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I. INTRODUCTION
Laser communication or free space optical communication
is a former technology that involves information compressed
on to the optical light and transmitted through the space from
source to destination. FSO system applications use laser
diodes which produce narrow beam width optical signal. This
narrow beam width focuses a large amount of transmitted Fig. 1. Free space optical communication applications
optical power on to the receiver which gives the higher link
power efficiency. FSO systems enables 10 to100 times more Here those laser diodes are used whose operating
data to be transmitted/received with only utilizing 1% of wavelengths are 780 nm to 900 nm and 1500 nm to 1600 nm.
antenna aperture area when compared with RF antennas of Figure 2 illustrate the optical link with different sub blocks
wireless communication [13]. It utilizes less power and mass, used at different stages of the link. In this block diagram, at
provides a secure, jam free, unlimited bandwidth with no the transmitter end the laser diode produces a narrow beam
regulation on the optical band/spectrum. It also provides on which information signal is modulated and then
higher throughput levels with no interference from RF transmitted towards receiver [2]. Here the various modulation
frequencies. These systems have wide range of applications, schemes utilized are OOK, M-PPM and SIM. All these are
few of them are- connecting sites in an area, extending the commonly used in FSO links. Now a days DPSK is also
fibre optic cable network to the nearby buildings, in local getting popular. The received optical signal is filtered,
loop bypass, backhaul, disaster recovery, in last mile detected, and then demodulated. Commonly APD and PIN
applications, inter satellite links, links between spacecraft and detectors are used for detection. The corresponding detector
satellite and many more. Figure 1 shows the application current is demodulated via corresponding demodulation
scenario of FSO technology. These systems operate very scheme to extract the original information [4]. Using FSO
much like a fibre optic connection which uses a fibre. The system setup inter satellite link (ISL) can be set between two
main difference is that the attenuation from the cable is satellites so as to decrease the set up cost, signal strength loss
known and can be controlled; But the FSO link uses due to hopping, scattering etc. The laser diodes, modulation
space/atmosphere as the media and the attenuation may vary schemes and detection techniques are discussed in the
every second and is unknown. In FSO systems, laser diodes coming sections.
are used to produce a signal in near infrared range.
50 times higher power
2. Fabry Perot 1300/1550 nm density.
Long life
Low eye safety criteria.
Output Optical power:
20mW-100mW and typical
power: 28mW.
±0.03db CW power
stability.
Insensitive to back
reflection & stabilised for
short & long term
application.
Narrow spectral resolution.
Internal digital modulation.
Upto 40Gbps data rate
Applications are- in
dichroic filters, add-drop
multiplexers with banks of
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the FSO link miniature tuned fused silica
or diamonds, optical
II. LASER DIODES wavemeter, laser resonator,
laser absorption
Laser diodes are used in free space optical communication spectrometry techniques, in
and inter satellite links over LEDs, because their beam does gravitational wave
not spread while covering longer distances also they have detection.
higher frequencies which increases the modulation rate and Distributed Compatible with EFDA
3. feedback 1300/1550 nm Higher data rates upto
overall communication rates. They have faster rise and fall lasers 40Gbps.
times which enhances the switching speed and over all Small temperature
throughput of the system. dependence.
Laser diodes which have operating wavelength centred at Complex fabrication
Narrow emission linewidth
800 nm and 1550 nm are generally preferable for FSO of < 1nm.
systems and FSO-ISLs. It is so because we can design an eye Provide superior
safe laser transmitter at 800 nm and 1550 nm wavelengths, longitudinal mode
more over at 1550 nm window, allowable safe laser is fifty discrimination over Fabry
perot.
times more as compare to that of 800 nm window. The factor Output optical
of fifty gives up to 17 db extra margin and make system to power: >20mW and typical
propagate over longer distances and to aid higher data rates. power; 1-2Wwhen
Prevalent Solid state laser is Nd: YAG (neodymium yttrium combined with EFDA.
± 0.01db CW power
aluminium garrnet) which operates at 1064 nm wavelength. stability
This laser is adequate to transmit immense amount of power Applications are- DWDM,
and is used in coherent systems with highly stable Nd: YAG CATV and long haul
oscillator [18]. Table I shows the laser technologies which communication.
High power in infrared
are commonly used for FSO systems [3] and Table II gives 4. Solid state 1064 nm spectrum.
the compounds involved in the lasers diodes [11]. lasers Small gain bandwidth of
the order of 1 nm or less.
TABLE I. LASER SOURCES [3] Very good coherence and
suitable for homodyne
S.No. Technology Operating Features
systems.
type wavelength
Natural birefringent.
Lower power density Laser gain is strongly
1. VCSEL ~ 850 nm Cheap and readily polarization dependent.
available. Applications are-
No active cooling ophthalmology to
High reliability correct posterior capsular
Output optical power: max opacification, flow
up to 20mWand typical visualization techniques in
power: 6mW. fluid dynamics, soft
Low threshold and tissue surgeries , laser
operating current. designators and laser
8.5Gbps data rate and rangefinders, cavity ring-
reliable up to 10Gbps. down spectroscopy, laser
Applications are- optical pumping, laser induced
fibre communications, break-down spectroscopy.
computer mice, gas
sensing, optical clocks,
thresholdless lasers.
TABLE II. COMPOUNDS USED IN LASER DIODES [11] photons/bit with a balanced detector. It gives higher data
S.No. Operating Wavelength Compound(s)
rates over PPM and OOK with increase in complexity in
receiver. In DPSK, bandwidth decreases linearly with
1. 620-895 nm Ga(1-x)Al(x)As decrease in data rates thus it is not suitable for the lower data
2. 904 nm GaAs rates. Also its receiver require single mode optical signal free
3. 1100-1650 nm In(1-x)Ga(x)As(y)P(1-y) from phase noise which decreases the collection efficiency of
4. 1550 nm In(0.58)Ga(0.42)As(0.9)P(0.1) the signal. Due to all these limitations, the use of DPSK
5. 1604 nm Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 ; Nd3+:YVO4 ;
modulation scheme in the turbulence free links such as
Nd3+YLiF4 between satellites or air to satellite is limited [6].
When we compare the binary modulation schemes like
Longer distance FSO systems require high speed OOK, DPSK with the DQPSK scheme, it doubles the
modulation, low power consumption, smaller footprint spectral efficiency by making advantage of two signal
operate on wide range of temperatures without degradation, quadrature of an optical carrier signal [5, 6].
MTBF which exceeds 10 years. To meet all these necessities Subscriber intensity modulation is again one of FSO
manufactures uses VCSEL laser for short wavelength range modulation scheme. Alike PPM it would not require the
and DFB/Fabry perot laser for longer wavelength ranges. adaptive threshold (like in OOK) and not need much
Other laser diodes generally are not suited for FSO bandwidth (like in PPM). SIM has a drawback that it suffers
applications systems. from a high peak to average power ratio, thus giving poor
power efficiency. Also the non-linearity of the component is
III. MODULATION SCHEMES a big issue when dealing with multiple subcarriers. One has
Different modulation schemes exists which are well suited to choose the modulation schemes as per need of the
application with some trade off among described factors.
for the free space optical communication. Most commonly
used modulation techniques are on-off keying (OOK), pulse IV. OPTICAL DETECTION TECHNIQES
position modulation (PPM), differential pulse shift keying
(DPSK), differential quadrature pulse shift keying (DQPSK) This section of paper tells about the photo detection
and subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM). OOK is the techniques and photo detectors which convert the received
simplest modulation scheme (because of its design and optical signal into corresponding electrical signal for the
implementation) in which transmitter is ON only for the further signal processing unit or decision making unit of the
binary bit ‘1’ and OFF for bit ‘0’. OOK modulation scheme receiver. Photo detectors primarily extract the information
is widely commercially available for the applications of FSO embedded on the optical carrier signal (it may be embedded
systems [12]. Here non-linearity of components is not an on frequency, phase or intensity of the optical signal). In FSO
issue but it requires adaptive threshold when dealing with systems, two common approaches are used for this purpose
fading channels. Besides its advantages, OOK is not an and these are coherent and direct detection. Photo detectors
optimal modulation scheme for the channels under turbulence are the transducers which convert optical signal to the
conditions as turbulence directly affects the signal intensity. corresponding electrical signal. Here avalanche photo diode
It can be sub optimal scheme if a fixed threshold is decided (APD) and PIN photo detectors are used for detection of the
[11]. information bits. Photo detectors should have high sensitivity
Another modulation scheme is M-ary pulse position within its operational wavelengths; low noise levels and have
modulation (PPM). It is well suited for direct detection of sufficient bandwidth to hold the needed data rates. Detectors
optical signal transmitted through wireless space. PPM offers should have minimum effect on the response of detector due
a great advantage of eliminating the decision threshold to temperature fluctuations. Device should have long
dependencies on the input power. Therefore it is a power operating life too [21].
efficient modulation. The main limitation is that it requires PIN photo diodes have a P and N type semiconductor layer
more bandwidth than that of OOK [6]. PPM needs a complex separated by a very lightly n type doped intrinsic layer [15,
transmitter and receiver designs because of high 21]. The responsivity of PIN photodiode is always less than
synchronisation needed between them. If we keep on unity. APD photodiode provides an inherent current gain
increasing M, time slots during which an optical pulse takes which increases the sensitivity of the detector because the
place decreases. This tends to increase the information photocurrent is multiplied. Thus APD includes the gain or
transmitted per signal. Thus higher transmission efficiency, multiplication factor in responsivity. Typical values for gain
but also increases the required bandwidth by M/log2M times; are in the range of 50-300 [17, 21]. This implies responsivity
which reduce the band utilization efficiency. In M-PPM more of APD is greater than unity. APD provides the higher
difficulties occurred in the recovering the symbol timing sensitivity as compared to PIN photodiode, but has
reference [6]. multiplication noise and is very much temperature sensitive
DPSK scheme encodes the data bits on its phase, can too [9, 21].
extenuate serious effects of scintillation to some extent. TABLE III. PHOTO DETECTOR’S MATERIAL AND CORRESPONDING
DPSK has benefit over OOK, that it has ~3db lower optical WAVELENGTH AND ENERGY GAP [15, 21]
SNR needed to obtain a given BER if a balanced receiver is S.No. Material Wavelength (nm) Energy gap (eV)
used [6]. For OOK quantum limit for an optically pre-
amplified receiver is 41 photons/bit, this reduces to 22 1. InGaAsP 1650-920 0.75-1.35
2. InGaAs 1700 0.73 computational power. It can be implemented by using
3. GaAs 870 1.424 Viterbi-decoder that is ‘practically optimum’ ML-detection
4. Germanium 1600 0.775 scheme to reduce computational complexity by surviving
5. Silicon 1060 1.17 path selections.