Westmead International School

College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

POTENTIAL ENERGY SOURCES OF REGION I (ILOCOS REGION)

An Undergraduate Design Research Submitted to the College of Engineering

Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted to
Engr. Maria Elena D. Talavera
Instructor

Submitted by:
Cabral, Merry Ann
Cusi, Emmanuel
Kimberly F. Falcon
Mendoza, John Jheo
BSME-421

May 17, 2019

 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

POTENTIAL ENERGY SOURCES OF REGION I (ILOCOS REGION)

INTRODUCTION
Region 1, also known as the Ilocos Region, is located in the northwest of Luzon. It
borders to the east the regions of the Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan
Valley, and to the south of the Central Luzon. Located on its west is the South China Sea.
The region is composed of four provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and
Pangasinan. Its regional center is San Fernando City, La Union.
LOCATION
Ilocos is a region in the Philippines, encompassing the northwestern coast of
Luzon island. It's known for its historic sites, beaches and the well-preserved Spanish
colonial city of Vigan. Dating 16th century, Vigan's mestezo district is characterized by
cobblestone streets and mansions with wrought-iron balconies. Further North Laoag city
is a jumping-off point of the huge La Paz Sand Dunes.
LAND
• 13,012.60 km² (5,024.19 sq mi)
GEOGRAPHY
The Ilocos region occupies the narrow plain mountain between the Cordillera
Central mountain range and the South China Sea, and the Northern portion of the Central
Luzon plain, to the North-East of the Zambales Mountains.
PROVINCES
 Ilocos Norte
 Ilocos Sur
 San Fernando
 Pangasinan
ILOCOS NORTE
• It is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. Its capital is Laoag
City and is located at the northwest corner of Luzon Island, bordering Cagayan
and Apayao to the east, and Abra to the southeast, and Ilocos Sur to the
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

southwest. Ilocos Norte faces the West Philippine Sea to the west and the Luzon
Strait to the north.
• Founded: 1818
• Capital: Laoag
• Area: 3,467.89km2(1,338.96 sq mi)
• Population (2015 census) Total:593,081 Density:170/km2(440/sq mi)
• Highest Elevation: Mt. Sicapoo (2,354m/7,723ft)
WIND POWER
Ilocos Norte’s position on the northwest corner of Luzon makes it deal for wind
power generation. There is currently a 25 megawatt wind farm in Ilocos Norte, and several
more wind energy projects are being planned.

ILOCOS SUR
• Ilocos Sur Ilocos Sur is a province in the Philippine located in the Ilocos Region in
Luzon. Vigan City, located on the mounth of Meztizo River is the provincial capital.
Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to north,Mountain Province to the
east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the west.
• Founded: 1572
• Capital : Vigan
• Area :2,596.00 km2 (1,0002.32sq mi)
• Highest Elevation: Mt. Namagoian 2,009m(6,591ft)

LA UNION
• La Union is a province in the Philippines located in Ilocos Region in the island of
Luzon. Its capital city of San Fernando, which also serves as the regional center
of the whole Ilocos Region.
• Founded: March 2, 1850
• Capital: San Fernando
• Area:1,497.70 km2 (578.27sq mi)
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

PANGASINAN
• Founded: April 5, 1580
• Capital: Lingayen
• Area:5,451.01 km2 (2,104.65 sq mi)
• Highest Elevation: Mount Malico 1,675 m (5,495 ft)
ENERGY
• The 1200 megawatt Sual Coal-Fired Power Plant, and 345 megawatt San Roque
Multi- Purpose Dam, located in the municipalities of Sual and San Manuel
respectively, are the primary sources of energy of the province.

Province Capital Population Area Density Cities Muni. Brgy.

/sq
km2 sq mi /km2
mi

Ilocos Norte Laoag 11.8% 593,081 3,467.89 1,338.96 170 440 2 21 557

Ilocos Sur Vigan 13.7% 689,668 2,596.00 1,002.32 270 700 2 32 768

San
La Union 15.7% 786,653 1,497.70 578.27 530 1,400 1 19 576
Fernando

Pangasinan Lingayen 58.8% 2,956,726 5,451.01 2,104.65 540 1,400 4 44 1,364

Total 5,026,128 13,012.60 5,024.19 390 1,000 9 116 3,265

 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

POWER PROFILE OF REGION I

SUAL POWER STATION

Sual Power Station is a 1,200-
MW coal-fired power station located
near the Lingayen Gulf in Sual,
Pangasinan, Philippines.
The coal-fired power station is
owned by Team Energy, a company
established as a joint venture between
Marubeni Corporation and Tokyo
Electric Power Corporation. San Miguel
Energy Corporation is the independent
power producer administrator (IPPA) of
the facility since 2009.

BAUANG LA UNION DIESEL POWER PLANT

FPPC/BPPC was contracted to
finance, build and operate a 215-
megawatt base load generating plant
under a Fast-track Build Operate Transfer
(BOT) arrangement with the government.
BPPC will operate and maintain the power
plant complex for a period of 15 years up
to July 2010. Under the BOT Agreement,
NPC shall supply the fuel for energy
conversion and purchase all electricity
generated there from. For the duration of
the 15-year cooperation period, BPPC is
entitled to payment of fixed capacity and
operations and maintenance fees based
on the nominated capacity, as well as
energy fees based on kwh
generated/delivered. Upon expiration of
the 15-year period, BPPC shall transfer to NPC all its rights, titles and interest in the power
plant complex, free of liens created by BPPC and without any compensation.
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

CIP II POWER CORPORATION

CIP II Power Corporation, is a 100%-owned subsidiary of PHINMA Energy
Corporation operating a 21-megawatt (MW) diesel plant. The facility, formerly located
inside the Carmelray Industrial Park II in Calamba City, was transferred to Bacnotan, La
Union in 2012. On January 2011, the transfer of the 21 MW-bunker power plant to La
Union, adjacent to the Holcim Cement Plant, commenced. After bringing all major
equipment and building new structures in the new site, the plant began its commercial
operations in the first quarter of 2013.

BAKUN HYDRO POWER PLANT

Bakun Hydro Power Plant generates hydroelectric
power. The company's plant capacity is 70 megawatt and
it produces 225 gigawatt hours of electricity per year.
Bakun Hydro Power Plant is based in Benguet Ilocos Sur
in Philippines. Bakun Hydro Power Plant is a joint venture
between Pacific Hydro Ltd. and Aboitiz Power Corp.

SAN ROQUE MULTI-PURPOSE PROJECT (POWER

COMPONENT)
The San Roque Dam, operated under San Roque
Multipurpose Project (SRMP) is a 200-meter-tall, 1.2
kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River. It is
the largest dam in the Philippines and sixteenth largest in
the world.

AGUA GRANDE HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

The Agua-Grande River (also known in Ilocano as dakkel a danum) is known for
its eco-friendly and non-carbon producing mini-hydroelectric power plant.
This was commissioned in 1983 and has been providing a renewable and
alternative power supply to the consumers of Pagudpud, Bangui, Dumalneg, Adams and
Burgos. The Agua-Grande and Mabogabog falls supply the water power to turn the
turbines.
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

WIND POWER IN BANGUI, ILOCOS NORTE

Bangui Wind Farm is a wind farm in Bangui, Ilocos
Norte, Philippines. The wind farm uses 20 units of 70-metre (230 ft)
high Vestas V82 1.65 MW wind turbines, arranged on a single row
stretching along a nine-kilometer shoreline off Bangui Bay, facing
the West Philippine Sea

BURGOS WIND PROJECT, ILOCOS NORTE

The 150MW Burgos wind farm in Ilocos Norte is the biggest
wind farm in the Philippines and the first wind project nominated for
the Philippine Government’s feed-in-tariff (FIT) incentive scheme.
The onshore wind farm was commissioned in November 2014
and is owned and operated by the EDC Burgos Wind Power
Corporation (EBWPC), an affiliate of Energy Development
Corporation (EDC). Development included the 87MW first phase and
the 63MW second phase.

CAPARISPISAN WIND FARM

Caparispisan Wind Farm is a wind farm in Pagudpud, Ilocos
Norte, Philippines. The wind farm was joint venture of AC Energy
Holdings Incorporated, the Philippine Alliance for Infrastructure and
the UPC Philippines Wind Holdco.

BURGOS SOLAR I
First Balfour was the on-shore engineering, procurement, and
construction (EPC) contractor for the 4.2 MW Burgos Solar Farm, a
project which put Ilocos Norte at the forefront of renewable energy
initiatives being the first location in the world to host a combined solar
and wind farm.

CURRIMAO SOLAR POWER PLANT

Type: Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant
Area: Luzon, Ilocos Norte
Power Capacity: 20 MW Activity
Since: 2016
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Existing Power Outlook as of 2018

Installed Dependable Gross
Number Operating
Plant Subtype Capacity Capacity Location Operator Generation
of Units Hours (h)
(MW) (MW) (Mwh)
COAL
Pulvurized
SUAL U1 & Sual, Team SUAL
Sub Critical 647 647 2 24 5590080
U2 Pangasinan Corporation
Coal
OIL -BASED
Bunker/Diesel
Internal Bauang, LA 1590 Energy
BAUANG DPP 227.5 190 21 24 1965600
Combustion Union Corporation
Engine
Bunker/Diesel
Internal Bacnotan, La CIP II Power
CIP II 21 20.4 1 24 181440
Combustion Union Corporation
Engine
HYDROELECTRIC
LARGE HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
Run-of-River Alilem, Luzon Hydro
BAKUN 75.4 73.6 2 24 651456
type HEPP Ilocos Sur Corporation
San Roque
Dam-type San Manuel,
SAN ROQUE 435 435 3 Power 24 3758400
HEPP Pangasinan
Corporation
MINI HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
Ilocos Norte
AGUA- Run-of-River Pagudpod, Electric
4.5 4.5 2 24 38880
GRANDE type HEPP Ilocos Norte Cooperative
Inc. (INEC)
WIND
North Wind
BANGUI
On-shore Bangui Bay, Power
WIND POWER 33 33 24 285120
Wind Turbine Ilocos norte Development
Ph1 & Ph2
Corporation
North Wind
BANGUI
On-shore Bangui Bay, Power
WIND POWER 18.9 18.9 24 163296
Wind Turbine Ilocos norte Development
Ph3
Corporation
EDC Burgos
BURGOS On-shore Burgos,
150 150 Wind Power 24 1296000
WIND Wind Turbine Ilocos Norte
Corporation
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

North Luzon
CAPARISPISAN On-shore Caparispisan, Renewable
81 81 24 699840
WIND Wind Turbine Ilocos Norte Energy
Corporation
SOLAR
Ground- Mirae Asia
CURRIMAO Currimao,
Mounted 20 16.3 Energy 24 172800
SOLAR Ilocos Norte
Solar PVs Corporation
Ground- EDC Burgos
BURGOS Burgos,
Mounted 4.2 4.2 Wind Power 24 36288
SOLAR 1 Ilocos Norte
Solar PVs Corporation
Ground- EDC Burgos
BURGOS Burgos,
Mounted 2.7 2.4 Wind Power 24 23328
SOLAR 2 Ilocos Norte
Solar PVs Corporation
Ground- Sarrat, Bosung
SARRAT
Mounted 0.9 0.7 Ilocos Solartec, 24 7776
SOLAR
Solar PVs Norte Inc.0

POTENTIAL ENERGY COMPUTATION

Wind Energy
𝟏
𝑷𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝑨𝝆𝒗𝟑 𝒆𝒄
𝟐
where:
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = wind power
𝑒𝑐 = wind conversion efficiency (Maximum aerodynamic efficiency = 60 %)
v = wind velocity
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = air density (1.2 𝑚3 )

A = rotor area
Betz Limit or Betz' Law
• A German physicist Albert Betz concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine can
convert more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy turning a rotor.
• The theoretical maximum power efficiency of any design of wind turbine is 0.59
(i.e. no more than 59% of the energy carried by the wind can be extracted by a wind
turbine)
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Wind Power
1
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴𝜌𝜈 3 𝑒𝑐
2
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚 1000𝑚 ℎ𝑟 3
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = (10𝑚) (1.2 3 ) (15.11 𝑥 𝑥 ) (0.4)(24ℎ𝑟𝑠)
2 𝑚 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 4.26 𝑘𝑊ℎ

Solar Power Potential

𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 = 𝑨 ∗ 𝒓 ∗ 𝑯 ∗ 𝑷𝑹
where:
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = solar power
PR = performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.5 and 0.9, default value = 0.75)
H = average solar radiation
r = solar panel yield (solar panel yield of a PV module of 250 Wp with an area of 1.6
𝑚2 𝑖𝑠 15.6%)

𝑊
Average solar radiation of the Philippines = 161.7 𝑚2
ℎ𝑟𝑠
Assuming 5 𝑑𝑎𝑦 of sunshine
𝑊 ℎ𝑟𝑠
Daily solar radiation = 161. 7 𝑚2 x 5 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑊ℎ
Average daily solar radiation = 808.5 𝑚2
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝑟 𝑥 𝐻 𝑃𝑅
𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 17.5 𝑚2 𝑥 8580 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑥 15.98% 𝑥 808.5 𝑥 75%
𝑚2
𝑷𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑾𝒉
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Wave Power Potential

𝒌𝑾
𝑷𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑯𝟐 𝒕
𝒎𝟑 − 𝒔
where :
𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 = wave power
H = significant wave height (m)
T = wave energy period (s)
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Tidal Power Potential

𝟏
𝑷𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝑨𝝆𝒈𝒉𝟐 𝒆𝒄
𝟐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑃𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑒𝑐 = 𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 80%)
h = significant tide height
𝜌 = water density (1 kg/𝑚3 )
g = gravitational (9.81 m/𝑠 2 )
A = area 𝑚2

Solution:
1
𝑃𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝐴𝜌𝑔ℎ2 𝑒𝑐
2

𝑃𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒 1
= (1025)(9.81)(0.57𝑚)2
𝐴 2
𝑷𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆 (𝟑𝟐𝟔𝟔.𝟗𝟔 𝑱)
= 𝟏𝟐𝒉𝒓𝒔 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔
𝑨 𝟏𝒅𝒂𝒚 ( )( )
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒉𝒓

𝑷𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆
=0.0756 W
𝑨

Assuming in conventional design of conversion efficiency of 30%

𝑃𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 0.0756 W (0.30)
𝐴
𝑷𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆
= 0.0227 W
𝑨

Assuming 1000 𝑚2 area of the tidal barrage:

𝑃𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 0.0227 W (1000 𝑚2 )
𝐴

𝑷𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 22.68 W

Potential Daily Tidal Power

𝑃𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 22.68 W (24 hours)
𝑷𝒕𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 0.544 kWh
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Biogas: Animal Waste

List of Animals in Ilocos Region
Animal No. of Animal
Carabao 5473
Cow 14284
Pig 43502
Goat 4308
Chicken 39911
Duck 1125

Source: Philippine National Standard Biogas Plant

 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Source: Philippine National Standard Biogas Plant

Animal Waste Generation

Manure
Energy
Obtainable Gas Available
Animal No. of Animal Gas (m³) Produce
(m³- day/kg) (kg/day per
(kWh)
animal)

Carabao 5473 0.00086 11 51.77 110.7976

Cow 14284 0.00086 11 135.13 289.171

Pig 43502 0.00154 5 334.97 716.826

Goat 4308 0.001 4.5 19.39 41.48604

Chicken 39911 0.00156 0.05 3.11 6.661944

Duck 1125 0.00156 0.05 0.09 0.187785

 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Energy Equivalents
𝐽
1 Watt = 1 ⁄𝑠
1 Wh = 1 x 3600 joules (J)
1 kWh = 3600000 J
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
22 MJ (1 𝑚3 biogas) = 22/3.6 kWh = 6.1 kWh
Electrical conversion efficiency = 35%
Therefore:
1 𝑚3 biogas = 2.14 kWh (electrical)

𝒎𝟑 𝒌𝒈
𝑩𝒊𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 = 𝑵𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒙 𝑶𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑮𝒂𝒔 ( ) 𝒙 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑨𝒗𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒌𝒈 𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑚3 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑜 = 5473 𝑥 0.00086 𝑥 11 = 51.77 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚3 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑤 = 14284 𝑥 0.00086 𝑥 11 = 135.13 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚3 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑔 = 43502 𝑥 0.00154 𝑥5 = 334.97 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚3 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑔𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 4308 𝑥 0.001 𝑥 4.5 = 19.39 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚3 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛 = 39911 𝑥 0.00156 𝑥 0.05 = 3.11 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚3 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑖𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 1125 𝑥 0.00156 𝑥 0.05 = 0.09 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆 = 𝑩𝒊𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒙 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑜 = 51.77𝑚3 𝑥2.14 = 110.7976 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑚3
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑤 = 135.13𝑚3 𝑥2.14 = 289.171 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑚3
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑔 = 334.97𝑚3 𝑥2.14 = 716.826 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑚3
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝐺𝑜𝑎𝑡 = 19.39𝑥2.14 = 41.48604 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑚3
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛 = 3.11𝑚3 𝑥2.14 = 6.6619 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑚3
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 0.09𝑚3 𝑥2.14 = 0.1878 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑚3
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Biogas: Provincial Solid Waste

 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Source: International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications

Vol.5, Issue 3 (2014), pp.13-22
 Westmead International School
College of Engineering
Alangilan Campus
Barangay Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas

Biogas: Agricultural Waste