcGRAfH sPrELM R 0r$). "An EniFDG{Ll8 A+qiM,f
p,7, c arykt
' c ry, i. t, 1q1), N. E7 1a7. F6tu dspbyr", it Frd ME( d ttt I hn4q c awtu
HEcnER[Ps,lndnHANMHANllg)"kiTG. G4nb, +!4Fvsbe Bsri4^rp 57 r0
n€ hrF@r obj(b,, h prdliings orsrccRAm ex a L. and,. r GJIY oee).,tuy r6discodptex
'&, c,r'Frr c,Pri6, s€), PP ren, fuieJ,inFdt€sdsIGcuPH,36'cory,l'
HEC<BEr, P s , d. 0q). Gm rd e^ &, ddc
(aY D. c. ,id , R LEVNE (14) c@ri6 fl. FoM^,
MNDEMN, L RdA M MUMFORD 094) 7b
gB,A D,M c MAN, and6,M NEL<oN 09$)
HOP('OD, F R. A., D. A DUC,' RGALLORAdDC,
surclrm os) ri,bikr@ b ,E crdind (q
Ho]l@D, E R. A and D A DICEosD.^tur|rbr llN, J. R, w [. CIRMN, aid R tr PAnENT 0e2).
rrics, Joh wrq & h, cchsr' tuFbd "sbPerreioq io rq PoryHd o6t{6", h pG
HORgTMANN,c s and c. coRwl (ror) curloe r, .dhgs or srccwH 'e2 conprs Gapii6,26(2),
reprcwLe.\ N) tuA af 3.D dfr*Qt A"hfithr
0d t,'ri!s, Jdi wry & h, Ns YolL 0e3). roobinhs sisarchtJ ediciry ind DisltrD
ncARD, M r 0%) ordcL Prcsn DisJo'ttux did,y M6hbs". in Ndb8, d srcckPH el
hd@synatr,AddMiw*h,Rsd4,M' c@p/'cnp,c,pp'1qm'
R(, D dd J dvo oqr) "unbd tuPLs Llrrmowra, Pc oeD anhdr a 2%.Dbidin
srccRA.Hel,co,u,c4liq,5(4,PP F!t5
'ghfugus6Ih8esyk.b,,jtrpft€€nincaof
KtrKD.,.d.(rq) c',,r'B e^ rn, Aadedcfls,sn LoDDTNC, ( N 0e$). "h! rnbi lr'g,, rE E h
Pd4 cn i' dd Adndp6,!<2),w114
kNLrDSEN, r. 0e). t@ ,D rro3{fr,o& oely & Loc, r,s., D raN H .s sffi, d M. H. ER oqr
"fden€r6oll5DisPLr",Eesc.,p,!.cnlr'
(l\l@,DE 0$4 Dflsbn"
"Dsihr turltrcby hr i!'rd,@rtutun, 11\r), w 3343
sdk6 u en/rtri614),w21en. rOOMI'J, H POIN&U.ELLUG4^ BLrlfuOC
^cMn ardF H BNn6 0*). a.d J HOLLERBACT 08). "coopuh6nphd
Jit@hsgsPlfu,{isldlrmion'cddnqi'y' Mddbsd}Jr]€d49FLnFeF",bpltrGdng
of sr@RAm 'e, .onP q cndja, 113), PP. rF
corPdq 64dia, 18(3), pp. sr
xori E. ( !.d D HE^N 0sr) "Fa* Gqsadon 6d rcPB,A ndK BRODU{2mr) "hPhs6eRo$d
G$ ud rau,ry of dr tuhb*<sa Ak@tu
lolG6daG",IIEETnn$lion6mvsuli6dqd
e, coi,pa cirkr.u4n, no), pp cr6qr30 c.frPutu ccPhtu, e(1), PP 1ea
(oRB,I u ad N T 8ADLER 0@) T{Miq!$ aNE O44. "Madiq
f!'c@adB&cGLDG'cdM'holftuhd
std.tu6". .EEE cw'tu e tr r Addttu.
(olm, t u and N. r BADLER (rs) "rcnpq! a- ecxrNhY I D., s. K cdD, !trd c. c. RoBERM
0er0) "EPid cortured Mo!@s' so8h, qr
ftdinEs of sI6lN'H €3, .d1,16 G4Ph6, l7(3' lud3DwqlsPa@"'hpdedhFdslGGwHq
6P qcntun'w t7t t76
KtElgzG E dnrd E4r4n r Mdr.rurni
(1e3). MCKMX I D,c c. RoBElfuN, ard s K.e
.irr',.&d, wilq & h, New Y k.
Jo6i oer) "rne PsFdE wa[
LAsnE&t oeM) "tuftipr$ of rFddoor AniFadq
MABr0, c.oe) Iridh, ct nd! A tdhr L
sroJwH az .0rPr4 6nlnl, r(), pP 3!
or vd4&1kijk'4i/d,N9ftd.FPubEhne
l]Amoro 0e4 n, &Y cd,f qcnPrh woe, MAEST& C (m) ldiiku .kntut Anitur !
John wrry & tu, Ns Yorr vdn.,_ri@id,ftl',i'!A'NewRidqshbld!'E
auREL,B. Oeq. A tfHtnv cMp . htoJtrc
'E
NclEr-F (m) edooriclorDcd,EPns{rnir3 0s). cd4rdq rnrnrb
&c@{d4cruPl''6'cnikewMd;,Hryhm,
LEvox M 0ee0). "a Hybid tuy rn.6 tu Rod€nn3 0ee).r,@sydrci!,sPdFrk &roLF.
PolypndvduneDb"'rE.E.oi,diclifu
0d iw,d!tr, r0(4 pP. 3!4.
LEM,',rlreB) "Ais.nihhsror$LdNohsynM",
inPI{rE&€,dsIccfuPH,39,cfPtrcePi'6,
MAmEBRd, B B 0e4 r ddl F ry, d!4.d
LTANC, Y D d B A. BAllR 0e33) "An aid
dsmr[h rorrolypo cLpphs " con,oli.dbE
^mry* o/4? MADEB@,8.3 O$r). rtrrzdd tumdylN,e
lNG, YD lld B BAreKY OA) "A NEW Crn+I i,]|J\mA, M (res) i' hrddo, b $a rddir.
^
ld, N. L. d D M. LEnMR oes) "A bd
LNDr,c A (r 4r). Pedtrl&y r@,ar, c Iohnw ey
grccMtts €s, cMrrs Garii6, 1e(3), pp e!
 BDr4roPry di
MAL N L 0s). "Abqhedc utudo d M\@, B. A aod w BUxmN Os). "CEads HisF
sh:de',iipftdlBsolslcwg,e,conPle. bbte&edG6PLtd'UgIn'*hGbyfthfr
stafu",hPlldu$dsIGcuPH'36'conrl'
ld, N. L. (rq). "coEiphr€", ii prtredn$s ol
src(rNHe0,62p ,, Gapria 24(4), pp se{, NAYrr& 6.,J. AMNdIDF,dw rmAuGeo).
M.CAfiH!M. ddA DE{NmOeq) .eraynrcri: l€l3]ryBsPftgYPl&Polyhennl9'oFrdos"'
r{i!r t!/r'i,rrD wdrrs urr/,-d rdL hde h Fdnl3B d srccM e, co'Prl c'dd,
i,MR, c wandD P 0B) "Coror
GRENB*C NCOLLA M,D.T LEE,d (A NIGOLLO9s7),
*kdEMsbndcqPdgcaPicD€PLF,, "h ffidm, New Atddu ror D Ltu crrPPhsl
t EE. alrprb cryn6 rn awti dt di 315), w * 4
d
MYEB, D,S S(NNE&:rd ( grON oer). "Sda6 src(rwH37,6rld cnpri.,,2' (4t PP 5!ra
.rco conbu/, nd tu&dhro .' cnJr6, r(3t
l1q, vkwttutut tu stuttu ah@nry, EEE6^.
[,NOJ.Oe) cqpd hre Ift FoMt, tudso- Put!said'P€l'hAlimis,cA
w6r.y/^cM PK, Nd Yd*. NrE6oN,G.M 0e0 "s..eEd ilb Mod.liry", rE E
mLE&c s.P 0s) -i]E Mdh qrfri6 or $sk 6?rb hrhi, qd A@tidtu, t]t),PP M.
N6llMRn, H. 0s).'objdMdes by Drribudon
wb ctutai 21\4), w 16e11 3. Fui.h 4d i Mdd d hase (kEdm", huer
MLER,I V,^,D. E. BMN, W [. LOEN$N, R. M. Ehd@i1cMn cn/. N,163\1),w 7188.
oB^nA,:rd M J wo^Y (1e1) "6odouy MmA r dd E. NAXAMAE 08). "contums rme
kPlEsf,bdo d fiFDirerobcl obt&b Dq
nad sly Lidc, h P@ofuF d ecctuPH
by ,s,
orsrc(rl]nEer,cnPd4c4ri6,r5(+),Pp ?17-26 conPrt, ct tPhi 6, 2alr, PP tE1!
MTICHELL, D P 0s1). sFbdry opdror $4-
PlrylotDnbudmkyTnrhg,',bP!<rrdFd N.*JJ@ Oq' "D.PLy ol rh! E nh r*ns bro
s6Ns !r, con4kr c/lPii4,5(4), p r57 16.
$ccnfH93,conP,cnPli.',PP,175-r3z
NORTON, A Oszl "C*atun aod Dlpray d6d
cR^PHeZ.hp d Gtth6,bt2), rP.23eet ft F€cbr, h }D"' d piddiigs of SIGGWB ,3a
MTT?OO,B,N HERMN,dd N I. MDLIR O9D). .wP r catu6,16t3t, Pp 6t @
' woKoP o92) "8fuh
bPlrcdh#d9lGGMPts,D,co''d,6i!,1i6'
scuPr e2, cdPd' c,,fts, B(3), PP rs3-rt
MrYAra, K 0q). "A Mefrd ol lknd4 sbe wd
orq). "Tkh$ili APr'rcI cAD sFh", h
pl<xKrngsoljccnm9,,cozpl4cu,,n',612'
"Fr)flos Hth sFd tund{ns ushs rnase con. OLANOJII,J C MRT,W MIDRICB,a M.MdML
Pcidm" b preediry5 of srccM'e1 ci4da (aM). aelnru gdii8, A ( N:trr1MA
oPEI\lrfuE& P E 046) "Pai.rne OsiF 0d
M@N, E c 0e2). C'@ri dr rmkr Dxe'ic, John Anjfi.dqolFEcdPhbudT@','hPftledlE5
otsrccnAPts'&,c,4 {crl^,2q4,PP.5B
MOORE M ad I mm6 oes). "coe6n 1])€F oRoure, M 0e3) Ptn.it8 al rb@DwBbut
cdhss or $(rlrwH 13, 6uPlb 6dd4 r2(4t
cF/MOlFOqe) osr rdfsrybc ., op€n s.nwae
MOfu'NSON, M Os) cwti Mt., totr
E. Found ion' PhdeHJl, Eqlsd (M, Nl'
oes) crl/,4 tur v, h€d
MUIN, s. oeq). "\brundt shaF knpddn d
RmgeehUsng6.,Bbbb}'Molcl",hPNdii8s PAIMR, d K sLoN 0r3e) "^idalirsd ey
J.
ot stcctuP H e1, 6aqne ct qn6, tst{t, pp D7 25 r6dns Adr/rE P@FsiE tu641, in Prc.
by
.d4' or srccM'e, coD4iq c.4*i6, B(3),
oes)'Th.sn*si di.d€nsdtuedFted
PArMr& r pmr). &.rrri I,w 3D Fd, gpds* ysh3,
PNc, a. T0q) "hDdwh* AlBdhs ro PiEr- I,Rfr,w( oe4). e*i,r rtus.idi. Jdh! wis, &
trefu!'lEEtcr1|*bcn]}n'Md^$lialh6
r c oq) 3ez?rro/c0",brriddeis rohi
P@^nATA r P d M. r. tuMoS0st. co'Pd,ed
PAo, c@4dqsPng6&!h&Nqlolk
FAPN F (r@r .dr@k turrutro' .isnft,6 d B.P [AJ!MY09]) N4q{dxdiF i, c n.k
I.h4GMo4inKhamfuFhorc'cA' 4s.4 h 64p'nq,tN,1E t@n..r66!d4Lt
PAtIDrr T 0*) apdds fq cEplia,'i r"o
lllG,{H,'sAT[UKo60,wrvmRLINc,d
E n FNMRY (s2). N,ffid' tu F r C++; tu
ar E kdtunc caw l*,tuMd b', canbtidP
PEACMY DR
0936) un!6 r, rrq canbldss. Eci4
uPftdng!dslcijMPH'&'6Pla.4,iq .Ill:sN,(,FAGAN,fuNc'aidIdoRn9g!
<onpudrs 6 Mdi.n{, conprq, 1700), pp &
.e*'sPnnsd-vgbg'&Ib' PRUSI|!I<rWCZ,P, M S.H^MMEL,dd E
MOISN$
PErctN H{. d D sA!P6 ds.(rq) tu sin4 / 116]lM'hahffdPblDsr]opned'hPlld
l. mLJAMS Oes). "cod
vihadoE Modrl
ryur, ,or cnPhid snd h. PRUYN,T w d D t CRENERG Oe3).'Elplori4
m.dd",hpq&dlEsdSI@M}H@,o,',b
ERN, ( {d I M. HOFFh (t@) -Hrnarue" tu4c Pri.rtu se *r5
hPq!.dh8sdl5I6uPH@,d,F,t.cnP,Iiq
aGr.LH!dD ^Pdtrd@r.,ltt3r

unlv4iq or rh6, Dpahhr ot conpu;! s.Lhc

PHONC 3. r (r!^) RcPonlj'ucE'Rsl!63'
G(dtsd rmaF c@/d/noi8sotr.r!M, ub) MrBFr, M. r and ,. ( HoBTNS osr) "atud@
dDind.LegcdLftdnoion,upnee5d
PIECL L Aid W ILLIR 091 T'T NUR8S K, {ccwH 0r.lorlkc,trc 5c) F }qu
MO, l< R d P rr 0q) D4.?r c6h? rzry.d.
PN.DA, t. 0@) "^ nhlb Akontu 6r forys
kbn2dq",bPu..dngsofsIccNH,e, Ill:lm,wroRb) "Ptu sF&hs: A rdique 6
Moddhs a oa$ or Fqzl cisr", icM D,ivd'6
indDjwAruNsN @'
atiars rlnz .e26 Mdehs a cra5s o' Fu""y o6jad: h
PlrGd;, d
PIA,' c :id^u,atr).PP
A. E MrR (les]. "cchihr Mdds slccwH,icqilrc4pl^5,|?t]r'Fsqyd
F BLAU cqt. ipoal.l@b
c.h4kt ctQ$n, 2!\t, PP. 2P33 iid rrcbbr +. dpn hd! if sfr6E rnir R,rdq
MOCK L. d n(XEBUSF (m) rk C,"rbr
'. s6MrH15,co4 { 6ropii6, re€), pp lr:'2r
REms, wa, D ts saEN,and R L c(D(Osr!
PONESTL, cl]]1revanfl oq2) "sFrh.6c
M and r.
bq€cosjiMssskN0d^fucan{a Plodrn$orsr(rcnafH s6'r*164tft ,!(rt
Modd.icMTmn4l@.o].4trs,]P,'03q6
ruourGA,^ c. ind J. R. RGICNAC f e9. -$M
Ndo eq cmpFco.i.d Lni6, u D;
o MdeMgdBeyond",IEEE6'Pd4c{'/il64d
^
<dnw ol slcc@,e, conPd c,ll'6, 17(3), Arrttuft,14sl,PP 314
RETNOL6, c. w Ow)
POIMESI, M., E M HomRr Oe3r]. .FRdwS:
5,'fuaFTods6rWdhg'nhd€n4ud^nin:1i.tr c,ry s croPid,16(3), PP @a6
d 3D kem", in PcddF oi srccl]"s ,31 cdr REWoLs, c. w lre7) "Frdk, Hed, lndlhk
/llk GroPrh, n(4), F. s3.
eccpArH r.6uP,.6dr ,., n(4).pp ,4
ruoDB, M L, * d tea) ,cdPlb cEPtoe
d 9ccwH ,&, conPl' crld, ,3{3t PP 6+^
 8D,ir4Pi}s5
Neusurgelr",tEr.o,4,c.6oPh6#/,PP,id' E. mm$ o@b) "Hi@drr
Drhtuab6a Akod'hlorcdmPurrcaPHo
RTESENED, R F Oe31). Codh s
"Hm.so6us P* 2",.EEE.mp*d cnrtia d Aptidbn,3(3),
!d .dPuh cDPhi5", rEfE
P@j(ee Phn6 b
anqnq crtttr. dd Aqtdt, 1n), pp. 5vs5 {MC!r€n,3 J,d O4). cdn/(f lfl{. C.m!i4
RomnsoN, P ( oes). "vLdtiis coror canu& A Jorn srer & tu, Ns Yq*
SCHEEER, R wd' C.ng Os) ftx
sp&6hD*aD5PhF"'lE.Ecdl4t'c4h^,lid sndo$' sFh",,cM rDlgdhro o, G4*r' 5(,),

ROBERFN, C C,J O MAC(NUYddS K C^RD

(re1) "cone fts: Aninad rD vbuliziotrs d GREENUiC 0e3). "Paind4 *i6 tghr, pll€d'
in

scHRoDE& P ?nd n HANMHAN 0e$). "6 tr

nir6lq6,7 rcapJii!, spdss vsbs, New Yo*
E/.,r'b ,l .o4da c4*ri, M(c6,.d, Ns s rnrz,M w,w 3.cowAN,dl c tun
0es7) "An &p{hqhr cdnpadso d Rc8, YIa,
RdEl€ D. 3 0q) Id.rld dlndft F. conpre/ hB, Hsv and opp.n.nr coror Meb", lcM rae
d tuns.r ct idt&, az, PP. Ets& 1

RGNTAL b Sg,J.C MCTINR,6 PFAF, SEDERDRC,T [3nd F GREEM@DOq). "a lnysn

R rcSsEm& d eb d
M SABN Ow) -rhe o[vBd^PPN(HijnDshaecBodhg,,hP&
slnd6dcnPhcIn'dk{s",IPl{diigs .edn$ d lccMPH % c'dprs c4ti6,26{2),
ot sIGwH €r, c.frpns c4pri4, 16(3). pp +33
RUBN, D otr) ',SfdIyiq Glll6 by E$mpr4,
h prt*di$r oi c{d,6,
srccnMt el, c@iprtl
B l}obhn-, b Pqeedirys oi slc(ruH 93,
nrisllr@n, H rcRNcE 0937). "tu %or
ard K 'dh
6PqGlvblc'|p.15.13
kbd6!cJohthgLighth'eid6hdcf6. sEcAL M 0e0)
€colaPafuiPt$MiuF",hFdedingloi vddPoly'€dolMddingkslh"'bpdNdhg9ol
$(rfAIH',32 codpdq c,/r,s, I(1t pr n!30r. srGcNH e0, coq {c pdd,,{({),pp r0.5-I4.
vd WIDEMT, l
"6rbdhs tr kdiosiry M€sd b h[d€ sPsh y FORAN, 6d P UE ERLI {re) "F6r sdo*
a Ld6s El,tcB usiq rs'E MiPP4", b Pc
tinsdc thi6,e\1\, PP tz .dL$ or srccuPH 'r" co,Pde cnpria, ap),
sAELrAP0d) "A tuoet€ Abodlhn tu vld
SEMN,D (m) ttr rD Aq70Di4, Mtu8 Pubu
6uP { caPi.r,2({), pP 5L53.
$BN, M. A 04t tu shb d lnc An",
"conbunrF s[auN, c. H ard E ( nL 0s). "P:)deiad
i nlnrcrtul abon*ns tu cotp*4 crytn' R.
hmMqed"sFhFvqbg'bjii,PP4l4' ^. cnfiis,u\t),w \7114
tunt
ed.s, Jtu w ey & h,
SHERR, s. Oe3). Ererrod.
tukks tlFifut Fi,bslr.tk sttih wnhh,B'ay an6.
smlNc, A rnd w srNER (1ee3) "€xAcr: d.
5ALEsN, D BAML Oq) "AdJU'bbL TO&
Ad R,
tu obi{'.fu€d rnhdrm M.bPho/, rcM rrE A.86"'hPudl'g9ofslccRAPts,ts,codPq
rrhr q Ghtd, r20t PP r$ r0z
.;}M! ts. ?id M tljlNN 0$t. "3h€, cg{l
dq G'db'h h msesPdhi simt . 6il6
crw ! cqli6, 1el3), w 12114
saM, H sd R tr wosBER oes). 'snts i cdrk
dm d Pory3dr u!ry Ouadh6", ad ],tedbE
t cttptl5,{ai, PP. t2r4 Sr:'l\mEIMN, 0 oe36) D6is,is th. b. trt4lr1,
M8BR 0s' "Hieoed
sro.Mc, x. oee) "Admtug tubrion wni o!'bts
Pe t", IEEE a,stut C t b nd Awti@n@r er!J, ofsIGcwH,s,
cw't' ct4hi6,1ea, Pp 144.
 e i Md{i w5kr,iedre M4
Gj<.onsrd us hFdc Miidemor \ n.h f9lccMrss.dil,&.8,,!.4dloo,;r:
srkls rs dR caM\ r @). anoh.a.!oL.
strLroN,Ex.dc mG04, "A ceild rwePss cory t. $-w
MeedhteE'hgsptubludqfuRel]diI-,i tti6,2612), Pr
P'dq1titi.oryht.nfuG Maary R4nnw hi
sLNc, H c (,c RolN, lnd w J. (uBnz oqr
cruEMERc oeq) "a crobrl rnunjErioi toh6o
dslccP{Bcl,L44,tr6d,r]a'5dl@157-lq'
(o///4.ur^ri4 ahoi5FL;
ctupharconnui r.rB rp.,{h r
i][i, dfi Mri} elhao sii Fi i,;".A zr !F D a.
sM r lrqr tud.c E C 4 HdFai 0e71). -ReG
SUIERLAM), r
u.h8 bb (.nrurrrii u ondD6,ji
P{a € futPdyBonc|ippng",co40n,hsol,{i.|l
sGMrH co.d,",&.?,c l(!j pP 4jr r r1r, pp 12,
Ie1'.odplllcqpi scHUMAccR (re7{)
SMTiI, A R (IN)
swEr R w and E c. DAvrs 04r. -A cle shdr
sl!m, A R. osr)
rA[41{ r ind' Mmtr*] $ud Fqdi:lbs.f
'CcfulH'!U4/dF.rc]b!oJ'D,':&r
lric fra''. i.,i i^-, I -" Pned @d\ cLMr {.r4!d.4ii6 :6Ll
c4rc, r(3), PP 1 . r4N^slP r E,d tF$) Fbr fuidD,r46'4ic r
tbDhr r Drcced
ctutuns,21t4t,w2a i"$dsrc.krN s i-,,,,-
sMrr:.uE,!soridD
er, 6n,r.r c4tt4\. :;t1t.
sNyDER, JM and J. r (re) "cne€ile
kAJryA
rEpoPou4,D,' fLAn,a. 3*&dr fie37j
H
4 I r p.{]cd DF u lc.RAr B e, .o'&tr, .^r,
4,2d2r m.Io-i1 rIGMmltr.o4,4ca'hon|looa2|r
J M, A R, W(NDBURX K FLM*R U rel|'l,d N M 4d D.BcLMq Lrqi,.oder.
'NYDEN, BARR Oq) 'hEryd Md.

cBd ruka.. n oifun$ d,rcldm c oqt kft ifrc uswi41h,;ni

cDtns sr4&rio', John wrry & s.i, chdsri

(r n! ,4r lDitr$FoRn M n+0.,

-d *nd
e +t \Fr@nt tan;. {"t6! 4 fo! ldF uug 3 ruo 5@.. |tlhho;
h3re u Prcd iFr rc.PA n f7 .onl/-
sraM, J. d E. I@E e3r Tuilhr wii Fbjii iddt$ nor w! M@t h

creph'' \]'EDJ4i fu qhi -

^su-[ ';
mRtEm, I G. 0e34 "a Pdl€l Pueer Airhjrhc hg6",hpiadngsolS'GMPH13,c@,P'
ds\Cf,tA\\\ Bl CmNb Csgh{r l\(\ P! \ql \N!i$, ." $e8i\, FNd(M$I5 0{ Ir*oimsi!tul c0{
/&6rPi'G,Addcm-wqlrywolnsh:fi,b3hM
mmANcE ( [.a "rhq EM SPARTwOqt wAn,M.Oq) "Lisrtwsbth€c{6oiuus tukd
lotoFsPedRelldohlnRoqhods&8", knftflng.,iptredngsolslccNts,90'.or
to\dal r attur s{it! 'J rw , rb c, oth&, pr. 3v -\*,
^turt',57\et,w wafi, a ed M. ^(4),wAm 0e4 e&c, /,r;,rm
mAurD A.dst P6,
oeeD.E {r@ cdd Dtebf, dibi.ri{alnl46,Addi$nw$b',wol]ngh.r,
r!{q E. R. oq) 8"tb'iq tfarrb,, caPtu MGORSI H., C
Os) ropftd c@Fb'io Metuds tor RiY
uxhlE'a]'u1il16ha96d rEcis",r@ rdivdbro o c4ri6,3(1), PP srs
o,4x&6, btune rnt wrL r os) "rhc sF'6 d cbft (Dis-, h prc.
{eirus of sr{:cRAPe, cdi4ler c4l6, a(1),
rtm,E Rl?o1) te %@i D6piiy olo,,,dia eFr
-di|,s@i'Edt,o,'c6PhGh$,chshLc,cN,
TRowsKr- ( 0@) "edJnsinF tuush tu u* nlnqdUsgPdygmA€$163,',hprcft.dn'F
dsrcctuPH z 6uPlb Gdrt'6, ne), PP 2r+
usN, c. :id vdb
M. GELER Oe$). "v3uF6R: mtut, ( lrs). "PorEq cdPr&n uins a c$ph
vdMc idds4", i pM*ning3 ol stccN(s, RePEaadod',hpncJiedsIGRAmm,
cwrqc tuic.u(4t,pp % 6Prtd &qtrc, aa), PP. t(13
ursoN, c., d d (1es). fre aPPricadon Msu'1Latid wINERc, R o%)
Fd or sPa(6dde sFdadon, ii Pnd43 or
sstaaft^",tExEarpu7c.rtuistr a66, srccNH'4, c,,'r,h cmpri6, D(3), F &$
^ wrLG, r 0B). "a rddque rq Hish Pedom.
lJmLL, S 0e3e). rre erdr,i co'F 6n, addis eh GnPIstm" rEE. c@[tu,17(6), rp ere
MNECKE, 0t4). tr @b4 addisn
vAN I 0e1) "Sp.r Nd*kr@ sln'[ad rq
wrJK J. 'M@
' NO,?id( E.rclllNcOe2).
hhhJ'adon',bP@d'E5olst(IRAm,9l, wrrN,s E.,J.R
coQpdn cmpr6, s(1), pp @3s
wNsrRA, J. d
N AnrrA os) "Lire DewbF
oI ochFFqEskn o6led",1@ rr,,edu^ G4rra, ,612), PP.
'i wEslOvER, L. (1eo) '+rs.
"Foetur sqfuidon 6r vdue
r,mo, L. rnd ,. D M GoME6 osr) "d6 r Hdtror
iig dh qEeFi0t€ cd!€" h PNcedhs, or Gnpr6,2t<4t,tP 3d46
sccMm el, GBidd c{eitr 5(1t pp 3re l4rlmD r 0$0). 'h hP@vd nrldndion Modd
voN uuEN, B , A H BAR& dd H. R z4rz Oq) rd sh:&r tupLy", conu didrifrs o/dtr1c!, a(6),

s{ladl',hpllfrtso'sccsPH'90'6zP'
wALLAc,v L 0e76) "rh esnd6 d chphr. hrd hr" r.M rn&dioE d cmrr"d, rot pp.4!53.
wHnED, r oea) "Aisrhsd l:ltre Dowbs uj4
&usr, En!don", h Pnen4s d srccMru $,
{ALuCr I K a. NQuSr, &d E. BAjM
R., .@P/d c@Ptb, r7(:r), PP 1sr1s
oe3e). 'a
Rayra.hs tu ^.ftsKive l4rmLMS,I 0e37) ',I4?rd Autun:fic hLo coF
d icwH $, ai'Pda
tudbsit", in ptrori$r ^rsorrb tur" IELE A r q c.q|ts rd Atudtiq.7<4),
cftrrn.,r3.t),w 31421.
w,iirn Ms , ;id A
hueHan, LIpk $ddle ltiver Nl. orftojeh; Apprcad, rqDRb'u.iddshs ,

ceneavnbaF"'|EEEcolP4cllFit'nd^PIl WIHELMS, J. d A V^N CELDER O9,), "Ofus

c@rd, i\r\pP 1t1-21.
wrLM9 L lrcer 'P)rmdi P4.mebc , d,c
dE d9ccMpH s curyrb cEpfts r;O,
mLLAM9 L.
tue'llpibbeFb
0ee0) srccRAm &. .@Pb .azr4 !q4; m 3r;.
6rPhb,1414rw2tt uz
ur(N, A. nd w wEraH tudoi
0ee0). ".8r t1\\) w 1+a
{ .@,4 cdp,i6, au; F :+;]
^PP\\dDr, K.r
YAMclCru !l,rN F flJsIr.,RAos!
'ccRs ss f sl R&.i;.DA46 crnP q.nfiB qd aPt6tpr,1\t) ,, 54e
'
!,ql^. ,14). P:cr!3 16l.Plilt,adcfuMnddb.'hotfuhAd
worFnA( s o9on "cdmDub. s.n{aE s *hie iid IGFAPH D cmPE.,pi.q Dor:D ,qr
Mn\4rtu", s.'.'qr 1ru.,a4 51(3), 1s&r03.
iq
R$diry,M
ld Apdndkl utr xt osFtu ralM Mr;
HarL €iskwon cjJ!,

wyd$a64Algmh,,l'Er6z4bcsdc MrcK R C, d j.M.oet "an Gid.otud

Fr!lr]@lor$€htlllhmdbkd!eAMrd
d 1q6l oo.jt)2 r{Mq!6"mPlfuuFdslccRA49].F
wooM^pprvtur
I MrDE&rDAvrs,adD 9HruMndel pr6 cnPrb, bt4r,PP. !t5-rD.
o,acLPn@noweui.
fuiniian'l.EEcaryd4c4h6rad\p|lq|W
mcit w E 0s)
,d^@rorrE m€,, pp e,.
bP'u'sccMPts Fbs cu^€ h u ece^flj q
'rc(tfu*
zv , ud A LMI lrqn
tu\uMj Dbcoop6@ trE€n,/h;rc,.n
htjhl it tu tu ry, 243), P P. 3X7-a.
Imluc'3hm].trcMdrrEfrso*7) zYJ and A LMIL 0e3). "coD6idn dhar,Hiur
ddr€,ffi3orho4ds ss!fr* \ q veub +hhcd;c .r€rrr4za*
Bpnd4datiL ntztoa D6 d1 hh.dtu n@ry 24\5). ee !i-*
 Subject lndex

N*hi .M L* d ndd z6
Ahtuh* rn *d"cqh^

Ai.hdds*(*d.''Z-d

^hdphdtd<!0shbqdd),
A'MEdoi tu'!4 (sht. 5!m.
L"d-' -.Md"q'. !7
bd"nF'qBrHzr@
Aidhiis 14 re d- hdhd
 ',]hthd6gl

Nd;LFi!itu1'Mddq 6a

*ryqtr-F Fa
";;rh,

ckr^'fuPd/sd]PP!E

66 ierid r* de4 lax

ol-;d"w !d{.. rt ze n

;vdnh"nd,6.t"..@ rs
c@;@b.d* @Fb'
dr&@ah3:kodls 18,
4turid-@k, r'tr
ehq-dde@Ldor
!-tuLd r* rF.& !u
5
ajFii

Gl'l!41F!!den ErNtr c.hP[lufufu7q,@&

L!*e6bhdPFsD}5
4!nBIri€,MP!]G.qr tPhc u{rd{sP@ n4!

c4lfud&d,F, jtu51r4's

G hdfu!, f|'6 (*l d6

Mdld&d,ii6*o!N'

lqdry ih4 6 dr dr<4 4 r&F

lPhtrP1!Bn4d{sPh
sbghrfuqFin*@,17
 sttj.dkd E4

hGiftqnft;F*4 +q

-;*.'hd E^^e,.b 'ec

Dhidlrry'1'{saa
EJhslBdeotu*Bt
 gfb.9unJdfod!@k{r

fdi@rhFtu^;!u6 dro
 sdidhdq 345

cEPe,.furElfiL!oPdL)

lnbr rb4khd)khrstu

cDPhchofubE,j'*Gt,&llde
L{hs3dd,$r6Fd'u!fi]E!6
 sxbi{tu M,

NsehMdh<4Pu&Fa

+lftdd{Fb@(Edu4

NqfunhlB+lhc{NURB),

i.,inBhn+!tu,duF rorf

b!4a;dh bb& ,e

MiolofubnDnodB4be)
 dEiLi."tu6 EN&h6. +,-

',;fili,&--(cru,tu dlr.

sd@id3h4Fli4EGd]

(ftolllll.crltirerdhcd6

dtrbor ii8hi -uc Gd[$!),

 sti4'edq &e

ids;"Msi ' -*{b"d tr

ldrii ddd q toidoc, tqr

x sdos rlM ;rn!e Gd),

^

fufttnsisi(ded9d3),$7

dr;!.hdo@b4dd3e

k,LLn* rq rcN-4 34 3c?

Fffi 6E
".*ii.i-
F"q-Dp-, ;.ho,trd*r xr.r1i

loadoi4fu@{uh{.d\!'6-
 sdjdr,/o ot

Liri., (,.i !, qi--,. d+,

'r

tuhtr r tstpEpn4rdN,
q@r 6rd hrq cDur b
^Pts

d,htris7{r
srFisM3neM!layhdd

sF.w'i[1,4l@k'os,o

+tu{.kh;Ffu),n!!
EDidhdcon bd z7
 s,bj{t hd?x 353

F6krPF{'b, a6 F, $7{

;h. u (sdssph sur&d

a'ihd<tduhhegd4tr]1
 rcdadPd6D6ctu6,

dlq@Pd etP4ldq,:tu
I CORE LIBRARY FUNCIIONS
 oqlcLFuldmhrdssl

I GLU LIBRARY FUNCIIONS

I GLUI LIBRARY FUNCIIONS

ilNhrL,s",Md.a -rds.F