ASSIGNMENT

In this Assignment you can find Pre-historic art,

Byzantine, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque periods
famous art with artist. And two famous artist
biography
Md. Ibrahim Khalil
ID No:1801511600286

ART
APPREACIATION
Pre-history-Baroque Art
Pre-History

In the history of art, prehistoric art is all art produced in

preliterate, prehistorical cultures beginning somewhere in very late
geological history, and generally continuing until that culture either
develops writing or other methods of record-keeping, or makes
significant contact with another culture that has, and that makes some
record of major historical events. At this point ancient art begins, for
the older literate cultures. The end-date for what is covered by the
term thus varies greatly between different parts of the world.

The earliest human artifacts showing evidence of workmanship with

an artistic purpose are the subject of some debate. It is clear that such
workmanship existed by 40,000 years ago in the Paleolithic era,
although it is quite possible that it began earlier. In September 2018,
scientists reported the discovery of the earliest known drawing
by Homo sapiens, which is estimated to be 73,000 years old, much
earlier than the 43,000 years old artifacts understood to be the earliest
known modern human drawings found previous.

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The origins of Art

Paleolithic Era
Human first made stone tools over 2 million years ago in
Africa. The paleolithic of pre-history includes all phases of
human activity prior to the development of writing and
founding of the first city. The final phase is called upper
paleolithic period (Ice age 40,000-10,000)BCE.

Lower and Middle Paleolithic

The earliest undisputed art originated with the Homo
Sapiens Aurignacian archaeological culture in the Upper Paleolithic.
However, there is some evidence that the preference for
the aesthetic emerged in the Middle Paleolithic, from 100,000 to
50,000 years ago. The symmetry of artifacts, evidence of attention to
the detail of tool shape, has led some investigators to conceive
of Acheulean hand axes and especially laurel points as having been
produced with a degree of artistic expression.
There are other claims of Middle Paleolithic sculpture, dubbed the
"Venus of Tan-Tan" (before 300 kya) and the "Venus of Berekhat
Ram" (250 kya). In 2002 in Blombos cave, situated in South Africa,
stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns,
dated to some 70,000 years ago. This suggested to some researchers
that early Homo sapiens were capable of abstraction and production
of abstract art or symbolic art.

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Upper Paleolithic

In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the oldest

known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000)
years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji
Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo.
One of the oldest undisputed works of figurative art were found in
the Schwäbische Alb, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The earliest of
these, the Venus figurine known as the Venus of Hohle Fels and
the Lion-man figurine, date to some 40,000 years ago.

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Further depictional art from the Upper Paleolithic period (broadly
40,000 to 10,000 years ago) includes cave painting (e.g., those
at Chauvet, Altamira, Pech Merle, Arcy-sur-Cure and Lascaux)
and portable art: Venus figurines like the Venus of Willendorf, as
well as animal carvings like the Swimming Reindeer, Wolverine
pendant of Les Eyzies, and several of the objects known as batons.

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The oldest petroglyphs are dated to approximately the
Mesolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary, about 10,000
to 12,000 years ago. The earliest undisputed African rock
art dates back about 10,000 years. The first naturalistic
paintings of humans found in Africa date back about 8,000
years apparently originating in the Nile River valley, spread as
far west as Mali about 10,000 years ago.
At a glance
ca, (28,000-20000 BCE) : Gravettian period, Art includes, The venus
of Williendrof, Chauvet cave, Pech merle France.
ca, (20,000-14,000 BCE) : Solutrean period. The first rock
engravings.
ca, (16,000-10,000 BCE) : Magdalenian period. Bison form, La
Madeline, Lascaux and Altamira cave.
ca, (8,000-5,500BCE) : The Mesolithic period.The first complex
cultures begin to form.
ca, (5,500-2,300BCE) : Neolithic age (Stone Age).complex
civilizations develop in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Writing develops
in the fourth millennium. Marked by monumental arrangements of
monolithic stone blocks.
Pre-History gallery
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Byzantine Period art

Introduction
Byzantine art refers to the body of Christian Greek artistic products
of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, as well as the nations and
states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire
itself emerged from the decline of Rome and lasted until the Fall of
Constantinople in 1453, the start date of the Byzantine period is rather
clearer in art history than in political history, if still imprecise.
Many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some
degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved
many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward.

Byzantine art originated and evolved from the Christianized Greek

culture of the Eastern Roman Empire; content from both Christianity
and classical Greek mythology were artistically expressed through
Hellenistic modes of style and iconography.

Period

Byzantine art and architecture is divided into four periods by

convention: the Early period, commencing with the Edict of
Milan (when Christian worship was legitimized) and the transfer of
the imperial seat to Constantinople, extends to AD 842, with the
conclusion of Iconoclasm; the Middle, or high period, begins with the
restoration of the icons in 843 and culminates in the Fall of
Constantinople to the Crusaders in 1204; the Late period includes the
eclectic osmosis between Western European and traditional Byzantine
elements in art and architecture, and ends with the Fall of
Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The term post-
Byzantine is then used for later years, whereas "Neo-Byzantine" is
used for art and architecture from the 19th century onwards, when the
dissolution of the Ottoman Empire prompted a renewed appreciation
of Byzantium by artists and historians alike.
Characteristics of byzantine Art

Byzantine art characteristics. Byzantine arts were mostly

concerned with religious expression. One of the most
profound Byzantine art characteristics was the translation of church
theology into artistic forms such as sculptures, mosaics and paintings.
Generally speaking, the main characteristics of Byzantine art include
a departure from classical art forms that were highly realistic
in nature. Byzantine artists were less concerned with mimicking
reality and more in tune with symbolism, religious symbolism in
particular.

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Style of Byzantine Art

The Byzantine style is a style of late antiquity that grew out

of classical Roman art. It's notable because of its more abstract and
symbolic approach, compared to Roman and Greek art. Although not
entirely an art style, some art historians believed that Byzantine art was fond of
inserting imperial propaganda into religious images.
At that time artist mostly use gold as a background. Gold is common to
mosaic backgrounds in all phases of Byzantine art. After the
iconoclasm it is extensively used for the creation of a unified golden
background, while known examples of such a background in early
Byzantine art are few and far between. Gold, due to its natural
properties symbolizes in Byzantine art and literature the eternal World
of God, the Divine Light and the Revelation. Thus, gold illuminates
the universe with the divine light and reveals at the same time the
reason common to all things, namely God. In this use of a uniformly
golden background the fundamental, Byzantine view of oneness is
placed on a formal, aesthetic, level.

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Byzantine mosaics
The Byzantine empire had inherited a strong tradition of making
mosaics. Byzantine mosaics had stylistic, culture and most importantly,
religious aspects in them. These played significant roles in Western arts.

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Famous Byzantine Arts

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Medieval Period Art (13th-14th Century)

Introduction
The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time
and place, over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at times the Middle
East and North Africa. It includes major art movements and periods,
national and regional art, genres, revivals, the artists' crafts, and the
artists themselves. In the early Christian church opinions were divided
about whether the human form should be portrayed in art.
Paintings, however were different. This arts were a most useful way
of telling bible stories, particularly to people who could neither read
or nor write. Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic heritage
of the Roman Empire and the iconographic traditions of the early
Christian church.

Characteristic of Medieval Art

Medieval paintings usually depict religious subjects or topics of war.

The practice of portrait painting did not begin until the end of the
medieval era. Human faces in paintings throughout the era were very
flat, unrealistic and looked alike. Human and animal body parts are
disproportionate and usually elongated.
In the Medieval paintings which have survived the themes are
virtually religious, and the purpose is clearly didactic. A high
proportion of these paintings are Italian, and the influence of
byzantine is strong nearly all of them.

A major art from Byzantine was the mosaic, and this strongly
influenced medieval painters in Italy.
Medieval art focus on religion and Christianity. It included
architectural details like stained glass art, large murals on walls and
domed ceilings, and carvings on buildings and columns. It also
included illuminated manuscript art and sculpture.
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Some of the byzantine mosaics which have survived clearly are
masterpieces and indicate the very high level of artistic achievement
of period.
The subjects were either religious or scenes from byzantine court life.
The treatment was formal.
Figures were two dimensional and the background was usually rich
gold. The people portrayed nearly always looked straight ahead< and
there was a little of expression. They had large rounded eyes, strong
bows and small chins. Garments were heavily draped, and the shape
of the body was not revealed. The 13th Century Italian painting
opposite shows strong Byzantine influence.
Yet there is some different from Byzantine Art. There is real emotion
in the softly smiling faces of the Madonna and the angels.
There is also symmetry both in composition and color, which is
characteristic of the art of the period. All the angels on the left side
have their counterpart on the right side of the Madonna. There is
similar symmetry in juxtaposition of the colors.
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The true beginning of western painting

A sudden and dramatic break with byzantine tradition took place in
14th century Italy.
Paintings are so realistic and the influence of new style was so far
reaching that many art historians regards it as the true beginning of
the Western painting.
Three important styles emerged. The first two were centered on
Florence and Sienna. The third was known as the international style.
Each of these styles has its own styles.
Characteristics, but they had some important feature in common.

How Artist paint at Medieval period

Artist painted either on wood or straight on to a wall, in a technique

known as FRESCO. The Pigment was laid on to damp plaster so that
when the plaster dried out the color was an integral part of the wall
and did not flake off…the colures appear soft, while those used on
panel paintings were much dipper and richer.
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Color using at Medieval period

The two most important colors were blue and Gold. Both of these
were very much expensive so, when an artist commissioned to do a
painting., his contract would state the amount of gold and he was to
use.
Blue pigment was obtained by grinding up lapis lazuli, a semi -
precious stone, which had to be imported from the east. The Gold was
the made of fine gold leaf and applied over a red-colored clay to give
it extra richness.
Famous Art and Artist of Medieval Period

Each of the famous sculptors, painters and artists of the Middle Ages
detailed above were founders of the movement towards greater
realism which culminated in the Renaissance art style. The
contributions of these famous Medieval artists are described below:

▪ Lorenzo Ghiberti was famous as a Medieval sculptor and

painter. He was a founder of the Renaissance, an intellectual
movement that started in the Italian city of Florence in the early
15th century
▪ Donatello was greatly occupied with statuary work. Statuary
was greatly admired by the Romans who created statues
commemorating famous people or events
▪ Giotto di Bondone was famous as an architect, sculptor, and
painter of the early Renaissance. He broke away from the
Byzantine art style and pioneered new ideals of naturalism and
created a sense of pictorial space
▪ Leon Battista Alberti developed architectural principals were
founded on the importance of painting as a base for architecture
▪ Cimabue was the last great painter who worked in the Byzantine
tradition but he was also a founder of the movement towards
greater realism which culminated in the Renaissance
▪ Filippo Brunelleschi was and Artist, Sculptor and Architect. He
developed a technique forming the basis of Renaissance
architecture and also developed the use of perspective, which
revolutionized painting in Medieval Times, allowing for
naturalistic styles as opposed to the stylized figures painted by
Medieval artists
▪ Fra Angelico was famous as a Florentine artist of the Middle
Ages who specialized in pietistic painting (religious art)

I already mention Cimabue, Martini with their popular paintings.

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The Renaissance (15th Century)

Introduction

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The Great intellectual and spiritual -or- rebirth-began in Italy.

Renaissance artist all looked to classical Rome for guidance and
inspiration. painters had a much more difficult task.
In the 15th century there were only a few fragments of mural paintings
which were known to have survived. Renaissance artist all looked to
classical Rome for guidance and inspiration. In the 15th century there
are only a few fragments of mural paintings which were known to
have survived.
Renaissance painters aimed to achieve the same degree of reality in
their own paintings .The artist of the 15th century had therefor to
relyon classical literature for their understanding of these paintings.

For Example, from a story told by the roman historian Pliny the Younger they
learnt about an artist who painted a bowl of fruit so realistically that a bird flew
down to the painting and tried to eat the fruit.
The Renaissance in Italy

A major breakthrough was the discovery of the mathematical laws of

linear perspective which made such paintings possible.by applying
these laws artists were able to achieve a convincing illusion of three
dimensional space on a flat surface from a fixed viewpoint all the
parallel lines receding in to the distance would appear to converge at a
single point known as a vanishing point, on the horizon.

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Artist could therefore draw up a grid which enabled them to place
figures and objects in their correct relationship in space to each other
and to the viewer. Figueres and objects in the foreground appeared
larger, and those in the background appeared larger, and those the
background smaller. The picture frame became a window through
which the viewer was invited to explore the space beyond.

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Carefully balanced composition painting
For example, figures are often placed symmetrically around a central
personage or some other focal point.

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Women are painted in slightly elongated manner, with blonde hair
and dreamy expressions.
The principle subject continued to be religious ones.
Mythology

In the late 15th century mythology became a popular subject for

paintings.

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Florentine painters used mainly egg tempera for their panel paintings. The end
of the century oil became more common.
Characteristic of The Renaissance
-The Renaissance, particularly in its origins in Italy, was characterized
first by a new commitment to the spirit of humanism.
- Artists showed religious and non-religious scenes.
- Art reflected great interest in nature.
- Figures were life-like and three-dimensional,
reflecting an increasing knowledge of anatomy.
- Bodies looked active and were shown moving.
- Nude or clothed
- Faces expressed what people were thinking.
- Colors were shown responding to light
(shadows, shading, etc.)
- Paintings were balanced and symmetrical.
- Full backgrounds show perspective.
-Florentine artist were the first master to master
The technique of perspective. But its use soon
Spread throughout Italy and by the second
Half of the 15th century it reached northern
Europe.
Finally, the Italian Renaissance was characterized by great artworks
that emphasized balance, proportion, and harmony. All of these
principles had been important in the classical world, but were largely
neglected during the Middle Ages. The achievement of these ends
demanded a high degree of technical skill on the part of the artist.

Famous Art and Artist of The Renaissance

One of the famous artist BOTTICELLI and ANGELICO with some
art already mentioned. The others are GHIRLANDAIO, LIPPI,
CRIVELLI, EYCK, WEYDEN.

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The High Renaissance

Through the work of a number of painters who lived in a small Italian

city states in the 16th century Western culture has become
permanently enriched.
The most artistic center was Florence. Where members of the ruling
medici family combined political and commercial skills with artistic
patronage in a unique number.

Characteristic of The High Renaissance

The main characteristic of High Renaissance paintings are harmony

and balance in construction, a very high level of technical
competence, and rich artistic.
Decreasing shadows towards the light.
The use of chiaroscuro can create drama and movement, emphasize
certain figures and diminish the importance of others, it is a technique
with almost limitless possibilities.
Another characteristic of high Renaissance painting was the grouping
of the principle figures in an apparently three-dimensional shape,
suggestive of a cone or a pyramid.

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Famous Art and Artist of The High Renaissance

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The Age of Baroque

Artist and architects benefited greatly from the renewed strength and
confidence felt within the roman Catholic Church in the 17th century.
Painters came from Spain, France, England in search of commissions.
A Bohemian artist’s colony which still survive. The two most
important styles and ideas were Early Baroque and High Baroque.

Characteristic of The Baroque

Characteristics. The Baroque style is characterized by exaggerated

motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and
grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and
music.
The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically
complex, even contradictory. ... Some of the qualities most frequently
associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama,
vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to
blur distinctions between the various arts.
Painters portrayed a strong sense of movement in their works by:
• using swirling spirals,
• upward diagonals,
• and attractive color schemes in order to bring life to the piece of
art.
A few of the notable artists of the time included:

• Annibale Carracci
• Peter Paul Rubens
• Carravaggio
• Rembrandt
Famous Art and Artist of The Baroque

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