Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................v
1. Overview...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Plumbing systems
1.2.1 Water supply ........................................................................................................................1
1.2.2 Hot water supply ..................................................................................................................4
1.2.3 Drainage...............................................................................................................................5
1.2.4 Venting.................................................................................................................................7
1.2.5 Water treatment....................................................................................................................8
1.2.6 Fire protection......................................................................................................................8
1.2.7 Gas .....................................................................................................................................15
1.3 HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems ..................................................18
1.3.1 Types of HVAC systems....................................................................................................18
1.3.2 Ventilation .........................................................................................................................25
1.3.3 Smoke exhaust ...................................................................................................................27
i
3.6.2 Reinforcement of openings ................................................................................................47
3.7 Delivery plan.............................................................................................................................48
3.8 Equipment foundations and platforms ......................................................................................49
3.9 Penetration detail ......................................................................................................................50
3.10 Ground subsidence strategy ....................................................................................................53
3.11 Factory inspection of equipment.............................................................................................57
ii
7. Hand over to client........................................................................................................................106
7.1 Completion inspection by client and architect/engineer .........................................................106
7.2 Hand over documents .............................................................................................................106
Appendices........................................................................................................................................107
Appendix 1 SI units ......................................................................................................................108
Appendix 2 Pipe materials and joint map ..................................................................................... 111
Appendix 3 Quick reference for fire protection regulation...........................................................113
Appendix 4 Psychrometric chart...................................................................................................117
Appendix 5. Frost depths ..............................................................................................................118
iii
iv
Introduction
This document has been prepared for the benefit of on-site construction engineers and young
engineers. It provides information about installation of air conditioning and plumbing systems and
is arranged for the efficiency of the overall construction process.
The Handbook Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems was extensively revised in April
2002, mainly to accommodate the changeover to SI units. This opportunity has also been used to
modify and reorganize all the handbooks to promote improved comprehension, particularly for the
benefit of construction engineers.
For information about noise and vibration, refer to METS Technical Standards for Equipment
Design — Noise and Vibration.
Queries, suggestions and new information in relation to the construction handbooks should be
directed to the Editorial Office.
Editorial Office
Building Construction Management Division
Building Construction Technology Department
Technology Management Group
1. Overview
1. Overview
1.1 General
This Handbook is divided into two sections: Outline of M&E work and Construction. Outline of
M&E work provides details of plumbing and heating/cooling systems, while Construction describes
preliminary preparations, installation (divided into initial, intermediate and final installation phases),
and the inspection, test and commissioning final hand over procedures. The Construction section
describes the requirements of each stage, including coordination between architectural work and
M&E work, and provides relevant information about the most recent technical standards. The aim
is to enable Kajima staff directly involved in actual construction to appropriately direct and instruct
subcontractors.
1
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Rooftop tank type Pump-up type Booster pump direct connection type (Tokyo
area)
Rooftop tank
Storage tank not
required
Backflow check valve
Metor
valve unit
Main pipe
Booster Storage
Pump Storage pump tank
tank
The tank is located Pumps are used to supply A booster pump unit is installed on the service
above the highest water directly to water outlets. line from the main pipe to boost the water
water outlet and The number of pumps in pressure to the required level.
water is supplied by operation may be regulated, or An additional direct bypass connection is
gravity feed. the pump motors themselves sometimes provided to ensure continuity of
may be controlled, or a supply in the event of a power interruption.
Pressu Outline
combination of both
approaches may be used.
Stability generated Stability dictated by pump Stability dictated by pump capacity
stabilit
by hydrostatic capacity
pressure
re
Inexpensive (when More expensive than other More expensive than roof top tank but no
installed in building) systems (may be equivalent storage tank required so saves space and
Initial
2
1. Overview
pumping systems.
3
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Gas in
Cold water in
Basin
Sink Wash Bath Washing Cold water in
basin machine
Stored hot water
Figure 1.2.1 Instant gas hot water system Figure 1.2.2 Stored hot water system (with
electric water heater)
(2) Central hot water system
The central hot water system consists of a boiler, storage tank and other equipment located in
the machine room of the building, together with pipes to distribute the hot water around the
building. Hot water is circulated constantly through the system by means of hot water return
pipes and pumps to ensure that hot water is immediately available at every tap. Figure 1.2.3
depicts the configuration of a central hot water system.
Supply tank
Expansion tank (*2)
Primary circulating
pump
Heat source
Boiler etc. E
Air separator
E
A
Closed
Secondary hot water
circulating tank
pump
maintenance
Figure 1.2.3 Typical valves for vertical
configuration of pipe
central hot water
system
4
*2 Closed hot water tank equipped with heat exchanger
1. Overview
1.2.3 Drainage
Wastewater drainage is governed by access to the sewerage system. If there is no sewerage
access, then wastewater is directed to public waters or to water channels connected to public waters
line. If wastewater from the building does not meet the required standards for release into the
sewerage system, then the building must be equipped with a wastewater treatment facility.
(1) Types of wastewater (more detail is provided in the Engineering Handbook on Climate
Control and Sanitation Systems)
i. Public sewerage system
ii. River basin sewerage system
iii. Municipal sewerage system
iv. Characteristics of building sites with sewerage discharge systems
(2) Wastewater discharge standards and wastewater treatment facilities
The Sewerage Law stipulates standards for wastewater discharged into the public sewerage
system, while the Water Pollution Prevention Law similarly regulates wastewater released into
public waters.
• Wastewater of a particular nature, such as that generated by large-scale kitchen facilities and
steam boiler rooms and machine rooms, must be discharged into a separate system.
• Wastewater including ground waste from food waste disposer units must be discharged into a
separate system.
• The municipality sometimes directs rainwater to be absorbed into the ground within the site
area.
Table1.2.2 shows typical combinations of wastewater drainage and sewerage systems.
5
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Combined system
(a) Integrated on site off site
odors from rainwater system.
discharge Toilet/kitchen waste Do not allow toilet water to
Public waters
Public waste water t
mix with miscellaneous
reatment system
Public sewerage system
stream on Rainwater wastewater and/or rainwater.
site/in building Miscellaneous waste
combined
sewer system
off site
Wastewater
(b) Separated discharge on site
Wastewater • Backflow prevention is
discharge off site
required on the wastewater
or integrated Toilet/kitchen waste Stand-alone wastewater treatment system. For shallow
Public waters
treatment sytem
Public sewerage system
outside treatment zone
open ditch, the wastewater
Combined wastewater
discharge Miscellaneous waste treatment system (See note-1) pipe gradient must be
considered and backflow
streams on Rainwater
Municipal
sewerage system prevention designed for
site/in building maximum rainfall events.
Toilet/kitchen waste to be
+ pre treated before industrial
no access to wastewater treatment
system
sewerage
system off-site
Wastewater discharge
(c) Integrated on site
Wastewater discharge • Note outdoor pipe space
off site
requirements and depth of
Public waters
6
1. Overview
• The following may not be connected directly to wastewater pipes. (Ministry of Construction
Notification No. 1597, Technical Standards for Water Supply and Drainage Sanitation
Equipment)
Service equipment
Medical and research equipment
Swimming pools
Fountains
Wastewater from equipment pipes and equipment
Wastewater from steam and hot water systems
1.2.4 Venting
Vent pipes help to minimize air pressure fluctuations in wastewater pipes, protect the sealing
water and improve the efficiency of wastewater flow.
7
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Exit points
Bathroom
fittings Sink
a ≤ 1.5 m
(1) Loop vent (2) Extended top
vent
capability, and are classified into No. 1 fire hydrants, simple No. 1 fire hydrants, and No. 2 fire
hydrants. The No. 1 fire hydrant is the traditional type of fire hydrant. It requires at least two
people to operate and is designed so that water cannot be released until the hose is completely
unfurled. The simple No. 1 fire hydrant is a simplified version designed for operation by a single
person. The No. 2 fire hydrant is also designed for single-person operation and is easier to
operate since it releases less water than the No. 1 fire hydrant.
Figure 1.2.5 illustrates a typical indoor fire hydrant system configuration.
Auxiliary
rooftop tank
Rooftop water
outlet
Indoor fire
hydrant
Fire hydrant
Fire detector
Fire hydrant
Fire-pump
Control panel
Water
source
Hose
hydrant
Fire
Fire-fighting
pump
Figure 1.2.6 Typical outdoor fire hydrant
9
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
AA water
Closed sprinkler head type
Pressurized
Flow detector Closed sprinkler head Fire alarm panel
water
Compressed Flow detector (with starter) Open sprinkler head Control board
air
Released into Spray head On-site
atmosphere
Main line valve
control panel Typical movable head sprinkler system using water gun type
Control line Manual valve Fire detector
nozzles
Back flow check valve
Figure 1.2.7 Sprinkler systems by type and purpose, showing typical system configurations
10
1. Overview
Rooftop outlet
Discharge equipment
Combined outlet
Inlet
Hose/nozzle
Single outlet Back flow
Open sprinkler head check valve Water intake
Intlet
Outlet valve
Water intake
Wet type fire department connection system Open head consolidated sprinkler system
11
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Bell
Flow detector Manual valve
Control valve
Vehicle
Mixer
Strainer
Pump
Gate
Pressure Control panel
Priming valve
air tank
water tank Backflow
check
valve Pressure Fire alarm
Diaphragm switch panel
12
1. Overview
Gas discharge
warning lamp Speaker
Display
Display panel Spray head
panel
Piston releaser
Manual device
To power source
Information
display/system stop CO2 cylinders
Power
source
Cylinder
valve
solenoid Startup gas cylinder
13
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Speaker
Spray head
Manual
device
extinguishing
extinguishing
Pressure Safety mechanism
regulator
zone
Fire
zone
Fire
Fixed pressure Control
Selector panel
valve valve
Safety
mechanism
Dry chmical
tank Cylinder
operation
Flow rate control valve valve
Cleaning valve Main
valve Exhaust
Pressure regulator valve valve
Cylinder solenoid
Power
Startup gas cylinder supply
Discharge cylinder
Water outlet
Effective volume
4.5 m max.
Strainer
14
1. Overview
1.2.7 Gas
(1) City gas
Gas installation is performed by the gas company, in accordance with the provisions of the
Gas Utility Industry Law. The calorific value of the gas differs depending on the gas company
and the region. Gas fittings and appliances must be adequately ventilated as required under the
Building Standards Law.
As Figure 1.2.13 shows, city gas is supplied from the place of manufacture to end users via
underground pipes embedded beneath roadways. The gas supply is classified as either low
pressure (below 0.1 MPa), medium pressure (from 0.1 to less than 1 MPa) or high pressure (1
MPa or greater), according to the pressure inside the pipe. Low pressure supply is subject to
supply regulations which stipulate that governors must be installed on pipes to regulate the
pressure.
Figure 1.2.14 depicts a typical low-pressure supply configuration and Figure 1.2.15 a typical
medium-pressure supply configuration.
Gas kmeter
Manufacturing Supplying
facilities facilities Consumers
Property line
15
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Pressure-red
uced gas
Medium pressure
Property line
Gas appliance
Boiler etc. (e.g. boiler)
Filter Meter
Demarcation
User shut-off valve
Emergency valve
Medium pressure
main pipe shut-off valve Equipment
governor
16
1. Overview
(2) LP gas
LP gas, also known as LPG, is the abbreviation for Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and is also used
as a collective term for propane gas and butane gas. Figure 1.2.16 shows a typical LP gas supply
system.
Cylinder installations of 300 kg or over (6 x 50-kg cylinders) are subject to fire department
regulations under Article 9-2 of the Fire Services Law. Installations of 1,000 kg or more (20 x
50-kg cylinders) are classified as storage facilities under the LP Gas Law and must be provided
with adequate separation from adjacent buildings as well as safety barriers or equivalent.
Unlike city gas, LP gas is heavier than air in terms of specific gravity. Gas detectors must
therefore be installed at a height of no more than 30 cm from the floor (see Figure 1.2.17).
Auto switching
regulator
Meter cock
Ceiling
Max. 30 cm
Max 8 m (for
gases lighter than
air)
Gas valve
Gas appliance
Max. 30 Floor
cm
Max. 4 m and as low to the floor
as possible (for gases heavier than
air)
17
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
18
1. Overview
Cooling tower
Return Air
Return Air
Return Air
Heat source
19
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Cooling tower
VAV unit
Return Air
VAV unit
Return Air
VAV unit
Return Air
VAV unit
Heat source
Humidifier
20
1. Overview
Cooling tower
Return Air
Return Air
Return Air
Air conditioning
units
Heat source
Figure 1.3.3 Fan coil unit system (with air conditioning units on each floor)
21
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Outdoor
air intake
Return Air
Outdoor
air intake
Return Air
Outdoor
air intake
Return Air
Outdoor
air intake
Return Air
Package air
conditioning unit
Exhaust grille
Motor
22
1. Overview
Outdoor
air intake
Outdoor
air intake
23
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Clean room cleanliness classes as stipulated in ISO 14644-1 are defined by concentrations
of particulates in each size range.
There are four key principles for designing a clean room as follows.
1) Preventing dust from entering the room from outside—enhance building airtightness
2) Removing dust from the room interior—adequate ventilation and high performance
filtering
3) Preventing production of dust within the room—low-dust interior finishes
4) Preventing accumulation of dust—constant and uniform air flow, smooth finishes
Figure 1.3.7 shows a typical clean room.
24
1. Overview
FFU :Fan Filter Unit (fan and filter integrated into a single unit)
FFU
Production
equipment
DC
Figure 1.3.7 Air flow in the clean room
Source: Clean Room Environment Planning and Design, Japan Air Cleaning Association (JACA)
1.3.2 Ventilation
Natural ventilation utilizes a combination of natural airflow pressure and the buoyancy (or
density variation) generated by temperature variations between the interior and exterior of the
building to promote air exchange. Ventilation flow is not constant, but varies according to the
temperature and the wind speed and direction.
Mechanical ventilation uses fans to maintain a constant ventilation flow. There are three types of
mechanical ventilation, as shown in Figure 1.3.8.
25
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Natural
ventilation
Ventilation Type 1 mechanical ventilation (intake and exhaust by fans)
Mechanical Type 2 mechanical ventilation (intake by fan and exhaust outlet)
ventilation
Type 3 mechanical ventilation (exhaust by fan and air intake)
Negative
pressure
Positive
pressure
ventilator ventilator
(exhaust) (intake)
Room Room Room
interior interior interior
(a) Type 1 mechanical (b) Type 2 mechanical (c) Type 3 mechanical ventilation
ventilation ventilation
Type 1 mechanical ventilation enables regulation of internal air pressure, and is commonly used
for basement boiler and electrical rooms.
Type 2 mechanical ventilation maintains positive air pressure and ensures a consistent supply of
air.
Type 3 mechanical ventilation keeps the room at negative air pressure and is suitable for toilets
(to contain smells), bathrooms (to contain water vapor) and areas where toxic gases are used (to
prevent the spread of contaminants).
Table 1.3.4 lists ventilation standards as required under legislations.
The external air intake port must be located a suitable distance from the exhaust outlet port to
prevent contamination of the air intake. Where possible, the two ports should be installed on
different walls. In cases where both ports are installed on the same wall, there should be a
separation of at least ten meters between the ports. If the ports are located on the rooftop, there
should be a horizontal separation of at least ten meters to ensure that the exhaust air is properly
dispersed and prevent contamination of intake air.
26
1. Overview
Table 1.3.4 Required ventilation equipment (Building Standards Law Article 28 and
associated ordinances Article 20-4)
27
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
28
1. Overview
29
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
30
1. Overview
31
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Table 1.3.7 Performance standards for smoke exhaust systems (basic evacuation safety
verification)
Overview
This diagram illustrates procedures for verifying the exemption conditions under (1) Performance standards for smoke exhaust
systems in relation to (4) When smoke has not descended to a height that would obstruct evacuation during a fire.
The evacuation safety appraisal involves determining the time taken to complete an evacuation during a fire (the evacuation
completion time) and the time taken for smoke and/or gases generated by the fire to descend to a level that begins to cause
obstruction directly through stairwells (the smoke descent time). This is calculated for individual rooms, individual floors, and for
the building in its entirety. If the evacuation completion time is shorter than the smoke descent time, then evacuation safety
appraisal is satisfied (see Figure 1).
Evacuation of room affected by fire Evacuation of floor affected by fire Evacuation of entire building
Calculating the evacuation time from rooms of Calculating the Calculating the
habitation tescape evacuation time from evacuation time from
(1) Start of evacuation (tescape)t the whole floor (tescape) the entire building
(2) Walking time ttravel (ttravel) (1) Start of evacuation (tescape)
(3) Time to pass through exit (tqueue) (tstart) (1) Start of evacuation
(2) Walking time (tstart)
(ttravel) (2) Walking time
(3) Time to pass (ttravel)
through exit (3) Time to pass
(tqueue) through exit
(tqueue)
Requirements of
Requirements of Requirements of smoke
smoke exhaust system
smoke exhaust system exhaust system in
in room pit-dwelling and
on evacuation route
(1) Type of system evacuation floors
(1) Type of system
(2) Capacity of (1) Type of system
(2) Capacity of
system (2) Capacity of system
system
If conducting
evaluation of entire
Room safety Whole floor safety building
appraisal: Entire building safety
appraisal: appraisal:
tescape ≤ ts ? tescape ≤ ts ? tescape ≤ ts ?
End End
The notification on evacuation safety appraisal procedures assume that individuals are capable of evacuating without
assistance. It is not applicable to hospitals and other facilities where people may require assistance.
32
2. Construction preparations
2. Construction preparations
An important part of the site survey is to check the details on the building permit documentation
and provide feedback to Kajima managers responsible for M&E work as well as the relevant
subcontractors.
33
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
34
2. Construction preparations
iii. Main sewerage pipe laying construction plan (where applicable) and associated schedule.
(4) Gas equipment
Main gas pipe (where used) and type of gas, depth and location of pipe, pipe diameter and gas
pressure.
As part of the survey at the design stage, the M&E work site survey document (connection to
utilities) is used to confirm details of water supply connection, wastewater connection and gas
connection prior to commencement of installation work.
If Pre-Commencement Consultation Application documents have been submitted to
authorities, these should also be confirmed.
35
To Kajima Corporation Date Management Structure
Director
Company Stamp
Address
Representative
Stamp
Quality control
M&E work commencement (quality assurance) Constructio
notification n manager
Main
Table 2.4.1
Direct
superior
Project:
Sub
Construction Management Plan of Individual M&E Installation and the Order Address
Conditions Document under the management structure shown on the right.
36
Tel.
Sub Date of birth (Age: )
Builder Licence No.
Highest level of education achieved Year
Waste disposal
team Years experience in construction (after joining the company)
Trader code
Formal licences
Position
Name Home telephone
4.
Licences
Date
Document No. 961021 To be submitted within two weeks of agreement
Kajima corporation
2. Construction preparations
Heating/cooling
Construction
Out of scope
Plumbing
Electrical
Elevators
Description Remarks
37
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
NB: Normally these documents must be signed or stamped by either the client or Kajima
Corporation. Local by-laws are shown for Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Example is
for a new office building. Other information included as required.
38
2. Construction preparations
39
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Drawings.
(1) Configuration of equipment location
i Positioning of air diffusers and air inlets
ii Location of fire alarm detectors and sprinkler heads
iii Location of lighting fixtures; illuminance at floor level
iv Relation of switches, socketoutlets with partitions and orientation of doors
v Relation of equipment support rods with ducts and pipes
vi Intersection of ducts and pipes
vii Joins in ceiling finish materials relative to location of fixtures and devices
viii Joins in marble and other stone finishes relative to location of fixtures and devices
(2) Internal ceiling space
i Priority of installation of equipment in ceiling space (wastewater pipes → ducts →
plumbing and air conditioning pipes → fire-protection pipes → conduits)
ii Under beam dimensions, duct height and height and dimensions of recessed mounted
equipment
iii Coordinate route of ducts, pipes and conduits connected to equipment
iv Relation of recessed mounted equipment with ducts and pipes
v Beam height and sleeves for M&E work
(3) Location of fixtures installed on/in floor
i Location of Japanese-style toilets relative to structural beams
ii Location of pipes connected to fixtures and structural beams (such as floor-mounted fan
coils)
iii Location of floor-mounted socketoutlets
iv Location of floor-mounted fan coils and floor mounted socket outlets for relative fancoil
(4) Equipment spaces (DS, PS, EPS)
i Working space between ducts and pipes
ii Space for inspection and maintenance of valves and dampers
iii Location and dimensions of inspection access hatches
iv Design considerations to enable future M&E equipment renewals
(5) Other
i Delineation of fire zones and smoke zones
ii Structural check of heavy equipment and machinery
iii Installation hook bolts, effective width and height of machine hatches, corridor doors and
stairs on routes used to transport heavy equipments
iv With or without door louvers (where needed) and check for effective area of louvers
40
3. Initial construction phase
41
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
42
3. Initial construction phase
○ Technological capabilities
○ Financial resources
○ Capital structure (corporate grouping)
○ Previous performance
○ Business relationship (Give and take etc.)
○ New products
○ Geographical factors
(2) Where the equipment or material manufacturer is not specified, documentation on the quality
and performance of the equipment or materials should be submitted for approval by the
architect/engineer or the client.
(3) Where the equipment or material quality requirements are not specified in the drawings or
specifications, the quality standard should be selected in accordance with other materials used in
the project.
Equipment and materials should be selected on the basis of ratings and standards such as JIS
(Japanese Industrial Standard), Japan Water Works Association (JWWA), fire department certified
products, the Society of Heating, Air-conditioning and Sanitary Engineers of Japan (SHASE) and
BL certified products.
43
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
ii. Sleeves may be fabricated from steel pipe, steel sheeting, rigid PVC pipe or paper. Sleeves
should be secured to formwork to prevent movement during concrete pouring. For more
information, refer to the Construction Equipment Standards Detail.
iii. The location shall be at the center of the beam where the shear force is smallest (normally near
the center of the span).
iv. In the Kajima Corporation Construction Equipment Standard Detail, the hole position is
defined as shown in Figure 3.6.2.
v. Sleeves attached for the purpose of future use should be sealed and sheathed in nonflammable
material where passing through a fireproof zone.
44
3. Initial construction phase
D/3 and 150 D/4 and 150 Must not pass through here
Crossbeam
Crossbeam
Beam
Column
Column
1.1 Wooden 1.2 Insert ductitself 1.3 Steel sheeting 1.4 Box width 800 mm or more
(duct box) (internal flange)
Check hole
Check Check hole
10 ø
hole 10 ø
Timber Steel sheeting
10 ø
At least 30 x Ventilation hole 10 ø (painted) or zinc
galvanized steel Ventilation hole 10 ø
30 timber
Cross section sheeting
Ventilation hole
Cross section 10 ø Cross section Cross section
Duct (W)
Timber
Void or
spiral
Duct (H)
duct
reinforced concrete. Ducts and pipes must not be subjected to load from the blocks.
ii. Where multiple pipes and ducts pass through a block wall, blocks cannot be restored to their
original state. Instead, the ducts and pipes pass through a concrete wall that is suspended from
the beam as shown in Figure 3.6.4.
Beam
Suspended wall
Concrete
Blocks
Figure 3.6.4 Suspended wall for ducts and pipes in block wall
a. Steel pipe or steel sheeting b. Void sleeve c. Buried sleeve d. Wooden box
sleeve
A Cap
Cap Form boards of
≒20
100 min. minimum
100 min. 100 min. thickness 9 mm
Duct width +
100
Duct height +
Water stop Fixed with nails or Fixed with nails or screws in 100
screws in minimum minimum three locations
three locations
46
3. Initial construction phase
Horizontal
reinforcement
Total 4 – D13
Vertical reinforcement
Diagonal reinforcement
47
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
48
3. Initial construction phase
Figure 3.8.1 Foundations for low-weight machinery Figure 3.8.2 Foundations for low-weight machinery
(on exposed waterproof layer) (on rooftop with concrete cover)
Foundations installed on top of the waterproof layer should be constructed as part of the
rooftop slab to bring up the waterproof layer as shown in Figure 3.8.3.
iv. General considerations for outdoor foundations
1) Anchor bolts should be surrounded with sealant to prevent infiltration of rainwater that
can cause corrosion of bolts and eventually concrete damage (see Figure 3.8.2).
Anchor bolts should be either treated with hot dip zincing or made from stainless steel.
Figure 3.8.3 shows foundations for heavy machinery.
Machinery channel
Taper washer Machinery channel
Sealant
Anchor bolt Taper washer Liner
Liner
Sealant Anchor bolt
More than 60
material
Buffer
d = diameter of
steel reinforcement
50
3. Initial construction phase
v. Pipes and/or ducts with thermal insulation must be fitted with eddy plates or racking to
prevent direct contact between outdoor insulating materials and external wall sealant. If a
vent pipe is installed in the rooftop slab for unavoidable reasons, it should be designed as
shown in Figure 3.9.3.
Indoor Outdoor
Round
duct
Gradient 1/50
Insulation to
prevent moisture
condensation
Brick blocks
Min. 200
Max 1,000
51
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Sealant Cap
Backup material
Holding screw
Waterproof cover
Backup material copper wire 2.6 mm
Stop ring (#10 steel wire point
welded)
Sleeve (steel tube)
Chamfer strip
Asphalt waterproofing
Thermal insulation
Backup
Welded
Backup
Anchors x 3
Nail holes for securing formwork
Cross-section (Exposed
waterproofing)
Figure 3.9.3 Through hole in rooftop slab
Wastewater pipe
Figure 3.10.1 Underfloor buried pipes
53
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Support bracket
(concrete)
Support bracket
(metal)
Figure 3.10.2 Concrete jaw Figure 3.10.3 Concrete platform and bracket
ii. In areas considered susceptible to subsidence due to soft ground, suitable countermeasures
should be taken to protect buried pipes that lead from the building against the anticipated amount of
subsidence. These locations should be marked with a catch basin or other signage for the purpose of
future maintenance and inspection.
Figures 3.10.4 through 3.10.6 show the countermeasures that can be used.
54
3. Initial construction phase
Outdoors
Indoors Support material or concrete platform
Holding bracket
Flexible PVC pipe
Connector joint
Epoxy resin
Flexible PVC pipe
PVC
Epoxy resin
or steel pipe
Length of flexible
plastic pipe L
Connector joint
PVC joint (45° elbow)
2. Cross section
Outdoors
Indoors
Holding bracket
Epoxy resin
Vertical
subsidence
Subsidence
55
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Weld Sleeve
Mortar or
epoxy
resin
Indoors Welding Whip
Inspection cover
Min. 50
min.
Subsidence
Flexible rubber
joint (min. 150)
Diaphragm
Drain hole
Pipe support bracket Concrete plate to hold
catch basin
Overhead view (pipe take out from side of A-A’ cross section (catch basin placed on
catch basin) top of concrete plate)
Figure 3.10.5 Absorbing ground subsidence with flexible rubber joint (pressure pipe)
Mortar or concrete
Sand placed in bottom
of ditch
Concrete support
Pipe
Min. 10
Compact firmly
Ground at bottom of ditch
56
3. Initial construction phase
Use suitable pine logs or equivalent to fashion a raft to support the pipes as shown in
Figure 3.11.7.
Hume pipe
Pine log
57
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
58
3. Initial construction phase
59
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
60
4. Middle construction phase
61
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Machine
hatch
Waiting room
Storage Storage
Storage
Storage Toilets
Storage
Boiler room
Electrical
room
Generator
room
Temporary hook
62
4. Middle construction phase
64
4. Middle construction phase
Figure 4.2.1 Light fixture installed directly below Japanese style toilet bowl
Asphalt binding
Clearance = 50 tape
Light fixture installation depth
= 120 - 300
Light fixture
Figure 4.2.2 Light fixture and pipes installed directly below Western style toilet bowl
(4) Pipes, ducts and devices in the vicinity of small air conditioning units and fan coil units and
gradient of drain pipes
(5) Two-dimensional and three-dimensional layout of pipes and ducts relative to grease traps and
floor slabs
(6) Consideration for adopting fall ceilings
i Door heights and open and closed dimensions
ii Mandatory location of ceiling-mounted fire protection devices
iii Height of wall-mounted fittings
iv Configuration of air-diffusers in fall ceiling and air flow distribution
v Sprinkler water spray hazard
vi Operation of fire doors
vii. Furniture heights
(7) Where ceiling space is a return space for air conditioning (air conditioning return plenum
chamber), In case steel frame requires fire resistant in the ceiling space, confirm if fire resistant
material is to prevent exfoliation and scattering of pieces.
(8) Location of inspection hatch to ceiling
Pipe
height
Beam
Clearance
66
4. Middle construction phase
1. Suspended with U bolts and steel angle Weighted thread bolt without M
Metric thread bolt with M
Insert bracket
Weights and specifications for 1 and 2 materials
Type Size (mm) Length (W) and maximum load steel member
Contin 9 mm or M10 200 kg per bolt
uous 12 mm or M12 440 kg per bolt
thread 16 mm or M16 650 kg per bolt
U bolt or U band stud
25 x 25 x 3 10 kg at 1,000 mm (Fig.1) or 20 kg (Fig. 2)
Equal
AA 30 x 30 x 3 50 kg at 1,000 mm (Fig.1) or 100 kg (Fig. 2)
angle
Washer nut 40 x 40 x 5 150 kg at 1,000 mm (Fig.1) or 300 kg (Fig. 2)
steel
50 x 50 x 6 300 kg at 1,000 mm (Fig.1) or 600 kg (Fig. 2)
75 x 40 x 5 x 7 450 kg at 1,200 mm (Fig. 1) or 900 kg (Fig.
Channe 2)
l steel 100 x 50 x 5 x 840 kg at 1,200 mm (Fig. 1) or 1,680 kg (Fig.
2. Suspended with suspension bolts and steel angle 7.5 2)
Nut
Enlargement of A
Slab
Suspension bolt
Suspension bolt
3/8 ø U bolt
Angle
Double nut
Double nut
67
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
ii Vertical pipes
In cases such as Figure 4.3.2, own weight-supporting structures with U bolts cannot
withstand large loads, so the pipes are normally secured to other structures or more robust
supporting structures are used.
(2) Wall-mounted supports
Pipes, ducts and equipments can be supported with wall-mounted brackets in a number of
ways. Figures 4.3.2 to 4.3.4 show some of the more common approaches.
Beam
Channel steel
U bolt H steel
Beam
Elbow
Weld
Steel plate
Column (steel
pipe)
H steel Weld
Figure 4.3.2 Supporting a vertical section of a Figure 4.3.3 Supporting a bend in a vertical pipe
vertical pipe
68
4. Middle construction phase
Expansion joint
Insulation Insulation
Pipe Pipe
Expansion
U bolt welds U bolt welds
Figure 4.3.6 Fixing points (for U bolts) Figure 4.3.7 Main and intermediate fixing points
(for U bolts)
69
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Vibration insulation
If gradient
Vibration insulation
Welded
Steel plate
Welded Rubber
damper
(a) Overhead view (b) Side view
Anchor bolt
Pipe
Anchor bolt
U bolt
Thermal insulation
71
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
mm
Copper Pipe diameter up to 20 Maximum spacing =
mm 1,000 mm
Pipe diameter = 25 – Maximum spacing =
40 mm 1,500mm
Pipe diameter = 50 Maximum spacing =
mm 2,000mm
Pipe diameter = 65 – Maximum spacing =
100 mm 2,500mm
Pipe diameter = 125 Maximum spacing =
mm+ 3,000mm
Rigid PVC Pipe diameter up to 16 Maximum spacing =
mm 750 mm
Pipe diameter = 25 – Maximum spacing =
40 mm 1,000mm
Pipe diameter = 50 Maximum spacing =
mm 1,200mm
Pipe diameter = 65 – Maximum spacing =
100 mm 1,500mm
Pipe diameter = 150 Maximum spacing =
mm+ 2,000mm
72
4. Middle construction phase
(2) Spacing between support structures for pipes buried beneath earth concrete or floor slab (see
Table 4.3.3)
N/A
Pipe
Figure 4.3.13
73
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
(3) Spacing between suspension brackets and support brackets for rectangular ducts (Table 4.3.4)
(4) Spacing between suspension brackets and support brackets for spiral ducts (Table 4.3.5)
4.3.7 Gradient
Pipes that require a gradient include hot water pipes, wastewater pipes, steam pipes, steam
condensation water return pipes, heating and cooling pipes, and cooling water pipes and refrigerant
74
4. Middle construction phase
pipes.
The gradient serves two purposes.
(1) It allows the contents of the pipe to be carried by gravity (as in wastewater pipes).
(2) It directs air trapped in the pipes to designated collection points (as in hot water pipes).
Insufficient gradient can cause pipes to become blocked and cause flooding from connected
appliances, particularly in wastewater pipes. In pipes where air bubbles tend to accumulate (such
as hot water pipes), poor gradient can cause trapped air to discharge from equipment and
appliances, affecting performance levels, causing noise and corrosion. Thus it is most important
to ensure that the required gradient is achieved. Table 4.3.6 lists gradients for different types of
pipes. Right angled expansion loops (torii-haikan) (both upward and downward) should be
avoided.
Poly block
Embedded Nailed to Poly block
depth formwork
Insulation
Hanger
Hanger
(a) Steel insert (b) Cast iron insert (c) Steel insert (in ceiling with (d) Steel insert (in deck plate)
insulation)
Figure 4.3.14 Types of inserts
76
4. Middle construction phase
Concept
diagram
Sleeve
Tapered
bolt Cone
Wedge
As the nut is tightened, the tapered As the nut is tightened, the As the nut is tightened, the cone nut
Principle
portion of the bolt forces the sleeve tapered section of the bolt is is pulled upwards, forcing the
of
operation to expand into the concrete. pulled upwards, forcing the expanding section of the sleeve into
wedge into the concrete. the concrete.
Nut
Flat washer
Sleeve
Box joint
nut Min. 2L and min. 5d
Min. 20
Min. 2L and min. 10d (minimum dimensions 100)
Long nut (with
window) Continuous
thread bolt
ゆるみ止めナット
Fastening nut
For U deck slab, avoid grooves (insufficient expansion
force)
Figure 4.3.14
77
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Table 4.3.10 Allowable long-term pull-out load on male thread post-installed metal expansion bolts
(sleeve expansion anchor, wedge expansion anchor, cone nut anchor) kN (kgf)
Bolt diameter d
Concrete thickness (120 – 200 mm) Embedded depth L
(nominal)
kN (kgf)
M8 1.96 (200) 40
M10 2.45 (250) 45
M12 4.41 (450) 60
M16 5.98 (610) 70
M20 7.84 (800) 90
M24 7.84 (800) 100
1) Assumes concrete design standard strength Fc = 17.7 kN/cm2 (180 kgf/cm2).
2) Short-term pull-out load = 1.5 x long-term pull-out load.
3) Maximum bolt embedding depth = slab thickness – 20 mm.
Filler
Nut
Flat washer
embedding
100 130 160 180
depth L
mm
NB: To convert from kN to kgf, multiply by 1000/9.80665.
Figure 4.3.16 Installing chemical anchor bolts (outdoor use as per A-2011 and A-2012)
78
4. Middle construction phase
Inspection hatch
Through holes
in wall
(mm)
Length of a b c
longitudinal
side of duct
Up to 300 200 200 600
Over 300 400 300 600
C is for maintenance space
Figure 4.4.1 Standard shaft space
4.5 Pipes
(1) Freeze protection for pipes
Water turns to ice at 0° C under normal atmospheric pressure conditions, a phenomenon known
as freezing. In windy locations, water may freeze even at temperatures above 0° C. Freezing in
pipes and equipment affects performance and potentially causes damage if not resolved quickly.
This is because solid ice has around 9% greater volume than water. In sealed vessels that are not
designed for deformation, this can generate expansion pressure of several hundred kg per cm2.
Freeze protection for pipes and equipment is required in nearly all regions of Japan other than
79
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Okinawa, particularly in the colder northern regions of Hokkaido and Tohoku and in high altitude
regions.
It is important to investigate freeze protection strategies used by other buildings in the area, and
to seek the advice of the local water bureau. There are many different approaches to freeze
protection. General considerations are listed below (see also Figure 4.5.1).
i Electric heaters or equivalent should be installed in sections where water is stored to ensure that
the water is kept above freezing point at all times.
ii Water is less likely to freeze when it is flowing (even at 0° C), so ensure that water is
continuously moving.
iii Outdoor buried pipes should be buried below the frost depth (see Table 4.5.1).
iv Pipes should not be exposed in the outdoor environment or installed in similarly cold
environments such as inside the ceiling of the eaves, inside the ceiling of a wind shelter or in
car parking.
v Keep pipes straight and avoid undulations in order to encourage good drainage flow.
vi Never set pipes embedded in external walls. When it is unavoidable situation, Pipes mounted
on external walls must be enclosed within a second wall.
vii Thermal insulation on pipes should be designed to prevent infiltration of water and internal
condensation.
viii Locate storm water and wastewater pipes normally through the building interior and provide
condensation proof. Outside the building, these pipes should be buried below the frost depth.
ix In locations considered more susceptible to freezing, pipes should be provided with thicker
insulation or encased in pipe heaters. This is particularly important for small air pipes and
small wastewater pipes outside the building.
x If operation is to be suspended for an extended period, the entire pipe system should be drained
of water.
xi Use anti-freeze (but not in drinking water supplies).
80
Roof drains
• Heating element for freeze protection around roof drains condensation proof
• Immersion heaters
tanks Outside air handling unit
•Elevated
Should water
normally be fully enclosed • Consider replacing OA handling unit with unit with heat
• Insulation on external walls and roof exchanger
• Utilize warmth of tank room • Freeze protection for coils
• Install heater or continuous flow device in water tank • Utilize warmth of machinr room
• Outdoor tanks should be provided with freeze protection and reinforcement against accumulated Cooling tower
Pipe shafts
snow load
• Avoid mounting pipe shafts on external walls • Must be provided with freeze protection if used during winter
• Access hatch from outside should of airtight and thermally insulated • Foundations should be high enough to avoid snow buildup
Water fauset Air intake and exhaust louver
• Should not be exposed to direct oncoming wind in winter
• Use screw-down or suspended • Provided with wind shields and hoods
• Fitted with dampers or equivalent that can be closed when not in use
Water meters
• Maximum air speed = 2 m/s
• Require thermal insulation, including valves • Pipes should not be directly exposed to outside air
Square-arch pipe configurations Hot water pipes
• Install automatic air intake valves • Pipe shafts must not be mounted on external walls
Drain cocks • Freeze protection provided across entire pipe system
• Install drain valves Air diffuser and radiation
• Use remote-controlled drain cocks • Should be installed either below or above openings subject to
• Pipes beyond the drain cock should have an upward gradient significant heat loss in order to prevent cold draughts
Water receiving tank room Expansion tank
81
• Should normally be fully enclosed • Should be sealed expansion tank type; must not be installed
• Insulation on roof outdoors under any circumstances
• Utilize warmth of tank room Oil supply port
Mains water supply pipes (outdoor buried pipes) • Should be installed in a location where snow can be removed
• Pipes should be located below frost depth readily; self-standing or wall-mounted
Water meter Air conditioning equipment
• Freeze protection is required for pipes and coils
• Bury below frost depth, double-layer covers
• Machine room should have floor waterproofing and drainage as
Lawn fausets Wind shelters Eaves well as high door sills (to prevent secondary damage from frozen
• Install in conjunction with drain cocks • Seal against cold winds • Avoid mounting pipes in eaves where water leaks)
• Incorporate wind direction into design possible; otherwise, ceiling to be with Air supply to boiler
Vertical pipes — water supply • External air should not be supplied directly to boiler
External walls thermal insulation and sealing
• Install drain valves to prevent stagnation of water over extended • Install lining blocks;, do not mount water Construction • Boiler operation is linked to room ventilation fans
periods of non-use such as New Year holidays pipes on external walls • Fitted with dampers or equivalent that can be closed when not in use
• Mount pipes inside thermal insulation
Vertical pipes — storm water Shutters Boiler
• Ensure shutter boxes are airtight;, ensure
• Horizontal pipes buried beneath vertical pipes to be • Should have capacity to enable thermal storage.
ceiling is sealed against cold winds
Mains water, wastewater and plumbing systems Architectural construction Heating, cooling and ventilation systems
4. Middle construction phase
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
4.6 Ducts
Air conditioning ducts and ventilation ducts should exhibit minimal deformation at normal
internal air pressure, as well as minimal air resistance and leakage, and should be designed to carry
air flow with minimal noise. Ducts are commonly made from zinc galvanized steel sheeting, glass
wool or concrete (although concrete ducts made from ALC and blocks are often subject to leakage
problems). Other duct materials include stainless steel, aluminum, PVC, and PVC coated steel.
Ducts may be rectangular or round in shape, and may operate at high pressure or low pressure.
Rectangular ducts should have an aspect ratio (the ratio of the short side length to long side length)
of no greater than 1:4, irrespective of the effective cross-sectional area. This is particularly
important in confined ceiling spaces. If the aspect ratio is too large the air flow may be restricted,
and noise and vibration can become a problem.
(1) Rectangular ducts
i Steel sheet thickness (see Table 4.6.1)
0.5 ~450
0.6 451~750
0.8 751~1,500 ~450 ~450
1.0 1,500~2,200 451~1,200 451~1,200
1.2 2,201~ 1,201~ 1,201~
Table 4.6.2 Specifications for flanges, rivets and joining bolts including spacing gaps
Duct length (long Joining flange Flange join rivets Bolts
Key points
• Use flange section steel to weld all four corners to external surfaces, then assemble and make holes so
that the flange joins are smooth.
• Electric spot welding may be used instead of rivets.
• Brackets denote values applicable to high pressure 1 ducts, high pressure 2 ducts and equipment
common specifications.
82
4. Middle construction phase
2,201~ 40405 [3] 925 40405 [3] At least two 4.5 100
• Brackets denote together with tie rod (not shown in Equipment Common Specifications)
83
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
2,201~ 40405 [3] 925 40405 [3] At least two 4.5 100
• Brackets denote together with tie rod (not shown in Equipment Common Specifications).
Vertical reinforcement
Horizontal reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement on duct by angle steel Vertical reinforcement on duct by angle steel (attached on the outside)
Table 4.6.6 Zinc galvanized steel sheet thickness Table 4.6.7 Stainless steel sheet thickness
High pressure 1 duct
High pressure 1 duct and
Displayed Low pressure duct Displayed Low pressure duct and high pressure 2
high pressure 2 duct
thickness nominal dimensions thickness nominal dimensions duct nominal
nominal dimensions
dimensions
0.5 (mm) Up to 450 Up to 200 0.5 (mm) Up to 560 Up to 250
Over 450 and up to Over 560 and up to
0.6 Over 200 and up to 560 0.6 Over 250 and up to 560
710 800
Over 710 and up to Over 800 and up to
0.8 Over 560 and up to 800 0.8 Over 560 and up to 800
1,000 1,000
Over 1,000 and up to Over 800 and up to
1.0 Over 800 and up to 1,000 1.0 Over 1,000
1,250 1,000
1.2 Over 1,000 1.2 Over 1,000
(Official Standard Specifications machinery and SHASE; with
(SHASE)
SHASE, however, low pressure ducts 1.0 are over 1,000)
84
4. Middle construction phase
Table 4.6.8 Duct seam joint pitch (mm) Table 4.6.9 Duct types (Pa)
Seam joint Duct Normal pressure
Internal diameter of duct
pitch classification Positive pressure Negative pressure
Up to 100 Up to 125 Low Over +500, up to Up to –500
pressure +1,000
Over 100 and up to 1,250 Up to 150 duct
High Over +500, up to Over –500, up to –1,000
(Fold width is min. 4.0 mm in Official pressure 1 +1,000
Standard Specifications machinery duct
and 4.8 mm in SHASE) High Over +1,000, up to Over –1,000, up to –2,500
pressure 2 +2,500
duct
85
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Screw
Insertion joint
10-15 approx.
Overview A detail
Gasket Gasket
Flange
Rivet Loose flange
Steel screw
Sealant
Sealant Flange color
iii Dimensions
Insert length of insertion joint (see Tables 4.6.10 and 4.6.11)
86
4. Middle construction phase
Blade stopper
Bearings
Blade
Worm gear
box Double-sided
Opening
handle
Casing t = 1.6
Air flow
Angle
87
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Exhaust duct
Suspension bolts
Duct access hatch
Downspout
Screw holes
Exhaust duct
Effective
Screw
Non-flammable
Plan view gasket
Exhaust duct
B detail
88
4. Middle construction phase
4.7 Pits
The double floor space in the building structure created by ground beams provides valuable
space for M&E work. The building structure itself can be used to house sewage and wastewater as
shown in Figures 4.7.1 and 4.7.2.
Sump water Sanitary swage Waste water Sump water Sump water Sump water
89
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Timer Cable
Power Air vent pipe Vent pipe
Inspection ladder
90
4. Middle construction phase
faucet
Stone t = (30)
Ceramic tiles
Min. 20
drainage trench
Drain pipe
91
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
92
5. Final construction phase
93
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Table 5.1.1
Standard Specification for Air-Conditioning and Plumbing Works (SHASE) (mm)
Type of pipe Nominal diameter 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300
Conditions/insulation material
Standard environment Rock wool sheath 20 25 40
(internal temperature = 15° Glass wool sheath 20 25 40 50
C, ambient temperature = 20 25
30° C, relative humidity = Polystyrene foam No.
85%) 3 sheath
Drinking water
Wastewater Humid environment Rock wool sheath 20 30 40
(internal temperature = 15° Glass wool sheath 20 30 40 50
C, ambient temperature = 20 30 40
30° C, relative humidity = Polystyrene foam No.
90%) 3 sheath
Standard environment Rock wool sheath 20 25 40
(internal temperature = 20 25 40 50
100° C, ambient Glass wool sheath
temperature = 20° C)
Hot environment Rock wool sheath 20 25 40
Hot water
(internal temperature = 20 25 40 50
Heated water
150° C, ambient Glass wool sheath
Steam
temperature = 20° C)
Hot environment Rock wool sheath 20 30 40
(internal temperature = 20 30 40 50
180° C, ambient Glass wool sheath
temperature = 20° C)
Standard environment Rock wool sheath 25 30 40
(internal temperature = 5° Glass wool sheath 25 30 40 50
C, ambient temperature = 25 30 40
30° C, relative humidity = Polystyrene foam No.
85%) 3 sheath
Standard environment Rock wool sheath 25 30 40
(internal temperature = 7° Glass wool sheath 25 30 40 50
C, ambient temperature = 25 30 40
30° C, relative humidity = Polystyrene foam No.
Chilled water 3 sheath
85%)
Chilled/Hot
Humid environment Rock wool sheath 40 50 65
water
(internal temperature = 5° Glass wool sheath 40 50 65
C, ambient temperature = 40 50 65
30° C, relative humidity = Polystyrene foam No.
3 sheath
90%)
Humid environment Rock wool sheath 40 50 65
(internal temperature = 7° Glass wool sheath 40 50 65
C, ambient temperature = 40 50 65
30° C, relative humidity = Polystyrene foam No.
3 sheath
90%)
Cement mortar
Plaster Cotton
External finish
(2) Painting
Painting is divided into finish painting of equipment and fittings (which is performed by the
manufacturer at the point of production and completed prior to delivery) and painting of pipes,
ducts, supports and fixed brackets (which is performed on site after installation).
i. Painting at the point of production
95
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
When equipment is painted at the factory, generally the manufacturer has its own
specifications. Color samples are supplied at the time of ordering for approval by the
architect/engineer.
In outdoor installations and other situations involving exposure to the elements, a more
durable paint coating may be required, particularly in coastal regions (due to the potential
for salt damage) and in hot spring regions.
ii. Painting on site
The specifications give detailed instructions about the type of paint and the number of
applications based on where is to be painted. Painting shall be performed after confirming
above specifications
As mentioned above, the specifications should also be consulted for painting of outdoor
pipes and ducts.
Safety is a key consideration when painting on site, particularly the proximity of flame
and adequacy of ventilation. It is also important to have an orderly and organized
working environment for painting work. Painting is prohibited if the ambient temperature
falls to 5° C or less, during rain or strong winds (due to dust and particles carried in the
air), and on very hot days when the surface to be painted is too hot. Similar care should
be taken with storage of paints and solvents.
Where a pipe or duct passes through a fireproof zone, the gap around the pipe or duct must be
completely backfilled with nonflammable material to ensure fireproof performance equivalent to or
better material than the fire separation wall.
Pipes and ducts are sometimes made from plastics such as rigid PVC. These must be replaced
with nonflammable material up to one meter on either side of sections passing through a fire
separation wall, as stipulated in the Building Standards Law Enforcement Ordinance and other
relevant regulations.
Table 5.2.1 shows exemption standards for certain types of pipes and pipe diameter.
Where pipes and ducts pass through a steel frame sleeve, care must be taken to avoid damage to
the fireproof sheathing.
Table 5.2.1 Exemptions to nonflammable pipe material requirements where passing through a fire
separation wall
(Ministry of Construction Notification No. 1422, May 31 2000)
Pipe or Sheathing Material Min. Outer diameter of pipe/conduit
conduit (Y/N) thickness
type Structural classification of floor, wall, column or
beam
Fireproof 30 min. fire 1 hour fire 2 hour fire
resistant resistant resistant
Water Fire 5.5 mm 90mm 90mm 90mm 90mm
supply pipe retarding (75 VP) (75VP) (75VP) (75VP) (75VP)
material or 6.6 mm 115mm 115mm 115mm 90mm
rigid PVC (VP) (100VP) (100VP) (100VP)
Electrical Fire 5.5 mm 90mm 90mm 90mm 90mm
conduits retarding (82 VP) (82VE) (82VE) (82VE) (82VE)
material or
rigid PVC
Wastewater No Fire 4.1 mm 61mm 61mm 61mm 61mm
pipes and sheathing retarding (50 VP) (50VP) (50VP) (50VP) (50VP)
associated material or 5.5 mm 90mm 90mm 90mm 61mm
vent pipes rigid PVC (75 VP) (75VP) (75VP) (75VP)
6.6 mm 115mm 115mm 90mm 61mm
(100 VP) (100VP) (100VP)
Steel Fire 5.5 mm 90mm 90mm 90mm 90mm
sheet of retarding (75 VP) (75VP) (75VP) (75VP) (75VP)
minimum material or 6.6 mm 115mm 115mm 115mm 90mm
thickness rigid PVC (100 VP) (100VP) (100VP) (100VP)
0.5 mm
7.0 mm 141mm 141mm 115mm 90mm
(125 VP) (125VP) (125VP)
Notes
1. The structural classification “30 min. fire resistant” denotes the ability to resist the heat of an ordinary
fire for a period of 30 minutes. Similarly, “1 hour fire resistant” denotes the ability to resist heat for one
hour and “2 hour fire resistant” for two hours.
2. Where pipes or conduits pass through the eaves, floor, wing wall or equivalent structures as per in the
proviso to Article 112, Paragraph 10 of the Building Standards Law Enforcement Ordinance, a 30 minute
fire resistant structure is assumed.
3. Reserve pipes or ducts that do not yet contain electrical conduits must be sealed at the ends.
97
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
98
5. Final construction phase
Ceiling
Ceiling access
hatch
450 x 450
Figure 5.3.1 Location of access hatches
Reinforcing
Reinforcing
M bar
C channel
Reinforcing
C channel
Opening
Reinforcing
M bar M bar
C channel
(a) M bar cut (b) C channel cut
99
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
6.1 Preparations
(1) Posture
Inspections include pre-inspections, in-house inspections and inspections by authorities, as
shown in Figure 6.2.1. Inspections by authorities are designed to ensure that the completed
building conforms with the relevant legislation, particularly with respect to safety and
workmanship. The evaluation of the entire project depends on the building being passed by the
authorities based on their overall assessment, so it is particularly important to comply fully.
Inspection applications are submitted in the client’s name, so it is important to check the
execution thoroughly beforehand to ensure that the building is passed successfully without any
repairs or modifications being ordered.
Inspections can have a major impact on the overall progress of building construction, not just
on the area subject to inspection, so it is important to achieve good coordination between the
project manager and the on-site M&E managers, as well as the client and the architect/engineer.
(2) Preparations
Things to prepare prior to and on the day of the inspection are listed below.
i. Prior meeting with authorities of inspection schedule and methodology
ii. Inspection start time and list of officials and representatives in attendance
iii. Prior meeting with client, architect/engineer, subcontractor and manufacturers
iv. Inspection schedule (strict adherence to inspection times)
v. Preparation of application documents, minutes of meetings, drawings and specifications,
shop drawings, equipment shop drawings, relevant code books, test circuit diagrams
vi. Approved shop drawings, equipment performance test results, on-site testing data
vii. Construction photographs
viii. Copies of all documents submitted to regulatory authorities, permit and approval
certificates
ix. Power, water, sewerage, and lighting as required for the purpose of inspection
x. Supplies for inspection
xi. Staff assignment
xii. Ensuring equipment and machinery is readied for operation
xiii. Tools, gloves, helmets and other necessary items
xiv. Clearing routes and passages through the site as required for the purpose of conducting
inspections, clearing away and cleaning up equipment and facilities, ensuring a safe
environment
100
6. Inspection, test and commissioning
Pre-inspections are conducted prior to the formal inspections performed by the client,
architect/engineer and regulatory authorities, in exactly the same way and using the same
inspection scope and procedure.
The aim of the pre-inspection is to identify any defects requiring rectification, or unfinished
work requiring completion, in order to ensure that no problems will be encountered during the
subsequent formal inspection. The pre-inspection is thus extremely important, and attention to
detail is required.
The system of inspections at Kajima Corporation, which is based on the Basic Quality
Assurance System, sets out the objectives, work flow and division of roles and responsibilities in
the M&E Work Procedures Document. This document should be confirmed by the project
manager, the supervisor and the on-site M&E managers.
101
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Table 6.3.1 Key submission documents—deadlines and names of authorities and inspectors
Deadline for
Document submission of Name of authority Inspector
documents
Notification of completion of At completion Building district surveyor Building district surveyor
construction
Mains water (supply system) At completion Water supply office administrator Water supply office administrator
Dedicated water supply When used Prefectural governor or Minister Water supply office administrator
of Land, Infrastructure and
Transport
Rooftop water tanks At completion Building district surveyor Water supply office administrator
Site wastewater connected to At completion Sewerage office administrator Sewerage office administrator
sewerage system
Excrement treatment tank At completion Building district surveyor Public health center
Fire-protection equipment After installation Fire chief or head of fire Fire chief or head of fire
department department
Equipment that uses flame After installation Fire chief, head of fire department Fire chief, head of fire
or mayor department or mayor
Hazardous material storages During construction Prefectural governor or municipal Prefectural governor or municipal
mayor mayor
Boilers and pressure vessels At completion Director of supervisory bureau Director of supervisory bureau
Refrigeration equipment Prior to installation Bureau of Environmental Official responsible for
Protection (in Tokyo) refrigeration equipment
Note: In addition to the above there are also applications, notifications, requests for permission to use, and applications.
The list below shows the main check items for general construction and M&E work associated
with various inspections by authorities. This should be confirmed thoroughly with construction
managers.
102
6. Inspection, test and commissioning
103
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
1) Check operation, control and displays on fire-protection equipment associated with fire
alarm system, including fireproof shutters, fire doors, hanging smoke partition walls, exhaust
windows, SFD, exhaust ports and air inlets.
2) Check for obstruction of sprinkler heads, for instance, from louver ceiling or display
equipment.
3) Check for cosmetic appearance with the location of emergency exit lights.
4) Check windowless and windowed status.
5) Check structure, capacity, location and other details of fire water tanks.
6) Check evacuation routes.
7) Check operation, controls, displays etc. of emergency equipment in central control rooms
such as the emergency response center.
104
6. Inspection, test and commissioning
The operation of M&E equipment can be difficult to master, and there is a major risk of
accidents occurring post completion due to lack of experience with maintenance procedures or
incorrect operation. In order to minimize the dangers, prevent equipment damage and promote
good system administration practices, the client should be asked to assign maintenance officers at
the earliest opportunity and operating instructions should be provided from the test and
commissioning stage.
The list below shows the key check items for architectural and M&E work in the test and
commissioning phase.
(1) Schedule coordination with other related works
i. Completion of architectural finish, fittings such as sinks and site works
ii. Start using water supplies, sewerage and gas facilities
iii. Receiving power and energize load side
iv. Obtain fuel supplies necessary for test runs
v. Clearance certificates from authorities (inspection passed certificates)
vi. Select and notify qualified equipment and machinery operators (request to client)
vii. Cleaning of building, pipes, ducts and machinery interiors
The operation of M&E equipment can be difficult to master, and there is a major risk of
accidents occurring post completion due to lack of experience with maintenance procedures or
incorrect operation. In order to minimize the dangers, prevent equipment damage and promote
good system administration practices, the client should be asked to assign maintenance officers at
the earliest opportunity and operating instructions should be provided from the test and
commissioning stage.
105
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
106
Appendices
Appendices
107
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
Appendix 1 SI units
Appendix 1.1 Main SI units and conversion rates
kg (kilogram)
Mass
t, g
kgf 1 kgf = 1 kgw
Force N (Newton)
kgw = 9.80665 N
Weight (= kgm/s2)
dyn 1 dyn = 10-5 N
kgf/cm2 1 kgf/cm2 = 98.0665 kPa
Pa (Pascal) mAq 1 mAq = 9.80665 kPa
Pa (abs) = absolute pressure mmAq 1 mmAq = 9.80665 Pa
Pa (G) = gauge pressure mmH20 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa
Pressure atm (only for 1 atmosphere) mmHg or Torr 1 bar = 100 kPa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
Terms such as head, water head and lift are used to refer to height, all of which may be
expressed in m. For example, pump lift can be denoted as a certain number of meters.
NB: Reference
Temperature
K,°C
and temperature deg T[K] = 273.15+t [°C]
(°C may also be used)
difference
Heat and heat J (Joule) (= Ws = Nm)
kcal 1 kcal = 4.18605 kJ
value Ws, Wh
Heat flow rate W (Watt) (= J/s) 1 kcal/h = 1.16279 W
Refrigeration Rt, JRt 1 JRt = 3.860 kW
W (Watt)
capacity USRt 1 USRt = 3.516 kW
Thermal 1 kcal/(mh°C)
W/(mK) kcal/(mh°C)
conductivity = 1.16279 W/(mK)
Coefficient of
1 kcal/(m2h°C)
thermal W/(m2K) kcal/(m2h°C)
= 1.16279 W/ (m2K)
conductivity
Thermal 1 kcal/°C
J/k kcal/°C
capacity = 4.18605 kJ/K
1 kcal/(kg°C)
Specific heat J/(kgK) kcal/(kg°C)
= 4.18605 kJ/ (kgK)
Key points:
• Temperatures may be expressed as thermodynamic temperature (Kelvin, K) or Celsius (°C).
• The °C to K conversion formula is T = t + 273.15. Note that for temperature differences, t = T.
Celsius may also be used in place of Kelvin to express temperature intervals.
• Pressure units are classified as either absolute pressure (denoted by term “abs” appearing after the
reading) or gauge pressure (denoted by G).
E.g.: absolute pressure 5 MPa (abs), gauge pressure5 MPa (G).
• When expressed as height, the units mm, cm or km may be used; however these are not used to
denote pressure.
E.g.: X mmAq, mAq, mmH2O
Pump lift may also be expressed in meters.
108
Appendices
J kW h kgf m kcal
Work 1 2.7777810-7 1.0197210-1 2.3888910-4
Energy 3.600106 1 3.67098105 8.6000102
Heat 9.80665 2.7240710-6 1 2.3427010-2
value 4.18605103 1.1627910-3 4.26858102 1
NB: 1 J = 1 Ws, 1 cal = 4.18605 J (from the Measurement Law)
Appendix 1.4 Frequently used constants in plumbing system Appendix Table 1.5
Title Value
Specific heat of water (1 x 105 Pa, 20° C) C 4187 J/ (kgK)
Latent steam heat of water (0 Pa, 0° C) 2499 kJ/ kg
Specific heat of air at constant pressure (1 x
105 Pa, 20° C) Cp 1010 J/ (kgK)
Specific heat of air at constant volume (1 x
105 Pa, 20° C) CV 721 J/ (kgK)
109
23. Installation of Plumbing and HVAC Systems
110
Appendix 2 Pipe materials and joint map
—mechanical type
Hot/Chilled water
Steam (supply)
Steam (return)
Cooling water
Kitchen waste
Flange joints
Screw joints
Storm water
Fire-protection
Wastewater
Pressurized
Main water
Weld joints
Refrigerant
Hot water
Vent pipe
drains
pipes
type
Oil
Stee Carbon steel pipe (white) JIS G 3452 *1 *2
l
Carbon steel pipe (black) JIS G 3452
pipe
Pressurized carbon steel pipe (white) JIS G 3454
Pressurized carbon steel pipe (black) JIS G 3454
Galvanized steel water pipe JIS G 3442 *1 *2
Steel water pipe with rigid PVC lining JWWA K 116
Steel water pipe lined with internal and external
JWWA K 116
rigid PVC lining
Steel water pipe with thermal resistant rigid PVC
E.g. MD joints; not used for pressurized pipes. If used, supports and
Pressurized pipe recommended to allow margin for corrosion
Appendices
Remarks column.
Standard Detail C-1011, 1021
temperature (refer to Guide)
(1) Mark the selected pipe and joint materials with a circle
specifications
provided.
Guide)
*2
Compression joints
Loose flange joints
Hot/Chilled water
Pressurized pipes
Sanitary sewage
Snap-ring joints
Soldering joints
Industrial water
Adhesive joints
Steam (supply)
Fire-protection
Steam (return)
Packing joints
Kitchen waste
Press-fit joint
Flange joints
Screw joints
Mains water
Storm water
Insert joints
Wastewater
Weld joints
Refrigerant
Hot water
Vent pipe
Cooling
drains
Oil
S General-purpose stainless steel pipe JIS G 3448 Poor
U Stainless steel water pipe JWWA G 115
resistance to
Few pipe types chlorinated
specifications
Rigid vinyl chloride pipe JIS K 6741
Rigid vinyl chloride water pipe * Maximum pressure for
all plastic pipes is 0.3
JIS K 6742
MPa; note temperature
Plastic pipe
conditions
Rigid impact-resistant vinyl chloride water pipe JIS K 6742
Rigid high-performance impact-resistant vinyl
JIS K 6742
chloride water pipe
Rigid heat-resistant vinyl chloride pipe JIS K 6776
Fiber reinforced mortar vinyl laminated pipe (JIS K 6741)
Cross-linked polyethylene pipe JIS K 6769 *3
Cross-linked polyethylene metal reinforced pipe Manufacturer’s
specifications
Polybutene pipe JIS K 6778
Polyethylene water pipe JIS K 6762
product name
joint
2. From the pipe type group, select the joint type.
permitted, a square.
(2) Triangle and square types are subject to further investigation, so
E.g. MIEGRIP
E.g. MR joint
3. Attach the marking map to FUS (Follow Up Sheet) and present
oxygen
flammable materials
flammable materials
Object with 11 floor levels
windowless floors
(excluding underground
Underground and
Underground and
Appendix Table 1 of the
floors inclusive
From 4th to 10th
Designated
Designated
Enforcement Ordinance of the
and above
General
General
levels)
Fire Services Law
Theaters, cinemas, Stage Underground Floor Floor All At least Total area 500 m2 + Area 100
At least 750 times the quantity listed in No. 4 of Hazardous Materials Table (except for flammable liquids)
3 1000 1500 flammable
Eating and drinking
b liquids)
establishments
Department stores, 3000 1000 1000 700
markets, other retail (1400)
4 [2100]
outlets and exhibition
facilities
Inns, hotels and 1000 1500
a
accommodation facilities
Board and dormitory 11th
5
facilities, residential floor
b
apartment buildings and
above
Hospitals, clinics and Hospitals All Designated
a 3000
maternity clinics facilities
Elderly welfare Designated
facilities, private elderly facilities
persons homes, elderly
persons facilities,
reformatories,
rehabilitation facilities, 700
child welfare facilities, (1000)
b facilities for disabled 1000 [1000]
6 persons, facilities for 1000 1500
intellectually
handicapped persons,
social rehabilitation
facilities for
intellectually
handicapped persons
Kindergartens, schools 6000
700
for the blind, schools for
c (1400)
the deaf, protective
[2100]
schools
Elementary schools, 11th
junior high schools, high floor
schools, vocational and
7
schools, universities, above
other schools and
equivalent institutions
Libraries, museums, art
8 galleries and equivalent
institutions
Steam baths, hot-air 6000 1000 1500 All
a baths and equivalent
9
facilities
Public baths other than 11th
b
113
23. Installation of Air Conditioning and Sanitation Systems
in (1) through (15), installed in accordance with the standards corresponding to the relevant usage.
9) In (16) a, *1000 refers to floors provided for uses stated in (2) and (4).
115
23. Installation of Air Conditioning and Sanitation Systems
Carbon dioxide
floors at 3rd floor and above
“Small quantities
Water spray
windowless floors and
28-2
Sprinklers
materials” etc.
of hazardous
Powder
Underground and
Halide
Foam
Location
Low quantity of hazardous material below designated quantity or designated flammable material of quantity greater than that specified in Hazardous Materials Table No. 4
At least 20% of designated quantity
of underground m2 +, and minimum
floors = 700 m2 combined floor area b
+ (1) through on ground floor and Total area
(15), (16-2) and first floor levels is 150 m2 + Rooftop landing pads for helicopters and vertical
(17) 15,000 m2 (for a (2) takeoff and landing type aircraft
fire-resistant
buildings), 10,000 m2 All
b
(quasi fire resistant
buildings) or 5,000 Areas provided for use Rooftop: 600 m2 and larger
m2 (other buildings), a (3) as roadways (as
excluding buildings stipulated by local
listed in the following 150 government decree)
b Other: 400 m2
items and
underground
shopping precincts (4)
150
2. Buildings higher Areas provided for the Underground floors,
than 31 meters with a (5) purpose of vehicle aboveground floors other
total floor area of at repair and than ground floor : 200 m2
least 25,000 m2 150 b maintenance
(excluding
underground floors) Ground floor: 500 m2
3. Where there are a (6)
two or more
structures on the b
same site portions of 150
which have Area Underground floors, aboveground
horizontal separation c provided for floors other than ground floor : 200 m2
from the center lines the purpose
between the exterior (7) of vehicle
300 parking
walls of adjacent Ground floor: 500 m2
Fire protection objects as per Appendix Table 1
116
Appendices
(°C)
Full pressure 101.325 kPa, temperature
Relative enthalpy h
Wet-bulb
(kJ/kg(DA))
Humid air h – x curve
temperature
-10 ~ +50° C
(°C)
Enthalpy-humidity
difference ratio
Sensible heat
u = dh/dx (kJ/kg) factor
Water
Ice
117
23. Installation of Air Conditioning and Sanitation Systems
Frost depth is normally determined on the basis of thermal conduction, using Stefan’s and
Neumann’s formulas for the ice layer depth of stagnant water. Assuming that the ground is
relatively uniform, the frost depth can be determined from a simplified version of the Neumann
formula as follows.
where
Z = frost depth (cm)
F = freezing index (°C・days)
K = average of thermal conductivity when frozen and when not frozen
(cal/cm・sec ・°C)
L = latent heat of fusion ( 0.80 W・d , cal/cm3)
W = water content (%)
d = drying density (g/cm3)
λ = correction coefficient
μ = fusion parameter (=Q・F/L・t)
t = freezing period (days)
C = specific heat (= 0.17 + 0.0075 W, cal/cm3・°C)
τ = heat factor
The correction coefficient λ can be obtained from fusion parameter μ and heat factor τ in
Appendix Figure 5.1 and heat factor τ from Appendix Figure 5.2.
Fusion parameter µ
Correction coefficient λ
Appendix Figure 5.1 Correction coefficient λ and fusion parameter µ versus sensible heat factor τ
118
Appendices
Heat factor τ
119
23. Installation of Air Conditioning and Sanitation Systems
120
Appendices
Appendix Table 5.1 Maximum freezing indices in Japan (1968 – 1978) (continued)
Geographic name Freezing Altitude Geographic name Freezin Altitude Geographic name Freezin Altitude Geographic name Freezing Altitude
index (m) g (m) g (m) index (m)
inde ind
x ex
Iitate 230 690 Iriyamabe 400 1,253 Shirakawa 210 496 Izumi 230 430
Tsushima 150 - Togura 170 383 Furukawa 270 493 Imajo 50 160
Kawauchi 80 - Kawakami 450 1,180 Kawai 190 450 Nishitani 160 530
Miwa 70 - Kitamaki 270 880 Tochio 270 806 Minamirokushi 190 400
Tochigi Mochizuki 220 705 Hirayu 740 1,240 Otani 240 485
Nikko 480 1,292 Iwamurada 230 722 Itadori 260 330 Kotando 230 620
Nikko Hanaishi 170 630 Oiwake 320 999 Shiratori 150 372 Okochi 150 420
Gunma Wada 230 805 Nojiri 170 538 Kyoto
Kusatsu 480 1,210 Bessho 170 540 Maze 150 600 Hieizan 240 832
Katashina 310 813 Nakajo 150 435 Takane 340 976 Osaka
Akagi 730 1,340 Nojiri 300 659 Natsumaya 480 838 Tennnou 110 489
Tashiro 570 1,230 Hokujo 310 700 Niigata Hyogo
Kozu 330 1,060 Yumata 600 1,560 Niigata 20 2 Rokkosan 180 865
Shima 180 650 Shinanozaka 530 1,040 Nagaoka 60 - Nara
Ikaho 140 630 Taishoike 870 1,520 Takada 20 13 Kojindake 300 1,250
Mihara 350 810 Ikeda 190 595 Aikawa 10 34 Dorogawa 110 820
Sudagai 190 720 Aida 180 630 Murakami 30 9 Wakayama
Saitama Soga 220 772 Shimozeki 80 36 Ryujin 10 403
Nakatsugawa 180 865 Tatenoumi 430 1,250 Nakajo 60 17 Koyasan 210 820
Mitsumine 220 1,101 Tamagawa 280 905 Sugatani 70 40 Okayama
Kanagawa Fujimi 300 952 Niitsu 60 6 Kayo 20 280
Sengokuhara 130 665 Kawagishi 260 765 Maki 30 2 Yagami 70 360
Nagano Tatsuno 210 719 Tsugawa 150 60 Chiya 120 450
Nagano 220 418 Kiso 410 980 Morimachi 90 72 Osa 40 345
Matsumoto 190 610 Okuwa 190 525 Irihirose 160 230 Kaminagata 150 440
Suwa 240 760 Inasato 230 870 Kawaguchi 150 127 Hiroshima
Karuizawa 410 999 Akaho 180 677 Muikamachi 160 180 Yoshiwa 210 585
Takato 220 770 Odaira 410 1,140 Tsunan 430 452 Yahata 310 775
Ueda 130 459 Seinaji 220 770 Kashiwazaki 30 7 Oasa 160 385
Nozawa-Onsen 210 571 Hiraya 390 920 Matsunoyama 210 345 Chiyoda 80 272
Iiyama 340 313 Maruko 170 532 Yasuzuka 130 135 Tsutsuga 110 290
Hakuba 330 700 Mitake 280 870 Sekiyama 160 335 Midori 70 360
Omachi 350 789 Makisato 160 530 Itoigawa 50 70 Funo 70 220
Shinshushinmachi
220 437 Kinasa 270 720 Nakaoki 60 7 Takano 180 550
Hotaka 210 540 Sakai 280 644 Iwasawa 60 25 Ozuka 110 500
Azumi 220 750 Nakabusagawa 310 851 Okutadami 430 783 Seranishi 150 380
Tateshina 280 720 Toyama 190 400 Asagai 530 939 Yahoko 190 535
Kisofukushima 200 750 Asage 270 794 Shirakuzure 860 1,499 Shimane
Yachiho 250 776 Ooka 260 818 Akakura 460 910 Mitsuino 250 729
Nagiso 140 560 Yokoya 280 - Sanegawa 110 240 Tonbara 160 420
Iijima 140 720 Shinonoi 160 356 Yuzawa 220 377 Nita 100 280
Oshika 150 730 Yamanashi Toyama Akana 170 444
Saku 240 687 Kobuchisawa 140 852 Toyama 30 7 Yokota 160 340
Shinanomachi 340 676 Kawaguchiko 190 860 Tottori
Togakushi 370 900 Masutomi 200 1,085 Kurobeko 820 1,459 Miyaichi 90 250
Sakakita 230 608 Kaiochiai 340 1,122 Fukumitsu 60 91 Kurosaka 80 220
Toubumachi 280 950 Fujitoyoshige 180 1,029 Nishiakao 160 340 Abire 230 530
Ina 210 760 Shikishima 70 779 Oyabe 50 15 Nichinan 70 290
Nobeyama 540 1,350 Nagasaka 110 704 Uozu 40 68 Fukuoka
Sugadaira 720 1,240 Kiyosato 460 1,380 Yatsuo 77 Sefuri-san 250 960
Nakano 240 370 Yamanaka 310 985 Ishikawa Oita
Shiga Kogen 780 1,480 Aichi Kanazawa 10 26 Handa 190 828
Minamiotari 250 467 Inahashi 150 505 Suzu 40 19 Nagasaki
Sasadaira 410 800 Gifu Torigoe 160 180 Unzendake 150 668
Kaida 500 1,090 Kuguno 300 708 Yanagida 60 100 Kumamoto
Tamataki 310 924 Takayama 250 560 Yamanaka 30 126 Aso-san 250 1,143
Tateshina 490 1,240 Hatahoko 450 946 Fukui Miyazaki
Komoro 240 746 Shokawa 420 786 Ikeda 110 220 Ebino 220 1,150
121
23. Installation of Air Conditioning and Sanitation Systems
Revised 2005
Editorial Team
Building Construction
Handbook 23
Installation of Plumbing and
HVAC Systems
First published 1966
Revised
1974
1990
March 2006
Published by
Kajima Corporation, Building
Construction Management
Division
122