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REVIEWER IN PHILOSOPHY -ARISTOTLE- first philosopher devised the logical

method.
LESSON 1: PURSUING WISDOM AND FACING 5. AESTHETICS- it is the science of the beautiful in its
CHALLENGES IN THE 21ST CENTURY various manifestations.
- 3 IMPORTANCE
DIVERSITY- one of the key elements in many 1. It vitalizes our knowledge
educational reforms 2. It help us to live more deeply and richly
- It is the difference that makes each person 3. It brings touch with our culture
unique - HANS GEORG GADAMER- a philosopher argues
PHILOSOPHY- comes from Greek word “Philo” that our tastes and judgement regarding beauty,
means “love” and “Sophia” means “wisdom”. work in connection with one’s own personal
-It is a science that by natural light of reason experience and culture.
studies the first causes or highest principle of all
things. LESSON 2: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
4 CONSIDERATION OF PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHIZING- means to think or express in a
1. SCIENCE- investigation is systematic philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a
2. NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON- investigate (matter) from a philosophical standpoint.
things not using any laboratory instruments METHODS
but uses natural theology 1. PHENOMENOLOGY(ON CONSCIOUSNESS)
3. STUDY OF ALL THINGS- set the distinction - Study of experience and how we experience.
between philosophies from other sciences. - A scientific study of essential structures of
- One dimensional/ partial consciousness
- Multidimensional/ holistic - it is a thesis that consciousness is intentional
4. FIRST CAUSE/ HIGHEST PRINCIPLE EDMUND HUSSERL- founder of phenomenology
A. PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY “Phenomenon”- came’ from Greek word
B. PRINICIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION “phainomenon” means “appearance”
C. PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE “Noumenon”- “thing-in- itself”
D. PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON Phenomenological reduction- eliminates
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY certain aspects of our experience from
1. METAPHYSICS- studies nature or reality consideration
- Only an extension of a fundamental and 2. EXISTENTIALISM (ON FREEDOM)
necessary drive in every human being to - It emphasizes individual existence, freedom,
know what is real. and choice.
- PLATO’S CAVE - People are free agents who have control over
2. ETHICS- came from Greek word “ethikos/ their choices and actions.
ethos” means “habit/ custom” SOREN KIERKEGAARD- “first existentialist”
- It explores the nature of moral virtue and - Father of existentialism
evaluates human actions FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE- “HERD IDENTITY”
- A study of the nature of moral judgement. (Herd identity (masses)
- SOCRATES- “ To be happy is to live in a 3. POST-MODERNISM (ON CULTURES)
virtuous life”; “True knowledge means - It is ideological response to modernism which
wisdom, which turn means virtue; and virtue can be defined as the rejection of traditional
is also knowledge” ideas and how the world works and how we
3. EPISTEMOLOGY- deals with nature, sources, can make a sense of it.
limitations, and validity of knowledge. RICHARD PORTY- (American Philosopher),
- It came from Greek word “episteme” means notably developing themes from pragmatism.
“ knowledge” and “logia” means “science/ 4. ANALYTIC TRADITION/ ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
study” - It is based on the idea that philosophical
- EMPIRICISM- knowledge is based on senses problem can be solved through an analysis of
and experience terms, and pure systematic logic.
-uses INDUCTION method -It is a conviction that to some significant
- RATIONALISM- knowledge is based on laws, degree, philosophical problems, puzzles, and
logic, and methods errors are rooted in language and can be
-uses DEDUCTION method solved or avoided by sound understanding
4. LOGIC- came from Greek word “logike/ language and careful attention to its workings.
logos” means “thought, idea, argument,
reason, or principle”
- Study of reasoning
5. LOGIC &CRITICAL THINKING: TOOLS IN 6. AGAINST THE PERSON
REASONING (ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM)
LOGIC- centered in the analysis and - This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a
construction of arguments. premise to a character of the person or
CRITICAL THINKING- it distinguishing facts and belief.
opinions or personal feelings. - Emotional attack on a person of his/ her
- it helps to us uncover bias and prejudice and character.
open new ideas. 7. APPEAL TO FORCE
2 TYPES OF REASONING (ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM)
1. DEDUCTIVE- GENERAL TO SPECIFIC - An argument when force, coercion, or the
-It draws conclusion from usually one broad threat is given as a justification for a
judgement or definition and one more specific conclusion.
assertion. 8. APPEAL TO PEOPLE
2. INDUCTIVE – SPECIFIC TO GENERAL (ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM)
- based on observations in order to make - An argument that appeals or exploits
generalizations. people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and
anchoring on popularity.
 ARGUMENTS- a statement or series of - “if many people believe something it must
statements for or against something be true.”
 PREMISE- a statement or idea that is 9. FALSE CAUSE (POST HOC)
accepted as being true and is used as - It occurs when an argument is made using
the basis of argument illogical reasoning.
 CONCLUSION- a final decision or - it is a fallacy where one reasons that since
judgement of an opinion or decision that an event occurred before another, then the
is formed after a period of thought. first event caused the other.
FALLACIES- defect in an argument - Also referred to as coincidental correlation,
-came from Latin word “fallo” means or correlation not causation.
“I deceived” 10. HASTY GENERALIZATION
- premises don’t support conclusion - It is based on broad conclusion upon the
-defect in reasoning statistics of a survey of a small group that
TYPES OF INFORMAL FALLACIES fails to sufficiently represent the whole
1. APPEAL TO PITY population.
(ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM) 11. BEGGING THE QUESTION
- A specific kind appeal to emotion in which (PETITIO PRINCIPII)
someone tries to win support for an - A type of fallacy in which the proposition to
argument or idea by exploiting his/her be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly
opponents feeling of pity or guilt. in the premise.
2. APPEAL TO IGNORANCE - It is a fallacy in which claim is made and
(ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM) accepted to be true, but one must accept
- Whatever has not been proved false must the premise to be true for the claim to be
be true, and vice versa. true.
- It occurs when you argue that your - Also known as “circular reasoning”
conclusion must be true because there is no
evidence against it.
3. EQUIVOCATION LESSON 3: THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED
- A fallacy depending on the double SPIRIT
meaning of a word. TRANSCEDENCE
- Argument that use one word to mean two - It came from the Latin word meaning
different things or mistakenly equating two “climbing or going beyond”
different things in one word. - It is often described a spiritual/ religious state
4. COMPOSITION or a condition of moving beyond physical
- True of the whole from the fact that it is true needs and vanities.
of some parts of the whole.
5. DIVISION
- True of a thing must also be true of all or
some of its parts.
3 MAIN SPIRITUAL PHILOSOPHIES 3. CHRISTIANITY
1. HINDUISM  2 Christian Philosophers
- Practiced over 5000 years ago 1. ST. AUGUSTINE
- Oldest religion 2. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
- Originated in India (THEIR CONCEPT IS ABOUT GOD’S EXISTENCE)
 3 GODS ST. AUGUSTINE ST. THOMAS
1. BRAHMA- the creator AQUINAS
2. VISHNU- the preserver  God existence is  Human beings
3. SHIVA- the destroyer a hypothesis are MORAL
 Philosophy is AGENT (means
 BRAHAMAN/ ATMAN (ABSOLUTE SOUL)
amor sapiental that human
 In Hinduism they believed that human (the love of beings have the
have DUAL NATURE such as: wisdom that aims unique power to
1. SPIRITUAL & IMMORTAL ESSENCE- soul to produce change
2. EMPIRICAL LIFE & CHARACTER- soul is happiness) themselves and
eternal and bounded by Law of  Full revelation of things for the
the true GOD is better
Karma
the only full and
 TEACHINGS- 4 PRIMARY VALUES
true philosophy
 4 GOALS IN LIFE BOOK: CONFESSIONS BOOKS: SUMMA
1. KAMA- to love/ adoration (pleasure) THEOLOGICA &
2. ARTHA- wealth and power SUMMA CONTRA
3. DHARMA- duties GENTILES
4. MOKSHA- enlightenment
 THE AUM - most sacred symbol
 T LESSON 4: THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE
Eastern h Western/ Greek ENVIRONMENT
Sages probede Viewed nature
nature’s depths through cognitive - EAST AND WEST COUNTRIES
intuitively through and scientific a. Philosophers were asking questions
the eyes of r eyes. about universe people live and people
spiritual sages.o place in it.
o b. Eastern & Western Thinkers
t of the universe
 SACRED TEXT – VEDA (collection of PARADIGM SHIFT
religious texts of Hindus / oldest sacred  A change from the mythical explanation of
text of Hindus) the origins of the cosmos to more rational
 Believed in rebirth called SAMSARA (life is explanation.
 It is a representation of speculations of the
a continuous cycle goes to the process
pre-Socratic philosophers.
of:  Pre- Socratic Philosophers were
 TRANSMIGIRATION/ METEMPSYCHOSIS- human looking for the underlying laws of
soul passes into some other creature/ human/ nature.
animal.  They wanted to understand the
2. BUDDHISM process of studying nature itself,
- It came from the word “budhi” means “to not by listening to stories about
gods.
awaken”
 They represent the first intellectual
 FOUNDER- SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA also and scientific attempt to
known as BUDDHA understand the origins of the
(BUDDHA means “THE ENLIGHTEND ONE”) universe.
 LAW OF SALVATION called DHARMA
 NIRVANA- The state in which one is THEORIES TO SHOW CARE FOR ENVIRONMENT
absolute free from all forms of bondage (ECOCENTRIC)
1. DEEP ECOLOGY-all life forms have an
and attachment
equal right to exists, and human needs
- ultimate goal of Buddhism and desires have the priority over those of
 TEACHINGS other organisms.
1. 4 NOBLE TRUTHS 2. SOCIAL ECOLOGY- ecological crisis results
2. 8 FOLD PATHS from authorization social structures
3. 5 PRECEPTS 3. ECO-FEMINISM- a branch of feminism that
examines the connection between
 SACRED TEXT called TRIPITAKA
women and nature.
 NO GOD
 DID NOT BELIEVE IN REBIRTH
TWO FRAMEWORKS (PAYNE 2010) 2 THINKERS
1. ANCIENT THINKERS
ANTHROPOCENTRIC MODEL A. ANAXIMANDER
Human  Pre-socratic philosopher and
Culture scientist
Individualism  One ancient thinker that employed
Mind the term “ boundless” to convey
Calculative the further that nature is
Human over/ against environments
indeterminate boundless in the
Global/ technological
sense that no boundaries between
the warm and cold or moist and dry
ECOCENTRIC MODEL
regions are originally present it.
Nature B. PYTHAGORAS
Wild  He describes the universe as living
Holism
embodiment of nature’s order,
Nature/ Cosmos
harmony and beauty.
Body
Relational  He seed our relationship with the
Earth/ Wisdom universe involving biophilia (love
Ecology over/ against humans of other living things) and
cosmophilia (love of othet living
In ecocentric model, the ecological or relational beings)
integrity of the humans, provides meaning of our 2. MODERN THINKERS
morals and values. A. IMMANUEL KANT
 He expressed that beauty is the
- ECOLOGICAL CRISIS- result of unfair and unjust
utilization of the environment. ultimate symbol of morality.
- It includes the following :  He believes that the orderliness of
a. Human arrogance towards nature is nature and the harmony of nature
justifiable in order to satisfy human with our faculties, guide us toward
interests. a deeper religious perspective.
b. Human adopt an exploitative attitude B. HERBERT MARCUSE
whenever nature is merely considered
 Understanding our relationship
as an instrument for one’s profit or gain.
Example: with the environment can also
Quarrying or cutting down age old refer to the human beings with
tress. ecology and nature.
Look from the example pictures from book page 72
 He believed that humanity had
CF (Carbon Footprint) a concept and dominated nature. (Power of
indicators used to understand environmental human over nature)
impact.  There can only be changed if we
o Emission of greenhouse gases (such as will change our attitude towards
carbon dioxide, methane, fluoride, and our perception of the
nitrous oxide) are part of the production
environment.
goods of goods and services consumed in
many countries. C. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
o Study reveal that the higher income, there  He believed that human beings,
is a substantial change in the we do not have only rights but
consumption patterns, which result to duties.
higher CF.  We are not only citizens of the
CARBON FOOTPRINT 8 CATEGORIES
community but how we react to
1. Construction
this community and in our
2. Shelter
reaction to it, change it.
3. Food
 ERICH FROMM- proposed a new society that
4. Clothing
should encourage the emergence of a new
5. Mobility
human being that will foster prudence and
6. Manufactured goods
moderation of frugality toward environment.
7. Services
8. Trade ADDITIONAL: BOOK PAGE 17-22
 Filipino Thinking from Local to Global
 3 Dimensions of Filipino Thinking
Prepared by: Ms. Requiez, Gemma H.
(Loob, Bahala na, Filipino Time)
 Abundance

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