English Reviewer

Grade 8 1 s t Quarter Examination

 LITERATURE
 The body of written works of a language, period, or culture
 Imaginative or creative writing, especially, of recognized artistic voice
 The art or occupation of a literary writer
 The body of written works produced by scholars or researchers in a given field
 A Latin word “litera” which means letter
 This is a body of literary productions, either oral, written or visual containing imaginative language that
realistically portrays thoughts, emotions and experiences of the human condition.
 2 MAJOR TYPES OF LITERATURE
 Prose
 “prosa” which means straight forward
 Consists of written works within the common flow of conversation presented in a straightforward manner
 TYPES OF PROSE
 Novel
 This is a long narrative divided into chapter
 The events may be taken from true-to-life stories and spans for a long period of time
 Many characters are involved
 Ex. Harry Potter, Pride and the Prejudice
 Short Story
 This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and a single expression
 Ex. The Necklace, The Last Leaf
 Plays
 This is represented on a stage
 It is divided into acts and each act has many scenes
 Ex. Hamilton, Heathers, Dear Even Hansen
 Legends
 These are fictional narratives, usually about origins.
 It provides historical information regarding the culture and views of particular groups of people or
country
 Ex. The Bikol Legend, Legend of the Pineapple
 Folk Tales
 A traditional narrative anonymous and handed down orally
 Ex. The Adventures of Juan
 Fables (Special Type of Folk Tale)
 These are also fictional, and they deal with animals and inanimate objects who speak, act, etc…
 Their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitude
 Ex. Aesop’s Fables, The Lion and the Mouse
 Myths
 A traditional sacred story, typically revolving around the activities of gods and heroes, which aim to
explain a natural phenomenon or cultural practice.
 Ex. The Story of Cupid and Psyche, The Fall of Troy, The Myth about Creation – Tagalog
 Anecdotes
 These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to
the reader.
 Ex. “The Moth and the Lamp” – Dr. Jose Rizal The Best Advice I ever Had
  Essay
 This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. The best
example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.
 Ex. Of Studies – Francis Bacon, On Doors – Christopher Morley
 Biography
 This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or that of others.
 Ex. Cayetano Arellano – Socorro O. Albert
 News
 This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and industry, accidents etc.,
happening nationally or not.
 Oration
 This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the
intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.
 Ex. “Because of What We Are, and What We Believe,” I have A Dream – Martin Luther King
 Poetry
 It is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language
choices as to evoke emotional response.
 TYPES OF POETRY
 Narrative Poetry
 This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary.
 Epic
 It is an extended narrative about heroic exploits under supernatural control
 It may deal with heroes and gods. The hero/heroine usually has the following
characteristics: idealism, courage, wisdom, beauty, endurance, chivalry and justice.
 Ex. Biag ni Lam-ang Epic
 Two Kinds of Epic poetry
 Popular or ancient epic
 often without a definite author and is of slow growth.
 Modern epic
 with a definite author.
 Metrical Tales
 This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or metrical
romance.
 Ex. simple idylls or home tales, love tales, or tales of the supernatural or tales written for
a strong moral purpose in verse form. “The Lady of Shallot” by Lord Alfred Tennyson
 Ballads
 This is considered as the shortest and simplest of the narrative poems. It has a simple
structure and tells of a single incident.
 Variations of these are: love ballads, war ballads, sea ballads, humorous, moral, historical, or
mythical ballads.
 Ex. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner – Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 Lyric Poetry
 Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but
now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings to the poet
 They are usually short, simple and easy to understand.
 Types of Lyric Poetry
 Folksongs (Awiting Bayan)
 These are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair, grief,
doubt, joy, hope, and sorrow.
 Sonnets
 This is a lyric of poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling or an idea. There are
two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean
 Elegy
 This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose theme is
death
 Ode
 This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of
syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza
 Psalms
 This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.
 Awit (Song)
 These have the measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the
accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
 Ex. Florante at Laura
 Corridos
 These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic)and recited to a martial beat. The songs
are often about oppressions, daily life of peasants, and other socially important information.
 Dramatic Poetry
 This is an emotional piece of literature which includes a story which is recited or sung
 Soliloquy and dramatic monologues are the main instruments of this form of poetry.
 Types of Dramatic Poetry:
 Comedy
 This word comes from the Greek term “Komos” meaning festivity or revelry.
 This form usually is light and written with a purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy
ending.
 Melodrama
 This is usually seen in musical play with the opera.
 This is related to tragedy just as the farce to comedy
 It arouses immediate and intense emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for
the principal character.
 Tragedy
 This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin
without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a comedy.
 Ex. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet
 Farce
 This is an exaggerated comedy
 It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous to be true; the
characters seem to be caricatures and the motives undignified and absurd.
 Social Poems
 This form is either purely comic or tragic and its pictures the life of today
 It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions
 8 PARTS OF SPEECH
 Noun
 Nouns are words for people, places, things, feelings, and/or ideas
 They can only change in 2 ways: either we add an “s” at the end to satisfy that there is more than one, or we
add an apostrophe “s” to satisfy a relationship of possession
  Verbs
 Verbs are words that name an action
 It can be an active action such as run, jump, or take.
 Verbs can also describe a state of being, such as “is” or “has”.
 Verbs change depending oh who is doing the action
 They also convey the time of action
 Verbs never use apostrophes
 Pronoun
 Pronouns stand in for nouns
 He, she, or it, are pronouns that are used instead of the noun.
 They never use apostrophes
 Adjectives
 An adjective provides information about a noun
 An adjective describes the noun
 Sometimes a whole phrase can be an adjective, if it its giving information about a noun
 Adverb
 Adverbs provide information about the verb
 They can be a single word or a phrase
 They often end with”-ly”
 Preposition
 Prepositions can tell us the position of the object
 They can tell us the relationship between objects
 Conjunctions
 Conjunctions are joining words such as “or” and “and”
 SENTENCE PATTERNS
 Subject + Verb
 Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement
 Subject + Verb + Direct Object
 Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
 Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement
 NARRATIVE PROFUNDITY SCALE
 Physical Level
 The reader only understands what the characters are doing
 It its their actions within a setting that are identified
 Mental Level
 The reader understands what the characters are doing and thinking
 This may or may not be explicitly stated within the story
 Moral Level
 The reader can make judgement about what the characters are doing and thinking
 Psychological Level
 Human behavior, feelings, and emotions
 Philosophical Level
 The reader draws a life lesson from the story