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Keywords: The elliptic integrals and its generalizations are applied to solve problems in various areas
Hyperelliptic integrals of science. This study aims to demonstrate a new method for the calculation of integrals
Elliptic integrals through Bessel functions. We present solutions for classes of elliptic integrals and
Epstein–Hubbell integral generalizations, the latter, refers to the hyperelliptic integrals and the integral called
Bessel functions
Epstein–Hubbell. The solutions obtained are expressed in terms of power series and/or
Lauricella function
trigonometric series; under a particular perspective, the final form of a class of
hyperelliptic integrals is presented in terms of Lauricella functions. The proposed method
allowed to obtain solutions in ways not yet found in the literature.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The elliptic integrals can be viewed as generalizations of inverse trigonometric functions and can provide solutions to var-
ious problems in Electromagnetism [1,2], Fluid Mechanics [3] and Chemical Reactions Kinetics [4]. In particular, in geometry
are used to measure the perimeter of an ellipse and the area of an ellipsoid [5,6].
In general, those integrals cannot be expressed in terms of elementary functions (all attempts failed, until the nineteenth
century when it was finally proved, in fact, to be impossible to carry out this objective [7]).
The solutions obtained in this work are compared with the usual forms of the literature, which are in most cases, different
in the representation forms. In the present work, the method used to solve the elliptic integrals is to relate them to the Bessel
functions.
Under a particular perspective, the complete elliptic integrals are expressed in terms of power series, while the incom-
plete forms are expressed in terms of power and trigonometric series. The complete elliptic integral of the first kind obtained
with the proposed method is the same form found in the literature [8,9]. For the complete elliptic integrals of the second and
third kind, the solutions are given in a different form from the usual representations [10,11,8]. The incomplete elliptic inte-
grals of the first, second and third kind are also solved with the Bessel function’s method. In exception of the incomplete
elliptic integral of the first kind, the other expressions are not found in the literature.
The Epstein–Hubbell integral, called as a generalization of elliptic integrals [9], is of a significant importance and is used
in the solving of various problems [12,13]. For this integral, we propose a new solution, through the same method here used
in other elliptic integrals.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: savio@furb.br (S.L. Bertoli).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2014.05.084
0096-3003/Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
34 S.L. Bertoli et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 243 (2014) 33–43
Hyperelliptic integrals are also addressed in this work, specifically, two types of these integrals are proposed with their
respective solutions through Bessel functions. One of these integrals is expressed in its final form as a series of Lauricella
functions.
In this work, we propose that the complete elliptic integral of the first kind can be written in terms of a modified Bessel
function of the first kind zeroth order, as expressed in the following:
p Z p2 dh
Z 1 Z p
2
F k; ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ I0 ðxk sin hÞex dx dh; ð2:1Þ
2 0 1 k sin h
2 2
0 0
p Z 1 Z p
2
F k; ¼ ex dx I0 ðxk sin hÞdh: ð2:2Þ
2 0 0
The relationship between a Bessel function of the first kind zeroth order and its modified Bessel function is represented as
found in Bowman [15],
v
Iv ðzÞ ¼ i J v ðizÞ; ð2:3Þ
Replacing the series given by Eq. (2.11) in Eq. (2.9), follows the expression,
p p Z 1 X1 2
ð2rÞ!ðk x2 Þ
r
Rearranging it,
p p X 1 2r Z 1
ð2rÞ!ðkÞ
F k; ¼ 2r 4
x2r ex dx: ð2:13Þ
2 2 r¼0 2 ðr!Þ 0
Finally, solving the improper integral in Eq. (2.13) we find the final form, represented by:
p pX 1 r
2
ð2rÞ!k
F ;k ¼ : ð2:14Þ
2 2 r¼0 22r r!2
The final expression obtained for the complete elliptic integral of the first kind showed equivalence with the usual form of
literature, which can be found in Olver et al. [8] and Gradshteyn and Ryzhik [16].
The complete elliptic integral of the second kind, can be expressed through a modified Bessel function of the first kind in
the following form,
p p Z p 2
2 2 sin hdh
E ;k ¼ F ;k k pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; ð3:1Þ
2 2 0 1 k sin h
2 2
p p Z 1 Z p=2
2 2
E ;k ¼ F ;k k ex dx sin hI0 ðkx sin hÞdh: ð3:2Þ
2 2 0 0
With the results of Appendix A, Eq. (A.7) and the Eqs. (2.9) and (2.14), the Eq. (3.2) can be expressed as:
!
p k
2 p p Z 1 kx
2 2
E ;k ¼ 1 F ;k þ k ex dxJ1 i : ð3:3Þ
2 2 2 4 0 2
2 X1
r
1 ð2r þ 2Þ! 14 z2
J 21 ðizÞ ¼ z 3 4
: ð3:4Þ
2 r¼0 ðr þ 2Þðr þ 1Þ r!
Substituting the Eq. (2.14) in Eq. (3.6), and grouping the similar terms we find the final representation for the complete ellip-
tic integral of the second kind,
" #
p p X 1 r
2 2 4
ð2rÞ!k k k ð2r þ 1Þ2
E ;k ¼ 1 : ð3:7Þ
2 2 r¼0 22r r!2 2 8 ðr þ 1Þðr þ 2Þ
The final representation (3.7) is different from the usual form found in the literature, for example in Olver et al. [8], Abra-
mowitz and Stegun [10]:
36 S.L. Bertoli et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 243 (2014) 33–43
The results obtained with Eq. (3.7) are compared with the expression found in Abramowitz and Stegun [10]:
k Eðp2 ; kÞ Eðp2 ; kÞ
0.2 1.554968546243 1.554968546243
0.3 1.534833464923 1.534833464923
0.4 1.505941612360 1.505941612360
0.5 1.467462209339 1.467462209339
0.6 1.418083394449 1.418083394449
0.7 1.355661135572 1.355661135572
0.8 1.276349943169 1.276349943169
0.9 1.171697052782 1.171697052782
Abramowitz and Stegun [10]
The complete elliptic integral of the third kind can also be solved by means of Bessel function.
p Z p
2 dh
Z 1
P ; n; k ¼ 2
ex I0 ðkx sin hÞdx: ð4:1Þ
2 0 ð1 n sin hÞ 0
p Z 1 Z 1 Z p
2 2
P ; n; k ¼ et dt ex dx etn sin h I0 ðkx sin hÞdh: ð4:3Þ
2 0 0 0
X
1
zr
ez ¼ ; ð4:4Þ
r¼0
r!
X
1
z2r
I0 ðzÞ ¼ : ð4:5Þ
r¼0 22r r!2
p Z 1 Z 1 Z p
2 X 1 s 1
ðtn sin hÞ X
2
ðkx sin hÞ
2r
P ; n; k ¼ et dt ex dx dh 2r 2
: ð4:6Þ
2 0 0 0 s¼0
s! r¼0 2 r!
Or equivalently,
p X 1 2r Z Z 1 Z p
k ns 1 s t 2
2ðsþrÞ
P ; n; k ¼ 2r 2
t e dt x2r ex dx sin hdh: ð4:7Þ
2 r;s¼0 2 r! s! 0 0 0
Finally, substituting the Eq. (4.8) in the Eq. (4.7) and solving the integrals, we obtain:
p pX 1
ð2rÞ! ½2ðs þ rÞ! s 2r
P ; n; k ¼ nk : ð4:9Þ
2 2 r;s¼0 24r r!2 22s ðs þ rÞ!2
The final representation is not found in the literature, the usual form can be found for example in Carlitz [11] or Olver et al. [8].
S.L. Bertoli et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 243 (2014) 33–43 37
The results obtained with Eq. (4.9) are compared with the results obtained from the expression found in Carlitz [11]:
Using the Bessel function method proposed in the present work, the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind is
expressed as:
Z 1 Z u
Fðu; kÞ ¼ ex dx I0 ðxk sin hÞdh: ð5:1Þ
0 0
From Abramowitz and Stegun [10] we also can write:
X
1
z2r
I0 ðzÞ ¼ : ð5:2Þ
r¼0 2 ðr!Þ2
2r
The integral of the sine function in Eq. (5.4) is represented by the relationship below from Zhao et al. [17]:
Z
" X 2mþ1
#
u
2r ð2rÞ! 2 ðm!Þ2 sin
r1 2m
u
sin hdh ¼ cos u u : ð5:5Þ
0 22r r!2 m¼0
ð2m þ 1Þ!
Finally, the incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind is expressed as:
r
2
" #
X
1
ð2rÞ!k X
r1 2m
2 m!2 sin
2mþ1
u
Fðu; kÞ ¼ cos u u : ð5:6Þ
r¼0 22r r!2 m¼0
ð2m þ 1Þ!
The incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind was first solved by Qureshi and Chaudhary [18].
This result also shows the applicability of the proposed method to the incomplete elliptic integral. Qureshi and Chaudhary
[18] presented a solution for the incomplete elliptic of the first kind in terms of series of hypergeometric functions.
The results obtained with Eq. (5.6) are compared with the results obtained from the expression found in Qureshi and
Chaudhary [18]:
Fðp3 ; kÞ Fðp3 ; kÞ
0.2 1.053430587029 1.053430587029
0.3 1.061489706726 1.061489706726
0.4 1.073313629047 1.073313629047
0.5 1.089550670051 1.089550670051
0.6 1.111233322932 1.111233322932
0.7 1.140044752769 1.140044752769
0.8 1.178902299538 1.178902299538
0.9 1.233446325452 1.233446325452
Qureshi and Chaudhary [18]
38 S.L. Bertoli et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 243 (2014) 33–43
Applying the proposed method in relating the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind with the Bessel function, we
have,
Z 1 Z u
2 2
Eðu; kÞ ¼ Fðu; kÞ k ex dx sin hI0 ðkx sin hÞdh: ð6:1Þ
0 0
After replacing the Bessel function in the series form in Eq. (6.1) and solving the improper integral, it follows the expression,
" #
X
1 2r Z u
2 ð2rÞ!k 2rþ2
Eðu; kÞ ¼ Fðu; kÞ k 2r 2
sin hdh: ð6:2Þ
r¼0 2 r! 0
The integral of the sine function was given by Eq. (5.5), then we can write,
Z " #" #
u
2rþ2 ð2rÞ! ð2r þ 1Þ X
r
22m ðm!Þ2 sin
2mþ1
u
sin hdh ¼ 2r cos u u : ð6:3Þ
0 2 ðrÞ!2 2ðr þ 1Þ m¼0
ð2m þ 1Þ!
Substituting the expression (6.3) in the Eq. (6.2), we obtain the final expression for the incomplete elliptic integral of the
second kind:
" !
#
1
X r
2
ð2r þ 1Þ 2 X u X
2mþ1 2mþ1
ð2rÞ!k r
22m ðm!Þ2 sin 2 ðm!Þ2 sin
r1 2m
u ð2r þ 1Þ 2
Eðu; kÞ ¼ cos u k þu 1 k :
r¼0 22r r!2 2ðr þ 1Þ m¼0 ð2m þ 1Þ! m¼0
ð2m þ 1Þ! 2ðr þ 1Þ
ð6:4Þ
This representation for the incomplete elliptic integral of the second kind in terms of power series and trigonometric series is
not found in the literature. Qureshi and Chaudhary [18] proposed an expression in terms of a series of hypergeometric func-
tions for the integral analyzed above, as well as for the incomplete elliptic integral of first kind.
The results obtained from Eq. (6.4) are compared with the expression found in Qureshi and Chaudhary [18]:
k Eðp3 ; kÞ Eðp3 ; kÞ
0.2 1.04566021970563 1.04566021970563
0.3 1.03322345140654 1.03322345140654
0.4 1.02213013278769 1.02213013278769
0.5 1.00755555514447 1.00755555514447
0.6 0.989221593549377 0.989221593549377
0.7 0.966723133094528 0.966723133094528
0.8 0.93945480372495 0.93945480372495
0.9 0.906456986263154 0.906456986263154
Qureshi and Chaudhary [18]
or,
Z 1 Z 1 Z u
2
Pðu; n; kÞ ¼ et dt ex dx etn sin h I0 ðkx sin hÞdh: ð7:3Þ
0 0 0
2
The functions etn sin h
and I0 ðkx sin hÞ can be represented by series, then it follows,
Z Z Z X s 1 2r
ðtn sin hÞ X
1 1 / 1 2
ðkx sin hÞ
Pð/; n; kÞ ¼ et dt ex dx dh : ð7:4Þ
0 0 0 s¼0
s! r¼0 22r r!2
Or equivalently,
X
1 2r Z 1 Z 1 Z u
k ns 2ðsþrÞ
Pð/; n; kÞ ¼ 2r 2 s!
t s et dt x2r ex dx sin hdh: ð7:5Þ
r;s¼0 2 r! 0 0 0
S.L. Bertoli et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 243 (2014) 33–43 39
After replacing the previous expression in the Eq. (7.6), we obtain the following result:
" #" #
X1 2r X 22m ðm!Þ2 sin2mþ1 u
rþs1
ð2rÞ!k ns ½2ðr þ sÞ!
Pðu; n; kÞ ¼ 4r 2
cos u u : ð7:8Þ
r;s¼0 2 r! 22s ðr þ sÞ!2 m¼0
ð2m þ 1Þ!
This form for the incomplete elliptic integral of the third kind is not found in the literature. The usual representation is
expressed in terms of a series of hypergeometric functions, or in terms of other series, for example by Karp et al. [19], using
a partial fraction decomposition. The results obtained from Eq. (7.8) are compared with the expression found in [19] Karp
et al. [19]:
k Pðp3 ; 0; 8; kÞ Pðp3 ; 0; 8; kÞ
0.2 1.48453402981057 1.48453402981057
0.3 1.49858743111330 1.49858743111330
0.4 1.5192950589409 1.5192950589409
0.5 1.5479055930718 1.5479055930718
0.6 1.5864286332503 1.5864286332503
0.7 1.63818518991736 1.63818518991736
0.8 1.70903214209174 1.70903214209174
0.9 1.81054697605315 1.81054697605315
Karp et al. [19]
8. Hyperelliptic integrals
The hyperelliptic integral or Abelian integral, in its general form is expressed as in Springer [12]:
Z
dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; ð8:1Þ
QðxÞ
where Q ðxÞ is a polynomial of degree > 4. In the following, it will be show how the method used anteriorly can also solve
integrals of this class.
Consider now the integral:
Z
dx
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi : ð8:2Þ
1 xa
This integral is considered a hyperelliptic integral for a > 4.
It can be expressed in terms of a Bessel function,
Z Z Z 1
dx a
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ dx I0 ðsx2 Þes ds: ð8:3Þ
1 xa 0
Replacing the Bessel function by its power series form in Eq. (8.3), we have:
Z Z 1 Z X
1 a 2r
dx ðsx2 Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ es ds dx: ð8:4Þ
1 xa 0 r¼0 r!2
Or,
Z X1 Z 1 Z
dx 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2r 2
es s2r ds xar dx: ð8:5Þ
1x a
r¼0 2 r! 0
Finally, solving the two integrals in Eq. (8.5), it is obtained the following expression for this particular class of hyperelliptic
integral,
Z X1
dx ð2rÞ! xarþ1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2r 2 ðar þ 1Þ
þ C: ð8:6Þ
1x a
r¼0 2 r!
40 S.L. Bertoli et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 243 (2014) 33–43
The integral in Eq. (8.1) is usually solved through the binomial series expansion.
The next integral is a more general class of hyperelliptic integral:
Z 1
du
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi :
0 1 a2
It can be expressed in the following form:
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
du
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ ex I0 ðaxÞdxdu; ð8:7Þ
0 1 a2 0 0
where,
Y
n
a2 ¼ ð1 xi uÞ: ð8:8Þ
i¼1
Now,
Z 1 Y
n
Cð2Þ
ð1 xi uÞr du ¼
ðnÞ
F ð1; r; . . . ; r; 2; x1 ; . . . ; xn Þ; ð8:12Þ
0 i¼1
Cð1ÞCð1Þ D
ðnÞ
where F D is a Lauricella function.
Substituting the expression (8.12) in Eq. (8.11) the following result is obtained:
Z 1 X1
du ð2rÞ! ðnÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ F ð1; r; . . . ; r; 2; x1 ; . . . ; xn Þ:
2r 2 D
ð8:13Þ
2
0 1a r¼0 2 r!
This expression for the hyperelliptic integral in terms of Lauricella functions can also be solved by the binomial expansion,
different from the way developed anteriorly.
9. Epstein–Hubbell integral
The Epstein–Hubbell integral contains the parameters j and k, represented in the form [16,20]:
Z p
2 j12 2
Xj ðkÞ ¼ ð1 k cos hÞ dhk < 1; j ¼ 0; 1; 2; 3 . . . ð9:1Þ
0
The solution of this integral is usually obtained through the binomial expansion.
X1 2n
2 j ðjÞn k
ð1 k cos hÞ ¼ cosn h j ¼ 1; 2; 3 . . . ; ð9:2Þ
n¼0
n!
where ðjÞn is the Pochhammer symbol, which can be found in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik [16].
The integral of the cosine function in the last equation is represented in the form [21]:
8
Z p >
> 0; if r odd
<
r
cos hdh ¼ : ð9:5Þ
>
>
0
: p 2r r!
; if r even
ð2r Þ!2
From Eq. (9.8) it is know that only the r even terms will contribute for X0 ðkÞ, then:
X
1
ð2rÞ! r! 2r
X0 ðkÞ ¼ p r
r 2 k : ð9:6Þ
r¼0 22r ðr!Þ2 2 2
!
r–odd
For the Epstein–Hubbell integral with argument j > 0 it follows the expression,
Z p
2 j12 2
Xj ðkÞ ¼ ð1 k cos hÞ dhk < 1; j ¼ 1; 2; 3 . . . : ð9:8Þ
0
There are two conditions for ðn þ r) to be an even number: (a) when ðn; rÞ are even numbers; (b) when ðn; rÞ are odd
numbers.
For case (a) is made the following substitution in Eq. (9.16): r ! 2r and n ! 2n, which results:
X
1
ðjÞ2n ð4rÞ! ð2r þ 2nÞ! 4ðrþnÞ
Xj ðkÞ ¼ p 2n
k : ð9:14Þ
n;r¼0 ð2nÞ!2 26r ð2rÞ!2 22n ðr þ nÞ!2
For case (b) is made the following substitution in Eq. (9.16): r ! 2r þ 1 and n ! 2n þ 1, then we have:
X 1
ðjÞ2nþ1 ð4r þ 2Þ! ð2r þ 2n þ 2Þ! 4ðrþnþ1Þ
Xj ðkÞ ¼ p 6r 2 2nþ4
k : ð9:15Þ
n;r¼0
ð2n þ 1Þ! 2 ð2r þ 1Þ! 2 ðr þ n þ 1Þ!2
Finally adding the expressions (9.14) and (9.15), it is obtained the solution for the Epstein–Hubbel integral:
" 4ðrþnÞ
#" " 4
##
X 1
ð4rÞ!ð2r þ 2nÞ!k ðjÞ2n 1 ðjÞ2nþ1 ð4r þ 1Þð2r þ 2n þ 1Þk
Xj ðkÞ ¼ p 2 2 6rþ2n
þ : ð9:16Þ
n;r¼0 ð2rÞ! ðr þ nÞ! 2
ð2nÞ! 4 ð2n þ 1Þ! ð2r þ 1Þðr þ n þ 1Þ
42 S.L. Bertoli et al. / Applied Mathematics and Computation 243 (2014) 33–43
The expression (9.16) is the final form for the Epstein–Hubbell integral with argument j > 0. This form of representation is
not found in the literature. The usual forms may be found, for example, in Al-Zamel and Kalla [23], Cengiz [21], Gradshteyn
and Ryzhik [16], Kalla and Montanus [24], Kalla et al. [25], Kalla and Tuan [26], Srivastava [22] and Galué [5].
The comparison with the expression in Al-Zamel and Kalla [23], it follows:
j Xj ð0; 5Þ Xj ð0; 5Þ
1 3.337745013 3.337745013
2 3.616446839 3.616446839
3 1.8105469760 1.8105469760
Al-Zamel and Kalla [23]
10. Conclusions
This paper proposed a new method for solving elliptic integrals and some of its generalizations, based on the modified
Bessel function of first kind and order zero. By the present method it was possible to obtain various solutions representations
similar to those found in the literature and also some integral representations obtained in unusual ways.
The proposed method suggests a broad applicability that may be more general than was exploited.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Blumenau. The authors also
thanks to Marta H. Caetano and Luiz H. da Silva for the English revision of the manuscript.
R p=2 2
Appendix A. Alternative representation for the integral: 0
sin hI 0 ðkx sin hÞdh
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