Lecture 4 - Reinforced Concrete - Bond, Development Length

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
CE 512
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

BOND, DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS AND SPLICES
• BOND STRESSES
• DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• HOOKS ANCHORAGE
• DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR COMPRESSION BARS
• CRITICAL SECTION FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• EFFECT OF COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT ON DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• EFFECT OF SHAPE OF MOMENT DIAGRAM ON DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• CUTTING OFF OR BENDING BARS
• BAR SPLICES IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS
• TENSION SPLICES
• COMPRESSION SPLICES
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
BOND STRESSES
• the steel and the concrete should stick together, or bond, so that they will
act as a unit.
• If there’s no bonding between the two materials and if the bars are not
anchored at their ends, they will pull loose from the concrete. As a result,
the concrete beam will act as an unreinforced member and will be
subject to sudden collapse as soon as the concrete cracks.
• bond stresses are affected by the development of tension cracks in the
concrete.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
BOND STRESSES
• The bonding of the reinforcing bars to the concrete is due to several
factors, including the chemical adhesion between the two materials, the
friction due to the natural roughness of the bars, and the bearing of the
closely spaced rib-shaped deformations on the bar surfaces against the
concrete.
• Deformed bars were introduced so

that there would also be a
resistance due to the bearing of the
concrete on the lugs or ribs of the
bars as well as the so-called shear-
friction strength of the concrete
between the lugs.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
BOND STRESSES
• TYPES OF BOND FAILURES

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

• DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS IN CANTILEVER SUPPORT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝑙𝑑
• the minimum length of embedment of bars that is necessary to permit
them to be stressed to their yield point plus some extra distance to
ensure member toughness.
1 𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ψ𝑠
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
1.1 λ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏
𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
≤ 2.5 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ≤ 1.7
𝑑𝑏
40𝐴𝑡𝑟
𝐾𝑡𝑟 =
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO 𝑠𝑛 ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR DEFORMED BARS AND DEFORMED WIRES IN
TENSION
• If a minimum cover equal to 𝑑𝑏 and a minimum clear spacing between
bars of 2𝑑𝑏 (or a minimum clear spacing of bars equal to 𝑑𝑏 , along with
a minimum of ties or stirrups) are used

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• MODIFICATION FACTORS

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• NOMENCLATURES:
ψ𝑡 - reinforcement location factor
ψ𝑒 - coating factor
ψ𝑠 - reinforcement size factor
𝑐𝑏 +𝐾𝑡𝑟
- confinement term
𝑑𝑏
𝑛 - number of bars or wires being developed

𝑠 - center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcing
𝐾𝑡𝑟 - transverse reinforcement index
𝐴𝑡𝑟 - total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement
having the center-to-center spacing and a yield strength
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• Location of Reinforcement
• Top Bars – Horizontal bars that have a least 12 in.[3] of fresh concrete
placed beneath them do not bond as well to concrete as do bars
placed nearer the bottom of the concrete.
• reinforcement that does not bond well to the concrete underneath
need to increase the development lengths
• Coating of Bars
• Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars are frequently used today to protect the
steel from severe corrosive situations, such as where deicing chemicals
are used.
• When bar coatings are used, bonding is reduced and development
lengths must be increased.
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• Sizes of Reinforcement
• development lengths for smaller bars with their larger surface bonding
areas (in proportion to their cross-sectional areas) are less than those
required for larger-diameter bars.
• Lightweight Aggregates
• use of this aggregates (expanded clay or shale, slag, etc.) generally
results in lower-strength concretes. Such concretes have lower splitting
strengths, and so development lengths will have to be larger.
• Spacing of Bars or Cover Dimensions, 𝑐𝑏
• Should the concrete cover or the clear spacing between the bars be
too small, the concrete may very well split

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• Spacing of Bars or Cover Dimensions, 𝑐𝑏
• smaller of the distance from the center of the tension bar or wire to the
nearest concrete surface, or one-half the center-to-center spacing of
the reinforcement.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the development length required for the #8 uncoated bottom
bars shown using 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
(a) assume 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0 and
(b) use the computed value of 𝐾𝑡𝑟 .

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 2:
The #7 bottom bars shown are epoxy coated. Assuming normal-weight
concrete, 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3,500 𝑝𝑠𝑖, determine required
development lengths
(a) Using the simplified equations of Table 425.4.2.4
(b) Using the full ACI Equation with the calculated value of 𝐾𝑡𝑟 .
(c) with 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 2:
The #7 bottom bars shown are epoxy coated.
Assuming normal-weight concrete, 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖,
and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3,500 𝑝𝑠𝑖, determine required development
lengths
(a) Using the simplified equations of Table
425.4.2.4
(b) Using the full ACI Equation with the
calculated value of 𝐾𝑡𝑟 .

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 3:
The required reinforcing steel area for the lightweight
concrete beam as shown is 2.88 𝑖𝑛2 . The #8 top bars
shown are uncoated. Compute development
lengths if 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3,500 𝑝𝑠𝑖,
determine required development lengths
(a) Using the simplified equations of Table
425.4.2.4
(b) Using the full ACI Equation with the
calculated value of 𝐾𝑡𝑟 .

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR BUNDLED BARS

• BUNDLED BARS:
1. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse reinforcement.
Bundled bars in compression members shall be enclosed by
transverse reinforcement at least 12 𝑚𝑚 ∅ in size.
2. Bars larger than 36 𝑚𝑚 ∅ shall not be bundled
3. Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural
members shall terminate at different points with at least 40𝑑𝑏 stagger.
4. Lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length
required for individual bars within the bundle, increased in
accordance to (3)
5. Individual bar splices within a bundle shall not be overlap.
6. Entire bundles shall not be lap spliced.
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• When bundled bars are used, greater development lengths are needed
because there is not a “core” of concrete between the bars to provide
resistance to slipping
• The code states that splice and development lengths for bundled bars
are to be determined by first computing the lengths needed for the
individual bars and then by increasing those values by 20% for three-bar
bundles and 33% for four-bar bundles.
• A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an area
equivalent to that of the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that of
the bundle..

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 1:
Compute the development length required for the uncoated bundled
bars shown, if 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 with normal-weight
concrete. Assume 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• When sufficient space is not available to anchor tension bars by running
them straight for their required development lengths, hooks may be
used.
• Hooks are considered ineffective for compression bars for development
length purposes.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• STANDARD HOOK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS IN TENSION

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• MINIMUM INSIDE BEND DIAMETERS AND STANDARD HOOK FOR STIRRUPS,
TIES AND HOOPS

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• MINIMUM INSIDE BEND DIAMETERS AND STANDARD HOOK FOR STIRRUPS,
TIES AND HOOPS

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• SEISMIC HOOKS
use to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops and crossties shall be:
• Minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops and 135 degrees for all
other hoops
• Hook shall engage longitudinal reinforcement and the extension shall
project into the interior of the stirrups or hoop

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A HOOK
ψ𝑒 ψ𝑐 ψ𝑟 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑏
4.17λ 𝑓𝑐′
𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150 𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• HOOKED BAR DETAILS FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD
HOOKS

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS
(a)Cover
When hooks are made with #11 or smaller bars and have side cover
1
values normal to the plane of the hooks no less than 2 2 𝑖𝑛. and where the
cover on the bar extensions beyond 90𝑜 hooks is not less than 2 in., multiply
by 0.7.
(b)Ties or stirrups
When hooks made of #11 or smaller bars are enclosed either vertically or
horizontally within ties or stirrup ties along their full development length 𝑙𝑑ℎ ,
and the stirrups or ties are spaced no farther apart than 3𝑑𝑏 (where 𝑑𝑏 is
the diameter of the hooked bar), multiply by 0.8.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
c) When 180𝑜 hooks consisting of #11 or smaller bars are used and are
enclosed within ties or stirrups placed perpendicular to the bars being
developed, and spaced no further than 3𝑑 apart along the
development length 𝑙𝑑ℎ of the hook, multiply by 0.8. If the 90𝑜 hook is
replaced with a 180𝑜 hook and ties or stirrups are perpendicular (not
parallel) to the longitudinal bar being developed, it applies to this case
as well.
d) Should anchorage or development length not be specially required for
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑦 of the bars, it is permissible to multiply 𝑙𝑑ℎ by 𝐴 .
𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
HOOKS
• EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the development or embedment length required for the epoxy-
coated bars of the beam shown
(a) If the bars are straight, assuming 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0.
(b) If a 180𝑂 hook is used.
(c) If a 90𝑂 hook is used.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR COMPRESSION BARS

• Embedment lengths will be smaller than those required for tension bars
• no tensile cracks present to encourage slipping
• there is some bearing of the ends of the bars on concrete, which also helps develop the
load
• DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS & DEFORMED WIRES IN COMPRESSION

largest of:
0.24𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑟
𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 𝑑𝑏
λ 𝑓𝑐′
𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.043𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑟 𝑑𝑏
𝑙𝑑𝑐 ≥ 200 𝑚𝑚
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMED BARS & WIRES IN COMPRESSION

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 1:
The forces in the column bars
shown are to be transferred into
the footing with #9 dowels.
Determine the development
lengths needed for the dowels
(a)down into the footing
(b)up into the column
If 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. The concrete in
both the column and the footing is
normal weight.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
REDUCTION OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR EXCESS

REINFORCEMENT
• Shall be permitted by use of
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
• Development length shall not be less than the respective minimums

specified in Sections
• 425.4.2.1 (b) – "Bars & Wires in tension" 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎,
• 425.4.3.1 (b) - "Standard Hooks in Tension" 𝟖𝒅𝒃 ,
• 425.4.3.1 (c) -Standard Hooks in Tension" 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎,
• 425.4.6.1 (b) - "Welded Deformed Wire in Tension" 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎,
• 425.4.7.1 (b)- "Welded Plain Wire in Tension" 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 and
• 425.4.9.1 (b) - "Bars and Wires in Compression" 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
REDUCTION OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR EXCESS

REINFORCEMENT
• Prohibited for:
• At the face of a non-continuous support
• At other locations where anchorage or development for 𝑓𝑦 is required
• Where bars are required to be continuous
• For headed and mechanically anchored deformed reinforcement
• In seismic-force-resisting systems in structures assigned to Seismic Zone 4.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
CRITICAL SECTION FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS

• The code requires that bars that are cut off or bent be extended a
distance beyond their theoretical flexure cutoff points by 𝑑 or 12𝑑𝑏 ,
whichever is greater.
• At the point where the other bars are bent or cut off must also be at least
a distance 𝑙𝑑 from their points of maximum stress (ACI 12.10.4)

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
EFFECT OF COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT ON

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• produce premature failure due to overstress in the flexural reinforcing
• According to Professor Charles Erdei:
• Web reinforcing participates in resisting bending moment
• Presence of inclined cracks increases the force in the tensile reinforcing
at all points in the shear span except in the region of maximum
moment.
• The measurement of 𝑙𝑑 must be from the shifted moment diagram
rather than from the basic one.
• it is nevertheless desirable to stagger the cutoff points of bars (and it is
better to bend them than to cut them).

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
EFFECT OF SHAPE OF MOMENT DIAGRAM ON DEVELOPMENT

LENGTHS
• Considering a beam with uniformly distributed load

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
CUTTING OFF OR BENDING BARS

• THEORETICAL CUT-OFF LOCATION FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED SPANS:
Bar lengths
𝑥1 2 2
2 =
𝑙 6
2
𝑥2 2 4
2 =
𝑙 6
2

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• When some of the tensile bars are cut off at a point in a beam, a sudden
increase in the tensile stress will occur in the remaining bars.
• For this increase to occur, there must be a rather large increase in strain in
the beam. Such a strain increase quite possibly may cause large tensile
cracks to develop in the concrete.
• If large cracks occur, there will be a reduced beam cross section left to
provide shear resistance and thus a greater possibility of shear failure.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• TO MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OF SHEAR FAILURE:
at least one of the following conditions must be met if bars are cut off
in a tension zone:
• 1. The shear at the cut off point must not exceed two-thirds of the design
shear strength, ∅𝑉𝑛 , in the beam, including the strength of any shear
reinforcing provided.
• 2. An area of shear reinforcing in excess of that required for shear and
3
torsion must be provided for a distance equal to 4 𝑑 from the cutoff point.
• 3. When #11 or smaller bars are used, the continuing bars should provide
twice the area of steel required for flexure at the cutoff point, and the
shear should not exceed three-fourths of the permissible shear.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 1:
For the uniformly loaded simple beam as shown, determine the theoretical
points on each end of the beam where two bars can be cut off, and then
determine the points where two more bars can be cut off. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖,
𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• EXAMPLE 2:
The rectangular beam with four #8 bars shown in Figure 7.20(b) has been
selected for the span and loading shown in part (a) of the figure. Determine
the cutoff point for two of the bars, considering both the actual moment
diagram and the required development length.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
BAR SPLICES IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS

• Lap Splice
• most common method of splicing #11 or smaller bars
• May either be separated or placed in contact (preferred)
• Shear transfer is complicated
• Local cracks that frequently occur in the vicinity of the bar ends are
disadvantageous.
• Minimum specified clear distances between bars also apply to the
distances between contact lap splices and adjacent splices or bars

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• Lap Splice are not very satisfactory for:
• (1) where they would cause congestion;
• (2) where the laps would be very long, as they are for #9 to #11Grade 60
bars;
• (3) where #14 or #18 bars are used because the code does not permit
them to be lap spliced except in a few special situations; and
• (4) where very long bar lengths would be left protruding from existing
concrete structures for purposes of future expansion.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• Welded splices:
• from the view of stress transfer, are the best splices, but they may be
expensive and may cause metallurgical problems.
• The result of metallurgical problem may be disastrous in high seismic
zones.
• The ACI Code states that it must be accomplished by welding the bars
together so that the connection will be able to develop at least 125% of
the specified yield strength of the bars.
• It is considered desirable to butt the bars against each other, particularly
for #7 and larger bars.
• Splices not meeting this strength requirement can be used at points
where the bars are not stressed to their maximum tensile stresses.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• Mechanical connectors
• usually consist of some type of sleeve splice, which fits over the ends of
the bars to be joined and into which a metallic grout filler is placed to
interlock the grooves inside the sleeve with the bar deformations.
• From the standpoint of stress transfer, good mechanical connectors are
next best to welded splices.
• They have the disadvantage that some slippage may occur in the
connections; as a result, there may be some concrete cracks in the area
of the splices.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• According to George F. Leyh:
1. Splicing of reinforcement can never reproduce exactly the same effect
as continuous reinforcing.
2. The goal of the splice provisions is to require a ductile situation where the
reinforcing will yield before the splices fail. Splice failures occur suddenly
without warning and with dangerous results.
3. Lap splices fail by splitting of the concrete along the bars. If some type of
closed reinforcing is wrapped around the main reinforcing (such as ties and
spirals), the chances of splitting are reduced and smaller splice lengths are
needed.
4. When stresses in reinforcement are reduced at splice locations, the
chances of splice failure are correspondingly reduced.
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

• Splices should be located away from points of maximum tensile stress.
• Not all of the bars should be spliced at the same locations, that is, the
splices should be staggered.
• Should two bars of different diameters be lap spliced, the lap length used
shall be the splice length required for the smaller bar or the development
length required for the larger bar, whichever is greater.
• The length of lap splices for bundled bars must be equal to the required
lap lengths for individual bars of the same size, but increased by 20% for
three-bar bundles and 33% for four-bar bundles.
• Individual splices within the bundles are not permitted to overlap each
other.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
TENSION SPLICES
• The code divides tension lap splices into two classes, A and B. The class of
splice used is dependent on the level of stress in the reinforcing and on the
percentage of steel that is spliced at a particular location.
• Class A splices are those where the reinforcing is lapped for a minimum
distance of 1.0𝑙𝑑 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚 and where one-half or less of the reinforcing is
spliced at any one location.
• Class B splices are those where the reinforcing is lapped for a minimum
distance of 1.3𝑙𝑑 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚 and where all the reinforcing is spliced at the
same location.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
TENSION SPLICES
• The code states that lap splices for deformed bars and deformed wire in
tension must be Class B unless

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
COMPRESSION SPLICES
• Compression bars may be spliced by lapping, by end bearing, and by
welding or mechanical devices.
• Lap splice length 𝑙𝑠𝑐 of 36 𝑚𝑚 ∅ or smaller deformed bars shall be:
• For 𝑓𝑦 ≤ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑠𝑐 = 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
• For 𝑓𝑦 > 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑠𝑐 = 0.13𝑓𝑦 − 24 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
• For fc ′ < 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, length of lap shall be increased by one-third.

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES
COMPRESSION SPLICES
• The required length of lap splices for compression bars of different sizes is
the larger of the computed compression lap splice length of the smaller
bars or the compression development length, 𝑙𝑑𝑐 of the larger bars. It is
permissible to lap splice #14 and #18 compression bars to #11 and smaller
bars
• The code, with one exception, prohibits the use of lap splices for #14 or
#18 bars. When column bars of those sizes are in compression, it is
permissible to connect them to footings by means of dowels of smaller
sizes with lap splices.

Lecture 4 - Reinforced Concrete - Bond, Development Length

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Lecture 4 - Reinforced Concrete - Bond, Development Length

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

BOND, DEVELOPMENT

LENGTHS AND SPLICES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

• Deformed bars were introduced so

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

𝑛 - number of bars or wires being developed

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR BUNDLED BARS

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR BUNDLED BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR BUNDLED BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR COMPRESSION BARS

• DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS & DEFORMED WIRES IN COMPRESSION

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR COMPRESSION BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR COMPRESSION BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

REDUCTION OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR EXCESS

• Development length shall not be less than the respective minimums

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

REDUCTION OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR EXCESS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

CRITICAL SECTION FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

EFFECT OF COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT ON

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

EFFECT OF SHAPE OF MOMENT DIAGRAM ON DEVELOPMENT

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT