Department of E&C Communication Laboratory - II

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

COMMUNICATION ENGG.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms./Mr. …………………...……………………………………

Reg. No.: …..…………………… Section: …………… Roll No.: ………………...

has satisfactorily completed the lab exercises prescribed for Communication lab II

[ECE 4111] of Fourth Year B. Tech. Degree at MIT, Manipal, in the academic year

2017-2018.

Date: ……...................................

Signature Signature
Faculty in Charge Head of the Department

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CONTENTS

Sl.
Title Page No. Remarks
No.

Course Outcomes v

Evaluation Plan and Instruction to Students vi

Course Plan vii

1 Reflex Klystron 1

2 Gunn Diode & Passive Devices 5

3 ASK Modulation and Demodulation 10

A. FSK Modulation
4 17
B. FSK Demodulation using PLL
5 DPSK Modulation 22

6 Microstrip Antennas 25
A. Pulse Code Modulation
7 32
B. Differential PCM
8 Microstrip Components 35

9 Pseudo-noise (PN) Sequence Generation 44

10 Measurement of VSWR and Load Impedance 49

References 52

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Course Outcomes

At the end of this course, the student will be able to:

CO1: Measure characteristics of microwave oscillators.

CO2: Measure the parameters of passive microwave components.
CO3: Experimentally demonstrate digital modulation and demodulation schemes.
CO4: Design and characterize microstrip antennas.
CO5: Generate PRBS and experimentally verify its properties.

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Evaluation Plan
¾ Internal Assessment Weightage: 60% (60 Marks)
• Continuous evaluation component (for each experiment):10 marks (conduction
5 marks, Journal 3 marks and Exercise 2 marks).
• The assessment will depend on punctuality, preparation, conduction,
maintaining the observation note and answering the questions in viva voce.
¾ End Semester Assessment Weightage: 40% (40 Marks)
¾ Total Weightage: 100% (100 Marks)
¾ Mini Project Assessment Weightage: 100% (100 Marks)
• Synopsis Presentation: 10Marks.
• Midterm Presentation: 30Marks.
• Final Presentation with report and demonstration: 60Marks.

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

1. Students must come with Laboratory Manual, Observation book and Journal to
every laboratory session.
2. Students must come with polar graph sheets for Experiment 6 and Smith chart for
Experiment 10 to the laboratory.
3. Students shall enter the laboratory in time and follow Institution dress code.
4. Students must show the results to respective faculties and get it signed before
leaving the lab.
5. For Hardware experiments, the circuits must be verified by the faculty before
switching on the supply.
6. The students must take permission from respective faculties to go out of the lab.

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Course Plan
ECE 4111: COMMUNICATION LABORATORY-II [0 0 6 2]

Name of Experiment
Sl. No. Timeline
1 Reflex Klystron WEEK 1
2 Gunn diode & passive devices WEEK 2

3 ASK modulation and demodulation WEEK 3

A. FSK modulation
4 WEEK 4
B. FSK demodulation using PLL
5 DPSK modulation WEEK 5

6 Microstrip antennas WEEK 6

A. Pulse code modulation
7 WEEK 7
B. Differential PCM
8 Microstrip components WEEK 8

9 Pseudo noise (PRBS) sequence generation WEEK 9

Measurement of VSWR and load
10 WEEK 10
impedance
11 Repetition WEEK 11

12 END SEMESTER EXAM WEEK 12

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EXPERIM
MENT 1
EFLEX KLYSTRON
RE
Aim
To sttudy the charaacteristics of reflex klystroon and measurre its electronnic bandwidth,,
tuninng sensitivity.
Appaaratus
Klysttron power suupply, klystronn mount, isolaator, frequenccy meter, attennuator, slottedd
line moving carriage detector, matching load (horn anteenna), BNC, Oscilloscope,,
VSWWR meter.
Theoory
The reflex
r klystronn makes use off velocity moddulation to tran
nsform a continnuous electronn
beamm into microw wave power. Electrons emittted from the cathode
c are acccelerated andd
passeed through the positive resonnator grids tow wards the negaative reflector, which retardss
and finally
f reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the reesonator grids..
Supppose an RF-fieeld exists betw ween the resoonator grids, thhen the electrrons travellingg
forwaard will be acccelerated or retarded as thhe voltage bettween the gridds changes inn
amplitude. The acccelerated elecctrons leave thhe grids at an increased vellocity and thee
retardded electrons leave
l at a reduuced velocity. The electronss leaving the grids
g will needd
differrent time to reeturn, due to difference
d in velocities.
v As a result, returnning electronss
groupp together in bunches. As the t bunches pass
p through resonator gridss they interactt
with voltage betweeen the grids. If I the bunches pass through the grids at a time such thatt
the ellectrons are sllowed down byy the grid volttage, then eneergy will be deelivered to thee
resonnator and the klystron
k will osscillate.
Figurre 1.1 shows the relationsship between output poweer, frequency and reflectorr
voltaages and Figuree 1.2 illustratees the square wave
w modulatio
on of the klysttron source.

Figurre 1.1: Outputt power and frequency changge v/s repellerr voltage of refflex klystron
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The frequency
f is primarily
p deterrmined by the dimensions off resonator cavvity. Hence byy
changging the volum me of the ressonator, mechaanical tuning of the klystroon is possible..
Also a small frequuency change can c be obtaineed by adjustingg the reflectorr voltage. Thiss
is callled electronic tuning.
The electromagnet
e tic field at anyy point of trannsmission linee may be considered as thee
sum of two travellling waves: thhe ‘Incident wave’w propagaates from geneerator and thee
refleccted wave proopagates towaards the geneerator. The reeflected wave is set up byy
reflecction of incideent wave from a discontinuitty on the line or from the unnmatched loadd
impedance. The magnitude
m and phase of refllected wave depends
d upon the amplitudee
and phase
p of the reeflecting impedance. The suuperposition off two travelingg waves, givess
rise to
t standing waaves along thee line. The maaximum field strength is fouund where thee
two waves
w are in phase
p and the minimum where the two waves w add in oppposite phase..
The distance
d betweeen successivee minima (or maxima)
m is haalf the guide wavelength
w onn
the liine. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected anda incident wave
w is calledd
voltaage reflection coefficient
c

Figure 1.2: Square

S wave modulation
m of klystron

Block
k diagram

Figure 1.3: Reflex Klystrron experiment set up

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Procedure

A. Reflex
R Klystroon Characteriistics
1. S
Set up the expeeriment as show wn in figure 1.3.
2. Before
B switchiing on, keep beam voltagge to minimum and repelller voltage too
m
maximum on Klystron
K power supply. Swittch ON the po ower supply annd wait for thee
power supply unitu to warm upp.
3. Select
S FM swittch on power supply and coonnect the sw weep output (reear side of thee
power supply too channel 1 off the oscilloscoope and observ ve the saw tootth output).
4. Select
S the meteer switch to beeam – volt andd adjust the beaam (cathode) voltage
v to 2000
volts. Set the meter
m switch too beam currennt and adjust th
he beam voltagge such that itt
d
does not exceedd 20 mA.
5. Select
S the meteer switch to reepeller-volt annd adjust to aroound 200 voltts and observee
thhe detector ouutput on oscilloscope channnel 2 (expecteed output is half h sinusoidall
w
wave). If neceessary adjust the repeller voltage, stand ding wave veector position,,
position of the moving shortt on the detecttor probe, amp plitude and freequency knobss
of FM.
6. Select
S X –Y mode
m on Oscillooscope and obbserve the mod de pattern in ac
a mode, as inn
F 4. (To get the
Fig. t clear modee pattern adjusstments given in step 5 may be required)
7. Varying
V the reppeller voltage,, get various modes
m and takke the readinggs as shown inn
thhe tabular collumn. Calculaate the electroonic bandwidth h and tuning sensitivity byy
m
measuring the frequency
f and repeller voltage correspondding to half pow wer points. Too
m
measure the reesonant frequeency, tune thee frequency meter
m to get the
t dip at thee
reespective posittions.

Fiigure 1.4: Mode patterns forr measurement of tuning sen

nsitivity and baandwidth

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Observations
A. Reflex Klystron Characteristics
S. Mode Reflector Voltage Output Resonant
No. No. (in Volts) Voltage(mV) frequency(GHz)
V0 V1 V2
1
2
3
4

Result
Electronic Bandwidth = fr1 - fr11 = _______ MHz
Tuning Sensitivity = (fr1 - fr11) / (V1 –V11) = _______ MHz/Volts.

Exercise
1. Compare Reflex Klystron with two cavity Klystron.
2. Why is it necessary to modulate the klystron when the SWR – meter is used as
indicator?
3. Which one of the modes corresponds to the longest electron transit time?

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EXPERIM
MENT 2
G
GUNN DIO
ODE AND PASSIVE
P DE
EVICES
Aim
A. To
T study the V--I characteristiics of Gunn diiode and measu
ure its length.
B. To
T study the chharacteristics of
o Hybrid – T.
C. To
T study the chharacteristics of
o Directional Coupler.
C
Appaaratus
Gunnn supply, Guunn diode, Issolator, Moduulator, Rotaryy vane attenuuator (RVA),,
Direcctional Coupleer and Hybrid T Detector, BN
NC, VSWR meter.
m
Theoory
The Gunn oscillaator is based on negative differential conductivity
c e
effect in bulkk
semicconductor, whhich has two conduction
c baands minima separated
s by an
a energy gapp
(greaater than therm
mal agitation ennergies.) A dissturbance at th
he cathode givves rise to highh
field region, whichh travels towaards anode. When W this high
h field domaiin reaches thee
anodee, it disappearrs another dom
main is formedd at the cathodee and starts moving towardss
anodee and so on. The
T time requuired for domaain travel from m cathode to anode
a (Transitt
Timee) gives oscillaation frequencyy. In Gunn osccillator, Gunn diode is placeed in resonatorr
cavityy as shown in Figure 2.1. Inn this case the oscillation
o freq
quency is deteermined by thee
cavityy dimension thhan by Gunn diode
d itself.

Figurre 2.1: Gunn diode

d oscillator

Hybrrid Tee (Magiic Tee)

Hybrrid Tee is a coombination off E and H planne Tee. Arm 3,
3 the H arm forms
f H planee
Tee and
a arm 4, the E arm forms E plane Tee inn combination n with arm 1 annd 2 known ass

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collinnear arm as shhown in Figuree 2.2. If poweer is fed into arm

a 3, electric fields dividess
equallly between arrm 1 and 2 inn opposite phaase and no elecctric field exisst in arm 4. Iff
poweer is fed into arm
a 4, electric fields divides equally betweeen arm 1 andd 2 in the samee
phasee and no electrric field exist in
i arm 3.

Figure 2.2: Magic

M Tee

Direcctional Coupller
Direcctional couplerr is a passive device
d in whicch it is possiblle to take a sm
mall fraction off
microowave power flowing in thee main waveguuide. It consistts of two transsmission lines,,
the main
m arm and auxiliary
a arm, electromagneetically coupleed to each otheer as shown inn
Figurre 2.3. The poower fed to port 1 gets dividded between portp 2 & 3, alm most no powerr
couplles to port 4.

Fiigure 2.3: Schhematic diagraam of Direction

nal coupler

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Block
k diagram

Figure 2.44: Gunn source experiment set

s up

Procedure
A. V-I
V Characteriistics of Gunn n diode
1. Set up the experiment as show wn in the Figuure 2.4.
2. Set the Rotary Vane
V Attenuattor at maximum m attenuation position.
3. Connect
C the Guunn oscillator and
a Modulatorr using BNC connectors,
c to the respectivee
teerminals of thee Gunn power supply.
4. Adjust
A the Gunnn oscillator frequency to approximatelly 9.0 GHz (bby tuning thee
tuuning knob on Gunn oscillator).
5. Turn
T ON the poower supply byy keeping volttage and currennt knobs to miinimum.
6. Note
N down the diode current by increasing the voltage from zero to 9vv in convenientt
stteps. Use the toggle switch on the pow wer supply too select the voltage/current
v t
m
measurements a plot. Figurre 2.5 shows a typical plot of
and o the V-I charaacteristics of a
G
Gunn diode.
7. Calculate
C the leength of the Guunn diode is giiven by,
V
TH
L= = __________ μm
3.2 × 105
B. H
Hybrid-T
1. Set up the experiment as show wn in the Figuure 2.4.
2. Energize
E the Gunn
G oscillatorr to generate modulated
m miicro wave powwer at 9 GHz,,
8..5V, modulatiion ON in sqquare wave position,
p keepiing the RVA at maximum m
poosition.
3. Connect
C the RV
VA output to thhe detector andd detector outp
put to the VSW
WR meter.
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4. Set RVA to 500 dB Get thee reference onn VSWR meteer selecting thhe convenientt
sccale. (Do not change
c this settting throughouut the experim
ment).
5. Replace
R the deetector by H-aarm of the Hyybrid-Tee. Terminate the side arms (usee
m
matched terminnation and Horrn antenna) annd get the samee reference onn VSWR meterr
att the E-arm byy varying the RVA.
R Note dow
wn the RVA reeading as A.
6. Calculate
C the Decoupling
D as (50-A)
( dB.
7. Terminate
T the E-arm
E and onee of the side arms
a and get the
t same referrence from thee
otther side arm on VSWR meter m by varyiing the RVA. Note down the t reading off
R
RVA as A1.
8. Calculate
C H-armm to side-arm Insertion loss by, Insertion Loss
L = (50-A1) dB.
9. Repeat
R the same procedure too get the Inserttion loss for th
he other side-arrm.
C. Diirectional Cou upler
1. Repeat
R step 1 too 4 of Hybrid – Tee.
2. Connect
C the maain arm of Direectional Coupller to the outpuut of RVA 2.
3. Terminate
T the other
o end of main
m arm using matched term mination.
4. Connect
C the outtput at auxiliarry arm to VSW
WR meter throu ugh detector.
5. Get
G the same reeference on VSWR V meter by varying the RVA. Note down d the RVA
A
reeading as A2.
6. Calculate
C the Coupling
C Coeffficient of Direcctional Coupleer = (50 – A2) dB.
7. Reverse
R the Directional couupler and obtaain the same reference at the output off
auuxiliary arm byy varying RVA A. Note down the RVA read ding as A3.
8. Calculate
C the Directivity
D of Directional
D Couupler = (A2 – A3) dB.
Obseervation

Figure 2.5: V-I Characterristics of Gunn

n diode
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Results
• Length of the Gun diode =
• Insertion Loss of Hybrid Tee =
• Decoupling of Hybrid Tee =
• Coupling Coefficient of Directional Coupler =
• Directivity of Directional Coupler =

Exercise
1 Find the isolation between various ports of Magic Tee.
2 Find the Insertion Loss of Directional coupler.
3 Experimentally prove that power fed to E-arm equally splits between two collinear
arm in E-plane Tee.
4 Obtain the insertion loss and isolation of given isolator.
5 Find the S-matrix of Hybrid Tee and compare it with ideal S-matrix.

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EXPERIM
MENT 3
AMPLITUDE SHIFT
S KEY
YING MOD
DULATION
N / DEMOD
DULATION
N
Aim
To sttudy amplitudee shift keying modulation
m annd demodulatio
on techniques..
Appaaratus
AFO, Dual channel oscilloscope,, resistors, cappacitors, diode,, transistor, µA
A741 op amp.
Theoory
In ann ASK system m, binary symbbol 1 is repressented by transsmitting a sinuusoidal carrierr
wavee of fixed ampplitude Ac andd fixed frequency fc for th he bit durationn Tb seconds,,
wherreas binary sym mbol 0 is repreesented by swiitching off the carrier for Tb seconds. Thiss
is illuustrated in Fig 1. Mathematically we may express binary y ASK wave s(t) as,

⎧ A cos(2πf c t ) bit 1
s(tt ) = ⎨ C
⎩ 0 bit 0

Figure 3.1: ASK moduulation wavefo

orms
Detecction: There are
a two ways to t perform dem modulation ovver a channel. The first wayy
is to estimate the phase
p and use a matched fillter. This meth
hod is usually referred to ass
coherrent demodullation. In praactice, the reeceiver has to o estimate thhe phase andd
magnnitude responsses of the chhannel from thhe received signal.
s This estimation
e cann
someetimes be hardd to perform, and
a inaccuratee estimation will
w significantlly degrade thee
perfoormance of thee coherent dem
modulator.

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The second approach, known as non-coherent demodulation, is to ignore the phase

information in the demodulation process. Here we use a band-pass filter of appropriate
bandwidth, and the received ASK signal is passed through it. The output so obtained is
envelope detected and is sampled at the appropriate time to detect the data. The
combination of band-pass filter and the envelope detector is known as a non-coherent
matched filter.

Circuit diagram
A. ASK modulator:

Figure 3.2: Circuit diagram for ASK modulator

Design:
1. Choose

2.

.
3. 0.45
4. Let, 0.11
5. From datasheet, 90 , 700
6.
.
7. 39 Ω

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B. Demodulator
D (
(Non-coheren
nt matched filter):
Block
k diagram:

Figure 3.3: Block

B diagram for ASK demo
odulation

dpass filter:
Band

For BPF,
B

Figure 3.4: Circuit

C diagram
m for Band Paass Filter

Enveelope detectorr:

Figure 3.5: Circuit

C diagram
m for Envelopee detector

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Design:
1. For charging,

2. For discharging,
3. Rf = 0.8Ω, fc is carrier frequency and fm is modulating signal frequency.
4. Take R=6.8KΩ and C=0.1µF.

Procedure:

ASK modulator
1. Connect a square wave of 5Vpp and 600 Hz to message signal input (bit rate =
1/300bps).
2. Connect a sinusoidal wave of 2Vpp and 5 kHz* to the carrier signal input of the
circuit.
3. Connect the message signal to Ch1 and the ASK modulated output to Ch2 of the
oscilloscope.

ASK demodulator
1. Connect the ASK signal at the input of Band pass filter.
2. Connect the Band pass filter output to the envelope detector.
3. Observe the matched filter output at the output of envelope detector and interpret the
result.

Repeat the same procedure for a PN sequence having the same bit rate.

NOTE: Practically, the carrier frequency should be very high. The frequency used here
is only for demonstration purpose.

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Obseervations:
Outputs obtained for
fo a square waave message siignal

Figuree 3.6: Message signal and thhe ASK modullated waveform

m

Figure 3.7:: Output of thee BPF circuit and

a the output of envelope detector
d

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1. Outputs
O obtaineed for PN sequuence input

Figure 3.8: PN
P sequence innput and the coorresponding ASK
A modulateed signal

Figgure 3.9: ASK

K modulated waveform
w and BPF output

Figure 3.100: Output of thhe envelope deetector

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Exercise
1. Obtain the error probability expression for non-coherent and coherent detection of
ASK and plot the same using MATLAB.
2. Write a paragraph on at least one real world system which uses ASK modulation for
data transmission.

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EXPERIMMENT 4
FSK
K MODULA
ATION AN
ND DEMOD
DULATION
N
Aim
To buuild and study Frequency Shhift Keying moodulation and demodulation
d circuits.

Appaaratus required
IC 555
5 timer, IC C 565 PLL,, IC μA741,, IC7490, traansistor BC107, resistors,,
potenntiometers andd capacitors.

Theoory
FSK Modulation
Frequuency-shift keeying (FSK) is a frequenccy modulation n scheme in which digitall
informmation is trannsmitted throuugh discrete frequency chan nges of a carrier signal. Thee
technnology is usedd in communiication system ms such as am mateur radio, caller ID andd
emerrgency broadcaasts. The simpplest FSK is binary
b FSK (BBFSK). BFSK uses a pair off
discreete frequenciees to transmit binary (0s annd 1s) informaation. With thiis scheme, thee
“1” iss called the maark frequency and the “0” iss called the spaace frequency.

Circu
uit diagram
FSK generation

Figure 4.1: FSK Modulattion Circuit Diagram

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Procedure
1. Rig up the FSK modulator circuit as shown in the Fig. 4.1.
2. Apply square-wave input signal of 150 Hz from AFO.
3. Adjust R1 and R2 to get the desired FSK signal.
4. Observe the FSK output for logic 0 and logic 1.
5. Plot the observed input and output waveforms and measure the frequency and
amplitude of these observations.

Observation
FSK generation

Figure 4.2: FSK modulated signal

FSK demodulation using PLL

Introduction to phase locked loop (PLL)
IC 565 PLL is a self-contained adaptable filter and demodulator for frequency ranges
from 0.001 Hz to 500 KHz. The circuit consists of a voltage controlled oscillator
(VCO) with high stability, a phase comparator, amplifier and LPF as shown in the
Fig. 2. The center frequency of PLL is determined by the free running frequency fo of
the VCO. This frequency is controlled by external R1 and C1, fo = 1.2/(4R1C1) Hz. The
LPF which determines the capture characteristics of the loop is formed by an internal
resistor and an external capacitor C 2 = 0.01µF.

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PIN DIAGRAM
D O PLL IC 5665
OF

Figure 4.3:
4 Pin diagraam for PLL IC565

The phase
p detectorr compares thee phase of the input
i signal with
w that of VC
CO. The outputt
is a voltage
v that iss proportional to the phase difference and hence to the frequencyy
also because
b =2ππ.df / dt.

If thee input frequeency is less thaan VCO frequuency, the DC C output is moore which willl
decreease the bias to
t VCO becauuse of negativee feedback. Th his results deccrease in VCO
O
frequuency. If inpuut signal freqquency is moore than VCO O frequency the t DC valuee
decreeases which will
w increase the t VCO biass. Then VCO frequency inncreases. Thuss
VCO O looks to the incoming
i signaal and this freqquency lookin
ng is maintaineed by the VCOO
for a particular raange. The LO OCK RANGE E fL of PLL is i defined as the range off
frequuencies in whhich already locked PLL will remain n in lock. It is given byy
fL= ±8f
± 0/Vcc HZ. (V Vcc is total volttage 12V in thhis case).

CAPT TURE RANG GE of PLL fc iss the range of frequencies on to which it will
w lock priorr
to being in lock.
fc = ± (1/2π)
( (2πfL/t)) 0.5 Hz t = 3.6 x 103 C2 Sec.

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Circu
uit diagram: PLL
P characteeristics

Figu
ure 4.4: PLL characteristics
c
Procedure
To fiind the characcteristics of a given PLL
1. Connect
C the circuit as shownn in the Fig. 4.4 with shorrt between VC CO output andd
phase detector input (pin noo. 4 and 5 reespectively) reemoved. Thee VCO outputt
frrequency is noow the free runnning frequenccy fo.
2. Connect
C the Oscilloscope
O too VCO outputt and adjust fo to 5KHz by varying R1.
C
Close the loop by b shorting pin no. 4 and 5.
3. Give
G the input sinusoidal siggnal around 5 KHz. Observ ve this signal and the VCO O
output which mustm be at the sames frequency if the PLL iss locked.
4. Vary
V the input frequency abbove fo till thee VCO signal follows the input signal inn
frrequency. Noote down the input signal frequency at wh hich the VCO comes out off
loock. This is uppper lock freqquency fL1. Sim milarly measurre the lower loock frequencyy
fL2
L by varying the t input frequuency below f0.
5. Calculate
C the loock range as fL = fL1 – fL2.
6. Select
S the inpuut frequency abbove fL1 and thhen decrease slowly
s till the VCO locks too
thhe input. Notte down this upper u capture frequency ass fC1. Similarlyy measure thee
loower capture frequency
f fromm below fC2 byy starting the input
i signal frrequency fromm
below fL2 and increasing.
i
7. Calculate
C the Capture
C Range as fC = fC1 – fC2
C .
8. Connect
C DC vooltmeter to thee PLL output (pin no.7) and d note down thhe variation inn
V
VCO bias whenn input frequenncy is varied between
b fL2 andd fL1, in conveenient steps.
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FSK demodulation using PLL

Figure 4.5: FSK

F Demodullation Circuit Diagram
D

Procedure
1. Rig
R up the FSK K demodulator circuit as show wn in the Fig. 4.5 on a traineer kit.
2. Apply
A square wave
w input signnal of amplitudde 0-5V.
3. Vary
V the input signal frequenncy between 1 kHz and 4 kH Hz.
4. Observe
O that ouutput switches between posittive and zero for
f two distincct frequencies.

Exerrcise
1. Inn the given cirrcuit for FSK modulation, vary
v the resistaance R1 in ordder to generatee
thhe FSK signalss of various freequencies andd plot the samee.
2. Inn the given cirrcuit for FSK demodulationn, vary the resiistance R3 in order
o to detectt
thhe signals of various
v frequenncies.
3. Immplement the FSK modulatiion and demoddulation schem me using Simullink®.
4. Conduct
C a liteerature surveyy of applicattions of FSK K and comparre with otherr
m
modulation schhemes. (Refer tot PLL IC mannual for the fo ollowing circuiit diagrams).
5. Build
B a PLL cirrcuit as a frequuency multipliier using ICs 565
5 & 7490.
6. Rig
R up a PLL based b circuit foor amplitude demodulation*
d .

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EXPERIMENT 5
DPSK MODULATION
Aim
To study the various steps involved in generating differential phase shift keyed signal.

Apparatus
Trainer Kit, Oscilloscope, Connecting Wires, AFO, IC 7474, IC 7486, IC 741,
IC CD4501.

Theory
DPSK may be viewed as the non-coherent version of PSK. It eliminates the need for a
coherent reference signal at the receiver by combining two basic operations at the
transmitter:
1. Differential encoding of the input binary wave and
2. Phase-Shift Keying hence, the name, differential phase shift keying (DPSK).

In effect to send symbol 0, we phase advance the current signal waveform by 180
degree, and to send symbol 1, we leave the phase of the current signal waveform
unchanged. The receiver is equipped with a storage capability, so that it can measure the
relative phase difference between the waveforms received during two successive bit
intervals. Provided that the unknown phase θ contained in the received wave varies
slowly, the phase difference between wave forms received in two successive bit
intervals will be independent of θ.
The block diagram of a DPSK transmitter is shown in fig. 5.1 below. It consists, in part
of a logic network and a one-bit delay element interconnected so as to convert the
binary sequence {bk} into a differentially encoded sequence {dk}. This sequence is
amplitude level encoded and then used to modulate a carrier wave of frequency fc,
thereby producing the desired DPSK signal.
The optimum receiver for differentially coherent detection of binary DPSK is as shown
in fig. 5.2 below. This implementation merely requires that sample values be stored,
thereby avoiding the need for delay lines that may be needed otherwise. The equivalent
receiver implementation that tests squared elements is more complicated, but its use
makes the analysis easier to handle in that the two signals to be considered are
orthogonal.

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Block diagram

Figure 5.1: DPSK transmitter

Procedure
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 5.2.
2. Apply PN sequence data to one of the inputs of the X-OR gate.
3. Connect bit clock input. (This is the same clock used for PN sequence generation).
4. Apply carrier signal from AFO.
5. Observe the DPSK output.

Circuit diagram for DPSK Transmitter

Figure 5.2: DPSK modulating circuit

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Obseervation

Exerrcise
1. What
W is differenntial phase shiift keying?
2. Explain
E any tw
wo applicationss of DPSK?
3. Build
B a DPSK demodulator
d c
circuit and testt the same.

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EXPERIMENT 6
MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
Aim
To design following Microstrip antennas. Plot their radiation patterns and calculate
Beamwidth and Directivity.
A. Printed Dipole antenna.
B. Printed Yagi-Uda antenna.
C. Rectangular patch antenna.
Apparatus
Microstrip antennas, VCO, Detector, VSWR meter, CRO, Antenna stand.
A. Printed Dipole antenna:
Design:
W

Figure 6.1: Dipole antenna

Calculate Length of the dipole ‘L’ by fixing width ‘w’ using the relation:
λ
L + w = 0.48( o )
ε eff

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B. Printed
P Yagi-UUda antenna:
Desiggn:
1. Driven
D elementt length = 0.477λ to 0.49λ.
2. Director
D length = 0.4λ to 0.455λ.
3. Reflector
R lengthh = 0.5λ to 0.5525λ.
4. Sppacing betweeen Reflector annd Driven elem
ment = 0.2λ to 0.25λ.
5. Director
D spacinng = 0.3λ to 0.44λ.

Figu
ure 6.2: Yagi - Uda antenna

C. Rectangular
R Patch antenna
Desiggn:

Figuree 6.3: Rectanggular patch anteenna

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For the substrate parameter εr =3.2, h=0.762 mm.

1. Calculate the width ‘wo’ of the 50-ohm feed line using equations of Z0 & ε :

ε 1 ε 1
ε
2 2 1 12h⁄w

60 8
h 1
Z 1 120π
h 1
w
ε h 1.393 0.667ln h 1.444

Solving equations of Z0 & ε ; wo=1.31 mm.

2. For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiencies is
given as:

1 2
w=
2 f r μ 0ε 0 εr +1

3. The patch length L is determined as

1
L= − 2 ΔL
2 f r ε eff μ 0 ε 0

⎡ ⎤
(ε + 1) (ε r − 1) ⎢ 1 ⎥
Where, Effective dielectric constant: ε eff = r + ⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎢ 10h ⎥
⎢ 1+ ⎥
⎣ w ⎦
h
Open circuit end correction: ΔL =
ε eff

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4. Calculate the patch input impedance (real value) at fr

1 w⎡ 1 2⎤ 2π
Rin = ; G1 = ⎢1 − 24 (k o h) ⎥; k o = λ
2G1 120λo
⎣ ⎦
Rin is matched to 50-ohm feed line using a quarter-wave long transformer
(length=Lt) of Impedance Z t = Z O Rin (corresponding width=wt).

Measurement Setup:

Figure 6.4: Radiation pattern measurement setup

Procedure:
1. Setup the system as shown in Figure 5.4 to obtain radiation patterns of different
types of antenna.
2. Keeping the turning knob voltage at minimum and gain control knob at maximum,
switch on the VCO.
3. Vary the tuning voltage and set the frequency to resonant frequency (fo) of the
antenna (around 2.5GHz). Calculate and keep minimum distance between
transmitting and receiving antenna using the Fraunhofer distance formula S
λ
where ‘d’ is the largest dimension of the antenna and λ=c/fo.
4. Align the antenna in E-Plane by maintaining the Line of sight (zero degree
reference on the turn-table) between transmitting and receiving antennas and note
down the readings on Oscilloscope/VSWR meter.
5. Rotate the turn-table in clockwise and anticlockwise directions up to 90° on either
sides of reference in steps of 5°and note down the readings on Oscilloscope/VSWR
meter.

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6. Repeat the stepps 4 and 5 by aligning the anntenna in H-Pllane.

R
7. P the radiatiion pattern on polar graph shheet.
Plot
Note: For E plane and
a H plane allignment of diffferent antennaa, refer the figuures 6.5 to 6.7

Figgure A Figure B
Figu
ure 6.5 A: E pllane alignmennt of printed Diipole antenna.
Figu
ure 6.5 B: H plane
p alignmennt of printed Dipole antenna

Fiigure A Figure B
Figuree 6.6 A: E planne alignment of
o printed Yagii – Uda antennna.
Figuree 6.6 B: H planne alignment of
o printed Yagii – Uda antennna.

Figgure A Figuree B
Figure 6.7 A: E plane aliignment of recctangular micrrostrip patch anntenna.
Figure 6.7 B: H plane alignment of recctangular micrrostrip patch anntenna.
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Plotss:

Figure 6.8: Radiation

R patttern of Dipole antenna

Figure 6..9: E and H plane radiation patterns

p of a Yagi
Y - Uda anteenna

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Figu
ure 6.10: E andd H-plane radiiation patterns of a rectangullar microstrip patch
p antenna

Calcu
ulations:
1. Calculate
C 3 dB beamwidth (HPBW) for E Plane ( θ E ) and
a H Plane ( θ H ) from thee
pllot.
41253
2. Calculate
C Direcctivity using thhe relation D =
θ Eθ H

Exerrcise:
1. Design
D a rectanngular patch anntenna for a resonant frequen
ncy of 5 GHz.
2. Design
D a printed dipole antennna for a resonnant frequency of 4 GHz.

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EXPERIM
MENT 7
PULSE CO
ODE MODU
ULATION AND
A DIFFE
ERENTIAL
L PCM
Aim
1. To
T study Pulse code modulaation (PCM) teechnique and its applicationn using trainerr
kiit.
2. To
T simulate andd synthesize thhe coding proccess of PCM scchemes using Matlab.

Appaaratus
DCLT-003 trainer kit, DPCM ST
T2113 trainer kit,
k patch cord
ds, AFO, CRO.

Theoory
Pulsee code modullation (PCM) is essentiallyy an analog-to o-digital conversion (ADC))
proceess where thee information contained in the instantaneeous samples of an analogg
signaal is represennted by digitaal code wordds in a seriall bit stream. This can bee
accommplished by representing
r thhe signal in discrete
d form in
i both time and
a amplitudee
domaain.
A PCCM signal is generated at the t transmitterr by carrying out three bassic operations::
samppling, quantizinng, and encodiing. The pulsee code modulattion (PCM) prrocess sampless
an inpput analog siggnal, quantizess the sampled signal,
s and cod
des the quantizzed signal intoo
binarry-coded digitts. A functionnal block diaggram of a PC CM transmitterr is shown inn
Fig. 1.
1

Figure 1: Bllock diagram of

o a PCM tran
nsmitter.

• Pu
ulse Code Modulation
Procedure
1. Saampling and multiplexing
m tecchnique in fastt mode
Peerform the proccedures given in pages 9 to 12 of kit manuual. Observe thhe following
waaveforms on CRO
C and plot using
u graph shheets.
i. The channell inputs i.e. sinne wave of freqquencies 500H
Hz and 1KHz

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ii. Sampling clocks

iii. Sampling amplifier output
iv. A/D Converter pulse and multiplexed outputs
2. Sampling and multiplexing technique in slow mode
Perform the procedures given in pages 13 & 14 of kit manual. Observe the slowly
varying multiplexer output on CRO.
3. Operation of the Analog to Digital Converter
Perform the procedures given in pages 15 – 17 of kit manual. Observe the amplitude
level of A/D converter on CRO.

• Differential Pulse Code Modulation

Procedure

Study of DPCM Modulation and Demodulation Technique

1. Refer ST2113 DPCM trainer manual (page numbers 13 to 15) for the connections,
procedure and model waveforms.
2. Observe the following waveforms on the oscilloscope and plot using graph sheet
i. Input sine wave of frequency 1 KHz
ii. DAC output (staircase approximation of the input signal)
iii. Low pass filter output
iv. Various controls and clock signal

Verify experimentally that DPCM is a differentia process

1. Refer ST2113 DPCM trainer manual (page numbers 13 to 15) for the connections,
procedure and model waveforms.
2. Observe the following waveforms on CRO and plot using graph sheet
i. Input square wave of frequency 1 KHz
ii. DAC output

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Exerrcises
1. Geenerate Uniforrm Quantized levels
l signals shown in Figu
ure 7.2 using MATLAB
M
Sim
mulation tool

Figgure 7.2: Origiinal signal witth Quantized leevels signals

2. Deemonstrate thee difference beetween uniform

m and non-unifform quantizattion using
MATLAB Simuulation tool.

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EXPERIMENT 8
MICROSTRIP COMPONENTS
Aim

A. To design a Branch Line Coupler (BLC) and analyze its Coupling, Isolation and
Directivity.
B. To plot the transmission characteristics of Ring resonator and determine the
Quality factor and effective dielectric constant of the substrate.
C. To design Power Divider and plot its Power split ratio and isolation.

Apparatus
Microstrip Components, VCO, Detector, VSWR meter, CRO, SMA Cables.

Measurement setup

Figure 8.1: Measurement setup for Microstrip Components

A. Branch line coupler (BLC):

Theory:
A two-stub branch line coupler is a fundamental direct-coupled structure in which the
main line is directly bridged to the secondary line by means of two-shunt branches as
shown in the Figure 8.2. The length L of each branch and their spacing are all quarter
wavelength λ0/4 in the transmission medium at the center frequency f0. Za and Zb denote
the characteristic impedances of the series branch and shunt branch respectively. All
input and output lines have the same characteristic impedance Z0.

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Figu
ure 8.2: Branchh line coupler

Desiggn:

Center Freqquency; fo = 5G
GHz.
Mid band Coupling;
C C =33 dB.
Source and Load Impedannces; Zo = 50Ω
Ω.

Sincee the coupling is given as 3-ddB, we can wrrite

-20logS12 = -20logS13 = 3
1
S =S =
12 13 2

Sincee Zo = 50Ω, im
mpedance of thhe series and shhunt branch off the coupler iss:

ZO 5
50
Za = = = 35.4Ω; Z b = Z O = 50Ω
2 2

To geet the final layyout in microsstrip, we needd to convert th

he impedances and electricall
lengtths into physiccal dimensions. The final dimensions
d of the branch linne coupler forr
meter ε r =3.2, h=0.762
the suubstrate param h mm are:
a
λ
For Z0=Zb=50ohmline, w=1.834
w mm, εeff1 =2.584, L = = 9.3322mm
4 ε eff 1

λ
For Z0=Zb=35.4ohmlinee, w=3.048 mm
m, εeff2 =2.697,, L = = 9.322mm
4 ε eff 2

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Procedure:

pling (S31):
Coup
1. Set up the systeem as shown inn Figure 8.1.
2. Measure
M the innput power fedd to port 1(P11) at different frequencies fromf 2GHz too
3GGHz in stepss of 0.1GHz by connectinng VCO to CRO/VSWR C m
meter throughh
deetector.
3. Terminate
T portss 2 and 4 with 50-ohm matchhed loads.
4. Measure
M the power
p coupledd at port 3(P3) for the ab bove set of frequencies
fr byy
coonnecting portt 2 to VSWR meter/CRO
m thrrough detectorr.
5. Plot Coupling: C = -10 log (P P3/P1) = P1db-P P3db as a functtion of frequenncy.
6. Calculate
C the baandwidth of thhe coupler over which Couplling is 3±1dB.

Isolaation (S41) and

d Directivity (S
( 43):
1. T
Terminate portss 2 and 3 with 50-ohm matchhed loads.
2. Measure
M the power
p coupledd at port 4(P44) for the ab bove set of frequencies
fr byy
coonnecting portt 4 to VSWR meter/CRO
m thrrough detectorr.
3. Plot Isolation = -10 log (P4/PP1) = P1db-P4dbb as a function
n of frequency.
4. Plot Directivityy = Isolation – Coupling as a function of frrequency.

Plot:

Figurre 8.3: Characcteristics of Miicrostrip Brancch line couplerr

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B. Ring
R resonatorr:

Theoory:
The ring
r resonatorr is known ass a simple priinted resonato or that is usefu
ful for makingg
approoximate measuurement of dieelectric constannt. Additionallly it is used inn filters and too
an exxtent in antennnas. In principlle, it is a simplle structure, bu
ut accurate anaalysis of a ringg
resonnator is difficuult because off the input annd output cou upling to straigght microstripp
printeed lines. Twoo structures shhown in Figuure 8.4 are Riing resonator coupled withh
(a) oppen-ended linees and (b) withh coupling arcss.
Lookking at a ring resonator in isolation,
i it may
m appear thaat the field woould be in thee
form of a wave circulating
c aroound in eitheer direction, but
b in reality, the couplingg
structture plays a veery important role.
r

Figu
ure 8.4: Ring resonator
r coupled with (a) oppen-ended linees and (b) with coupling arcs

It maay be noticed that both thee structures arre symmetricaal. It follows that whateverr
voltaage wave is exxcited in the clockwise
c direection, an idenntical voltage wave will bee
exciteed in the antiiclockwise dirrection as well. This givess rise to the standing
s wavee
patterrn, common to t resonators. The voltage maxima in bo oth cases are located at thee
centeer of the couplled section. Loooking at this behavior,
b it may
m be more acccurate to lookk
uponn the ring resoonator as two half-wave transmission lin ne resonators (open ended))
conneected in paralllel. The couppling structurees disturb these open ends and shift thee
resonnant frequencyy slightly. It is apparent that as the couplin ng is reduced, the frequencyy
selectivity of the reesonator increaases, but the loosses also incrrease drastically. So one hass

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Deparrtment of E&C Communication
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to arrrive at a comppromise – suffficient couplinng so that lossees are not exceessive, yet thee
Centrre frequency iss identifiable with
w sufficientt precision.

Procedure:
1. Set up the systeem as shown in
n Figure 8.1.
2. M
Measure the innput power fedd to port 1(P11) at different frequencies ffrom 2GHz too
3GGHz in stepss of 0.1GHz by connectinng VCO to CRO/VSWRC m
meter throughh
deetector.
3. M
Measure the power
p coupledd at port 2(P2) for the ab bove set of frequencies
fr byy
coonnecting portt 2 to VSWR meter/CRO
m thrrough detectorr.
4. Plot Insertion lo
oss = -10 log (P2/P1)
( = P1dbb-P2db as a funcction of frequeency.
5. Frrom the plot, determine
d resoonant frequenccy and bandwid
dth.

Plot:

Figure 8.5: Transmissionn characteristiccs of a ring resonator with cooupling

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Calcu
ulations:

1. Calculate
C Q facctor, Q = fo/B.W
W

2. C
Calculate effecctive dielectricc constant off the substratee material using followingg
reelation

vp
L=
fo

W
Where L=Meann circumferencce of the ring

c
VP = Phase veloocity =
ε
eff

C. Power
P Dividerr Theory:
The layout
l of a connventional T-jjunction poweer divider in microstrip
m conffiguration withh
inputt port matchedd is shown in Figure
F 8.6.

Figuree 8.6: Layout of

o a conventioonal T-junction
n Power Divider

The scattering paraameters of thiss type of T-junnction power divider

d is givenn by:

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Applying unitary conditions, we get

This clearly shows that it is impoossible to matcch all the threee ports of this type of powerr
dividder.

The layout
l of the modified
m pow
wer divider (Knnown as the Wilkinson
W pow wer divider) inn
whichh all the three ports are peerfectly matchhed at the cen nter frequencyy is shown inn
Figurre 8.7. An isolation resistancce of 2Z0 is addded between ports
p 2 and 3.

ure 8.7: Layouut of a modified T-junction Power

Figu P Divider

The scattering paraameters of thee modified pow

wer divider at center
c frequenncy are given:

It is interesting
i to note that all thhe ports are siimultaneously matched. Porrts 2 and 3 aree
also perfectly
p isolaated. This type of power diivider can be used as poweer combiner ass
well. Power fed to ports 2 and 3 simultaneously
s y gives entire power at port 1.

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Department of E&C Communication Laboratory - II

Design:

Specifications:

Center Frequency, fo = 2.4GHz.

Equal Power Split at P2 and P3=3 dB. Source and Load Impedances, Zo= 50Ω.
Substrate thickness, h=0.762mm
Relative dielectric constant of the material used, =3.2

From the specifications,

1. Calculate impedance of the branches using the relation,√2 70.7Ω
2. Calculate ‘w’ and ‘εeff ’ solving following simultaneous equations
ε 1 ε 1
ε
2 2 1 12h⁄

60 8

h 1
Z w
1 120π 1
h
ε w 1.393 0.667ln w h 1.444
h

3. Calculate length of the branches using the relation

λ
L=
4 ε eff

Procedure:
1. Set up the system as shown in Figure 8.1.
2. Measure the input power fed to port 1(P1) at different frequencies from 2GHz to
3GHz in steps of 0.1GHz by connecting VCO to CRO/VSWR meter through
detector.
3. Measure the power coupled at port 2 i.e. P2(terminate P3) for the above set of
frequencies by connecting port 2 to VSWR meter/CRO through detector.

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4. M
Measure the poower coupledd at port 3 i.ee. P3(terminate P2) for the above set off
frrequencies by connecting poort 3 to VSWR R meter/CRO th hrough detectoor.
5. Measure
M the poower coupledd at port 3 i.ee. P3(terminate P1) for the above set off
frrequencies by connecting poort 3 to VSWR R meter/CRO through detecctor with inputt
poower to P2.
6. Plot Power splitt at P2 = -10 lo
og (P2/P1) = P1P db-P2db as a function of freequency.
7. Plot Power splitt at P3 = -10 lo
og (P3/P1) = P1P db-P3db as a function of freequency.
8. Plot Isolation = -10 log (P3/PP2) = P2db-P3dbb as a functionn of frequency.
9. Frrom the plot, determine
d powwer split and issolation at centter frequency.

Plot:

Figure 8.88: Characteristics of Microstrrip Power diviider without reesistor

Note: In the characcteristics show

wn in Figure 8.8, S21 and S31 are overlappinng

Exerrcise
1. D
Design a ring reesonator for a resonant frequuency of 6 GHHz.
2. Design
D a powerr divider for eqqual power spllit at 3 GHz.

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EXPERIMENT 9
PSEUDO-NOISE (PN) SEQUENCE GENERATION
Aim
To generate a PN sequence and study its properties.

Apparatus
Logic trainer kit, Flip-flop IC, XOR logic gates IC and connecting wires.

Theory
Pseudo-Noise (PN) or Pseudo-Random Binary (PRBS) sequences are used to generate
noise that approximately possesses “white” noise property. They are used in scrambling,
cryptography, and spread-spectrum communications and many communication
standards. Pseudo implies that the sequence is not purely random. It is pseudo random
in the sense that it is periodic with unusually longer periods and exhibits some
properties of a random white sequence within a period.
As an example, in CDMA, the user data is multiplied with a spreading PN sequence to
achieve spreading. This will help to bury the signal of interest in a noise-like high
frequency spreading code. At the receiver, the spreading is removed from the desired
signal by multiplying it by the same sequence that is exactly synchronized to the
transmitted PN sequence in CDMA, each user is assigned a predetermined spreading
sequence which has low cross correlation property with other user’s spreading
sequences.
Spreading sequences are chosen based on their characteristics like autocorrelation, cross
correlation properties, etc., Some of the spreading sequences are listed below
1) Maximum length PN sequence
2) Gold sequences
3) Kasami sequences
4) Walsh Hadamard sequences

Maximum Length PN sequences (m-sequences):

Maximum Length PN sequences are binary sequence generators that are capable of
generating all possible combinations of binary sequences in 2m -1 cyclic shifts, where
m is the size of the Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR) used in generating such

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Deparrtment of E&C Communication
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sequeences. To gennerate m-sequuence, feedbaack connectio on of LFSRs is connectedd

accorrding to a prim
mitive polynom
mial (generatorr polynomial).

Geneeration:
Figurre 9.1 showss the generall configuratioon for the geeneration of PN sequencee
consttructed using LFSR and XOR X gates for
f binary ad ddition. The output
o xk andd
1 and ⊕ dennotes the XOR
coeffficients hj can take on logic 0 or logic 1 (binary 0 or 1), R
operaation.

Figure 9.1: A general connfiguration of PN

P sequence generator
g usingg LFSR

Prim
mitive Polynom mials
A generator polynoomial is said to t be primitivee if it cannot be
b factored (i.ee. it is prime),,
and if
i it is a factorr of (i.e. can evenly
e divide)) X +1, wheree N=2m -1 (thee length of thee
N

m-seqquence). For example, if we wish to construct

c a m-sequence
m geenerator usingg
3 registers (m=3)), then the primitive
p pollynomial that determines the feedbackk
conneection can be determined
d as follows.
x7+1 = (x+1) (x3+xx+1) (x3+x2+1)
+

Sincee the number ofo registers aree m=3, we havve to choose a primitive polyynomial that iss
of degree
d 3. From
F the abbove equationn we have two choicees for m=3,,
3 3 2
i.e. (xx +x+1) and (xx +x +1).

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Somee of the primitive polynomiaals used for generating m-seq

quences are giiven below.

Folloowing (Fig 9.22) is an exampple of generatinng an m-sequeence of lengthh 7. G= [1011]]

or G==[x3x2x1x0].

olynomial (x3+x+1)
Figure 9.22 PN sequencee design for thee generator po +

While designing a PN sequence generator,

g it iss to be noted th
hat:
• Ensure
E that the state of the shhift register does not attain all
a zero at any time.
t i.e., startt
w a non-zeroo value.
with
• Since all zero state
s is not alloowed, the periiod of the outp put sequence can
c be at mostt
m
2 -1.

A feed-back shift register that generates a sequence

s of th
his period is said to be off
maxim mal length. The
T sequence mustm be perioodic, since theere are at most 2m -1 states..
Intuittively thereforre, when the register
r lengthh is large, the sequence is approximately
a y
whitee. Note that the
t shift-registter contents are
a shifted verrsions of eachh other and itt
makees no differencce which registter output is coonsidered the output.
o

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Circuuit Diagram for

f m-sequencce of length 15
In a m-sequence
m geenerator designn, there can bee more than on
ne primitive poolynomial thatt
can be
b used as the generator polyynomial. Here a primitive po olynomial whiich is differentt
f this case iss G=[X4X3X0] =
from that shown inn the table is coonsidered. Thee polynomial for
[101111] indicating that there is no
n feedback frrom second an nd first registerrs as shown inn
Fig. 9.3.
9

F
Figure 9.3 PN
N sequence gennerator for G = [10111]

Procedure
1. C
Check the D-F
FF IC’s (IC7474) and XOR
R IC (IC7486)) using IC tesster for properr
fuunction.
2. C
Connect the cirrcuit as shownn in fig. 4 andd use preset anda clear pins of the FFs too
innitialize the coontents of the register
r to any combination except
e all zeroo case.
3. Apply
A TTL clocck signal and note
n the PN seequence outputt from any of the
t FFS.
4. O
Observe the ouutput on oscilloscope and veerify the autoccorrelation, ruun and balancee
prroperties.
5. C
Connect the cirrcuit for anothher polynomiaal of degree 4 as given in the table andd
reepeat the samee steps.
6. Compare
C your results.
r

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Department of E&C Communication Laboratory - II

Exercise
1 Using the generated PN sequence as one input to a X-NOR gate and TTL clock as
the other input, identify the line coding format of the X-NOR output.
2 Use Simulink model to generate a PN sequence of length 63 and observe the output
sequence.
3 Write a Matlab code to generate 3 different PN sequences of length 31. Find their
spectrum and comment on your results.

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Deparrtment of E&C Communication
C Laboratory - II

EXPERIME
E ENT 10
MEASUR
REMENT OF
O VSWR AND
A LOAD
D IMPEDA
ANCE
Aim
To measure
m low, hiigh VSWR andd load impedaance.

Appaaratus
Klysttron power suupply, klystronn mount, isolaator, frequenccy meter, attennuator, slottedd
line moving carriage detector, matching load (horn anteenna), BNC, Oscilloscope,,
VSWWR meter.

Block
k diagram

Figure 10.1: VSWR measurement

m seet up
Procedure

Low VSWR
1. Connect
C the commponents as shown in blockk diagram 10.11.
2. Before
B turning the Klystron supply,
s ensure all knobs are at zero positioon.
3. Select
S AM knob on Klystron Supply.
4. Adjust
A amplituude, frequencyy knobs of AMM and moving g carriage to get
g undistortedd
sqquare wave of o maximum amplitude
a on Oscilloscope,, if required adjust
a repellerr
voltage.
5. Slide
S the movinng carriage too get maximum m and minimu um amplitudess i.e. Vmax andd
Vmin, measure these
t amplitudde on Oscillosscope. Also noote down theiir positions onn
m
moving carriagge.
Vmax
6. Calculate
C VSW
WR using S=
Vmin
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Department of E&C Communication Laboratory - II

High VSWR
For a mismatched line, SWR is >>1. Since this cannot be measured directly as in the
case of low VSWR discussed earlier, we use an indirect method of measuring Vmax
and Vmin in terms of known attenuation (mismatch or reflection) introduced in the line
deliberately by the slide screw probe.

Calibrated attenuation method

1. Set up the Experiment same as in Figure 10.1 with a slide screw tuner between the
moving carriage detector and load.
2. Completely unscrew the slide screw tuner (‘0’ on the scale).
3. Select AM knob on Klystron Supply.
4. Set the high VSWR by sliding the slide screw probe to 9 mm.
5. Set convenient reference (0-3 dB) on variable attenuator.
6. Get the voltage minimum by moving the carriage, set any reference on oscilloscope
corresponding to this minimum by adjusting the variable attenuator and note it as A1.
7. Move the carriage to get Vmax and increase the attenuation so that same reference is
obtained on Oscilloscope. Note the attenuator value as A2.
8. VSWR = (A2-A1) dB. Convert this ratio, S=10(A2-A1) / 20
9. Set different values of SWR by changing the slide screw probe to 7mm, 5mm, and
3mm. Repeat the same procedure to measure to measure SWR in each case.

Impedance measurement
1. Measure distance ‘d’ (d= λg / 2) between two consecutive voltage minimas.
2. Find the position of the first voltage minima from the load by subtracting ‘n λg / 2’
from (16.5 + S2) cms, where S2 is the position of first voltage minima on the moving
carriage. Let this position be ‘X’cms.
3. Convert this ‘X’cms to λg by using the relation d= λg / 2.
4. Calculate the load Impedance using Smith Chart.

Low VSWR
Sl. No. 1 2 3
1 Vmax
2 Vmin
3 VSWR

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Department of E&C Communication Laboratory - II

High VSWR
Slide screw probe depth 9mm 7mm 5mm 3mm
A1
A2
VSWR

Result
Low VSWR =
High VSWR =
Load Impedance =

Exercise
1. Assume a lossless transmission line with a normalized load impedance of 0.5 + j0.7.
The guide wave length is supposed to be 40mm. what is the impedance 8mm toward
the generator. What is the SWR presented by the load. How far from the load is the
first minimum in the standing wave pattern.
2. In the measurements the minima in the standing wave patterns are used for reference
etc. Is it possible to use the maxima instead? If so, why do we prefer the minima?
3. Another way of measuring high VSWR is double – minima method. Refer to the
Klystron handbook and conduct the experiment.
4. Compare calibrated attenuation method and double minima method, which method
is best for the high VSWR calculation and its significance.

51
Department of E&C Communication Laboratory - II

REFERENCES

1. Davis Bernard and Kennedy George (2001) “Electronic Communication Systems”,

4th edition, TMH publication.
2. Simon Haykin (2005) “Digital Communications”, John Wiley & sons.
3. Jordan Edward C and Balmain Keith G (2003) “Electromagnetic waves and
radiating systems”, PHI.
4. Liao Samuel Y (2003) “Microwave devices and circuits”, PHI.
5. M Sathish Kumar, (2005) “Fundamentals of optical fiber communication”, PHI.
6. Franco Di Paolo (2000) “Networks and Devices using Planar Transmission lines”.
7. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, Wiley Interscience.
8. John Daniel Krauss, Antennas, McGraw – Hill.

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