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COMPARISON OF COLOUR STABILITY OF TWO COMPOSITE RESINS AFTER

IMMERSION IN COFFEE SOLUTION

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

COMPARISON OF COLOUR STABILITY OF TWO COMPOSITE RESINS

AFTER IMMERSION IN COFFEE SOLUTION

Khurram Parvez Sardar1 BDS, MDS

Syed Yawar Ali Abidi2 BDS, FCPS
Nadeem Hafeez Khokar3 DMD, MDSc
Noor-Ul-Ain Jawaed4 BDS

Introduction: Discoloration is one of the main reasons of replacement of anterior composite restorations. The aim
of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the colour stability of two composite resins after being immersed in a coffee
solution.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty discs samples (10 mm in diameter & 2mm thickness) were pre-
pared and divided into two groups according to restorative material used. For group 1 (n=60) Filtek Z350 nano-
composite was used and Spectrum TPH sub-micron hybrid was used for Group 2 (n=60). All discs were
polymerized by a LED light-curing unit according to manufacturer’s instructions. All discs were initially placed in
an incubator containing distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. After 24 hours baseline colorimetric evaluation of spec-
imens was measured with a SF 600 Datacolor Spectrophotometer using CIE L*a*b* system. All the samples in the
two groups were immersed in a coffee solution for 7 days in incubator at 37°C. On the 8th day, post immersion col-
orimetric reading were taken and color change (ΔE) was measured. SPSS. 16.0 was used for statistical analysis.
Descriptive statistics were shown as Mean ±SD. Student ‘t’ test was applied at a significance level of p=0.05.
Results: Post immersion discoloration of FiltekTM Z350 (ΔE=2.78(±0.72) was significantly greater (p<0.001)
than spectrum TPH3 (ΔE=1.96(±0.79). Between the solutions tested, the dis-coloration caused by coffee
(ΔE=2.3(±0.85) was greater (p<0.001) than distilled water (ΔE=1.0(±0.51).
Conclusion: One week immersion in coffee resulted in significant discoloration in Filtek Z350 Nano-composite
restorative material.
Keywords: Nanocomposite, Discolouration, coffee.
How to cite this article:
Sardar KP, Abidi SYA, Khokar NH, Jawaed NA. Comparison Of Colour Stability Of Two Composite Resins After

T
Immersion In Coffee Solution J Pak Dent Assoc. 2013;22(1):00-00.
coloration from dietary products like coffee, tea, nicotine,
INTRODUCTION and beverages.3 However coffee, a regularly consumed
drink in our society is known to be the most stain inducing
he use of dental composites as a direct aesthetic 4,5 Samra et.al5 and Berger et.al6 observed that discoloration
restorative material is an established procedure of composite restoration is related to high resin content and
in routine clinical dentistry.1 Progress is been water absorption. Resin matrix plays vital role in color sta-
made to increase its clinical longevity and color stability bility of composite restoration.5 However, the quantity of
after its placement in oral cavity.2 One of the most common resin matrix can be reduced by decreasing its viscosity with
reason for the replacement of composite restorations is dis- the help of diluents (TEGMA), thus alloweing more filler
loading.7 Kramer et.al observed that water sorption varied
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Dental Materials
Dr.Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences.
between BisGMA composite materials, which may be due
2 Associate Professor, Incharge, Department of Operative to different proportions of diluent TEGDMA. Another
8

Dentistry, Dr.Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health common monomer is UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate)
Sciences
3 Associate Professor, HOD, Department of Basic Dental Sci- characterized by its contribution to color stability, hy-
ences, Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry, drophobicity, high viscosity, and good diametral tensile
4 FCPS resident, Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat- strength.8 The staining may result from adsorption of stain
ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences

Correspondence: <dr_khurramparvez@hotmail.com>

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Sardar KP / Abidi SYA / Khokar N / Jawaed NA
on the surface of the composite following the absorption of
water by the resin matrix.5 The water sorbed by the polymer
matrix could cause filler matrix debonding or even hy-
drolytic degradation of the fillers and may influence com-
posite materials by reducing their mechanical properties.9
The newer materials recently introduced in the market with
nanofilled technologies are claiming to have high filler
loading, less polymerization shrinkage, reduced water sorp-
tion, enhanced and lasting esthetic properties required for
anterior restoration.1 Despite improvements in the chem-
istry and techniques for composite restoration, discoloura-
tion is still one of the major concerns in aesthetic dentistry.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate colour stability of
two nanocomposite resins when immersed in coffee solu-
tion. No local study was found comparing colour stability
of nanocomposite.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
It was an experimental interventional in vitro study.
The study was conducted in the Department of Science
of Dental Materials and in the Department of Operative
Dentistry at Dr.Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral
Health Sciences (Dow University of Health Sciences). Pre
and Post Colour Analysis was carried out at Afroze textile
industries (Pvt) Ltd. Karachi, Pakistan. Duration of the
study was Six months. A total of one hundred and twenty
disc samples (10 mm in diameter and 2mm thickness)
were prepared (Figure 1 & 2).
Figure 1: Nanocomposite discs
Figure 2: Nanocomposite discs & PTFE mould
203
Comparison Of Colour Stability Of Two Composite Resins
Discs free from surface voids or bubbles were in-
cluded in this study, while discs with errors in dimensions
(diameter and thickness), visible surface voids or bubbles,
rough texture were excluded from the study. Out of one
hundred twenty disc samples, Sixty discs were prepared
from FiltekTM Z350 universal restorative of A2 shade
(3M/ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) in group 1, and sixty
discs were prepared from Spectrum TPH3 submicron hy-
brid restorative of A2 shade (Caulk's, Dentsply, UK) in
group 2 . Table I list the materials used in this study.
Composite Material Filler Load- Monom Shade Groups
resin ing (%wt) er
Filtek-Z350 Nanofill 76 Bis- A2 G1
GMA (n=60)
Spectrum Submi- 73 UDMA A2 G2
TPH 3 cron hy- (n=60)
brid
Table I. Composite restorative materials evaluated in ex-
perimental groups.
The composite restorative material of each group
was injected directly into a cylindrical polytetrafluo-
roethylene (PTFE) mould, that was held between two
glass slides each covered with a celluloid transparent
Mylar strip (Produits Dentaires S.A,Switzerland). Micro-
scope slides were gently pressed together to remove ex-
cess material. All specimens were polymerized by a LED
light-curing unit of 470 wavelength (Bluedent LED
Power smart, Bulgaria) with light intensity of 1000
mW/cm2, using 40 seconds of exposure to top and bottom
surfaces, respectively. The light-activation time was per-
formed according to manufacturer’s instructions. The dis-
tance between the light source and specimen was
standardized by use of a 1 mm glass slide. The end of the
light guide was in contact with the cover glass during the
light polymerization process. All procedures were carried
out at room temperature (24°C ± 2°C). For the purpose
of surface standardization, the samples were polished
with Sof-Lex discs as per manufacturer’s instructions.
Specimens from both groups was placed in dark container
filled with 20 ml distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours in in-
cubator (Memart Germany) for rehydration and comple-
tion of the polymerization. After 24 hours, specimens
were removed from the container, rinsed for 60 seconds
and dried with an absorbent paper. Initial colorimetric
evaluation (baseline) of the specimens (average of 5 CIE
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Sardar KP / Abidi SYA / Khokar N / Jawaed NA Comparison Of Colour Stability Of Two Composite Resins

lab readings per specimen) was measured with a SF 600 RESULTS

Datacolor Spectrophotometer using CIE (Commission In-
ternational de l’ Eclairage) L*a*b* relative to standard il-
luminant D65, against a white background (Figure 3).
Coffee (Nescafe classic powder, Indonesian Robusta) so-
lution was prepared as per manufacturer’s instructions
using 5gm powder and 200ml of hot water. All discs in
both group 1 and group 2 (n=60 each) were subdivided
into two sub groups of thirty discs each. Specimens of
subgroups 1a and 2a (n=30 each) were kept in distilled
water and 1b and 2b (n=30 each) were immersed in cof-
fee solution at 37°C for 7days in an incubator (Memart,
Germany), (Figure 4). On the 8th day, the disc samples
from each group were removed and irrigated under run-
ning water for 20 seconds and blotted dry with tissue
paper before colour measurement. Another colorimetric
reading was taken under similar conditions and equip-
ment as pre-immersion evaluation. The measurements of
experimental group of samples were compared.
The difference was calculated as:
E = [(L)2 + (a)2 + (b)2]½
Whereby:
E = is the difference in colour
L = is the difference in brightness values
a = is the difference in the red green scale
b = determines the difference in yellow blue scale
The difference between the initial colorimetric meas-
urement and the post immersion measurement was cal-
culated for each specimen and used for statistical analysis
Upon visual examination, loss of gloss was evident
on all samples. All specimens exhibited discoloration
after one week of immersion. Superficially the extrinsic
discoloration was seen along the air entrapment area (Fig-
ure 5). The statistical analysis of this study is presented in
Table II and Graph I. Upon immersion in coffee solution
discolouration seen in FiltekTM Z350 (ΔE=2.78(±0.72)
was significantly greater (p=0.000) than spectrum TPH3
(ΔE=1.96(±0.79). Upon immersion in distilled water
spectrum TPH3 (ΔE=1.22(±0.62) showed discoloration
significantly greater (p=0.001) than FiltekTM Z350
(ΔE=0.77(±0.23). Although the ΔE was slightly greater
than 1, which is barely discernable by naked eye. Between
the solutions tested, the discolouration caused by coffee
(ΔE=2.3(±0.85) was significantly greater (p= 0.000) than
distilled water (ΔE=1.0(±0.51).
At Base After 7 day immersion
Spectrum TPH3 Spectrum TPH3 Spectrum TPH3
(Distilled Water) (Distilled Water) (Coffee)

FiltekTM Z350 FiltekTM Z350 FiltekTM Z350

(Distilled Water) (Distilled Water) (Coffee)
Figure 5: Discolouration of TPH 3 and Filtek Z350 at baseline
(Left) and after 7 days (Right) immersion in water and coffee
S. Type of Type of solution p- value*
Figure 3: SF 600 Datacolor Spectrophotmeter No. Composite (ΔΕ) Mean SD
Distilled Coffee Solution
Water

1 FiltekTM 0.77 2.78 (±0.72) 0.000

Z350 (±0.23)

2 Spectrum 1.22 1.96(±0.79) 0.001

TPH3 (±0.62)
*Difference statistically significant between groups (p< 0.05).
Figure 4: Nanocomposite discs (a) Disc in coffee Table II. Means, SD and color difference (ΔΕ) of two compos-
(b) Disc in distilled water ites in water and coffee solution for 7days

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Sardar KP / Abidi SYA / Khokar N / Jawaed NA
Graph I. Disclouration of two composites immersed in distilled
water & coffee solution after 7days immersion
DISCUSSION
Composite discolouration is still one of the major
concern which leads to replacement of dental restorations.
12
Major causes of discolouration are intrinsic & extrinsic
factors.6 Intrinsic factors discolor at the interface of filler
and resin matrix whereas extrinsic factor discolor by ad-
sorption or absorption from extrinsic sources.4,13
Bagheri14 and Santos15 concluded that the prime source of
composite discoloration from dietary stains was poor oral
hygiene.
Discoloration can be measured by visual and instru-
mental techniques.11,16 Visual methods involve compari-
son with an eye,6 whereas instrumental method involve
the use of colorimeter and spectrophotometer.17 Spec-
trophotometers are capable of measuring colour variations
below visual observation.3 The value of ΔE* shows ac-
curate colours changes than individual L*, a*, b* values,
before & after immersion or between different time in-
tervals.11,18 The colour differences are perceptible to
human eye when ΔE value are greater than three (>3).19
According to the above mentioned reasons ΔE* value was
tabulated for both groups using SF 600 Datacolor Spec-
trophotmeter in this study.
In this study, discolouration caused by coffee was
greater than distilled water suggests that coffee is more
stain inducing agent than distilled water. Santos15 com-
pared coffee with different staining solutions and found
the same results.
Staining susceptibility of restorative materials (resin
based) depend on resin matrix, filler type or type of stain-
ing agent.5,9 Bagheri14 in his study concluded that com-
posite discoloration occurred through water sorption. That
205
Comparison Of Colour Stability Of Two Composite Resins
was the reason to choose distilled water other than coffee
solution as an immersion media in this study. Water sorp-
tion is reliant on the resin content and the quality of bond
between the resin and the filler.20 Hence increase in water
sorption results in shortening of life of composite restora-
tions due to expansion and plasticizing of resin compo-
nent by hydrolyzing saline and causing microcrack
formation.21 As a result, the microcracks or the interfacial
gaps at the interface between filler and matrix allow stain
penetration and discoloration.20
In this study, upon immersion in distilled water, the
discoloration in spectrum TPH3 was significantly greater
(p=0.001) than FiltekTM Z350. Moszner et.al22 observed
that hydrophilic composites allow water to penetrate the
matrix or filler matrix interface.
Filler loading also plays important role in composite
discoloration.23 The filler loading by weight of spectrum
TPH3 is 73% where as that of FiltekTM Z350 is 76%.
This might be the reason that in this study spectrum TPH3
had ΔE greater than FiltekTM Z350.23
Upon immersion in coffee solution the discoloura-
tion seen in FiltekTM Z350 was significantly greater
(p=0.000) than spectrum TPH3. This result is in agree-
ment with the result of Awliya et.al24 that the composites
with Bis-GMA-based resins had greater water sorption
than other composites. It was found that water uptake in
Bis-GMA-based resins increased from 3% to 6% as pro-
portion of TEGDMA increased from 0% to 1%.24 Litera-
ture showed that UDMA (urethane dimethacrylate) based
restorative materials are more stain resistant than Bis-
GMA.21,23
Ertaş and coworkers 25 observed that Staining solu-
tions and immersion time were significant factors that af-
fected colour stability of the composite resins after
polishing. The difference of colour stability in this study
might be due to the hydrophobic properties of FiltekTM
Z350. In contrast, a study done by Satou and collegues26
found that materials with higher hydrophobic property
showed higher staining.
In this study, coffee was used as a colorant agent be-
cause of its frequent consumption in daily life. As high-
est water sorption takes place during the first week of
placement of composite restoration6 the time period cho-
sen in this study was considered as the cumulative time
for few months or years of consuming the drinks within
short period of time. This was suitable for the nanocom-
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Sardar KP / Abidi SYA / Khokar N / Jawaed NA
posite resin which might get stained after few years
placed in the mouth. The only different simulation is that
coffee drink usually being taken hot by the people, but in
this study the solutions were left until it become cold to
avoid unexpected effect on the samples.
The present study has some limitations. Flat surface
specimens were used, whereas composite resin restora-
tions possess convex and concave surfaces. The coffee
solution used in this study does not consider all sub-
stances to which nanocomposite restorative materials may
be exposed to. Other factors that could influence the de-
gree of total color change include thermal cycling, aging
and abrasion. In addition, effects of polishing techniques
on the surface roughness and their relation to the stain
ability or color change on nanocomposite resin materials
have not been clarified and should be considered for fu-
ture study.
CONCLUSION
One week immersion in coffee resulted in significant
discoloration in Filtek Z350 Nano-composite restorative
material.
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