REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL 》EMPIRICAL PHASE equipped with the

Lesson 1: necessary attitude, behavior and tools

》RESEARCH is an area that is commonly 》ANALYTICAL PHASE the most challenging

misunderstood but an indispensible component phase
of academic practices.
》DISSEMINATION PHASE- most valuable but
often neglected by the researchers
QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUANTITATIVE
INQUIRER
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES IN RESEARCH
》 TECHNICAL COMPETENCY ability to use
METHOD what data will be gathered
technologies
》HISTORICAL (Past)
》 UTILITY COMPETENCY ability to
troubleshoot during unexpected scenario
》DESCRIPTIVE (Present)
》PATIENCE intra (within) and extra (outside)
》EXPERIMENTAL (Future)
》SERVICE willingness of the researcher to
serve others; to do good
TECHNIQUE how data will be gathered
》EFFORT time and skill
》Survey
》GUTS AND RISKS considering options
》Interview
》CARE distinct characteristics of a researcher
》Doding

PHILOSOPHY
》POSTPOSITIVIST subscribes to the idea that
everything should be qualified to produce results
》CONSTRUCTIVIST experience expressed
through words can paint a better picture of a
certain phenomena
APPROACH how data will be processed
》QUANTITATIVE examining the relationship
between two variables
》QUALITATIVE meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human problem

》TRANFORMATIVE research should be 》MIXED-METHOD both quantitative and

conducted to increase quality of life and produce qualitative
better societies

》PRAGMATIC promotes the use of qualitative

》RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT final written
and quantitative research
output of a study

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

1.0 Introduction
》CONCEPTUALIZATION PHASE where the 2.0 Literature Review
topic is identified
3.0 Methods
》DESIGN PHASE known as the planning phase
4.0 Results

5.0 Discussion
6.0 Recommendation
(TABLE OF QUALI. VS QUANTI.)
Lesson 2:
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
-To find out the relationship between two
variables
-Focuses on numeric, specific and detailed dat
-Either be experimental and non-experimental
-Expressions in numerical form with the use of
statistical method
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
》Researcher has clearly defined research
question to which objective answers are sought
》All aspects of the study are carefully designed
before the data is collected
》The results are based on larger sample sizes
that are representative of the population
ADVANTAGES
》Can be used when large quantities of data need
to be collected
》The data is considered quantifiable and usually
generalized to a larger population
》It can provide a clear and quantitative measure
to be used for grants and proposals
DISADVANTAGES
》The larger the sample the more time it takes to
analyze the data and results
》The larger the sample the more time it takes to
collect data
》The quantitative data ignores a very important
human element
CLASSIFICATION
》NON-EXPERIMENTAL seek to discover the
answers to problem by describing the data
numerically
》EXPERIMENTAL determine the outcome of
specific intervention
》SURVEY RESEARCH provides trends,
attitudes or behavior from sample drawn in a
population
1. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY collects data
at a specific point in time
2. LONGITUDINAL STUDY collects data over
a period of time up and can last up to several
years
》CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH relationship
between two variables among a single group of
people
》COMPARATIVE RESEARCH differences
between two variables
Lesson 3:
》VARIABLES are anything that varries
》INDEPENDENT VARIABLE this is the
presumed cause
》DEPENDENT VARIABLE this is the
presumed effect
》EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE unwanted
variables
Lesson 4:
HOW TO MAKE A RESEARCH TITLE
1. Select a title that should embody the main
idea of the research paper
2. Can stand alone on its own, with any further
explanation needed
3. Concise
A GOOD TITLE RESEARCH PAPER
SHOULD:
1. Limits title to 12
2. Easy to understand
3. Describe the contents accurately and
specifically
4. Avoid abbreviations, formulas and jargon
5. Not include any verb
6. Not contain low-impact words (study of,
effect of)
7. Not be flashy as in newspapers
8. Report the subject rather than result
SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPIC
1. OWN EXPERIENCE AND INTEREST
familiarity in your territory and terminology
2. COLLEAGUES brainstorming with friends
3. CRITICAL FRIENDS expert are good
sources
4. LITERATURES previous studies and
research findings
3 T's
》Timely- "Napapanahon"
》Trending- "Nauuso"
》Trailblazing- "Nangingibabaw"
EXAMPLES OF TITLES:
》Interrogative Form- questionable
》Combinatorial: Question and Title
》Combinatorial: Powerful phrase and Title
》Novel Method
》Result of the paper
Lesson 5:
RESEARCH PROBLEM clear statement of an
inquiry or gap that needs to be addressed
through a systematic approach
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Gives an overview about the topic
2. Places the topic into a specific context
3. Indicates a possible framework
GUIDELINES IN MAKING RESEARCH
PROBLEM
》SPECIFIC clear and well defined
》MEASURABLE estimate of what to expect
》ATTAINABLE/ACHIEVABLE to accomplish
or achieve something
》REALISTIC what can and cannot be done
》TIME-BOUND goal that is measured by time
Lesson 6:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE a
summary of the state of existing knowledge on a
topic
RRL PROCESSES:
1. Searching relevant articles
2. Readind and analysing research reports
3. Writing the description
TYPES OF LITERATURE
》RESEARCH LITERATURE based on research
findings
》NON-RESEARCH REFERENCES not based
on research findings
SOURCES OF RRL
》PRIMARY SOURCE by the researchers
themselves
》SECONDARY SOURCE other than the
researchers who conducted them
》IMPLICIT doesn't say directly
Lesson 8:
》EXPLICIT stated directly and clearly
PURPOSE OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1. To make research findings meaningful

》CITATION a signpost and acknowledgement
2. To link observations and facts into
meaningful and orderly structure scheme

3. To allow research to make prediction on

DIFFERENT FORMATS
occurrence of phenomena
》Within the text (in-text citation) 4. To serve a catalyst for future research
endeavors
》At the bottom of the page (footnotes)

》At the end of the paper (endnotes) STEPS IN DEVELOPING FRAMEWORK

1. Select a topic and clarify your objectives

》JOURNAL ARTICLE shorter than books 2. Review the literature and discuss the problem

3. Develop ideas based on the reviewed

》CONFERENCE PAPER written with the goal literature and based on one's experience
of being accepted to a conference
4. Create a conceptual scheme based on the
》POSTER SESSION non-online version would develop ideas

be the same except for statement

》DISSERTATION long piece of writing that Lesson 9:

uses research to bring to light an idea RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS statement of
researchers prediction
》GOVERNMENT REPORT government
reports their financial position and activities

Lesson 7: TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS ACCORING TO

NUMBER OF VARIABLES:
PLAGIARISM the wrongful use of idea of
another author and representing a an original 》SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS between one
work dependent variable and one independent variable

》COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS more than on

5 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM dependent and independent variable

》PLAGIARISM OF WORDS use of another

author original words without citing him/her TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS ACCORDING TO
RESULTS:
》PLAGIARISM OF STRUCTURE just
paraphrase another's word 》NULL HYPOTHESIS no relationship exists

》PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS presenting another's 》RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS there is a

idea as their original ideas without credit relationship exists

》PLAGIARISM OF AUTHORSHIP turning in a

replication of another work
》DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS its explicated
》PLAGIARISM OF SELF for a separate assign the direction of the relationship
or requirement
》NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS no
explicated the direction of the relationship
Lesson 10:
》CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION may be taken
from the library
》OPERATIONAL DEFINITION definition
made by the researcher
Lesson 11:
Guidelines in writing research methodology
 Replicate – provide enough detail for a
competent reader to replicate the study
and reproduce the results.
 Evaluate – this ensures that the study
has undergone scientific process and
that the tools utilized in the study are
valid and reliable
 Research Design
Discuss the approach (qualitative/quantitative)
and design (phenomenology, experimental
,descriptive)used in the study
 Research Locale
Describe the geographic characteristics of the
place of study
 Population Sampling/ key information
selection
Describe the demographic characteristics of the
respondents / participants.
 Research Ethics
The section where the researcher can attest that
the study was conducted with consideration to
the rights of the human subjects they will
involve in the study.
 Research Instrument
Mention the number of parts, the types of
questions, the number of items, and which item
or part will answer specific question
 Data Collection
The step process must be explained
comprehensively by the researcher.
 Data analysis
The statistical test used in the study will be
mentioned here. When and how each statistical
test was used must be specific
Lesson 13:
SAMPLING PROCESS OF SELECTING
THE SAMPLE OR A PORTION
OF THE POPULATION
Probability Sampling- there is a randomly
selection of sample
Non-Probability Sampling- form of bias in
selecting a sample
Types of probability sampling
 Simple Random Sampling – most basic
probability sampling technique
 Systematic Random II – This method
uses the kth interval formula.
N – population size
n – desired sample size
 Stratified random sampling – the
population is divided into subgroups or
strata.
( e.g,. Gender , Age , Educational
attainment , etc. )
 Cluster – “multi-stage sampling”
- sampling of units is done in several
stages.
Types of Non - Probability
 Convenience sampling - this is selection
of samples based on the convenience of
the researcher. It is sometimes called
accidental sampling.
 Snowball sampling- snowball sampling
works the same way as the referral
system. With this sampling technique,
initial sample members are asked to
refer other people who meet the criteria
required by the researcher.
 Purposive sampling- in this technique,
the selection of the sample is based on
the selective judgment of the researcher.
With this, the research sets a set of
 criteria that is relevant to the topic under
study..
 Quota sampling- this is a sampling
technique where the researcher
identifies population section or strata
and decides how many participants are
required from each section
Steps in sampling in quantitative studies
 Identify the population
 Specify the eligibility criteria
 Specify the sampling plan
 Recruit the sample
Lesson 14:
 Key Terminologies
Uses words in a different way than they are used
in everyday language.
 Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis “Ho”
Alternative Hypothesis “Ha”
 Inferential statistics
It is the statistics that is concerned with making
predictions or influence about a population form
observations and analyses of a sample
Linear Relationship
Statistical term used to describe the relationship
between two sets of data
 Nonparametric Statistic
Is the type statistics that should be we when the
data violated the requirements for a parametric
test.
 Parametric Statistic
When the data are in internal
 P value
When performing a hypothesis test, a probability
value helps to determine the significance of the
result.
 Relationship
Relationship between two or more variables can
be negative or positive.
 Sample
Is a relatively small subset of people objects,
group or events that is selected from the
population.
 Test Statistic
It is considered as a numerical summary of a
data – set that reduces the data to one value that
can be used to perform a hypothesis test.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE is a
variable that is manipulated to determine
the value of a dependent variable.
 The DEPENDENT VARIABLE is what
is being measured in an experiment or
evaluated in a mathematical equation
and the independent variables are the
inputs to that measurement
 A measurement variable is a variable
that can be measured . Measurement
variables are sometimes called numeric
variables.
 non-metric variables refer to those that
have presence/absence of a
characteristic or property
 A Nominal Scale is a measurement
scale, in which numbers serve as “tags”
or “labels” only, to identify or classify
an object.
 ordinal scale is a scale (of measurement)
that uses labels to classify cases
(measurements) into ordered classes.
 METRIC MEASUREMENT SCALE -
data that are metrically measured are
used when subject differ in amount or
degree on a particular attribute.
 Interval scale is defined as a quantitative
measurement scale where the difference
between 2 variables is meaningful.
 Ratio scale is a type of variable
measurement scale which is quantitative
in nature. Ratio scale allows any
researcher to compare the intervals or
differences