IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

Pure substances are defined as substances that are made of only one type of atom or only one type of
molecule (a group of atoms bonded together). Pure substances have well defined physical properties
such as fixed melting point and boiling point. All elements and compounds are pure substance.

Example : pure iron would only contain iron atoms, and, as in the sugar cube mentioned above, pure
sugar would only contain molecules of the substance called sucrose.

Impure substances: are defined as substances that are made of two or more different type of atoms or
molecule. It is also called Mixture. It must have more than one components.

Example: Salt solution is made up of two components, salt and water. Therefore, salt solution is a
mixture. Sugar solution, bronze(alloy), Air, milk, soil etc.

Illustration:
1. Which of the following are pure and impure substance?
Curd, stainless steel, Solder, Chlorine gas, Ammonia, NaCl , CUSO 4 , Iron.

Solution:
Pure substance- Chlorine gas, Ammonia NaCl, CUSO4, Iron.
Impure substance - Curd, stainless steel, Solder.

Compounds: A substance, which is formed blend of various elements chemically in a certain proportion,
by weight is called as compound. It is entirely new substance, which possesses properties different from
that of its constituent elements. It is of two type organic and organic compound.

Example : Water, salt, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, etc.

Mixtures: When two or more substances are mixed together in any ratio such that no chemical reaction
takes place called as mixture.
Example: Sand and water, sugar and salt, air, etc.
Differences: Compound v/s Mixture
BASIS FOR
COMPOUND MIXTURE
DIFFERENCE

Nature Homogeneous Homogeneous or Heterogeneous

Composition Fixed Variable

Substance Pure Impure

Properties Constituents lose their original Constituents keep their original

property. property.

New substance New substance is formed. No new substance is formed.

Separation By chemical or electro-chemical By physical methods.

methods.

Melting and boiling point Defined Not defined

Mixture are of two types:

1. Homogeneous:
The mixtures which possess the same properties and combination throughout their mass
are called as Homogeneous mixture. It has only one phase. It is also called as true solutions.
Examples: alloys, salt, and water, alcohol in water, air etc.
Solution is a type of homogeneous mixture of more than one solids, liquids or gases. It has two parts
solute(present in less amount) and solvent(present in large amount).
There are three types of solution:
Unsaturated solution:
A solution in which solvent is capable of dissolving any more solute at given temperature is called as
unsaturated solution.
Saturated solution:
A solution in which solvent is not capable of dissolving any more solute at given temperature is called as
saturated solution.
Super-saturated solution:
A solution which contains more dissolved solute than the saturated level is called as super-saturated
solution.
2. Heterogeneous:
The mixtures which possess different properties and compositions in various parts i.e. the
properties are not uniform throughout the mixture are called as heterogeneous mixture. It always
has more than one phase and can be seen by naked eye.

Examples: smoke, sand-water, oil-water, milk etc.

There are two types of heterogeneous mixture:
Suspension:
A type of heterogeneous mixture where small solid particles do not dissolve in a liquid phase but spread
in it is called as suspension. The diameter of solute particle is more than 10-6 m or 10-4 cm or 1000 nm,
so solute particles easily can be seen by naked eyes and on standing, solute particles settle down.
example: sand-water, chalk water etc.

Colloids:
A type of heterogeneous mixture in which size of solute particles lie between true solution and suspension
is called as colloids. The size of particles vary from 1nm to 1000 nm. these particles can not be seen by
eyes and settled down.

Example: milk, jelly, gems stones, tooth paste, face cream, soap solution etc.

Solution Colloidal solution Suspension

(i) It is homogeneous It appears to be It is heterogeneous
homogeneous but actually it
is heterogeneous
(ii) The particles are very The particles are 1 to 1000 The particles are
small, i.e., less than nm [1 nm = 10–9m] (larger larger than 1000
10 -9 m ( 1nm ) . than those of solution). nm in diameter.
(iii) The particles are not The particles are visible with The particles are
visible even with a the help of a microscope. visible even with
powerful microscope naked eyes
(iv) The entire solution The particles can pass The particles can
passes through filter through ordinary filter paper. not pass through
paper. filter paper.
 Solution Colloidal solution Suspension
(v) The solute particles do The particles show Tyndall They may or may
now show Tyndall effect. effect. not show Tyndall
effect.
(vi) The particles do not The particles do not settle The particles may
settle due gravity due to gravity. settle due to gravity
Illustration:
2. Particle size in suspension is
(A) greater than 103 nm (B) Equal to102 nm
(C) Smaller than 103 nm (D) Less than 10 nm
Solution: A
Particle of suspension is bigger than colloidal solution. So it should be more than 1000 nm.

Colloids solutions are heterogenous in nature and always consist of at least two phases: the dispersed
phase and the dispersion medium.

Dispersed Phase: It is the substance present in small proportion and consists of particles of colloids size
(1 to 1000 nm).

Dispersion Medium : It is the medium in which the colloids particles are dispersed.
Colloids are classified into three categories depending upon:
1. Physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium. It has categorized into eight types:

Dispersed Dispersion Type of Examples

Phase medium colloid
Solid Solid Solid sol Some coloured glasses and gem stones, ruby
glass, milky glass
Solid Liquid Sol Paints, cell fluids, Milk of magnesia, mud,
sulphur sol, gold sol
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust, exhaust dust particles in air
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese, butter, jellies, shoe polish
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream, liquid butter, face cream
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide sprays
Gas Solid Solid sol Pumice stone, foam rubber, sponge, cork
Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream, soap lather, shaving
cream

2. The interaction between dispersed phase and the dispersion medium colloidal solutions have been
classified into two categories:

Lyophilic colloids :
The word Lyophilic means solvent lover. Lyophilic colloidal solutions are those in which the dispersed
phase have a great affinity (or love) for the dispersion medium. Substances like gum, gelatine, starch etc
when mixed with suitable dispersion medium, directly pass into colloidal state and form colloidal solution.
Therefore, such solutions are easily formed simply by bringing dispersed phase and dispersion medium in
direct contact with each other. However, these colloidal solutions have an important property
i.e. they are reversible in nature. This means that once lyophilic colloidal solution has been formed then
dispersed phase and dispersion medium can be separated easily. Once separated these can again be
formed by remixing the two phases. These sols are quite stable.
If water is used as dispersion medium then it is termed as hydrophilic colloid.

Lyophobic Colloids :
The word Lyophobic means solvent hating. Lyophobic colloidal solutions are those in which the
dispersed phase has no affinity for the dispersion medium. Metals like Au, Ag and their hydroxides or
sulphides etc., when simply mixed with dispersion medium do not pass directly into colloidal state. These
sols have to be prepared by special methods. These sols can be readily precipitated and once
precipitated they have little tendency to go back into the colloidal state. Thus these sols are irreversible in
nature. Also they are not very stable and require a stabilizing agent to remain in the colloidal form. In case
water is used as dispersion medium it is called as hydrophobic sol.

3. The molecular size of dispersed phase have been classified as:

Macromolecular colloids:
In this type of colloids the size of the particles of the dispersed phase are big enough to fall in the
colloidal dimension as discussed earlier (i.e.–between 1nm to 1000 nm)

Examples of naturally occurring macromolecular colloids are starch, cellulose, proteins etc.

Multi molecular colloids :

Here individually the atoms are not of colloidal size but they aggregate to join together forming a molecule
of colloidal dimension.

Example: sulphur sol contains aggregates of S8 molecules which fall in colloidal dimension.

Associated colloids :
These are substances which behave as normal electrolyte at low concentration but get associated at
higher concentration to form miscelle and behave as colloidal solution. Soap and detergent are example.

The properties of colloids:

Heterogeneous character :
Colloidal particles remain within their own boundary surfaces which separate them from the dispersion
medium. So a colloidal system is a heterogeneous mixture of two phases. The two phases are dispersed
phase and dispersion medium.

Brownian movement :
It is also termed as Brownian motion and is named after its discoverer Robert Brown (a Botanist.)
Brownian Motion is the zig-zag movement of colloidal particles in continuous random manner (Fig. 1).
Brownian motion arises because of the impact of the molecules of the dispersion medium on the particles
of dispersed phase. The forces are unequal in different directions. Hence it causes the particles to move
in a zig-zag way.

Fig. 1 : Brownian Movement

Tyndall Effect :
Tyndall in 1869, observed that if a strong beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution then the path
of light is illuminated. This phenomenon is called Tyndall Effect. This phenomenon is due to scattering of
light by colloidal particles (fig.2). The same effect is noticed when a beam of light enters a dark room
through a slit and becomes visible. This happens due to the scattering of light by particles of dust in the
air.

Fig.2 : The Tyndall Effect

Electrical Properties :
The particles of a colloidal solution are electrically charged and carry the same type of charge, either
negative or positive. The dispersion medium has an equal and opposite charge. The colloidal particles
therefore repel each other and do not cluster together to settle down. For example, arsenious sulphide
sol, gold sol, silver sol, etc. contain negatively charged colloidal particles whereas ferric hydroxide,
aluminium hydroxide etc. contain positively charged colloidal particles.

Electrophoresis :
A process which involves the movement of colloidal particles either towards cathode or anode under the
influence of electrical field is called as electrophoresis.

Coagulation or precipitation:
The process of aggregation of colloids to separate out from dispersion medium is called coagulation.
Colloids in day to day life are :

(i) Photography : A colloidal solution of silver bromide in gelatin is

applied on glass plates or celluloid films to form photo-senstive plates
in photography.
(ii) Clotting of Blood : Blood is a colloidal solution and is negatively
charged. On applying a solution of FeCl3 bleeding stops and clotting
of the colloidal particles of blood takes place.

(iii) Rubber Plating : Latex is a colloidal solution of negatively charged

rubber particles. The object to be rubber plated is made the anode in
the rubber plating bath. The negatively charged rubber particles move
towards the anode and get deposited on it.

(iv) Blue Colour of Sky : Have you ever wondered why is the sky blue?
It is because the colloidal dust particles floating about in the sky
scatter blue light, that makes the sky appear blue. In the absence of
these colloidal particles the sky would have appeared dark
throughout.
Illustration:
3. What is the best description of blood?

(a) Sol (b) Foam (c) Solution (d) Aerosol

Solution : A
Blood can be separated by centrifugation so is not a solution. The continuous phase is liquid so it cannot
be aerosol. The dispersed phase is mainly solid so it is not foam. Blood is best described as a colloidal
suspension, or sol.

To separate the components of a mixture using the following techniques:

 Separating funnel
 Chromatography
 Centrifugation
 Simple distillation
 Fractional distillation
 Crystallization
 Filtration
 Sublimation
 Evaporation

Separating funnel:
A separating funnel is used for the separation of components of a mixture between two immiscible liquid
phases. One phase is the aqueous phase and the other phase is an organic solvent. This separation is
based on the differences in the densities of the liquids. The liquid having more density forms the lower
layer and the liquid having less density forms the upper layer.
Applications:
 To separate a mixture of oil and water.
 To separate a mixture of kerosene oil and water.

Chromatography:
Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture.
It was introduced by a Russian Scientist Michael Tswett. Chromatography involves the sample being
dissolved in a particular solvent called mobile phase. The mobile phase may be a gas or liquid. The
mobile phase is then passed through another phase called stationary phase. The stationary phase may
be a solid packed in a glass plate or a piece of chromatography paper.
The various components of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. There are
different types of chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography, TLC, paper
chromatography, and gas chromatography.
Paper chromatography is one of the important chromatographic methods. Paper chromatography uses
paper as the stationary phase and a liquid solvent as the mobile phase. In paper chromatography, the
sample is placed on a spot on the paper and the paper is carefully dipped into a solvent. The solvent rises
up the paper due to capillary action and the components of the mixture rise up at different rates and thus
are separated from one another.

Applications:
 To separate colors in a dye.
 To separate pigments from natural colors.
 To separate drugs from blood.

Centrifugation:
Sometimes the solid particles in a liquid are very small and can pass through a filter paper. For such
particles, the filtration technique cannot be used for separation. Such mixtures are separated by
centrifugation. So, centrifugation is the process of separation of insoluble materials from a liquid
where normal filtration does not work well. The centrifugation is based on the size, shape, and density
of the particles, viscosity of the medium, and the speed of rotation. The principle is that the denser
particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly.
Applications:
 Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.
 Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.
 Used in washing machines to squeeze water from wet clothes.

Simple distillation:
Simple distillation is a method used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible
liquids that boil without decomposition and have boiling point difference of 40 K.

Applications:
 Separation of acetone and water.
 Distillation of alcohol.

Fractional distillation:
Fractional distillation is used for the separation of a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for which the
difference in boiling points is less than 40K. The apparatus for fractional distillation is similar to that of
simple distillation, except that a fractionating column is fitted in between the distillation flask and the
condenser.
Applications:
 Separation of different fractions from petroleum products.
 Separation of a mixture of methanol and ethanol.
 Separation of components of air.

Evaporation:
Evaporation is the process of vaporizing the solvent to obtain the solute. Evaporation is used to separate
a mixture containing a non-volatile, soluble solid from its volatile, liquid solvent.
Example: Salt from sea water, dyes from ink etc.
Sublimation:
Sublimation is the process in which solid directly changes to gaseous state.
Example: Salt and a sublimiable solid such as ammonium chloride, can be separated by the process
of sublimation.

Crystallisation:
A separation technique that is used to separate a solid that has dissolved in a liquid and made a solution
is called as crystallisation.
The size of crystals depends on the rate of cooling, fast cooling will result in a large number
of small crystals and slow cooling will result in a smaller number of large crystals. In this, non-soluble
impurities are removed from original substance

Application:
Purification of sea-salt
Separation of alums from impure sample
Purification of pharmaceutical drugs

Filtration:
The process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the
pores of a membrane, called a filter is called as filtration.
The most common example is making of tea. While preparing tea, a filter or a sieve is used to separate
tea leaves from the water. Through the sieve pores, only water will pass. The liquid which has obtained
after filtration is called the filtrate; in this case, water is the filtrate. The filter can be a paper, cloth, cotton-
wool, asbestos, slag- or glass-wool, unglazed earthenware, sand, or any other porous material.

Application:
Treatment of water
Treatment of sewage

Illustration:
4. How might solid sodium carbonate be obtained from sodium carbonate solution?
(a) Centrifugation (b) Filtration
(c) Evaporation (d) It cannot be extracted

Solution : C
since sodium carbonate is soluble in water and form true solution, so filtration and centrifugation cannot
be used. So evaporation can be used.

Concentrations of Solutions
The amount of solute in gram present in given quantity of solution is called as concentration of solution. It
is scientific way to describe composition of a solution. There are many terms used to describe
concentration of solutions.

 Percent Composition by mass:

The amount of solute in gram present in 100g of solution is called as mass %. It is also called as (w/w%).
We need two pieces of information to calculate the percent by mass of a solute in a solution:

 The mass of the solute in the solution.

 The mass of the solution.
Use the following equation to calculate percent by mass:

Amount of solute
Percentagemass of solute = �100
mass of solution

 Percent Composition by volume:

The volume of solute in millilitre present in 100mL of solution is called as volume %. It is also called as
(v/v%).

We need two pieces of information to calculate the percent by volume of a solute in a solution:

 The volume of the solute in the solution.

 The volume of the solution.
Use the following equation to calculate percent by volume:
Volume of solute
Percentage volume of solute = �100
Volume of solution

 Strength of solution
The amount of solute in gram present in one litre of solution is called as strength of solution. It has unit of
gram per litre.

We need two pieces of information to calculate the percent by volume of a solute in a solution:

 The amount of the solute (in gram) in the solution.

 The volume of the solution(in litre).
Amount of solute ( g )
Strength of solution =
Volume of solution ( L )

Illustration:
5. Which of the following methods are to be applied to separate Oxygen rich components and
Nitrogen rich components?
(A) Crystallization (B) Zone melting
(C) Magnetic separation (D) Distillation

Solution: D
The difference between the boiling point of oxygen (-183oC) and Nitrogen (-195.8oC) is frequently large
to be separated by distillation.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which is a colloid?
(A) Soap (B) Oil
(C) NaCl (D) Water

2. Medicines are more effective if they are used in

(A) colloidal state (B) solid state
(C) solution state (D) none of these

3. Colloidal solution commonly used in treatment of eye disease is

(A) Milk of Magnesia (B) colloidal silver
(C) colloidal gold (D) colloidal antimony
4. The name aquadag refers for
(A) Cu is water sol (B) Pt in water so
(C) graphite is water sol (D) none of these

5. A liquid which markedly scatters a beam of light (visible in dark room) but leaves no residue when
passed through a filter paper is best described as
(A) a suspension (B) sol
(C) true solution (D) none of these

6. Which does not show Tyndall effect?

(A) Emulsion (B) Blood
(C) Milk (D) Sugar solution

7. The volume of colloidal particles, Vc as compared to the volume of solute particles in true
solution, Vs could be
(A) ~1 (B) ~ 1023
(C) ~ 10 -3 (D) ~ 103

8. Which is not a colloidal solution?

(A) Smoke (B) Ink
(C) Air (D) Blood

9. Which one is a colloid?

(A) Urea (B) Cane sugar
(C) Sodium chloride (D) Blood

10. Which one is natural colloid?

(A) NaCl (B) Blood
(C) RCOONa (D) Sugar

11. Dust storm is

(A) Dispersion of solid in gas (B) Dispersion of a gas in solid
(C) Dispersion of solid in solid (D) Dispersion of a gas in liquid

12. Colloidal solutions are not purified by

(A) dialysis (B) electrodialysis
(C) electrophoresis (D) ultrafiltration

13. The separation of colloidal particles (or purifications of sol) from particles of molecular dimensions
is known as
(A) photolysis (B) dialysis
(C) pyrolysis (D) peptization

14. The blue colour of the water of the sea is due to

(A) refraction of the blue light by the impurities in sea water
(B) reflection of blue light by sea water
(C) scattering of blue light by sol particles
(D) absorption of other colours except the blue colour by water molecules

15. Tails of comets are visible due to

(A) Tyndall effect (B) Reflection
(C) Brownian motion (D) None of these

16. An example of a solution having liquid in gas is

(A) Moist air (B) Dry air
(C) Au-Hg (D) C2H5 OH + H2 O

17. An example of solid solution is

(A) amalgam (B) brass
(C) Na in NH3 (D) dust in air
18. Saturated solution of NaCl on heating becomes
(A) super saturated (B) unsaturated
(C) remains saturated (D) none of these

19. What will be the strength of a solution 6.82 g solute in 250 mL solution and 1.6 M HCl solution
(A) 25.31 and 55.54 (B) 27.28 and 58.40
(C) 26.30 and 60.30 (D) None of these

20. When 10 mL H2 O and 30 mL C2H5 OH are mixed, the volume of solution obtained was found to
be 39.09 mL. Calculate the % by strength of C2H5 OH .
(A) 74.96 (B) 75.84 (C) 76.74 (D) 77.64

21. A solution labelled as 39.5% by mass What does it signify?

(A) 100g of solution contains 39.5 g of solute
(B) 100 ml of solution contains 39.5 ml of solute
(C) 100 L of solution contains 39.5 g of solute
(D) 100 g of solution contains 39.5 mL of solute

22. Calculate the concentration of a solution obtained by mixing 300 g 25% by mass solution of
NH4 Cl and 150 g of 40% by mass solution of NH4 Cl

(A) 30% (B) 40% (C) 50% (D) 60%

23. How many g of glucose be dissolved to make 1 kg solution of 10% glucose?

(A) 10g (B) 180g (C) 100g (D) 1.8g

24. How many g of KCl would have to be dissolved in 60 g H2O to give 20% by mass of solution
(A) 15g (B) 1.5g (C) 11.5g (D) 31.5g

25. Which of the following separation techniques is dependent on difference in volatility?

(A) Distillation (B) Crystallization
(C) Magnetic separation (D) Fractional crystallization

26. Which of the following separation techniques exploits differences in electric charge and
diffusivity?
(A) Chromatography (B) Electrophoresis
(C) Distillation (D) Liquid Chromatography

27. How a mixture of iron and copper fillings is be separated?

(A) Magnetic separation (B) Crystallization
(C) Evaporation (D) Distillation

28. Soluble solid is separated from water by process of

(A) heating (B) evaporation
(C) condensation (D) reaction

29. Dyes in water soluble markers may be separated by means of

(A) distillation (B) evaporation

(C) decanting (D) chromatography
30. Which one of the following methods would NOT be used to separate an insoluble solid and a
liquid?
(A) decanting (B) filtration
(C) evaporation (D) chromatography
 Multiple Choice Questions
Hints & solution
1. A 8. C 15. A 22. A 29. D
2. A 9. D 16. A 23. C 30. D
3. B 10. B 17. B 24. C
4. C 11. A 18. B 25. A
5. B 12. C 19. B 26. B
6. D 13. B 20. C 27. A
7. D 14. C 21. A 28. B

Multiple Choice Questions

Hints & solution
1. A
Soap solutions are an example of associated colloid
2. A
Because colloidal state has larger surface area, so better absorption.
3. B
Argygol is a silver sol used as eye lotion, colloidal antimony is used in curing kalaazar. Colloidal
gold is used in intramuscular injection
4. C
Aquadag is trade name of water based colloidal graphite used in cathode ray tubes
5. B
Sol is colloidal solution, so it will show Tyndall effect and pass through filter paper
6. D
True solution do not show Tyndall effect
7. D
Size of colloidal particles vary from 10 -7 cm to 10 -4 cm and size of solute in true solution is less
than 10 -7 cm .
8. C
Air is Homogeneous mixture
9. D
Blood is emulsion. Rest all are compounds
10. B
Fact
11. A
When dust particles dispersed in gas, it become colloidal in nature
12. C
To coagulate a colloidal solution electrophoresis technique is used
13. B
Dialysis is a technique to purity colloidal solution
14. C
Dust particle along with water suspended in air scatter blue or show Tyndall effect and so colour
of sea looks blue from space
15. A
Tails of comet is made of tiny dust particle to colloidal size and sot they scatter light, which makes
is visible.
16. A
Moist air is water droplets trapped in air
17. B
Brass is a solid solution i.e. an alloy, amalgam is also an alloy, but it is liquid
18. B
On heating solubility of solute increases and so solution become unsaturated
19. B
 S = strength of solution
w 6.82
(a) S = �1000 = �1000 = 27.28 g / L M = Molarity
VmL 250
m = Molar mass
(b) S = M �m = 1.6 �36.5 = 58.4 g L
20. C
Volume of solution = 39.09 mL
Volume of C2H5 OH 30
Strength of C2H5 OH = �100 = �100 = 76.74
Vol. of solution 39.09
21. A
mass of solute
% mass = �100
mass of solution

22. A
25
Mass of NH4Cl form 25% solution = 300 � = 75g
100
40
Mass of NH4 Cl form 40% solution = 150 � = 60g
100
135
\ concentration = �100 = 30
450
23. C
10% means 100 mL of solution contains = 10 g glucose
Q 100 mL of solution needs = 10 g of glucose to make 10% solution
10
\ 1 mL of solution needs = g of glucose to make 10% solution
100
10
\ 1000 mL of solution needs = �10 00 g of glucose to make 10% solution
100
= 100g of glucose
24. C
% mass of solution = 20%
Mass of solvent = 60 g
Let x ( g ) of KCl has to be dissolved.
\ mass of solute = x ( g )

\ mass of solution = 60g +x g

mass of solute
\ % mass = �100
mass of solution
x
� 20 = �100
60 + x
� 1200 + 20x = 100x
� 100x - 20x = 1200
1200
x= = 15g
80
25. A
Explanation: Distillation process is dependent on difference in volatility. Example:- Vapor
pressure, Boiling point.
26. B
Electrophoresis is based on the difference in the electrical charges and their diffusivity. Based on
the difference in diffusivity of electrical charges, the components are separated.
27. A
Magnetic separation is employed since the components have difference in magnetic properties.
28. B
See Theory of Evaporation
29. D
See chromatography
30. D
See chromatography