BRUN EI DARU SSALA M:

Scoping Baseline Information for Forest Law

Enforcement, Governance and Trade

By

Thang Hooi Chew, James Hewitt and Chen Hin Keong

EU FLEGT Facility
Kuala Lumpur
January 2012
 Regional Support Programme for the EU FLEGT Action Plan in Asia

Background
The European Commission (EC) published a Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade
(FLEGT) Action Plan in 2003. FLEGT aims not simply to reduce illegal deforestation, but in promot-
ing good forest governance, aims to contribute to poverty eradication and sustainable management
of natural resources.

The European Forest Institute (EFI), an international research organisation with its headquarters in
Finland, conducts, advocates and facilitates forest research networking at the pan-European level.
Under its Policy & Governance programme, the EFI assists in the EU‘s implementation of the
FLEGT Action Plan. In 2007, the EU FLEGT Facility was established, hosted and managed by the
EFI. The Facility (i) supports the bilateral process between the EU and tropical timber-producing
countries towards signing and implementing ―Voluntary Partnership Agreements‖ (VPAs) under the
FLEGT Action Plan, and (ii) executes the regional support programme for the EU FLEGT Action
Plan in Asia.

The FLEGT Asia Regional Office (FLEGT Asia) of the EFI‘s EU FLEGT Facility was formally estab-
lished in October 2009. FLEGT Asia seeks to collaborate and build synergies with existing regional
initiatives and partners in Asia.

The EU FLEGT Facility is managed and implemented by the EFI in close collaboration with the EU.

Goal of FLEGT Asia

The goal of the FLEGT Asia Regional Programme is the promotion of good forest governance, con-
tributing to poverty eradication and sustainable management of natural resources in Asia, through
direct support of the implementation of the EU‘s FLEGT Action Plan.

Strategy
The strategy to achieve this goal focuses on promoting and facilitating international trade in verified
legal timber—both within Asia and exported from Asia to other consumer markets. In particular, it
aims to enhance understanding of emerging demands in key timber-consuming markets and pro-
mote use of systems that assist buyers and sellers of Asian timber and timber products to meet
these demands.

Work Programme

The work programme to achieve the Programme‘s goal has three phases:

 Information Collection
Baseline information (trade statistics, product flows, future scenarios, stakeholder identifica-
tion and engagement strategies), applied to countries in the region. Information on produc-
ers, processors, exports and major consumers of exports from this region will be collected
and collated. It will then be used to develop training and communication materials; to further
define the nature of the capacity-building to be undertaken (who the target beneficiaries and
what the training needs are) and form the baseline for monitoring the progress over the
three-year duration of the programme.

 Capacity-building
The second phase is the strengthening of key institutions (companies, trade associations,
NGOs, government agencies, Customs organisations, etc.) for improved forest governance
in each country and across the region to meet the identified market needs. This will consist
of training (at individual level, training of trainers, workshops, pilot studies e.g. on individual
supply chains and for Timber Legality Assurance); information dissemination and communi-
cations (roadshows, seminars, communication materials, website, etc).
© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK.
The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
2
  Customs & Regional Collaboration

The work to support trade regionally and to invest in Customs capacity in accordance with market
requirements will be undertaken in collaboration with other programmes in the region.

The FLEGT Asia financed this report because it is part of phase 1 and 2 activities.

Address
European Forest Institute—FLEGT Asia Regional Office
c/o Embassy of Finland
th
5 Floor, Wisma Chinese Chamber
258 Jalan Ampang
50450 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: +60 3-42511886
Fax: +60 3-42511245
Website: www.efi.int/portal/projects/flegt, www.euflegt.efi.int

The views of the authors expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the Wild-
life Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) or Interna-
tional Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), or EFI.

The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material,
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting or-
ganizations, or EFI, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authori-
ties, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The TRAFFIC symbol copyright and Registered Trademark ownership is held by WWF. TRAFFIC
is a joint programme of WWF and IUCN.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK.
The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................5

Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................................................6

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................................7

1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................................9

2. POLICY AND LEGISLATION ..........................................................................................................................................9

3. FOREST LAWS, RESOURCES, INDUSTRY AND TRADE ................................................................................................13

3.1 Trade ................................................................................................................................................................15

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................17

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................................19

LIST OF ANNEXES:
3
Annex 1: Annual production of various timber products in Brunei Darussalam from 2000-2010 in m 20
Annex 2: Imports into Brunei Darussalam from 2000 to 2009 for timber and paper sector in million
3
m in RWE 21

Figure 4: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of other paper products, from
2000 to 2009, in million tonnes
Figure 5: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of plywood, from 2000 to
3
2009, in million m RWE
Figure 6: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of wooden furniture, from
2000 to 2009, in million tonnes
Figure 7: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of paper, from 2000 to 2009,
in million tonnes

LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure 1: Overview of Brunei Darussalam‘s imports of timber based products, as declared by

3
exporting countries, from 2000-2009 in million m RWE 15

Figure 2: Brunei Darussalam imports of timber based products, as declared by exporting coun-
3
tries, from 2000-2009 in million m RWE 16

Figure 3: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of VPA core products, from 2000 to
3
2009, in million m RWE 16

Figure 4: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of other timber products, from 2000 to
3
2009, in million m RWE 17
© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK.
The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The production of this report was commissioned by European Forest Institute‘s EU FLEGT Facility
which is funded by EU, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherland and the United Kingdom. Special
thanks go to Vincent van den Berk, Aimi Lee Abdullah, Tiina Joutsenvaara and others for their support,
patience and feedback. The authors are grateful for the funding support from EFI for support for this
study.

The authors would like to thank Hugh Speechly, Flip van Helden, and Thibaut Portevin for reviewing this
report. The authors also wish to thank TRAFFIC colleagues for their review of the report, in particular:
Roland Melisch, Stephanie von Meibom, William Schaedla, Richard Thomas, Sabri Zain and Julie Gray.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
5
 ACRONYMS
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asia Nations
ASOF ASEAN Senior Officers on Forestry meeting
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna
dbh diameter at breast height
EC European Commission
EFI European Forest Institute
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FLEG Forest Law Enforcement and Governance
FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade
GDP Gross Domestic Product
HoB Heart of Borneo initiative
NFE National Forest Estate
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NLC National Land Council
REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
RWE Round wood equivalent
TBC Tropical Biodiversity Centre
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreement

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
6
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The European Commission (EC) published a Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade
(FLEGT) Action Plan in 2003. FLEGT aims not simply to reduce illegal deforestation, but in promot-
ing good forest governance, aims to contribute to poverty eradication and sustainable management
of natural resources. The goal of the EU FLEGT Asia Regional Programme, managed and imple-
mented by European Forest Institute (EFI) is the promotion of good forest governance, contributing
to poverty eradication and sustainable management of natural resources in Asia, through direct
support of the implementation of the EU‘s FLEGT Action Plan. This study on Brunei Darussalam is
to provide baseline information on the country‘s forestry sector including international timber trade.

Brunei Darussalam is a small country with limited forest resources. Its forest is managed through a
national forest policy and Forestry Master Plan which serves to ensure that its forest is managed in
a balanced manner with adequate provisions for production, conservation and protection. Cur-
3
rently, Brunei Darussalam is implementing a reduced cut policy with a quota of 100,000 m per
3
year but its sawn logs production is very much less, averaging less than 15,000 m per year from
2000-2010. To ensure supply of forest products for domestic requirements, the export of raw logs
and sawn timber is banned. The industry is very small and mostly focused on sawmills where there
is only 24 sawmills-cum-loggers with some smaller processing for tertiary products.

The small number of saw mills and lack of other types of mill mean that Brunei Darussalam has to
import many timber products for domestic use. This is not expected to increase much, even
though there is a policy to encourage investment in the industry. The small log production base,
even when supplemented by plantation logs, coupled with the small logging concessions, will not
be major drivers to bring in foreign investors to the industry. The market in Brunei Darussalam is
limited due to its very small population of 428 000 (2010). Brunei Darussalam imports timber from
other countries especially its neighbour Sarawak, Malaysia. Total imports of timber products have
3
only been less than 100,000 m per year on average from 2000-2009. There is negligible imports
from the EU for timber products, except for furniture but this only amounts to around USD1 million.

The small resource base and the contiguity of its forest with neighbouring countries have meant
that the government recognises the importance of transboundary collaboration in the protection
and conservation of biological diversity. Brunei Darussalam is an active member of the Heart of
Borneo (HoB) initiative with Indonesia and Malaysia to protect its forest.

The EU has no significant trade in wood-based products with Brunei Darussalam and this is not
expected to change. Hence there is negligible impact of the industry in Brunei Darussalam on
compliance with the EU Timber Regulation and VPAs.

The EU should consider the following recommendations to assist Brunei to meet their forest
policy requirements:

 Assistance in developing ways of capturing national data on domestic timber trade as well as
international timber trade for informed policy analysis and development.

 As the industry is small and appears to be mostly engaged in domestic market with some re-
exports, an effective engagement may take the form of raising awareness about illegal logging
and timber trade issues, their impact on ecosystems, livelihoods, corruption, etc.

 Assist the country with advice and financial support to ensure the country can implement its
National Forest Policy in an effective and efficient manner.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
7
  Work with the importers and government to ensure verification of legality of timber imports
from Malaysia meets the legal requirements.

 Work with Brunei Darussalam an ally in regional collaboration on forestry discussions, espe-
cially transboundary conservation challenges, since it is active in the Heart of Borneo Initiative.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
8
 1. BACKGROUND

Brunei Darussalam is situated on the north-west of the island of Borneo covering 526,532 hectares
of land and 50,000 hectares of inland water bodies, totalling 576,532 hectares. The country occu-
pies merely 1% of the whole island of Borneo and has common border with Sarawak, one of the
two eastern States of Malaysia, which also divides Brunei Darussalam into two parts. The western
part of Brunei Darussalam, comprising Brunei Darussalam-Muara, Tutong and Belait Districts, con-
sists predominantly of hilly lowland below 100 m but rising to over 300 m in places on the border
with Sarawak. The eastern part of the State, comprising Temburong District, consists predomi-
nantly of rugged mountain terrain, rising up to 1,000 m at Bukit Pagon. Near the coast, it has a
wide, tidal and swampy plain while narrow alluvial valleys extend up the main rivers. The country
has a coastline of about 130 km (Thang, H.C., 1991).

2. POLICY AND LEGISLATION

The Forestry Master Plan of Brunei Darussalam, 1986 states that the first forestry policy was pub-
lished in 1951. This policy together with the forestry policy approved by the State Council in 1955
was used to guide the management, conservation and development of the forest resources in
Brunei Darussalam until the adoption of a comprehensive National Forestry Policy in 1989. This
later Policy emphasizes that the forest resources will be managed in a balanced manner taking
cognizance of the need to economically produce timber and other products which is compatible
with the forest ecosystem and its environment, and to protect watersheds, soils and wildlife for the
well-being of the country.

The salient features of the National Forestry Policy, 1989 (as summarised by Thang, H.C., 1998)
are:

(i) To allocate adequate permanent areas of forest as the National Forest Estate (NFE) which are
classified into five functional use categories, both for specific single or multiple uses, namely:

a. Protection Forests which are unexploitable forests for protecting critical soils and water re-
sources and in preventing or minimizing the occurrence of floods, droughts, erosions, deserti-
fication and atmospheric pollution, as well as in contributing to the general ecological stability
of the country in particular, and the world in general;

b. Production Forests which are natural and man-made forests, including related non-timber
plantations, for the production of forest produce to meet the requirements of the country on a
sustained and economically competitive basis;

c. Recreational Forests which are forested areas reserved and developed for out-door recreation
in order to contribute significantly to the social, psychological, physical and economic well-
being of the people;

d. Conservation Forests which are undisturbed forests for preserving in perpetuity the wilderness
flora and fauna, and other elements of the ecosystem for scientific, education and other spe-
cial uses; and

e. National Parks which are areas that are reserved to maintain the biologically diverse plants
and animals communities for the benefit of the present and future generations, and may in-
clude areas of geologic and topographic formations which are of special interest.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
9
 (ii) To protect the NFE from degradation and destruction and to manage it under appropriate strategies
and regimes compatible with environmental conservation and sustained production of forest goods
and services, as well as administer it within existing forestry laws and regulations;

(iii) To formulate and pursue a Forest Conservation Program that will yield the greatest sustainable
benefit to the present and future generations, especially the biological diversity and the ecological
processes of the forest ecosystem;

(iv) To develop and maintain Recreational Forests and National Parks in strategic locations throughout
the country for the enjoyment of the people and to promote international nature tourism in the coun-
try;

(v) To maximize the productive capacity of the Production Forests of the NFE through appropriate re-
generation, forestation and silvicultural treatments, and ensure the use is based on efficient har-
vesting with minimal damage to the site, and on technically, environmentally and socio-
economically sound land and resource use strategies;.

(vi) To manage the remaining State land forests in a manner that commercial exploitation is environ-
mentally sound prior to their conversion to non-forest uses, and to rehabilitate wastelands through
revegetation;

(vii) To sustain the forest-based industry through the application of new technology based on rational
and optimum use of raw materials from both the natural and man-made forests, as well as support
the marketing of forest produce and products in accordance with international trading rules and
standards;

(viii) To encourage foreign and local investment in forestry and related industries which are of national
interest, particularly in premium value-added products and in diversified and integrated industries;

(ix) To foster awareness and appreciation of forests and forestry among the people, and encourage
their active participation in forest conservation and development projects, as well as in forest-based
and related enterprises; and

(x) To develop Brunei Darussalam into a centre of excellence in tropical forestry, especially in the field
of forest conservation, management, research and education.

In consonance with the National Forestry Policy, 1989, a number of strategies have been adopted
including the following:

(i) Dedicate a National Forest Estate of at least 55% of the total land area to meet the protective, pro-
ductive, recreational, conservational and other related needs of the country;

(ii) Ensure rational resource use by integrating the principles of renewability and sustainability taking
cognizance of the need to maintain ecological equilibrium;

(iii) Apply appropriate silviculture treatments in harvested forests with adequate regeneration and un-
dertake enrichment planting, particularly with indigenous species, in under-stocked or poor forests
in order that forest growth and yield are optimized and sustained;

(iv) Promote the establishment and development of 30,000 hectares of proven industrial high quality
and fast-growing tree species in suitable sites throughout the country, including plantations of non-
timber produces, such as rattan, bamboo and other crops of high economic potential;

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
10
 (v) Conserve the flora and fauna and their habitats through the establishment of wildlife and game
sanctuaries and refuges, as well as representative areas of natural habitats that contain viable
population of plants and animals, especially for endangered, rare and threatened species;

(vi) Implement a development plan for Recreational Forests and National Parks so as to promote
ecotourism and scientific tourism together with a National Forest Protection Program; and

(vii) Develop a pool of highly competent and dedicated professional and skilled staff, including forest
workers both collectively and individually for the forestry sector in Brunei Darussalam.

Currently, Brunei Darussalam is still implementing the Reduced Cut Policy of its natural forests of
3
100,000 m per year which is deemed to be more sustainable in the long term, since it was first en-
3
forced in 1990, as compared to an average annual production of 200,000 m in the past. To offset
shortfalls in log supply, importation of raw logs and sawn timber is permitted, especially from Ma-
laysia and Indonesia.

Brunei Darussalam had promulgated its forest law as early as 1934 (Nordin and Berudin, 2009).
Since then a number of revisions and amendments had been carried out, notably in 1984, 2002
and in 2007. The latest revision, the Forest Act (amendment) Order 2007 and Forest (Amendment)
Rules 2007, is often cited as the Forestry Act: Chapter 46—Laws of Brunei Darussalam.

In brief, the Act provides the rules for forest land reservation; forest product harvesting; grant of
customary use rights to forest-dependent inhabitants; stipulation of penalties for forest violations;
prescription of forest royalty payment; and administration of the forests. In this regard, the Forestry
Department under the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources is given the responsibility for the
overall planning, development, and management of all gazetted forest reserves in the country. At
the operational level, the implementation of Forestry Act: Chapter 46 is often carried out with the
assistance and co-operation with the other government agencies, such as the District Offices, the
Police, the Military, and Customs.

However, the Forestry Department has only a limited role in managing forest resources found out-
side the gazetted forest reserves where its responsibility is only in administering the harvesting and
use of timber and other forest products based on existing forestry rules and regulations. This is in
view that the lands are allocated for uses other than that for forest purposes, and as such, the
management and jurisdiction of these lands are vested with other government agencies and indi-
viduals where they are responsible for managing the lands.

To achieve the strategies as encapsulated in the National Forestry Policy, 1989 and the mandate
given under the Forestry Act: Chapter 46, the Vision statement of the Forestry Department, Brunei
Darussalam is to achieve ‗Excellence in Tropical Forestry Management‘. The Mission statement to
support the Department‘s Vision is ‗To develop, conserve, and manage the forest for social, eco-
nomic, and environmental benefits, for the people through Sustainable Forest Management‘.

In this context, to accomplish the Vision and Mission of the Forestry Department, Brunei Darussa-
lam the following strategic objectives, often referred to as the ‗5-Star Excellence Approach‘, which
focus on the importance of forest in satisfying the social, economic, as well as conservation needs
have been formulated for implementation (Anon., 2007), namely:

(i) Forests for posterity and prosperity that aims to perpetuate the forest resources as the country‘s
natural heritage and the key to continued prosperity. This strategic objective is more focus on pre-
serving and conserving the pristine forests for the benefit of future generations;

(ii) Forests for Sustainable Production that aims to ensure that the forest resources are productive in a
sustainable, optimal, and environment-friendly way. This is to enhance the continuous and sustain-
able supply of timber to cater for the domestic timber demand, while at the same time, the devel-
© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
11
 opment of forest plantations will continue to be pursued in order to reduce dependency and hence
the pressure on the natural forests for timber supply;

(iii) Forests for Economic Strength that aims to maximize the contribution of the forestry sector to the
economic diversification efforts of the country. Main focus under this strategic objective is to further
increase the contribution of the forestry sector towards the country‘s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) through the development of downstream processing and value-added industry, as well as
through ‗low impact use of forests‘, such as ecotourism and the biotechnology industry;

(iv) Forests for Public Involvement and Enjoyment that aims to provide recreational opportunities and
foster nature education among the people. Main focus under this strategic objective is to develop
potential sites as forest recreation parks and national parks. The Department‘s role is to build and
upgrade park infrastructures and facilities so as to make the parks more convenience and attractive
to visitors; both domestic and foreign; and

(v) Forest for International Prestige that aims to make Brunei Darussalam a world class model in the
field of forestry in view of the ability of Brunei Darussalam to maintain more than 70% of its forest
still intact. This could be used to promote Brunei Darussalam to the global community as one of the
countries in the world that is committed to conserve its green heritage and implement sound forest
management practices.

There is also a number of other legislation that has an impact on the management, development
and conservation of the forest resources in Brunei Darussalam. This includes the Land Code,
1909; the Land Acquisition Act, 1949; the Wildlife Protection Enactment, 1978; the Town and
Country Planning Act, 1972; the Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act, 1967; and the Fisheries Act,
1973.

The Land Code, 1909, among others, provides that all forest, waste, unoccupied or uncultivated
lands are deemed to be State land if no claims have been made on them in accordance with the
provisions of the Land Code of 1907, and that all abandoned cultivated lands are deemed to be
forest or waste land. In addition, the Code empowers the government to enact rules for the licens-
ing or farming the rights to take timber or firewood, nipah, getah, rattan, damar or other forest pro-
duce and of licensing persons to remove gravel, stone, coral shell, rock, guano, sand or loam upon
payment as prescribed; and establish reserves, such as reserved forest.

The Land Acquisition Act, 1949 empowers the government to acquire alienated land for a public
purpose and provides comprehensive procedures for such acquisition, including assessment of
compensation and adjustment if required, dispute settlement by the court of laws and the power to
take possession.

The Wildlife Protection Enactment, 1978 empowers the government to declare and publish in the
Gazette any area in the country as Wildlife Sanctuary for the preservation of animals and birds.
The area may include the whole or part of a Forest Reserve or a Protected Forest; although its
management would not be restricted by this Enactment as such area could still be managed in ac-
cordance with the provisions provided for under the Forestry Act: Chapter 46.

The Town and Country Planning Act, 1972 empowers the government to declare any land in Brunei
Darussalam, including land covered by water, to be a Development Control Area where upon its
declaration in the Gazette it will be an offence to carry out on the land any development activity,
such as construction, demolition, repair or renovation of any buildings, unless written approval is
granted by the appropriate authority. It also empowers the government to make specific regula-
tions, including the preservation of trees, forests and woodlands, as well as the maintenance of
lands and gardens.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
12
 The Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act, 1967 provides for the protection and preservation of an-
cient monuments, historical sites, antiquities and treasure troves, such as money, coins, gold, etc.
In this regard, all antiquities discovered, whether lying on or hidden beneath the surface of the
ground or in any river or lake or sea will be deemed to be the absolute property of the government
of Brunei Darussalam.

The Fisheries Act, 1973 provides provisions for the use of all waters whether navigable or not
within Brunei Darussalam and part of the seas adjacent to them where by international law its citi-
zens have exclusive rights to fishing. The Act empowers the government to make rules, among
others, to regulate or prohibit the deposit or discharge of any solid or liquid substance into rivers
and streams.

3. FOREST LAWS, RESOURCES, INDUSTRY AND TRADE

Brunei Darussalam had a Forestry Master Plan developed in 1986 to guide the management, con-
servation and development of the forest resources of the country which was then superseded by
the National Forestry Plan 1989. The policy emphasizes that the forest resources will be managed
in a balanced manner taking cognizance of the need to produce timber and other products eco-
nomically in a manner compatible with the forest ecosystem and its environment, and to protect
watersheds, soils and wildlife for the well-being of the country. The policy allocates the forest as
part of the National Forest Estate (NFE) which is then classified into five functional use categories:
Protection Forests, Production Forests, Recreational Forests, Conservation Forests and National
Parks.

Among the interesting features of the Policy is a call to maximize the productive capacity of the
Production Forests of the NFE through appropriate regeneration, forestation and silvicultural treat-
ments, and ensure the use is based on efficient harvesting with minimal damage to the site, and on
technically, environmentally and socio-economically sound land and resource use strategies. An-
other Policy objective is to encourage foreign and local investment in forestry and related industries
which are of national interest, particularly in premium value-added products and in diversified and
integrated industries.

Forests in Brunei Darussalam are managed, controlled and monitored under the Forestry Act:
Chapter 46 of the Laws of Brunei Darussalam. In brief, the Act provides the rules for forest land
reservation; forest product harvesting; grant of customary use rights to forest-dependent inhabi-
tants; stipulation of penalties for forest violations; prescription of forest royalty payments; and ad-
ministration of the forests. In this regard, the Forestry Department under the Ministry of Industry
and Primary Resources, Brunei Darussalam, is given the responsibility for the overall planning, de-
velopment, and management of all gazetted forest reserves in the country. At the operational level,
the implementation of the Forestry Act: Chapter 46 is often carried out with the assistance and co-
operation with other government agencies, such as the District Offices, the police, the military, and
Customs.

Based on a forest resource inventory conducted by Anderson & Marsden in 1984, Brunei Darussa-
lam‘s total forest area was about 469,000 hectares, of which about 341,000 hectares (72.7%) was
primary forests with another 128,000 hectares (27.3%) being secondary and plantation forests. The
total forest cover, then, was about 81.3% of the total land area, as compared to an estimated
430,000 hectares or 74.6% of its total land area in 2010, as reported in the Brunei Darussalam
Country Report of the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 (Anon., 2010a).

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
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13
 Of the total land classified as forests (380,000 hectares) in 2010, 219,000 hectares (57.6%) are for
production; 19,000 hectares (5.0%) for protection of soil and water, 81,000 hectares (21.3%) for
conservation of biological diversity; 4,000 hectares (1.1%) for social services; and 57,000 hectares
(15.0%) for general purposes. Furthermore, it has also been estimated that 322,000 hectares, or
84.7% of Brunei Darussalam‘s total forests, are designated as Permanent Forest Estate, with
19,000 hectares within protected areas. The forests in Brunei Darussalam are all owned and man-
aged by the government.

To ensure that the forest resources will remain for forestry use, a total of 235,520 hectares or
40.9% of the total land area has been gazetted as Forest Reserves. Of this total, an area of
135,026 hectares (57.3%) has been classified as Production Forest; 18,562 hectares (7.9%) as
Protection Forests; 49,210 hectares (20.9%) as National Parks; 4,211 hectares (1.8%) as Recrea-
tional Forests; and 28,511 hectares (12.1%) as Conservation Forests in accordance with the For-
estry Act: Chapter 46.

In terms of forest status, Brunei Darussalam in 2010 has an estimated total of about 263,000 hec-
tares (69.3%) of primary forests; 114,000 hectares (30.0%) of naturally regenerated forests; and
2,680 hectares (0.7%) of planted forest, with 494 hectares being planted with introduced species
(Anon., 2010a). In addition, in 2010, Brunei Darussalam had a total of 18,418 hectares of man-
grove forest.

Based on the forested area in 2010, it was estimated that Brunei Darussalam had a total growing
3
stock of 72.26 million m for all trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) measured at a height of
1.3 m above ground level or 30 cm above buttresses if these are higher than 1 m. Of the total
3
growing stock, 60.51 million m (83.7%) are of commercial species. Furthermore, based on this
available growing stock, the total forest carbon in the Brunei Darussalam has been estimated at
3.83 million tonnes comprising 1.03 million tonnes of carbon in above-ground biomass; 0.25 million
tonnes of carbon in below-ground biomass; and 2.55 million tonnes of soil carbon.

To ensure sufficient supply of forest products for future domestic requirements, the export of raw
logs and sawn timber is banned. This coupled with a policy of fell: replant ratio of 1:4 and the Re-
3
duced Cut Policy that sets an annual ceiling of 100,000 m of log production, will ensure the sus-
tained supply of timber in the country. Moreover, the Forestry Department of Brunei Darussalam
stopped the issuance of new logging permits or licences from the 1980s. This measure was taken
as part of the country‘s conservation strategy and because of the limited areas of Production For-
ests available in the country.

The annual primary production for various timber products of Brunei Darussalam between 2000
3
and 2010 are low totally only 159,000 m of saw logs in nearly 11 years as seen in Annex 1.

In 2007, there were only 24 sawmills-cum-loggers still actively involved in the sawmilling and log-
ging industries.

In Brunei Darussalam, all logging operators are given permits or licences to conduct forest harvest-
ing within designated logging concessions which range from 300 to 400 hectares per compartment.
All trees listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and
Fauna (CITES) Appendix II, such as all Gonystylus species, are not allowed to be felled, while log-
ging operations are prohibited in sensitive area such as peat and swamp areas, land with slope
greater than 50%, and buffer zones, especially riparian reserves (Anon., 2010).

Recognizing the importance of transboundary collaboration in the protection and conservation of

biological diversity, Brunei Darussalam has been actively involved in the development of the Heart
of Borneo Initiative (HoB) together with Indonesia and Malaysia since the signing of the HoB Decla-
ration on 12 February, 2007 in Bali, Indonesia. As part of this initiative, an area totalling up to 24
million hectares would be designated as protected areas, Production Forests and sustainable land-
© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
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14
 use areas. In this regard, Brunei Darussalam has identified about 57% of its total land area to be
proposed as part of the forested area of the HoB. The designated forest area will contain a core of
totally protected areas within a buffer zone comprising a largely forested landscape that will be
managed for sustainable human use, for example, sustainable production of timber and other for-
est products, ecotourism and water catchment management. Brunei Darussalam has also estab-
lished the HoB National Council (on 21 April, 2008) to provide oversight on the development of the
HoB Initiative.

Currently, Brunei Darussalam is implementing a project under the HoB Initiative entitled ‗An Action
Plan for Peat lands in the Heart of Borneo Area in the context of Rehabilitating Degraded Peat
lands and Reducing CO2 Emission‘ over the period 2008-2010, which is led by the Department of
Parks, Recreation and Environment, Ministry of Development, Brunei Darussalam (Anon, 2009).
This project aims at addressing the issue of forest fire and haze affecting the peat land forest,
hence, the issue of carbon emission and climate change. In addition, the project also aims to gar-
ner support and establish conditions necessary for the implementation of pilot rehabilitation studies
on peat land among the three countries.

As part of its effort to conserve and sustainably use the rich biological diversity of its tropical forest,
Brunei Darussalam prepared a master plan in 2004 for the development of the Tropical Biodiversity
Centre (TBC), which includes a botanical garden and wildlife refuge. The physical development of
the TBC is currently being implemented under the Ninth National Development Plan, 2006-2010.
This Centre will cover an area of 500 hectares in the Andulau Forest Reserve which is part of an
important tropical forest ecology site under the HoB Initiative and was due for completion in 2010.

3.1 Trade

Brunei Darussalam is a net importer of timber products due to its small resource base. However,
its small population size of 428,000 means that its imports are also small in comparison to other
larger ASEAN countries. Trade data of imports are obtained from supplying countries. As seen in
3
Figure 1, the imports are small with a total of only 100,000 m in 2009, and have ranged from
3 3
80,000 m in 2005 to a high of 123,000 m in 2000. The largest proportion of imports is for paper,
followed by wooden furniture with much smaller volumes of primary timber products (Figure 2).
Additional data and Figures can be found in Annex 2.

Figure 1: Overview of Brunei Darussalam‘s imports of timber based products, as declared by

3
exporting countries, from 2000-2009 in million m RWE

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
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15
 Figure 2: Brunei Darussalam imports of timber based products, as declared by exporting coun-
3
tries, from 2000-2009 in million m RWE

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

The main supplier of timber products to Brunei Darussalam is Malaysia (Figures 3 and 4). For
VPA products (logs, sawn timber, veneer and plywood), the volume imported from Malaysia is
3
small and decreasing in the last decade reaching only about 25,000 m in 2009. For non-VPA
products such as mouldings, furniture, etc, Malaysia continues to be the main exporter from 2000
to 2009, although in 2009 only, China emerged as the main exporter to Brunei Darussalam, al-
3
though volumes remain small at around 30,000 m .

Figure 3: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of VPA core products, from 2000 to 2009,
3
in million m RWE

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
16
 Figure 4: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of other timber products, from 2000 to
3
2009, in million m RWE

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As mentioned, Brunei Darussalam has been implementing a Reduced Cut Policy of limiting the an-
3
nual log production quota to 100,000 m but the actual production is very much lower. This is be-
cause the natural Production Forest was projected to be exhausted by the year 2015 if the logging
3
rate of 200,000 m per annum had been allowed to continue as in the past.

The Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam will continue to develop 30,000 hectares of forest
plantation by planting fast-growing species with crop rotation ranging from 15–40 years, and in
2007 it had been estimated that only 2,500 hectares of forest plantations had been established and
9,000 hectares of logged-over forests had been enriched, mainly with indigenous species.

In line with the Forestry Act: Chapter 46, Brunei Darussalam will continue to pursue the gazette-
ment of an additional 81,572 hectares or 14.1% of the total land area as Forest Reserves, thus
raising the total area of Forest Reserves in Brunei Darussalam to 317,092 hectares or 55% of its
total land area.

Brunei Darussalam prohibits the export of logs and sawn timber which are used to supply local in-
dustry (Anon., 2010b). Almost all the output of Brunei Darussalam‘s timber industry enters end-use
locally, predominantly as sawn timber (Anon, 2010c). There is probably no significant foreign in-
terest in either the logging or sawmilling sectors and such interest is not likely given the small vol-
umes and demand for timber from Brunei Darussalam.

The small number of saw mills and lack of other types of mill mean that Brunei Darussalam has to
import many timber products needed for domestic use. This is not expected to increase much,
even though there is a policy to encourage investment in the industry. The small log production
base, even when supplemented by plantation logs, coupled with the small logging concessions, will
not be major drivers to bring in foreign investors to the industry. The market in Brunei Darussalam
is limited due to its very small population of 428 000 (2010). Judging by the trade statistics of im-
porting countries, very small quantities of wood-based products are exported from Brunei Darussa-
lam. This is likely to continue at these low quantities.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
17
 The small RWE volume of wood-based products which was imported into Brunei Darussalam
changed little overall during the last decade. However, the volume of plywood imported declined
steeply. Malaysia (particularly Sarawak (Anon, 2010c)) supplied most of the total of wood-based
products. Singapore and, at the end of the decade, mainland China supplied most of the remain-
der—as paper and wooden furniture respectively.

Brunei Darussalam will continue to implement its commitment made in the HoB Initiative and has
formulated the Project Implementation Framework to guide the country in implementing the Initia-
tive, as mentioned. Brunei Darussalam will also continue to develop the Tropical Biodiversity Cen-
ter which will further enhance the use of its rich forest biological resources on a sustainable basis,
as well as provide opportunities for research, education, and ecotourism.

The current negotiation of the expanded concept of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation (REDD) to include ‗sustainable management of forests, conservation of forest
carbon stocks, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks‘ (REDD-plus) under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) could offer Brunei Darussalam the potential
funding source for its forestry operations, especially in its efforts to achieve sustainable manage-
ment of its forests and in enhancing conservation of the invaluable biological resources.

The EU has no significant trade in wood-based products with Brunei Darussalam and this is not
expected to change. Hence there is negligible impact of the industry in Brunei Darussalam on
compliance with the EU Timber Regulation and VPAs.

The EU should consider the following recommendations to assist Brunei to meet their forest
policy requirements:

 Assistance in developing ways of capturing national data on domestic timber trade as well as
international timber trade for informed policy analysis and development.

 As the industry is small and appears to be mostly engaged in domestic market with some re-
exports, an effective engagement may take the form of raising awareness about illegal logging
and timber trade issues, their impact on ecosystems, livelihoods, corruption, etc.

 Assist the country with advice and financial support to ensure the country can implement its
National Forest Policy in an effective and efficient manner.

 Work with the importers and government to ensure verification of legality of timber imports
from Malaysia meets the legal requirements.

 Work with Brunei Darussalam an ally in regional collaboration on forestry discussions, espe-
cially transboundary conservation challenges, since it is active in the Heart of Borneo Initiative.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
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views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
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18
 REFERENCES

Anderson, J.A.R. and Marsden, D. (1984). The forest resources of Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Darussa-
lam Forest Resources and Strategy Planning Study, vol. 1 and 2.

Anon. (2007). Brunei Darussalam Country Report. Tenth Meeting of the ASEAN Senior Officials on For-
estry (ASOF). Vientiane, Lao PDR, 12-13 July 2007.

Anon. (2009). Brunei Darussalam Country Report. Twelfth Meeting of the ASEAN Senior Officials on
Forestry (ASOF). Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 25-27 July 2009.

Anon. (2010). Brunei Darussalam Country Report. Ninth Meeting of the Working Group on A Pan
ASEAN Timber Certification Initiative. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 6-8 May 2010.

Anon. (2010a). Brunei Darussalam Country Report. FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010.
FRA2010/030. FAO, Rome, Italy. 2010.

Anon. (2010b). Industrial: Import and Export. Brunei Forestry Department.

http://www.forestry.gov.bn/inds_importxport.htm, viewed May 2010.

Anon. (2010c). Industrial: Logging, sawmilling and furniture. Brunei Forestry Department.
http://www.forestry.gov.bn/inds_logging.htm, viewed May 2010.

Nordin, Hj H.M.F. and Berudin, Z. (2009). Forest Law enforcement and governance in Brunei Darussa-
lam. Presentation at the Asia-Pacific Regional Workshop on Strengthening Forest Law and Gov-
ernance (FLEG). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 30 November – 1 December 2009.

Thang, H.C. (1998). Report on the review and recommendations of forest law in Brunei Darussalam.
Bandar Seri Bagawan, Brunei Darussalam, 25 July 1998.

Thang, H.C. (1991). Brunei Darussalam Country Report. ASEAN Resources Database. ASEAN Institute
of Forest Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, July 1991.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The
views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
19
 Annex 1: Annual production of various timber products in Brunei Darussalam from 2000-2010 in m3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010* Total
Saw logs 14,534 15,038 13,946 13,815 15,944 13,389 12,041 12,955 14,309 19,389 13,711 159,077
(m3)
Sawn 56,000 51,334 54,173 50,895 51,870 50,125 47,664 46,664 41,784 49,907 33,948 534,506
timber
(m3)
Mangrove 62,900 67,575 87,345 89,850 124,170 150,803 157,719 103,965 91,600 134,063 142,347 1,212,337
poles
(pieces)
Firewood 71.39 65/55 65/55 71.39 62.64 74.30 68.47 67.47 62.55 57.06 62.64 750.01
(m3)
Charcoals 28.424 24.628 24,628 28.464 22.730 22.730 30.322 26.526 29.674 22.105 22.730 282.961
(kg)
Total 30,215,047 27,971,970 29,398,611 27,765,341 28,742995 27,752,128 26412,589 25,712,953 23,283,825 28,242,879 19,641,180 295,139,524
value
(B$)
Source: Brunei Darussalam Forestry Department

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
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taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
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20
 3
Annex 2: Imports into Brunei Darussalam from 2000 to 2009 for timber and paper sector in million m in RWE

Product Estimated roundwood equivalent volume Import value

group
(million cubic metres) (US$ million, cif, nominal)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Imports from all countries Imports from all countries

Total 0.124 0.107 0.091 0.081 0.086 0.075 0.092 0.091 0.082 0.098 34.776 32.039 28.055 28.497 29.500 26.978 31.773 36.337 40.797 53.721
VPA core
0.039 0.030 0.022 0.019 0.018 0.007 0.019 0.015 0.008 0.004 4.541 2.963 2.758 2.460 2.624 1.193 3.174 2.958 1.530 0.658
products
Timber
sector: 0.081 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.039 0.031 0.047 0.044 0.039 0.057 15.802 11.368 9.841 9.992 10.174 8.984 12.147 14.760 16.677 32.233
Logs 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.000 0.006 0.025 0.038 0.008 0.000 0.009
Sawn
timber 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.240 0.254 0.091 0.004 0.006 0.017 0.412 0.242 0.346 0.052
Veneer 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.011 0.084 0.007 0.068 0.089 0.143 0.066 0.034 0.002
Plywood 0.032 0.024 0.020 0.018 0.018 0.007 0.016 0.014 0.006 0.004 4.283 2.696 2.572 2.450 2.545 1.063 2.581 2.642 1.150 0.595
Other
panels 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mouldings
& Joinery 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.013 0.000 0.001 0.096 0.057 0.527 0.007 0.160
Furniture 0.013 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.011 0.039 8.449 5.061 3.814 3.704 3.171 3.849 4.498 7.218 10.373 27.571
Other
wood 0.029 0.017 0.017 0.012 0.016 0.017 0.024 0.020 0.020 0.014 2.811 3.340 3.257 3.800 4.378 3.845 4.418 4.056 4.766 3.845
Paper
sector: 0.043 0.053 0.045 0.044 0.047 0.044 0.045 0.047 0.043 0.041 18.974 20.670 18.214 18.505 19.326 17.994 19.626 21.577 24.120 21.487
Pulpwood 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.046 0.031
Wood-
based
pulp 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.037 0.000
Paper 0.043 0.053 0.045 0.044 0.047 0.044 0.045 0.047 0.043 0.041 18.974 20.670 18.214 18.505 19.326 17.994 19.620 21.575 24.037 21.457

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The views expressed herein can in no way be
taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
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21
 Imports from all 27 EU member states Imports from all 27 EU member states

Total 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.545 0.616 0.275 0.335 0.199 0.173 1.153 2.032 1.026 1.511
VPA core
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.050 0.009
products
Timber
sector: 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.545 0.616 0.275 0.335 0.199 0.173 1.153 2.032 1.006 1.511
Logs 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.009
Sawn
timber 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.050 0.000
Veneer 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Plywood 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.067 0.000 0.000
Other
panels 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mouldings
& Joinery 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.055 0.527 0.000 0.000
Furniture 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.545 0.616 0.275 0.335 0.199 0.135 1.102 1.846 0.784 1.344
Other
wood 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.038 -0.004 -0.408 0.172 0.158
Paper
sector: 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000
Pulpwood 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000
Wood-
based
pulp 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000
Paper 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.274 0.933 0.918 0.361 0.156

Notes: Trade statistics are those of Brunei Darussalam‘s partner countries.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
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22
Paper Sector products are here defined as wood chips, wood residues, wood-based pulp, and paper.
They exclude waste paper and pulp based on this, and pulpwood logs.
Timber Sector products are here defined as all wood-based products (including wooden furniture)
other than fuel wood and Paper Sector products.
VPA core products are here defined as those which must as a minimum be covered by a VPA under
the EC's FLEGT initiative, namely logs, sawn timber, veneer and plywood.

Product groups
The product groups specified correspond with the commodity codes designated in the UN's Harmonised System:
4403 (logs), 4407 (sawn timber), 4408 (veneer), 4412 (plywood) which together are described herein as VPA core products;
4410 (particleboard), 4411 (fibre board), 4414 (picture frames), 4409 (mouldings), 4418 (joinery), 4420 (ornaments), 44219099 (not elsewhere
specified)
940161, 940169, 940330, 940340, 940350, 940360 (wooden furniture)
440121, 440122, 440130 (wood chips and residues), 4701, 4702, 4703, 4704, 4705 (wood-based pulp), 48 (paper)

Roundwood equivalent ("RWE") volume (- a measure of the volume of logs used in making a given quantity of product)
RWE volume for the main products groups traded has been estimated by multiplying
volume by 1.4 (particleboard), 1.8 (sawn timber and fibre board), 1.9 (veneer and mouldings), 2 (picture frames), 2.3 (plywood), 2.5 (joinery, orna-
ments, "not elsewhere specified") and -
in units of cubic metres per tonne - weight by 1.6 (wood chips and wood residues), 2.8 (wooden furniture), 3.5 (paper), 4.5 (wood-based pulp)

For Timber Sector products, volume has been determined by multiplying weight by 1.4 m3/tonne if volume is not reported by the source

Anomalies in the source data have been identified by comparing unit value for each monthly statistic of bilateral trade. Anomalous data have then
been revised by assuming that the import value is correct and the weight or volume is wrong, and then dividing import value by the unit value.

Presenting the data to more than two significant figures or to more than two decimal places would not be warranted.

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK. The views expressed herein can in no way be
taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
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23
 Figure 4: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of other paper products, from 2000 to
2009, in million tonnes

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

Figure 5: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of plywood, from 2000 to 2009, in mil-
3
lion m RWE

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the
UK. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
24
 Figure 6: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of wooden furniture, from 2000 to
2009, in million tonnes

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

Figure 7: Main exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam of paper, from 2000 to 2009, in million
tonnes

Source: Statistics of exporting countries to Brunei Darussalam

© EU FLEGT Facility, Brunei: Scoping baseline information for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, January 2012.
This Action is funded by the European Union and the governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the
UK. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
www.euflegt.efi.int
25
The EU FLEGT Facility assists in the implementation of the
EU Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT)
Action Plan. The Facility is funded through a multi-donor trust
fund, with current contributions from the European Union and
the Governments of Finland, France, Germany, the Nether-
lands, Spain and the UK.

www.euflegt.efi.int