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1:01:15 AM, Sunday, July 28, 2019 C.E.

Yom Ri-shon, Day 24 of Month 5 on the Creation Calendar
Seventh Hour - Third Watch of the Night
04:50:37 until Sunrise

Determining the Hebrew Hour

A Hebrew Hour is defined as 1/12 of the time between sunset and sunrise, or 1/12 of the time between
sunrise and sunset. The only Scriptural reference to there being 12 Hebrew Hours in a Hebrew Day is found
in John 11:9 where ‫ יהושע‬the Messiah asked a famous question, "Are there not 12 hours in a day?" The
diagram below is a working timepiece where the sun's position indicates the current Hebrew Hour at
Jerusalem. One Hebrew Hour ends and another begins when the center of the sun crosses an hour line.

Live Jerusalem Time

Mid Day

6th 7th
5th Hour Hour 8th
Hour Hour
4th 9th
Hour Hour
3rd 10th
Hour Hour

2nd Currently in Jerusalem it is: 11th

Hour Yom Ri-shon - 1st Day of the Week Hour
Day 24 of Month 5
Seventh Hour - Third Watch of the Night
1st (A Hebrew Night Hour is 00:51:01 today) 12th
Hour (Duration of this Hebrew Day: 23:59:19) Hour

12th 00:35:30
until next Hebrew Hour
1st
Hour Fourth First Hour
Watch 04:50:37 Watch
11th until Sunrise
2nd
Hour Hour

10th Third Second 3rd

Hour Watch Watch Hour
9th 4th
Hour Hour
8th 5th
Hour 7th 6th Hour
Hour Hour
Mid Night

This live time clock shows the current Scriptural Hebrew Hour in Jerusalem based on the instantaneous position of the sun as it
would be seen there. The dark area represents Night, and the light area represents Day. As the sun's disk moves in a clockwise
motion, the current Hebrew Hour is indicated. One Hebrew Hour ends and another Hebrew Hour begins at the moment the
center of the sun's disk crosses an hour line. The Night Watches for the Age of the Messiah are also shown.

Isaiah 53 from the Aleppo Codex

Who has believed Our report? And
to whom has the arm of ‫ יהוה‬been
revealed? For He comes up as a
tender plant before Him, and as a
Root out of a dry ground. He has
no form, nor honor, when we
observe Him, nor beauty, that we
should desire Him. He was
despised, and rejected by men, a
https://torahcalendar.com/HOUR.asp
The Torah, the Prophets and the Writings do not number specific Hebrew Hours. Only the Messianic
Scriptures number specific Hebrew Hours in Matthew, Mark, Luke and Acts. The third hour of the day is
referred to in Matthew 20:3-4, Mark 15:25 and Acts 2:15. The third hour of the night is referred to in Acts
23:23-24. The sixth hour of the day is referred to in Matthew 20:5, 27:45, Mark 15:33, Luke 23:44 and Acts
10:9. The ninth hour of the day is referred to in Matthew 20:5, 27:45, 27:46, Mark 15:33, 15:34, Luke
23:44, Acts 3:1, Acts 10:3 and Acts 10:30-31. The eleventh hour of the day is referred to in Matthew 20:6
and Matthew 20:9.
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a d att e 09
man of sorrows, and acquainted
with grief. And as one hiding His
countenance from us, He was
despised, and we did not esteem
Him. Surely He has borne our
griefs, and carried our sorrows, yet
we esteemed Him stricken, smitten
by Elohim, and afflicted. And He
was pierced for our A Typical Hebrew Day
transgressions, bruised for our
iniquities, the punishment that One Hebrew Day
brought us peace was upon Him,
and by His stripes we are healed. Genesis 1:5 Elohim called the light Day and the darkness He called Night.
All we like sheep have gone astray, And there was Evening and there was Morning - Day One.
we have turned each to his own
way, and ‫ יהוה‬has laid on Him ‫את‬ First Second Third Fourth
the punishment of us all. He was Watch Watch Watch Watch 12 Hours
oppressed and He was afflicted,
yet He did not open His mouth. He Sunset Sunrise John 11:9 Are there not Sunset
was led as a Lamb to the slaughter, 12 hours in a day?
and as a sheep before its shearers
is silent, He did not open His
mouth. By oppression and trial
was taken away, and who can
speak of ‫ את‬His descendants? For Evening Morning Evening
He was cut off from the land of the
living, for the transgressions of My
people He was stricken. And He
made His grave with ‫ את‬the Between the
wicked, and with ‫ את‬the rich in His Evenings
death, because He had done no Evening Morning
violence, nor was any deceit in His Twilight Twilight ‫בין הערבים‬
mouth. Yet it pleased ‫ יהוה‬to (Evening Twilight)
bruise Him and to cause Him to "Twinkling of an eye" "Twinkling of an eye"
suffer, and though ‫ יהוה‬makes His Night Begins Night Begins
life an offering for sin, He will see Mid-night Mid-day
His offspring and prolong His
days, and the will of ‫ יהוה‬will
prosper in His hand. He shall see 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
the labor of His soul, and be
satisfied. By His knowledge My Hebrew Night Hours Hebrew Day Hours
righteous Servant shall justify
many, for He shall bear their
iniquities. Therefore I will give Him A Hebrew Day consists of 12 Hebrew Night Hours and 12 Hebrew Day Hours. The midpoint of the 12 Hebrew
a portion with the great, and shall Night Hours is called Mid-night. The moment of Mid-night occurs exactly halfway between sunset and sunrise
divide ‫ את‬the spoil with the strong, separating the sixth and seventh Hebrew Night Hours. The midpoint of the 12 Hebrew Day Hours is called
because He poured out His soul Mid-day. The moment of Mid-day occurs exactly halfway between sunrise and sunset separating the sixth and
even to death, and was numbered seventh Hebrew Day Hours. An easy way to measure Day Hours is by using an equiangular sundial marked
with ‫ את‬the transgressors, and He
bore the sin of many, and made with 12 divisions.
intercession for the transgressors.

In the Creation Calendar, Hebrew Hours begin at sunrise and sunset. A Hebrew Hour occurring between
sunset and sunrise is called a Hebrew Night Hour. A Hebrew Hour occurring between sunrise and sunset
is called a Hebrew Day Hour. Sunset occurs and the First Watch begins exactly at the beginning of the first
Hebrew Night Hour. The Second Watch begins exactly at the beginning of the fourth Hebrew Night Hour.
Mid-night occurs and the Third Watch begins exactly at the beginning of the seventh Hebrew Night Hour.
The Fourth Watch begins exactly at the beginning of the tenth Hebrew Night Hour, and ends at sunrise at
the end of the twelfth Hebrew Night Hour. Sunrise is always exactly at the beginning of the first Hebrew Day
Hour. Mid-day occurs exactly at the end of the sixth Hebrew Day Hour. Sunset occurs exactly at the end of
the twelfth Hebrew Day Hour.

The duration of a Hebrew Hour varies with the season. A Hebrew Day Hour is shorter in duration during
winter when a Hebrew Night Hour is longer in duration. A Hebrew Day Hour is longer in duration during
summer when a Hebrew Night Hour is shorter in duration.

A Short Hebrew Day in Winter

One Hebrew Day

First Second Third Fourth

Watch Watch Watch Watch 12 Hours
Sunset Sunrise Sunset

Evening Morning Evening

Mid-night Mid-day

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Hebrew Night Hours Hebrew Day Hours
In this diagram, a Hebrew Day Hour is shorter in duration than a Hebrew Night Hour. This occurs in winter.
The daytime hours are the shortest on the day of the winter solstice.

A Long Hebrew Day in Summer

One Hebrew Day

First Second Third Fourth

Watch Watch Watch Watch 12 Hours
Sunset Sunrise Sunset

Evening Morning Evening

Mid-night Mid-day

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Hebrew Night Hours Hebrew Day Hours
In this diagram, a Hebrew Day Hour is longer in duration than a Hebrew Night Hour. This occurs in summer.
The daytime hours are the longest on the day of the summer solstice.

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In contrast to Matthew, Mark, Luke and Acts, the book of John, as it now exists in the Greek manuscripts,
numbers hours from midnight as the Romans did. Pilate questioned ‫ יהושע‬the Messiah at the sixth hour
Roman reckoning according to John 19:14 which is the twelfth Hebrew Night Hour. ‫ יהושע‬the Messiah sat
at Jacob's well at Sychar at the sixth hour Roman reckoning after a tiresome journey according to John 4:6
which is the twelfth Hebrew Day Hour. A nobleman travelled the better part of a day from Cana to
Capernaum and met ‫ יהושע‬the Messiah at the seventh hour Roman reckoning according to in John 4:52
which is the first Hebrew Night Hour. The disciples came to the place ‫ יהושע‬the Messiah was staying at the
tenth hour Roman reckoning and stayed with Him for the rest of that day according to John 1:39. The tenth
hour Roman reckoning is the fourth Hebrew Day Hour.

Although some have claimed there is no historical proof that the Romans counted the hours from midnight,
such proof indeed exists. According to Gaius Plinius Secundus who lived between 23 C.E. and 79 C.E., the
Roman authorities counted civil hours from midnight.

Pliny the Elder, Natural History 2:77: "The very day itself men have observed in various manners. The
Babylonians count the period between the two sunrises, the Athenians that between two sunsets, the
Umbrians from midday to midday, the common people everywhere from dawn to dark, the Roman priests
and the authorities who fix the civil day, and also the Egyptians and Hipparchus, the period from midnight
to midnight."

Today, the Gregorian Calendar counts civil hours from midnight similar to the way the Romans did.

The Watches of the Night

In the Age of Torah the time between sunset and sunrise was divided into three watches. The evening
watch is alluded to by Moses in Psalms 90:4.

Psalms 90:4 For a thousand years in Your sight are as one day when it is past, as a watch in the night
[the evening watch].

This verse alludes to the fact that one Hebrew Day is past at the moment of sunset when the evening watch
begins. It also alludes to the fact that one millennium ends and another millennium begins at sunset when
the evening watch begins. The middle watch of the night is mentioned once in Judges 7:19. The morning
watch is referred to by Moses in Exodus 14:24 and is also mentioned in 1 Samuel 11:11.

By the time of the Age of the Messiah, the time between sunset and sunrise was divided into four watches.
The second watch and third watch are each mentioned once in Luke 12:38. The fourth watch is mentioned
once in Matthew 14:25 and once in Mark 6:48 as the time when the Messiah walked on the water.

Watches During the Ages

One Hebrew Day
Genesis 1:5 Elohim called the light Day and the darkness He called Night.
And there was Evening and there was Morning - Day One.

During the Age of Instruction

Evening Middle Morning
Watch Watch Watch

First Second Third Fourth

Watch Watch Watch Watch 12 Hours
Sunset During the Age of the Messiah Sunrise John 11:9 Are there not Sunset
12 hours in a day?

Evening Morning Evening

Between the
Evenings
Evening Morning
Twilight Twilight ‫בין הערבים‬
(Evening Twilight)
"Twinkling of an eye" "Twinkling of an eye"
Night Begins Night Begins
Mid-night Mid-day

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Hebrew Night Hours Hebrew Day Hours

There are always 12 Hebrew Night Hours and 12 Hebrew Day Hours in a Hebrew Day. This diagram represents
a typical Hebrew Day in which the duration of both the nighttime and the daytime hours are about the same.
This occurs twice a year around the time of the fall equinox and spring equinox.

There are always exactly 24 Hebrew Hours between two sunsets. However, the duration of time between
two sunsets measured in civil hours, minutes and seconds changes slightly throughout the year. The curve
on the graph below represents the time difference in seconds between 24 civil hours and 24 Hebrew Hours
throughout the year at Jerusalem. The blue area represents the period when 24 Hebrew Hours are slightly
longer in duration than 24 civil hours. The purple area represents the period when 24 Hebrew Hours are
slightly shorter in duration than 24 civil hours. The duration of 24 Hebrew Hours on the Hebrew Day of the
spring equinox is 24:00:41 or 41 seconds longer than 24 civil hours. The duration of 24 Hebrew Hours on the
Hebrew Day of the fall equinox is 23:58:41 or 79 seconds less than 24 civil hours. Notice there is little
correlation between the shape of the time variation curve and the seasonal solstices and equinoxes.

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The Duration of a Hebrew Day

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days

+100 Seconds

Winter Spring Summer Fall

+50 Seconds

Time Difference in
seconds between
a Hebrew Day of 0 Seconds
24 Hebrew Hours
and 24 civil hours

-50 Seconds

-100 Seconds
winter spring summer fall
solstice equinox solstice equinox

A Hebrew Day always has exactly 24 Hebrew Hours. A civil day consists of 24 civil hours. However, a Hebrew Day
does not always equal 24 civil hours. Since a Hebrew Day is the time from one sunset to the next, its duration will
differ from 24 civil hours due to the civil time difference between the two sunset times. The curve on this graph
represents the time difference in seconds between a Hebrew Day of 24 Hebrew Hours and a civil day of 24 civil hours
throughout the year at Jerusalem.

Accuracy of Sunrise and Sunset Times

Calculations for sunrise and sunset times on torahcalendar.com are based upon certain assumptions made in
modeling atmospheric refraction. These assumptions include using the latitude, longitude and elevation near
the Temple Mount located in Jerusalem, using a yearly average barometric pressure of 1010 millibars, and
using a yearly average air temperature of 19.4°C (66.9°F). Therefore, all times displayed relating to sunrise or
sunset which are shown with a resolution in seconds, are determined based upon these atmospheric
refraction modeling assumptions.

As Jean Meeus states in Astronomical Algorithms:

"A change of temperature from winter to summer can shift the times of sunrise and sunset by about 20
seconds in mid-northern and mid-southern latitudes. Similarly, observing sunrise or sunset over a range of
barometric pressures leads to a variation of a dozen seconds in time."
Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms, Second Edition, p.101.

"The effect of [atmospheric] refraction increases when the pressure increases or when the [air]
temperature decreases." Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms, Second Edition, p.106.

"Near the horizon unpredictable disturbances of the atmosphere become rather important. According to
investigations by Schaefer and Liller, the refraction at the horizon fluctuates by 0.3° around a mean value
[34 minutes of arc] normally, and in some cases apparently much more ... it should be mentioned here that
giving rising or setting times of a celestial body more accurately than to the nearest minute makes
no sense." Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms, Second Edition, p.107.

For these reasons, actual observed sunrise and sunset times at Jerusalem may differ by as much as one
minute due to daily variations in temperature and barometric pressure. In winter when the temperature is
colder, the actual sunrise may occur earlier than projected times. Also, on a day when the barometric pressure
is higher, sunrise may occur earlier. Cold temperature and high barometric pressure combined work
cumulatively in causing the sunrise to occur earlier than the projected times. Torahcalendar.com only displays
sunrise and sunset times to the nearest second to better illustrate the passage of time while providing a near
real-time simulation of these events.

John 5:28-29

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