Genesis Crash Course JSTSE (2018 19) - Phase 1 - Mathematics

PHASE-1_MATHEMATICS _GENESIS PACKAGE_1
GENESIS - MATHEMATICS
[CRASH COURSE – JSTSE]
[PHASE – 1]
FIITJEE Ltd., Plot No. 47, Sector – 12B, Opposite Bal Bhawan International School, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110 075,
Ph. : 011-28035963/64/65 website : www.fiitjee.com
NUMBER SYSTEM
Numbers expressed by means of figures  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0 are called digits. Out of
these, 0 is called ‘insignificant’ digit whereas the others are called significant digits.
 Numerals: A group of figures, representing a number, is called a numeral. Numbers are divided
into the following types:
NUMBERS
Natural Numbers Whole Numbers Prime Numbers
Numbers used for the counting When we include zero in the The numbers other than 1 is
the object. Natural numbers natural numbers, it is known called prime number if it is
are represented by N as whole numbers. Whole divisible only by 1 and itself.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ….} numbers are denoted by W.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4…….}
 Composite Numbers:
A number, other than 1 which is not prime number is called composite number.
e.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, …etc.
 Even Numbers:
The number which is divisible by 2 is known as even number.
e.g . 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …. etc.
It is in the form 2n (where n is some integer)
 Odd Numbers:
The number is not divisible by 2 is known as an odd number.
e.g. 3, 9, 11, 17, 19, … etc.
 Consecutive Numbers :
A series of numbers in which each is greater than its predecessor by 1, and the first number is an
integer, is called consecutive numbers.
e.g. 6, 7, 8, or 13, 14, 15 or 101, 102, 103.
 Integers:
The set of numbers which consists of whole numbers and negative numbers is known as
integers. It is denoted by I.
e.g. I = {4, 3,2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
 Rational numbers:
When the numbers are written in fraction, they are known as rational numbers. They are denoted
by Q.
1 3 8 13
e.g. , , , are rational numbers.
2 4 9 15
a
Or, the numbers which can be written in the form (where a and b are integers and b  0) are
b
called rational numbers.
 Irrational Numbers:
p
The numbers which cannot be written in form of are known as irrational numbers (where p and
q
q are integers and q  0).
e.g. 3  1.732...., 2  1.414.....
 Real Numbers:
Real numbers include both rational as well as irrational numbers.
 General Rules for solving problems in Arithmetic

(1) (a + b)(a  b) = a2  b2
(2) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(3) (a  b)2 = a2  2ab + b2
(4) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(5) (a  b)3 = a3  b3  3ab(a  b)
(6) a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2  ab + b2)
(7) a3  b3 = (a  b)(a2 + ab + b2)
(8) a 3  b3  c3  3abc =  a  b  c  (a 2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca)
(9) ax  ay = ax+y
(10) ax  ay = ax  y
(11) (ax)y = axy
(12) ax = bx  either a = b or x = 0 or a = – b, x is even
(13) ax = ay  either x = y or a = 0, 1 or a = –1 with both x, y being even
(14) ax = 1 then x is 0 for all values of a (except –1, 0, 1). And if a = – 1, then x is any even
number
 Divisibility Test :
As such there is no fixed general rule for checking the divisibility. But for some different divisor we
have rules for divisibility of numbers. We will discuss the rule of divisors from 2 to 11.
 Divisibility by 2
Rule: Any number, the last digit of which is either even or zero (0), is divisible by 2.
e.g . 12, 86, 130, 568926 etc.
Rule: If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3, the number is also divisible by 3.
e.g.
(a) 123 : 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 is divisible by 3, hence 123 is also divisible by 3.
(b) 5673: 5 + 6 + 7 + 3 = 21: therefore divisible by 3.
(c) 89612: 8 + 9 + 6 + 1 + 2 = 26: 2 + 6 = 8 is not divisible by 3, therefore the number is not

divisible by 3.
Rule: If the last two digits of a number is divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 4. The
number having two or more zeroes at the end is also divisible by 4.
e.g. (a) 562428: 28 is divisible by 4, hence number is divisible by 4.
(b) 5300: There are two zeroes at the end, so it is divisible by 4.
(c) 134000: As there are more than two zeroes, the number is divisible by 4.
(d) 134522: As the last two digit (22) is not divisible by 4, the number is not divisible by 4.
 Divisible by 5:
Rule: If a number ends in 5 or 0, the number is divisible by 5.
e.g. (a) 1345: As its last digit is 5 is divisible by 5.
(b) 1340: As its last digit is 0, it is divisible by 5.
(d) 1343: As its last digit is neither 5 nor 0, it is not divisible by 5.
 Divisible by 6:
Rule: If a number is divisible by 3 and 2, the number is also divisible by 6.
e.g.(a) 63924: The first condition is fulfilled on the last digit (4) is an even number and also
(6 + 3 + 9 + 2 + 4) = 24 is divisible by 3, therefore, the number is divisible by 6.
(b)154:The first condition is fulfilled but not the second, therefore, the number is not divisible by 6.
 Divisible by 7:
Rule: The last digit of the number is multiplied by 2 and then subtracted from the remaining
number; this process is continued till we get the smallest number. Then check whether it is
divisible by 7 or not.
e.g.
(a) 112: 11 – 2  2 = 7. As 7 is divisible by 7, the number 112 is also divisible by 7.
(b) 2961:
Step I: 2961: 296 – 1  2 = 296 – 2 = 294.
Step II: 29 – 4  2 = 29 – 8 = 21
As 21 is divisible by 7, the number is also divisible by 7.
(c) 55277838:
5527783 8: 5527783 – 8  2  5527783 – 16 = 5527767
552776 7: 552776 – 7  2  552776 – 14 = 552762
55276 2: 55276 – 2  2  55276 – 4 = 55272
5527 2: 5527 – 2  2  5527 – 4 = 5523
552 3: 552 – 3  2  552 – 6 = 546
54 6: 54 – 6  2 = 54 – 12 = 42
As 42 is divisible by 7, the number is also divisible by 7.
 Divisible by 8:
Rule: If the lat three digits of a number is divisible by 8, the number is also divisible by 8.
e.g.(a) 1256:As 256 is divisible by 8, the number is also divisible by 8.
(b) 135923120: AS 120 is divisible by 8, the number is also divisible by 8.
(c) 139287000: As the number has three zeroes at the end, the number is divisible by 8.
Note: the same rule is application to check the divisibility by 125.
 Divisible by 9:
Rule: if the sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 9, the number is also divisible by 9.
e.g. (a) 39681: 3 + 9 + 6 + 8 + 1 = 27 is divisible by 9, hence the number is divisible by 9.
(b) 456138: 4 + 5 + 6 + 1 + 3 + 8 = 27 is divisible by 9, hence the number is also divisible by 9.
 Divisibility by 10:
Rule: Any number which ends with zero is divisible by 10.
There is no need to discuss this rule.
 Divisibility by 11:
Rule: if the sums of digit at odd and even places are equal or differ by a number divisible by 11,
then the number is also divisible by 11.
e.g. (a) 3245682: S1 = 3 + 4 + 6 + 2 = 15
S2 = 2 + 5 + 8 = 15
As S1 = S2, the number is divisible by 11.
(b) 283712: S1 = 2 + 3 + 1 = 6
S2 = 8 + 7 + 2 = 17
As S1 and S2 differ by 11, the number is divisible by 11.
(c) 84927291658: S1 = 8 + 9 + 7 + 9 + 6 + 8 = 47
S2 = 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 5 = 14
As (S1 – S2) = 33 is divisible by 11, the number is also divisible by 11.
Illustrations (Solved Examples)

Illustration : 1
If a, b, c d are positive integers such that a = bcd, b = cda, c = dab and d = abc, then the value of
 a  b  c  d 2
is
ab  bc  cd  da
1
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D)
2
Sol. A
a  b  bcd  cda  cda  b
 cd  1  a  b  1  1
 c  1, d  1
Similarly, c  d  dab  abc  ab  d  c 
 2  2ab  ab  1
 a  1, b  1
 a  b  c  d 2 1  1  1  12
So,  4
ab  bc  cd  da 1 1 1 1
Illustration : 2
Consider the equation x 2  y 2  2007. Given x is a real number and y is a natural number, the
number of solutions of the equation is
(A) 0 (B) 2006 (C) 88 (D) 44
Sol. C
y 2  2007  x 2  2007
So, y  44
So, corresponding to y = 1, 2, 3, ……, 44
We have 88 possible value so of x (Actually, two possible values for each possible value of y).
So, there are 88 solutions.
Illustration : 3
If a, b, c are natural numbers such that a + b + c = 2017, then the value of  1   1   1 is
a b c
(A) –3 (B) 1
(C) –3 or 1 (D) Cannot be determined
Sol. C
Since a + b + c = 2017, an odd number so, either (i) one of them is odd and the other two even or
(ii) all three of them is odd.
Case (i)  1   1   1  1  1  1  1
a b c
Case (ii)  1   1   1  1  1  1  3

a b c
Illustration : 4
a, b, c are positive reals such that a b  c   32, b  c  a   65, and c a  b  77. Then abc
equals
(A) 100 (B) 110 (C) 220 (D) 130
Sol. B
ab  ac  32 ...(1)
bc  ba  65 ...(2)
ca  cb  77 ...(3)
(1) + (2) + (3) given 2(ab + bc + ca) = 174
 ab  bc  ca  87 ...(4)
 4   (1)  bc  55 ...(5)
 4   (2)  ac  22 ...(6)
 4   (3)  ab  10 ...(7)
5   6  7  abc    5  11  11 2    2  5   52  112  22
2
 abc  5  11 2  110
Illustration : 5
n
The number of integers ‘n’ for which is the square of an integer is
20  n
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Sol. C
n
Let  p2
20  n
n
So, 0  n  20
20  n
n
Also, if n  0, then 1
20  n
 n  10
So, out of 11, 12…….,19 only 16 and 18 satisfy the condition.
So, n = 0, 10, 16 and 18 are the only possibilities
Illustration : 6
If xy = 6 and x 2 y  xy 2  x  y  63, then find x 2  y 2
(A) 84 (B) 79 (C) 69 (D) 74
Sol. C
 x2 y  xy2    x  y   63
 xy  x  y    x  y   63
 6  x  y    x  y   63
 xy 9
 x  y   x  y   2xy  81  12  69
2 2 2
Illustration : 7
6
4a
If a  3 9  3 3  1, what is   ?
 a 
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9
Sol. D
a  1 3 3   3 3 
2
13   3 3 
3
4
 
1 3 3
1 3 3
3
4 4 
1  3 3   3    1
a a 
6
4a
9 
 a 
Illustration : 8
x2
If x  3 24 3 24 3 24.................. , then equals
x2
1 1 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3
Sol. B
x 2  3 24 3 24 3 24..........
 x 4  9  24 3 24 3 24..............
 x 4  9  24  x
 x 3  9  24  since x  0 
 x  3 32
3 2 3
 x  32  6
x2 4 1
  
x2 8 2
Illustration : 9
10
 2 3 4 
What is the greatest integer not exceeding 1   ?
 2  3  6  8 4
(A) 2 (B) 10 (C) 21 (D) 32
Sol. D
2 3 6 84
  2  3  4   4  6  8
  2  3  4  2 2  3  4
  2  1  2  3  4 
 Given expression
10
 1 
 1  2  1
10
 1    32
 2  1
Illustration : 10
1
In the decimal expression of , then 99th digit after the decimal is
27
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 7 (D) 9
Sol. C
1
 0.037037037............ So, the required digit is 7.
27
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. In the sequence of numbers 1, 2, 11, 22, 111, 222, …… the sum of the digits of the 999 th term is
(A) 999 (B) 1998 (C) 500 (D) 1000
2. The number of 2-digit numbers of the form aa, with the same digits having exactly four divisors is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
3. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers where a + b + c = 53; b + c + d = 51; c + d + a = 57 and d + a +

b = 58. Then the greatest and the smallest numbers among a, b, c, d are respectively
(A) b and d (B) a and c (C) c and a (D) d and b
3 1 a
4. The first term of a sequence is . If ‘a’ is a term, then next term is . Then the 2007th term is
8 1 a
5 8 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
11 3 8
5. 8 boxes, all of different sizes, are placed in a row, 2008 books are distributed in such a way that
each box receives 2 books more than its immediate smaller box. How many books does the
largest box receive ?
(A) 258 (B) 244 (C) 236 (D) 264
6. There are 11 squares in the diagram,

7 6
With number 7 in the first square and 6 in the 9th square. The sum of the numbers in any three
consecutive square is 21. The number in the second square is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
7. Find the total number of digits in the number 1 2 3 4 _______2007 2008 2009
(A) 6929 (B) 6934 (C) 6943 (D) 6983
8. The largest number from those given below is

(A) 3.1416 (B) 3.1416 (C) 3.1416 (D) 3.1416
9. If x  y  11 and x3  y3  428.12, then x 2  y 2 equals

(A) 66.28 (B) 78.46 (C) 83.24 (D) 54.72
10. Let a, b where a > b be natural numbers each less than 10 such that a2 – b2 is a prime number.
The number of such pairs (a, b) is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
11. A four digit number of the form abaa (a’s and b’s are the digits of the four digit number) is
divisible by 33. The number of such four digit numbers is
(A) 36 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) 1
12. The digits of the year 2000 odd up to 2. In how many years has this happened since the year 1 till
the year 2004 ?
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 10
13. A certain number has exactly eight factors including 1 and itself. Two of its factors are 21 and 35.
Then the number is
(A) 105 (B) 210 (C) 420 (D) 525
2004
 1
14. The last digit in the finite decimal representation of the number   is
5
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
15. What is the greatest positive integer ‘n’ which makes n3 + 100 divisible by ‘n + 10’ ?
(A) 890 (B) 810 (C) 1000 (D) 900
16. Which of the following can never be a common factor of 287 + x and 378 + x where x is any
natural number ?
(A) 26 (B) 13 (C) 91 (D) 7
17. Let N be the greatest integral multiple of 8, such that no two of its digits are the same. What is the
remainder when N is divided by 1000 ?
(A) 160 (B) 80 (C) 210 (D) 120
18. The quotient of 100100 and 5050 is

(A) 5050 (B) 50100 (C) 20050 (D) 40050
1 2 2006 x2 y2 z2
19. If    1, then the value of 2   is
x  1 y  2 z  2006 x  x y 2  2y z2  2006z
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
p 1 1 1 1 1
20. Let ‘p’ and ‘q’ be positive integers such that  1     .........  
q 2 3 4 54 55
Then p is always a multiple of
(A) 7 (B) 28 (C) 55 (D) 83
1 a  b
21. If 60a  3 and 60b  5 then value of 12 21b  is equal to

(A) 60 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 2
22. If x, t, z, a, b, c are real and none of these quantities is zero. If xy = a, xz = b, and yz = c, then
x 2  y 2  z2 
a2  b2  c 2
(A) a2  b2  c2 (B)
abc
abc  ab 2  bc 2   ca 2
(C) (D)
a  b2  c 2
2
abc
23. The smallest positive integer ‘x’ such that x  x  1  0.01 is

(A) 2499 (B) 2500 (C) 2501 (D) 2502
24. If x  y  5xy, y  z  6xz, z  x  7zx, then find the value of x  y  z.

13 12 5 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 13 6 5
a2  b2  c 2
25. If a + b + c = 0 and b2  ca then equals
b2  ca
(A) –1 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) 1
1 1
26. If x  9  4 5 and xy = 1 then find the value of 2
 2
x y
(A) 322 (B) 162 (C) 240 (D) 160
27. Evaluate : 32 2  32 2

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
5 2 5 2
28. The value of  3  2 2 is
5 1
5 1 5 1 5 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 4 2
29. Find the largest integer ‘n’ for which n200 < 5300
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 11
9
30. If x9  99 , then x equals
8
(A) 99 (B) 98 (C) 99 (D) None of these
Answer key
1. C 9. A 17. D 25. B
2. B 10. B 18. C 26. A
3. B 11. C 19. B 27. C
4. C 12. D 20. D 28. D
5. A 13. A 21. D 29. D
6. D 14. C 22. D 30. C
7. A 15. A 23. C
8. B 16. A 24. A
Hints & Solution
1. C
Obviously the 999th terms is 1111………1 (1 occurring 500 times)
2. B
aa  11 a have exactly 4 divisions if ‘a’ is prime i.e., a = 2, 3, 5, 7
3. B
Adding the 4 equations, we get 3 a  b  c  d  53  51 57  58
219
 abc d   73
3
 a  a  b  c  d  b  c  d  73  51  22
Similarly, b = 16, c = 15, d = 20
4. C
Let a1 = a,
1 a
a2 
1 a
 1 a 
1  
 a3   1  a   2a  a
 1 a  2
1  
 1 a 
So, a1  a3  a5  ........
3
So, a2007  a1 
8
5. A
x   x  2   x  4   x  6   x  8   x  10   x  12   x  14  2008
1952
x  244
8
 x  14  258
6. D
Observe that the pth, (p + 3)rd, (p + 6)th,….. terms will be all same.
7. A
9  90  2  900  3  1010  4  6929
8. B
3.1416  3.1416141614161416......
3.1416  3.1416416416416......
3.1416  3.1416161616......
3.1416  3.1416
So, 3.1416 is the largest
9. A
x3  y3   x  y   3xy  x  y 
3
 428.12  1331  33xy

 xy  27.36
 x 2  y 2   x  y   2xy
2
 121  54.72  66.28
10. B
a2  b2  a  ba  b
a  b  1, a  9.
So, b = 1, 2, 3,…….,8
i.e., 8 possibilities 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 out of which 6 is prime.
11. C
abaa is divisible by 11 & 3
 ab  aa  b  a
(Since a & b cannot differ by 11)
So, a = 3, 6, 9 are the only possibilities.
12. D
The possibilities are 2, 11, 20, 101, 110, 200, 1001, 1010, 1100, 2000 i.e. 10 possibilities
13. A
Let the number be n. So, ‘n’ is a multiple of 3, 5 & 7. So, n = 3  5  7 (as it has 8 factors)
14. C
2004 2004
 1  2
   
5  10 
So, the last digit is 6.
15. A
n3  100  n3  1000  900
 n  10  n2  10n  100   900
So, 900 is a multiple of n + 10.
For ‘n’ to be maximum n + 10 = 900
i.e. n = 890
16. A
287 + x and 378 + x cannot be both even simultaneously.
17. D
N = 9876543120
18. C
100100 1002 
50 50
 10000 
    200
50
5050 5050  50 
19. B
 1   2   2006 
1    1  1    3 1
 x  1  y  2   z  2006 
x2 y2 z2
   2
x 2  x y 2  2y z2  2006z
20. D
p 1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
     ......    2     .....  
q 1 2 3 55  2 4 6 54 
1 1 1 1  1 1   1 1   1 1   1 1 
    .....          ....    
28 29 30 55  28 55   29 54   30 53   41 42 
83 83 83
   ...... 
28  55 29  54 41 42
So, ‘p’ is a multiple of 83.
21. D
60
60b  5 
12
1 a
 12  601b  121b  60  121b  60a  3
1 a b 1 a

Now, 12 21b  12 2 21b
12 2 3
  1/ 2  2
121b 
a 1/ 2 3
22. D
 xy   xz   x 2  yz 
ab
 ab  x 2c  x 2 
c
bc ca
Similarly, y 2  and z2 
a b
 ab   bc    ca 2
2 2
x y z 
2 2 2
abc
23. C
1
x  x 1   x  x  1  100
100
Obviously putting x – 1 = 502 satisfies the inequality. But putting x = 502 does not satisfy the
inequality.
24. A
1 1 1 1 1 1
  5;   6;   7
y x z y x z
 1 1 1 1 1 1
So, 5 + 6 + 7 = 2         9
x y z x y z
1 1 1
  4,  3,  2
z x y
1 1 1 4  6  3 13
xyz     
3 2 4 12 12
25. B
abc  0
 a2  b2  c 2  2  ab  bc  ca  ...(1)
b2  ca  b b  ca
 b  a  c   ca    ab  bc  ca 
 1
      a2  b2  c 2 
 2
 a2  b2  c 2  2  b2  ca 
26. A
2
 1
 2  2  x 2   x    2   9  4 5  9  4 5   2  322
1 1 1 2
x 2
y x  x
27. C
3  2 2  3  2 2   2  1   2  1  2
28. D
Let x  5 2 5 2
 x  5 2 5 22 54
2
 x  2 5 2  2 5 1
5 2 5 2
  32 2
5 1
 2   2  1  1
29. D
n200  5300  n2  53  125
 n  11
30. C
9  99  /9 
x 9  99  x 9  9
 x   99 
9 1/9
8
 99
Algebraic Identities
Algebraic Expression: An expression built up from integer constants, variables, and the algebraic
operations e.g., 3x 2  2xy  c
Polynomial- An algebraic expression in which the power of variables are non-negative integers and
coefficients are real numbers.
1
x2  5x  6 is a polynomial but x  x & x  are not polynomials.
x
Degree of Polynomial: Highest power of the variable in the polynomial, is called degree of polynomial.
Type of Polynomial-
(A) On the basis of degree -
Linear Polynomial- having degree one e.g., 3x  5

Quadratic Polynomial- having degree two e.g., 5x2  7x  9
Cubic Polynomial-having degree three e.g., x3  4x2  5x  3
Biquadratic Polynomial – having degree four e.g., x 4  x  1
(B) On the basis of Number of terms –
Monomial – having only one term e.g., 5x

Binomial – having two terms e.g., 3x  7
Trinomial – having three terms e.g., 3x  7  5x2
Tetranomial – having four terms e.g., 3x3  4x2  5x  6
Constant Polynomial – The polynomial having degree zero.

e.g., 54, 70.
Zero Polynomial – The constant polynomial which always equal to zero. Degree of zero polynomial is not
defined.
Algebraic Identities – Algebraic equations which are true for all values of the variables occurring in it.
Identity I : (x  y)2  x 2  2xy  y 2

Identity II : (x  y)2  x 2  2xy  y 2
Identity III : x 2  y 2  (x  y)(x  y)
Identity IV : (x  a)(x  b)  x 2  (a  b)x  ab
Identity V : (x  y  z)2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2xy  2yz  2zx.
Identity VI : (x  y)3  x 3  y 3  3xy(x  y)  x 3  y 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2
Identity VII : (x  y)3  x 3  y 3  3xy(x  y)  x 3  y 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2
Identity VIII : x 3  y 3  z3  3xyz  (x  y)  z)(x 2  y 2  z2  xy  yz  zx)
1
 (x  y  z) (x  y)2  (y  z)2  (z  x)2 
2
Identity IX : If x  y  z  0 , then x 3  y 2  z3  3xyz
Identity X : If x 3  y 3  z3  3xyz , then either x  y  z  0 or x  y  z
Identity XI : x 3  y 3  (x  y)(x 2  xy  y 2 )  (x  y)3  3xy(x  y)
Identity XII : x 3  y 3  (x  y)(x 2  xy  y 2 )  (x  y)3  3xy(x  y)
Use of Pascal’s triangle

For Algebraic identities
Pascal’s Triangle
1
1 1
 (x  y)2  x 2  2xy  y 2
1 2 1
 (x  y)3  x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y 3
1 3 3 1
 (x  y)4  x 4  4x 3 y  6x 2 y 2  4xy 3  y 4
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1  (x  y)5  x 5  5x 4 y  10x 3 y 2  10x 2 y 3  5xy 4  y 5
Short Cuts -
1 1
1. If x   p x   p  4
x x
1 1
2. If x   p x   p2  4
x x
1 1
3. If x   p  x2  2  p p2  4
x x
1 1
4. If x   p  x2  2  p p2  4
x x
1 1
5. If x   p x  3
3
 p(p2  3)
x x
1 1
6. If x   p x  3
3
 p(p2  3)
x x
Some More Identities -

(a  b)2  (a  b)2  4ab

a4  4b4  (a  b)2  b2  (a  b)2  b2 
(a  b  c)2  (a  b  c)2  (a  b  c)2  ( a  b  c)2  4(a2  b2  c 2 ).
Remainder Theorem –
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let a be any real number. If p(x) is
divided by the linear polynomial x-a, then remainder is p(a).
e.g., when p(x)  x 4  x 3  2x 2  x  1 is divided by x  1
Remainder  p(1)  1  1  2  1  1  2
Factor theorem
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n  1 and a be any real number, then
(i) If p(a)  0, then (x  a) is a factor of p(x) .
(ii) If (x  a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a)  0
e.g., When p(y)  2y 3  3y 2  7y  6 is divided by y  3
Remainder  p( 3)  2( 3)3  3( 3)2  7( 3)  6
 54  27  21  6  0
 By factor theorem (y  3) is a factor of p(y).
e.g., If (x  a) is a factor of x4  a2 x2  3x  a then
( a)4  a2 ( a)2  3( a)  a  0
a4  a4  3a  a  0
4a  0
a0

Illustration : 1
Factorise (a  b)3  (a  b)3 .
1. (a  b)3  (a  b)3
Using identity x 3  y 3  (x  y)(x 2  xy  y 2 )
(a  b)3  (a  b)3  (a  b  a  b) (a  b)2  (a  b)(a  b)  (a  b)2 
 2b a2  b2  2ab  a2  b2  a2  b2  2ab 

 2b 3a2  2b2 . 
Illustration : 2
Find the value of x3  8y3  36xy  216, when x  2y  6.
2. x 3  8y 3  36xy  216
 (x)3  (2y)3  (6)3  36xy
 (x)3  ( 2y)3  ( 6)3  3(x)( 2y)( 6)
 (x  2y  6)(x 2  4y 2  36  2xy  12y  6x)
 0  (x 2  4y 2  36  2xy  12y  6x)
 x  2y  6 
0  x  2y  6  0 
 
Illustration : 3
(b  c)2 (c  a)2 (a  b)2
If a  b  c  0 then the value of   is
bc ca ab
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
3. (D)
(b  c)2 (c  a)2 (a  b)2
 
bc ca ab
a 2
b2
c 2
a  b3  c 3
3
   
bc ca ab abc
3abc
 3.
abc
Illustration : 4
1
If x2  5x  1  0, then the value of x 2  is
x2
(A) 20 (B) 27
(C) 25 (D) -25
4. (B)
x2  5x  1  0
1 1
x  5  x 2  2  2  25
x x
1
x 2  2  27.
x
Illustration : 5
If x  y  8, xy  15, then the value of x 4  x 2 y 2  y 4 is
(A) 34 (B) 1156
(C) 931 (D) 1381
5. (C)
x4  x2 y2  y2 (x  y)2  64
 (x 2 )2  (y 2 )2  2x 2 y 2   (xy)2 x 2  y 2  2xy  64
x 2  y 2  30  64
    xy 
2 2
 x2  y2
x 2  y 2  34
 (34)2  (15)2
 1156  225
 931
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 1
If a   27, then the value of a  is
2
1. 2
a a
(A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 7 (D) 8
2. Which of the following is the factor of 4a2  b2  4ab  2b  4a  1?

(A) (a  b) (B) (a  b  2)
(C) (a  b  2) (D) (2a  b  1)
1 1 1 3 a a b c c b
3. If a  b  c  6 and    , then find     
a b c 2 b c c a b a
(A) 6 (B) 4
(C) 9 (D) 12
10 10
a b a b
4. If       2, then find      .
   
b a  
b a
220  1
(A) (B) 2
210
220  1
(C) 0 (D)
210
5. x4  y4  x2 y2 
(A) (x  y  3xy)(x  y  3 xy) (B) (x  y  3xy)(x  y  3 xy)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(C) (x  y  3xy)(y  x  3 xy) (D) (x  y  3xy)(x  y  3 xy)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6. If x  y  2 and xy  1, then find x 4  y 4 .

(A) 6 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 2
7. The factor of the expression a  b  c  2 ab  2 bc  2 ca are

(A) a  b  c, a  b  c (B) a  b  c, a  b  c
(C) a  b  c, a  b  c (D) a  b  c, a  b  c
8. Three real numbers x, y, z are such that x 2  6y  17, y 2  4z  1 and z 2  2x  2. What is the
value of x 2  y 2  z2 ?
(A) 11 (B) 12
(C) 13 (D) 14
9. Find the value of a3  b3  c3  3abc if a  b  c  15, a2  b2  c2  105.

(A) 675 (B) 685
(C) 695 (D) 775
10. Factorise: 1  x 4  (x  1)4

(A) 2(x 2  1  x)2 (B) (x 2  1  x)2
(C) (x 2  1)2 (D) (x 2  2)2
11. The value of 442  452  19802

(A) 1982 (B) 1981
(C) 1980 (D) 1983
1
12. If x  x 1  4 then x 3  would be
x3
(A) 64 (B) 52
(C) 32 (D) 12
13. Value of (x  y)1(x 1  y 1 ) is

(A) 1 (B) (x  y)
1 1
(C) x y (D) (xy)1(x  y)1
Find the square root of  3a  2b  3c    2a  3b  2c   5b2

2 2
14.
(A) a3  b3 (B)  a  b 
3
(C) a3  b3 (D)  a  b 
3
15. Factorize : a 2
b4  c 4 
a, b, c
(A)  a  b   b  c   c  a  (B) a  ba  bb  c b  c c  ac  a

2 2 2
(C)  a  b   b  c   c  a 
2 2 2
(D) None of these
16. If x  22/3  21/3 then

(A) x3  6x  6  0 (B) x3  6x  6  0
(C) x3  6x  6  0 (D) x3  6x  6  0
1 1 2 4 8
17. Value of     is
1  x 1  x 1  x2 1  x 4 1  x8
16 8
(A) (B)
1  x16 1  x16
16 32
(C) (D)
1  x16 1  x16
18. If x  y  8,xy  15 then the value of x 4  y 4 is

(A) 34 (B) 1156
(C) 706 (D) 1381
19. If abc  1, then the value of (1  a  b 1 )1 (1  b  c 1 )1 (1  c  a 1 )1 is
(A) 0 (B) -1
(C)1 (D) 1  a  ab
20. Factors of (3m2  2m)(6m  3m2  2m)  5 are

(A) (3m  1)(3m  5)(m  1)(m  1) (B) (3m  1)(3m  5)(m  1)(m  1)
(C) (3m  1)(3m  5)(m  1)(m  2) (D) (3m  1)(3m  5)(m  2)(m  1)
21. If 3a  2b  c  0, then the value of 9a2  4b2  c  6ac is

(A) -1 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 0
22. If the polynomials ax3  4x2  3x  4 and x3  4x  a leave the same remainder when divided by
x  3, then the value of a is
(A) 1 (B) -1
19 5
(C) (D)
14 14
1 1
23. If x   4, evaluate x 6  6
x x
(A) 1024 (B) 4096
(C) 5778 (D) 5832
1 1 1
24. If ab  bc  ca  0, evaluate  2  2
a  bc b  ca c  ab
2
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
x 2  y 2  z2  64
25. If  2 and x  y  3z evaluate z.
xy  yz  zx
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
x y z
26. If    2, then the value of x 3  y 3  z3
2a  3b 3b  4c 4c  2a
(A) 24(2a  3b)(3b  4c)(4c  2a) (B) 12(2a  3b)(3b  4c)(4c  2a)
(C) 36(2a  3b)(3b  4c)(4c  2a) (D) 18(2a  3b)(3b  4c)(4c  2a)
1 1 1
27. If a  b  c  1,    3, where a, b, c are nonzero real numbers, then
a b c
(a  b)ab  (b  c)bc  (c  a)ca is equal to
(A) 3 pqr(p – q) (q – r)(r – p) (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) 9
28. Factorise: p3 (q  r)3  q3 (r  p)3  r 3 (p  q)3 is equal to

(A) 3 pqr(p – q) (q – r) (r – p) (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) 9
 1
If both (x  2) and  x 
2 
29. are factors of

px 2  5x  r, then p =
3
(A) r (B) 2r
4
r
(C) (D) r
2
30. If a  2012,b  2011,c  2010 , then value of a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
Answer Key
1. A 9. A 17. C 25. D
2. D 10. A 18. C 26. A
3. A 11. B 19. C 27. C
4. C 12. B 20. B 28. A
5. A 13. C 21. D 29. D
6. D 14. C 22. B 30. C
7. C 15. B 23. C
8. D 16. A 24. A
Hints & Solutions

1. (A)
1
Let a  k
a
1
a2   2  k2
a2
25  k 2
k  5
1
a   5
a
2. (D)
4a2  b2  4ab  2b  4a  1
 ( 2a)2  (b)2  (1)2  2( 2a)2 (b)  2(b)(1)  2(1)( 2a)
 ( 2a  b  1)2
 (2a  b  1)2
3. (A)
 1 1 1 3
(a  b  c)      6 
a b c 2
a a b b c c c
1    1     1  9
b c a c a a b
a a b b c c
     6
b c a c a b
4. (C)
a b
 2
b a
a
Let  x
b
1
x 2
x
x  2x  1  0
2
(x  1)2  0
a b
x  1  1,  1
b a
10 10
a b
 b    a   1 1  0
   
5. (A)
x4  y4  x2 y2
 (x 2 )2  (y)2  2(x 2 )(y 2 )  3x 2 y 2
   
2 2
 x2  y2 3xy

 (x 2  y 2  3xy) x 2  y 2  3xy 
6. (D)
x 4  y 4  (x 2  y 2 )2  2x 2 y 2
 (x  y)2  2xy   2  xy 
2 2
  4  2   2(1)2
2
 42
2
7. (C)
a  b  c  2 ab  2 bc  2 ca
 ( a)2  ( b)2  ( c)2  2 a b  2( a)( c)  2( b)( c)
 ( a  b  c)2
8. (D)
x 2  6y  y 2  4z  z2  2x  17  1  2  14
x 2
   
 2x  1  y 2  6y  9  z2  4z  4  0 
(x  1)  (y  3)  (z 2)  0
2 2 2
 x  1,y  3,z  2
x 2  y 2  z2  1  9  4  14
9. (A)
a  b  c  15
a2  b2  c 2  2(ab  bc  ca)  225
105  2(ab  bc  ca)  225
ab  bc  ca  60
a3  b3  c 3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a2  b2  c 2  ab  bc  ca)
 15(105  60)
 15  45  675
10. (A)
2
x 4  1  (x  1)2 
2
 (x 2  1)2  2x 2  (x 2  1)  2x 
 (x 2  1)2  2x 2  (x 2  1)2  4x 2  2(x 2  1).2x
 2(x 2  1)2  2x 2  4x(x 2  1)
 2 (x 2  1)2  x 2  2.x.(x 2  1)
 2(x 2  1  x)2
11. (B)
We observe that 44  45  1980
Now, 442  452  19802
 (45  44)2  2  44  45  1980 2
 12  2  1980  19802
 12  2  1980  1 19802
 (1  1980)2  1  1980  1981
12. (B)
1
x  x 1  x  4
x
3
1  1  1
x  3   x    3 x  
3
x  x  x
 (4)3  3  4
 64  12  52
13. (C)
(x  y)1(x 1  y 1 )
 1  1 1 
   
 x  y  x y 
 1  y  x 
  
 x  y  xy 
x 1 y 1
14. (C)
 3a  2b  3c 2   2a  3b  2c 2  5b2
  3a  2b  3c  2a  3b  2c  3a  2b  3c  2a  3b  2c   5b2
  5a  5b  5c  a  b  c   5b2
 5  a  c   b2   5b2
2
 5 a  c 
2
 Square root of given expression

 5 a  c 
15. (B)
a 2
b4  c 4 
a, b, c
 a2 b4  c 4   b2  c 4  a4   c 2  a4  b4 
Putting b = c
 expression becomes o
 b – c is a factor
Similarly (a – b) and (c – a) are factors
Putting b = – c
 Expression becomes o
 b + c is a factor
Similarly (a + b) and (c + a) are factors
 given expression = (a + b) (a – b) (b + c) (b – c) (c + a) (c – a)
16. (A)
x  22/3  21/3
x 3  22  2  3.22/3.21/3 (22/3  21/3 )
x3  6  6x
x3  6x  6  0
17. (C)
1 1 2 4 8
   
1  x 1  x 1  x 1  x 1  x8
2 4
2 2 4 8
   
1 x 1 x 1 x
2 2 4
1  x8
4 4 8
   .
1  x 1  x 1  x8
4 4
8 8 16
  
1 x 1 x
8 8
1  x16
18. (C)
(x 2  y 2 )2  2(xy)2
2
 x  y 2  2xy   2(xy)2
 
 64  30 
2
 450  1156  450  706
19. (C)
abc  1
     
1 1 1
 1  a  b1  1  b  c 1  1  c  a1
1 1 1
 1  1  1
 1  a    1  b    1  c  
 b  c  a
1 1
 b  ab  1  1 1
 1  b  ab    1 
1
   
 b   ab a 
b 1 ab b  ab  1
    =1
b  ab  1 b  ab  1 b  ab  1 b  ab  1
20. (B)
 (3m2  2m)(6  3m2  2m)  5
 (3m2  2m) 6  (3m2  2m)  5
 x(6  x)  5 let 3m2  2m  x 
 6x  x2  5
 (x 2  6x  5)
 (x  1)(x  5)
 (3m2  2m  1)(3m2  2m  5)
 (3m  1)(3m  5)(m  1)(m  1)
21. (D)
9a2  4b2  c2  6ac

 9a2  c 2  6ac  4b2 
  3a  c   4b
2 2
 4b2  4b2
0
22. (B)
When p(x)  ax  4x  3x  4 is divided by x  3.
3 2
Remainder  p(3)  27a  36  9  4

 27a  41
When q(x)  x  4x  a is divided by x  3
3
Remainder  q(3)  27  12  a
 15  a
According to question 27a  41  15  a
 26a  26
a  1
23. (C)
1
x 4
x
1
x 2  2  2  16
x
1
x  2  18
2
x
1  1
x6  6  3  x2  2   5832
x  x 
1
x 6  6  3  18  5832
x
1
x6  6  5778.
x
24. (A)
ab  bc  ca  0
1 1 1
 2  2
a  bc b  ca c  ab
2
1 1 1
 2  
a  ac  ab b2  ab  bc c 2  ac  bc
1 1 1
  
a(a  b  c) b(a  b  c) c(a  b  c)
ab  bc  ac
 =0
abc(a  b  c)
25. (D)
x 2  y 2  z2  64
 2 and x  y  3z
xy  yz  zx
 x 2  y 2  z2  64  2xy  2yz  2zx
 x 2  y 2  ( z)2  2xy  2yz  2zx  64
  x  y  z   64
2
  3z  z   64
2
 4z2  64
 z  4.
26. (A)
x y z
   2.
2a  3b 3b  4c 4c  2a
x  4a  6b
y  6b  8c
z  8c  4a
zyz 0
 x  y  z  3xyz
3 3 3
 3(4a  6b)(6b  8c)(8c  4a)

 24(2a  3b)(3b  4c)(4c  2a)
27. (C)
1 1 1
  3
a b c
ab  bc  ca  3abc
Now (a  b)ab  (b  c)bc  (c  a)ca
 (1  c)ab  (1  a)bc  (1  b)ca
 ab  abc  bc  abc  ca  abc
 ab  bc  ca  3abc
 3abc  3abc  0
28. (A)
p3 (q  r)3  q3 (r  p)3  r 3 (p  q)3
 p(q  r)  (r  p)  r(p  q)
3 3 3
Now let A  p(q  r)  pq  pr

B  q(r  p)  qr  pq
C  r(p  q)(q r)(r  p).
A BC  0
 Given =  3pqr(p  q)(q  r)(r  p).
29. (D)
x  2 is a factor of px  5x  r
2
4p  10  r  0 ..(1)
1
x is a factor of px  5x  r
2
2
p 5
 r  0
4 2
p  10  4r ..(2)
By (1) & (2) p = r
30. (C)
a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca
1
 (a  b)2  (b  c)2  (c  a)2 
2
1
 1  1  4 
2
3
LINEQAR EQUATION
 LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE
A linear equation in one variable is the equation of the form ax + b = 0 where a and b are real
numbers (a  0)
Note : A linear equation in one variable can have only one solution e.g. 2x – 3 = 0 is a linear
3
equation in one variable and it has only one solution x  .
2
 LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLE
A linear equation in two variables is of the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b and c are real numbers
and a  0, b  0 simultaneously
Note : A linear equation in two variables has infinite solutions. E.g. 3x + 4y = 24 has solutions
(x = 0, y = 6) (x = 8, y = 0) and so on.
 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
A pair of linear equations in two variables is called a system of linear equations

a1x  b1y  c1  0
a2 x  b2 y  c 2  0
Where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are real numbers.
Conditions for solvability of a system of linear equations in two variables
a1 b1
1. System of linear equations have unique solution if 
a2 b2
In this case, system is called consistent (independent) and concern lines are intersecting
a1 b1 c1
2. System of linear equations have no solution if  
a2 b2 c2
In this case, system is called inconsistent and concern lines are parallel
a1 b1 c1
3. System of linear equations have infinite solutions if  
a2 b2 c2
In this case, system is called consistent (dependent) and concern lines are coincident
(a) Elimination method : (By equating coefficients)

Multiply both the equations with some constant so that one of the variable can be eliminated by
adding / subtracting both equations.
e.g. To solve the following pair of equations

2x  3y  11  0 ....(1)
3x  2y  9  0 ....(2)
To eliminate x, multiply equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 2
 6 x  9 y  33  0
6 x  4 y  18  0
5y = 15
y=3
Put y = 3 in equation (1)
2x + 9 – 11 = 0
x=1  x = 1, y = 3
(b) Elimination method (By substitution)

In this method we express one of the variables in terms of the other variable from either of the two
equations and then this expression is put in the other equation to obtain an equation in one
variable
e.g. To solve the following pair of equations
3x – 5y = – 1 ….(1)
x– y=–1 ….(2)
From equation (2)
x=y–1
Put it is in equation (1)
3  y  1  5y  1
3y  3  5y  1
2y  2
y  1
 x  2
(c) Cross Multiplication Method

a1x  b1y  c1  0
a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
Using cross- Multiplication method we can write
x y 1
 
b1 c1 a1 c1 a1 b1
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
x y 1
 
b1c2  b2c1 c2a1  c1a2 a1b2  a2 b1
b1c2  b2c1 c a  c2a1
 x and y  1 2
a1b2  a2 b1 a1b2  a2 b1
e.g. 2x  3y  17  0
3x  2y  6  0
By cross multiplication method, we have
x y 1
 
3 17 2 17 2 3
2 6 3 6 3 2
x y 1
  
18  34 12  51 4  9
x y 1
  
52 39 13
52 39
x and y
13 13
 x  4 and y  3
 Consistent system :
A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be consistent, if it has at least one solution.
 Inconsistent system :
A system of simultaneous linear equations is said to be inconsistent, if it has no solution.
EQUATIONS OF THE FORM
a1x  b1y  c1  d1
a2 y  b2 y  c2  d 2
a3 z  b3 x  c3  d 3
To solve the above type of equations, following algorithm may be used.

1. Take any one of the three equations :
2. obtain the value of one of the variable, say z from it.
3. substitute the value of z obtained in the step 2, in the remaining two linear equations in x, y to
eliminate z.
4. solve the equations in x, y obtained in step 3 and by any of the equation get the value of z.
e. g.
2x  y  4 .....(1)
y z 6 ....(2)
x  z  10 ....(3)
From equation (3) z = x – 10
Put it in equation (2)
y – (x – 10) = 6
– x + y = –4 ….(4)
Adding equation (1) and (4)
x=0
Putting x = 0 in equation (1) and (3), we get
Y = - 4 and z = - 10
Equations of the form ax + by =c and bx + ay = d where a  b.

To solve the above type of equation
1. Adding and subtracting the two equations, following algorithm may be used
c d
a  b  x  a  b  y  c  d  xy  ....(1)
ab
c d
a  b  x  a  b  y  c  d  xy  ....(2)
ab
By simple equations (1) and (2) we can, find x and y.
2. Add and subtract equations (i) and (ii) to get the values of x and y.
e.g. 217x  131y  913 ....(1)
131x  217y  827 ....(2)
Adding equation (1) and (2), we get
348x  348y  1740  xy 5 ...(3)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we get
86x  86y  86  x y 1 .....(4)
Adding equation (3) and (4), we get
2x  6  x 3
 y  2.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. What is the solution for the following system of equations ?
4 3
 3y  14,  4y  23, x0
x x
1 1
(A) x  5, y  2 (B) x  , y  2 (C) x   , y  2 (D) x = 5, y = 2
5 5
2. What is the solution for the following system of equations ?

6 x  3y  7 xy , 3 x  9y  11xy  x  0, y  0 
3 3 3 3
(A) x  1, y   (B) x  1, y  (C) x  1, y  (D) x  1, y 
2 2 2 2
3. Let x, y be the solutions to the following system of equations :

 a  b  x   a  b  y  a 2  2ab  b 2
 a  b   x  y   a2  b2
Then, the value of xy is equal to
(A) 2ab (B) – 2ab (C) ab (D) – ab
4. What is the solution of the following system of equations ?

ax  by  1,
2ab
bx  ay 
a  b2
2
1 1 a b
(A) x  2 ,y  2 (B) x  ,y  2
a b 2
a  b2 a b
2 2
a  b2
a2 b2 2a 2b
(C) x  2 , y  (D) x  2 ,y  2
a  b2 a2  b2 a b 2
a  b2
5. The average weight of the students of a class is 60 kg. If eight new students of average weight 64
kg join the class, the average weight of the entire class becomes 62 kg. How many students were
there in the class initially ?
(A) 12 (B) 10 (C) 8 (D) 14
6. In a test of 50 questions, each correct answer fetches two marks and each wrong answer fetches
1
 marks. A candidate attempted all the questions and scored 40 mark. How questions did the
2
attempt correctly ?
(A) 24 (B) 26 (C) 22 (D) 20
7. A two-digit number is seven times the sum of its digits. The number formed by reversing the digits
is 6 more than half of the original number. Find the difference of the digits of the given number.
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
8. The ratio of monthly incomes of Mr X and Mr Y is 3 : 4 and the ratio of their monthly savings is 3 :
2 and Mr X saves Rs 500 more than Mr Y per month, then find the monthly income of Mr. Y.
(A) ₹ 35000 (B) ₹ 32000 (C) ₹ 26000 (D) ₹ 22000
9. A and B, have some coins. If A gives 100 coins to B, then B will have twice the number of coins
left with A. Instead, if B gives 40 coins to A, then A will have thrice the number of coins left with B.
How many more coins does A have than B ?
(A) 64 (B) 88 (C) 75 (D) 96
10. In a fraction, if the numerator is decreased by 1 and the denominator is increased by 1, then the
1
resulting fraction is . Instead, if the numerator is increased by 1 and the denominator is
4
2
decreased by 1 and the resulting fraction is . Find the difference of the numerator and the
3
denominator of the fraction.
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
11. Sridevi purchased cakes of two varieties of soap, Lux and Dove – spending a total ₹360. If each
Lux costs ₹30 and each Dove costs ₹40, then in how many different combinations could she have
purchased the cakes ?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 2
12. A hybrid mango tree, whose life span is 10 years, starts giving fruits from the first year onwards.
In the nth year it produces 11n raw magnoges. But during the first half of the tree’s life, every
year, a certain number, which is constant, fail to ripen into fruits. During the second half of the
tree’s life, every year, the number of raw fruits that fail to ripen is half the corresponding number in
the first half of tree’s life, In the fourth of tree’s life, it produces 36 ripe manogoes. How many
mangoes ripen during the 9th year of the tree’s life ?
(A) 100 (B) 96 (C) 95 (D) 86
13. A teacher wanted to distribute 900 chocolates among the students of a class. Each boy received
12 chocolates and each girl received 6 chocolates. If each girl had been given 10 chocolates,
then each boy would have received 5 chocolates. Find the number of students of the class.
(A) 80 (B) 90 (C) 100 (D) 110
14. If the length and breadth of a room are increased by 1 m each, its area would increase by 31m 2. If
the length is increased by 1 m and breadth is decreased by 1 m, the area would decrease by 9m 2.
Find the area of the room, in m 2.
(A) 200 (B) 209 (C) 250 (D) 199
15. Snehal can row 28 km downstream and 12 km upstream in 5 hours. He can row 21 km
downstream and 10 km upstream in 4 hours. Find the speed of Snehal in still water.
(A) 9 kmph (B) 8 kmph (C) 6 kmph (D) 9 kmph
16. The cost of 2 puffs, 14 cups of coffee and 5 pizzas is ₹356. The cost of 20 puffs, 7 cups of coffee
and 15 pizzas is ₹830. Find the cost of 38 puffs and 25 pizzas. (in ₹)
(A) 1296 (B) 1104 (C) 1304 (D) 1034
17. A father’s present age is 6 times his son’s present age. Thirty years hence the father’s age will be
ten years less than twice the son’s age. After how many years will the son’s age be half of the
father’s present age ?
(A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 10 (D) 15
18. Ram, Shyam, Tarun and Varun together had a total amount of ₹240 with them. Ram had half of
the total number with the others. Shyam hand one-third of the total amount with the others. Tarun
had one-fourth of the total amount with the others. Find the amount with Varun (in ₹).
(A) 64 (B) 70 (C) 52 (D) 58
19. If P(x, y) and P’(y, x) are same points then which of the following is true ?
x
(A) x + y = 0 (B) xy = 0 (C) x – y = 0 (D) 0
y
20. 2 = - y can be expressed in the form ax + by + c = 0 as

(A) y + 2 =0 (B) y + 0.x + 3 = 0 (C) 0.x + 1.y – 2 = 0 (D) 0.x + 1.y + 2 = 0
21. Age of a father is 7 years more than 3 times the present age of his son. The above statement can
be expressed in a linear equations as
(A) x – 3y – 7 = 0 (B) x + 3y + 7 = 0 (C) x + 3y – 7 = 0 (D) x – 3y + 7 = 0
22. The number of solutions, the equation 3x + 5y + 15 = 0 can have is

(A) one only (B) exactly two (C) has no solution (D) infinite
23. If x = 1 and y = 0 is the solution of equation 2x  3y  4a  0, then the value of a is

1 1 1
(A) 7 (B) (C) (D)
2 2 3
24. Richa had 10 chocolates, let her brother borrowed y chocolates from her and then Richa had 4
chocolates. Which equation models this solutions ?
(A) 10 – y = 4 (B) 10 + y = 4 (C) 10y = 4 (D) 4y = 10
25. If 2a – 3 = 5 and 3b + 1 = 2 then 3b – 2a is

(A) 7 (B) –9 (C) –3 (D) –7
26. The value of k for which the system of equation

kx  y  2
6 x  2y  3
Has a unique solution is
(A) 3 (B)  3 (C)  0 (D) = 0
27. Find the values of x and y which satisfies the simultaneous equations 2006x + 2007y = 8024 and
2007x + 2006y = 8028
(A) x = 4, y = 0 (B) x = 0, y = 4 (C) x = y = 4 (D) x = y = 0
28. If we divide 180 into two parts such that second part is 12 more than the twice of the first part,
then the two parts are –
(A) 56, 124 (B) 54, 126 (C) 52, 128 (D) 50, 130
29. A person says, “12 years hence my age will be 3 times my age 12 years ago”. Find his present
age.
(A) 32 years (B) 20 years (C) 24 years (D) 15 years
30. The sum of 3/4th of A’s salary and 5/3rd of B’s salary is ₹16,000. The difference of their salaries is
₹2000. If B’s salary is less than that of A, then what is the salary of B (in ₹) ?
(A) 8000 (B) 2000 (C) 6000 (D) 12000
Answer key
1. B 9. B 17. C 25. D
2. D 10. C 18. C 26. B
3. B 11. D 19. C 27. A
4. B 12. C 20. D 28. A
5. C 13. D 21. A 29. C
6. B 14. B 22. D 30. C
7. C 15. D 23. C
8. D 16. C 24. A
Hints & Solution

1. B
The given system of equations is not linear. First of all, we make the system of equations linear by
1
making the following substitution : u
x
The given system of equations now becomes :
4u  3y  14 ....(i )
3u  4y  23 ....(ii )
Now, we multiply (i) by 4 and (ii) by 3, and so :
16u  12y  56 ....(i )
9u  12y  69 ....(ii )
On adding (iii) and (iv), we get 25u = 125
125
 u
25
 u5
Substituting u = 5 in equation (i), we get  4  5   3 y  14
 20  3 y  14  3 y  14  20 
 3 y  6  y  2
Also, u = 5
1 1
 5  x
x 5
Hence, the required solution is :
1
x  , y  2
5
2. D
The given system of equations is not linear. First, we will make the system of equations linear by
dividing both sides of the two equations by xy and then by making the following substitution.
6 3 
 7 
Thus, we have :
y x 
 ....(i ) & (ii )
3 9
  11
y x 

Let
1 1
 u,  v
x y
6v  3u  7 
 ....(iii ) & (iv )
3v  9u  11
Multiplying (iv) by 2, we get 6v  18u  22 …(v)
On subtracting equation (iii) from (v), we get 15u = 15  u = 1
Substituting u = 1 in equation (iii), we get 6v + (3  1) = 7
 6v  3  7
 6v   7  3   4
4 2
 v 
6 3
Now, we have :
1
u 1  1  x 1
x
2 1 2 3
v   y
3 y 3 2
Hence, the required solutions is :
3
x  1, y 
2
3. B
The given equations can be written as
 a  b  x   a  b  y  a 2  2ab  b 2 ...(i )
 a  b  x  a  b  y  a2  b2 ...(ii )
On subtraction (i) from (ii), we get
 a  b    a  b  x  2ab  2b2
 2bx  2b  a  b 
2b  a  b 
 x
2b
 
x  a  b
Substituting x = (a + b) in equation (ii), we get
 a  b 2   a  b  y  a 2  b 2
  a  b  y   a2  b2    a  b 
2
  a  b  y   a 2  b 2    a 2  b 2  2ab 
  a  b  y  2ab
2ab
y
a  b 
Hence, the required solution is :
2ab
x   a  b  and y 
a  b 
 xy  2ab
4. B
Consider the given system of equations :
ax  by  1 ...(i )
2ab
bx  ay  2 ...(ii )
a  b2
On adding equation (i) and (ii), we get
 a  b  x   a  b  y  1  22ab 2
a b
 a  b  x   a  b  y  a  2b  22ab
2 2

a b
  2
  a  b   x  y   a2  b 2
a b
ab
 xy  2 ....(iii )
a  b2
Now, on subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
 a  b  x   b  a  y  1  22ab 2
a b
 a  b  x   a  b  y  a  2b  22ab
2 2

a b
  2
  a  b   x  y   a2  b 2
a b
ab
 xy  2 (iv )
a  b2
Adding (iii) and (iv),we get
ab ab 2a
2x  2  
a  b2 a2  b2 a2  b2
a
x 2
a  b2
Subtracting (iv) from (iii), we get
ab ab 2b
2y  2  2  2
a b 2
a b 2
a  b2
b
 y 2
a  b2
Hence, the required solution is
a b
x , y 2
a b
2 2
a  b2
5. C
Let there be n students in the class. The total weight of the students after the eight new students
join the class.
60n  64 8  62  n  8
 60n  64  8   64n  62  8 
 62n  60n  64  8   62  8 
 2n  8  2  n8
 Initially, there were 8 students in the class.
6. B
Let the number of questions which are correct be c and the questions which are wrong be w.
c  w  50 ...(1)
w
2c   40
2
4c  w  80 …(2)
From equations (1) and (2), we have  5c = 130  c = 26
7. C
Let the two-digit number be 10x +y
Given, 10x + y = 7 (x + y)
 3x  6y  x  2y ..(1)
1
Also, 10 + x = 10 x  y   6
2
 8 x  19 y  12
 16 y  19 y  12  from equation 1 
 y = 4 and x = 8  x – y = 4.
8. D
Let the monthly incomes of X and Y be 3x, 4x and monthly expenditures by 5y, 7y
Saving of X = 3x – 5y
Saving of Y = 4x – 7y
3 x  5y 3
Given,  and  3x  5y    4x  7y   500
4 x  7y 2
 6 x  10y  12 x  21y
 6 x  11y  0 (1)
and  x  2y  500 (2)
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get y = 3000 and x = 5500
Monthly income of Mr Y = ₹4x = ₹22000.
9. B
Let A and B have x and y coins respectively.
Case 1 :
If A given 100 coins to B.
y + 100 = 2(x – 100)
2x – y = 300 ..(1)
Case – 2 :
If B given 40 coins to A
x + 40 = 3(y – 40)
 x – 3y + 160 = 0 …(2)
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get
x = 212 and y = 124
 The required difference = 212 – 124 = 88
10. C
x
Let the fraction be .
y
Case 1 :
x 1 1
  4x  4  y  1
y 1 4
 4x  y  5 (1)
Case 2 :
x 1 2

y 1 3
 3 x  3  2y  2
 3 x  2y  5  0 ....(2)
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get x = 3 and y = 7.
 The required difference is 4.
11. D
Let the number of Lux cakes be x and Dove cakes be y.
Given 30x + 40y = 360
 3x + 4y = 36
36  4 y
 x
3
4y
 x  12 
3
As x and y are positive integers, y = 3 or 6
 x = 8, 4
There are two combinations.
12. C
Every year in the first half of the tree’s life, the number of mangoes that cannot become ripen fruit
is y(say).
The number of fruits produced in the xth year = 11x – y
Number of fruits produced in 4th year = 36
 11(4) – y = 36 y=8
y
Number of fruits produced in xth year of the second half-life  11x 
2
8
Number of fruits produced in the 9 year  11 9    99  4  95.
th
2
13. D
Let there be x boys and y girls in the class.
Case 1 :
12x + 6y = 900
2x +y = 150 ..(1)
Case 2 ;
5x + 10y = 900
x + 2y = 180 ..(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get x = 40 and y = 70
 Number of students in the class = 70 + 40 = 110.
14. B
Let the length of the room = m
Breadth of the room = b m
Area of the room = lb m2.
The length and breadth are increased by 1 m each and the area increases by 31 m 2
 l  1  b  1  lb  31
 lb  l  b  1  lb  31
 l  b  30 ....(1)
If length increased by 1 m and breadth decreased by 1 m, then the area decreases by 9m 2
i.e.   1 b  1  b  9
b b  ba
b  8
On solving equation (1) and equations (2), we get  19, b  11
Area of the floor = b  19  11  209m
2
15. D
Let Snehal’s speed and the speed of the stream be x kmph and y kmph respectively.
28 12
Given,  5 ….(1)
xy xy
21 10
and  4 .…(2)
xy xy
1 1
Let a and  b, then
xy xy
Equation (1)  28a +12b = 5 …(3)
and equation (2) 21a + 10b = 4 …(4)
1 1
Solving equation (3) and (4) we get a  and b 
14 4
 x  y  14 and x  y  4
 x  9 and y  5
 Snehal’s speed in still water = 9 kmph
16. C
Let the cost of each puff be p.
Let the cost of each coffee be c.
Let the cost of each pizza be z.
Then 2p + 14c + 5z = 356 ….(1)
Also, 20p + 7c + 15z = 830 ….(2)
Multiply Equation (2) by 2, we have
40p  14c  30z  1660 ….(3)
Subtracting equations (1) from equation (3) we have 38p + 25z = 1304
17. C
Let the present ages of father and son be f and s respectively.
Then, f = 6s ..(1)
The second condition gives
f  30  2 s  30  10  f  2s  20
 6s  2s  20  from equation 1
 s = 5 and f = 30
Half the father’s present age is 15. After 10 years the son’s age will be 15.
18. C
(i) Let r, s, t, v, be the amounts, with Ram, Shyam, Tarun, Varun respectively.
1
(ii) r  s  t  v , s  1  r  t  v .
2 3
1
t  r  s  v  , r  s  t  v  240.
4
(iii) Solve the above equation set to get v.
1
r  240  r   r  80
2
1
 s   240  s   s  60
3
1
 t   240  t   t  48
4
v  52
19. C
P  x, y   P '  y , x 
 x  y and y  x  x  y  0
20. D
2  y  2  y  0
 x.0  y.1  2  0 in the form as ax + by + c = 0.
21. A
Let father’s age be x and son’s age = y
 x  3y  7  x  3y  7  0.
22. D
3x + 5y + 15 = 0 is a linear equation in two variables and every linear equation in two variables
has infinite many solutions.
23. C
2x  3y  4a  0 has solution, x = 1, y = 0
 2  1  3  0  4a  0
1
 2  4a  a 
2
24. A
Total number of chocolates Richa had = 10
Number of chocolates her brother borrowed = y
Number of chocolates left with Richa = 4
 10 – y = 4
25. D
3b + 1 = 2
3b = 1 ….(i)
And 2a – 3 = 5
2a = 8 …(ii)
Subtraction (ii) from (i), we get
3b  2a  1  8
 3b  2a  7
26. B
a1 b1
For unique solution 
a2 b2
k 1

6 2
k 3
27. A
2006x  2007y  8024 ....(1)
2007x  2006y  8028 ....(2)
Adding equation (1) and (2)
4013x + 4013 = 16052
x+y=4 …(3)
subtracting equation (2) from (1)
 x  y  4 ...(4)
Adding (3) and (4)
2y  0
y 0
x4
28. A
Let first part be x
then second part be 180 –x
According the question
180  x  2 x  12
3 x  168
x  56
 first part is 56 and second part is 124
29. C
Let present age of person be x years
 12 years hence, person’s age = (x + 12) years
12 years ago, person’s age = (x – 12) years
According to question
x  12  3  x  12 
x  12  3 x  36
2 x  48
x  24
 Person’s present age = 24 years
30. C
Let A’s salary = x and B’s salary = y
3 5
Given x  y  16,000
4 3
x – y = 2000
 9 x  20y  192000
x  y  2000
By solving we get x = 8000
y = 6000
 B’s salary is ₹6000
CIRCLES
What is a circle ?
The definition of a circle is :

A set of points of a plane that are equidistant to a given point, the centre. The blue line in the drawing
below is the circle. So not the area within.
radius
C
Circle
Center: A point inside the circle. All points on the circle are equidistant (same distance) from the center
point.
Radius: The radius is the distance from the center to any point on the circle. It is half the diameter.
Chord: A segment of a straight line joining two points on a circle.
Diameter: The length of any chord passing through the center. It is twice the radius.
Circumference: The circumference is the perimeter of the circle. It is 2r.
Area: Area of the region enclosed by the circle. It is r2.
The distance between the centre and the circle is called the radius.
The distance between the centre and the circle is called the radius*1.
The distance circle-circle through the centre is called the diameter.
The perimeter of the circle is called the circumference.
Calculating with circles

diameter = 2 × radius
radius = 12 × diameter (or diameter : 2)
area circle*2 = radius × radius × π
circumference = diameter × π
In letters and as short as possible:
d = 2r
r = 12d
A = πr2
C = dπ
The plural form of radius is radii.
With the area of the circle, we mean the area enclosed by the circle.
The area within the circle is actually called a disc.
THEORMS ON CIRCLE
Isosceles Triangle
Two Radii and a chord make an isosceles triangle.
A B
Perpendicular Chord Bisection
The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord will always bisect the chord (split it into two equal
lengths).
A M B
Angles Subtended on the Same Arc
a
a
Angles formed from two points on the circumference are equal to other angles, in the same arc, formed
from those two points.
Angle in a Semi-Circle
Angles formed by drawing lines from the ends of the diameter of a circle to its circumference form a right
angle. So c is a right angle.
Proof
We can split the triangle in two by drawing a line from the centre of the circle to the point on the
circumference our triangle touches.
We know that each of the lines which is a radius of the circle (the green lines) are the same length.
Therefore each of the two triangles is isosceles and has a pair of equal angles.
x y
x y
But all of these angles together must add up to 180°, since they are the angles of the original big triangle.
Therefore x + y + x + y = 180, in other words 2(x + y) = 180.
and so x + y = 90. But x + y is the size of the angle we wanted to find.
Tangents
A tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle at only one point (so it does not cross the
circle- it just touches it).
A tangent to a circle forms a right angle with the circle's radius, at the point of contact of the tangent.
Also, if two tangents are drawn on a circle and they cross, the lengths of the two tangents (from the point
where they touch the circle to the point where they cross) will be the same.
Angle at the Centre
The angle formed at the centre of the circle by lines originating from two points on the circle's
circumference is double the angle formed on the circumference of the circle by lines originating from the
same points. i.e. a = 2b.
Proof
You might have to be able to prove this fact:
OA = OX since both of these are equal to the radius of the circle. The triangle AOX is therefore isosceles
and so ∠OXA = a
Similarly, ∠OXB = b
Since the angles in a triangle add up to 180, we know that XOA = 180 – 2a
Similarly, BOX = 180 - 2b
Since the angles around a point add up to 360, we have that AOB = 360 – XOA – BOX
= 360 – (180 – 2a) – (180 – 2b)
= 2a + 2b = 2(a + b) = 2 AXB
Alternate Segment Theorem
This diagram shows the alternate segment theorem. In short, the red angles are equal to each other and
the green angles are equal to each other.
Proof
You may have to be able to prove the alternate segment theorem:
B
y
C
x tangent

We use facts about related angles
A tangent makes an angle of 90 degrees with the radius of a circle, so we know that OAC + x = 90.
The angle in a semi-circle is 90, so BCA = 90.
The angles in a triangle add up to 180, so BCA + OAC + y = 180
Therefore 90 + OAC + y = 180 and so OAC + y = 90
But OAC + x = 90, so OAC + x = OAC + y
Hence x = y
Cyclic Quadrilaterals
A cyclic quadrilateral is a four-sided figure in a circle, with each vertex (corner) of the quadrilateral
touching the circumference of the circle. The opposite angles of such a quadrilateral add up to 180
degrees.
Area of Sector and Arc Length
If the radius of the circle is r,

Area of sector = πr2 × A/360
Arc length = 2πr × A/360
In other words, area of sector = area of circle × A/360
arc length = circumference of circle × A/360

Illustration : 1
Two concentric circles have radii 8 cm and 4 cm respectively. Find the length of chord of larger
circle which touches the smaller circle.
Sol. OA = 8 cm
OC = 4 cm
In  OAC, AC  82  42  48
O
 4 3 cm
 AB  8 3 cm
A C B
Illustration : 2
BC is the diameter of a semicircle. The sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC meet the semicircle in
P and Q respectively. If arc PQ subtends an angle of 140o at the centre of semi circle then find A
A
Q
P
o
140
B O C
Sol. In  POB,  OPB = OBP = x (let)  POB = 180 – 2x A

In  QOC,  OCQ = OQC = y (let)  QOC = 180 – 2y
Now, POB + POQ + QOC = 180o  x + y = 160o
 In  ABC, A = 180 – 160 = 20o
Q
P
x o y
140
x y
B O C
Illustration : 3
Sol. In figure, O is the centre of the circle, prove that D
x = y + z. z
O
x
A B
Sol. x = 24 D
z
=4=1+z
1=2 3 4
=4+2=y y
1 2
O
x
A B
Illustration : 4
In the given figure, O is the centre of circle and DA = DO. If DBC = 60o then find AOD.
A O
D
o
60
B C
(A) 20o (B) 30o

(C) 40o (D) 60o
Sol. C
Let DOA = DAO = xo
o
x
 ACB   
2
 ADO  BDC  180  2x
x
In BCD, 180  2x   60  180  x  40
o
2
Illustration : 5
A square is inscribed in a circle of radius r. What is the ratio of the areas of circle and square?
(A) 4 :  (B)  : 4
(C) 2 :  (D)  : 2
Sol. D
A B
r 2
 :2
1
 2r  2r r
2
O
D C
PRACTICE QUESTION
1. In the given figure, COB  40o , AB is the diameter of the C
circle. Find m CAB :
(A) 40o
40o
(B) 20o
A O B
(C) 30o
(D) none of these
2. In the given figure, O is the centre of circle. AOB  80o and A

AOC  120o . Find m BAC:
(A) 120o 80o 120o
(B) 80o O
(C) 100o B C
(D) none of these
3. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle and D

AOC  100o. Find the ratio of
mADC : m ABC:
O
(A) 5 : 6
100o C
(B) 1 : 2 A
(C) 5 : 13 B
(D) none of these
4. In the given figure, O is the centre of circle, AOB  100o. Find P

mBCD:
(A) 80o O
(B) 60o
(C) 50o 100o B
A
(D) 40o C
D
5. In the given figure, AB is the diameter of the circle. D C

ADC  120o. Find m CAB: 120o
(A) 20o A B
O
(B) 30o
(C) 40o
(D) can’t be determined
6. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle. AOB  70o , D

find m OCD:
(A) 70o A
(B) 55o 70o O C
(C) 65o
(D) 110o B
7. In the given figure, CAB  40o and AKB  105o. Find D C

KCD:
(A) 65o K
105o
(B) 35o 40o
(C) 40o A
B
(D) 72o
8. In the given figure, ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = A

D
AC and mABC  50o , mBDC :
(A) 80o
(B) 60o 50o
(C) 65o B C
(D) 100o E
9. In the given figure, AB is the diameter mBAD  70o and C D

mDBC  30o . Find m BDC :
(A) 25o
(B) 30o 30o
(C) 40o 70o
(D) 60o B O A
10. Find the value of DCE: A

(A) 100o
(B) 80o
O
(C) 90o
(D) 75o 160o D
B
C
E
11. ‘O’ is the centre of the circle, line segment BOD is the angle B
bisector of AOC,mCOD  50o. Find mABC:
(A) 25o O
(B) 50o
50o
(C) 100o A D C
(D) 120o
12. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle and C

ACB  25o. Find AOB: O
(A) 25o
(B) 50o
(C) 75o A B
(D) 60o
13. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle . AOB  90o
Find mAPB:
(A) 130o
(B) 150o
(C) 135o
14. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle. AB is tangent.

AB = 12 cm and OB = 13 cm. Find OA :
(A) 6.5 cm
(B) 6 cm
(C) 5 cm
(D) none of these
15. In the given figure, PQ is the tangent of the circle. Line

segment PR intersects the circle at N and R. PQ = 15 cm, PR
= 25 cm, find PN :
(A) 15 cm
(B) 10 cm
(C) 9 cm
(D) 6 cm
16. In the given figure, there are two circles with the centres O
and O’ touching each other internally at P. Tangents TQ and
TP are drawn to the larger circle and tangents TP and TR are
drawn to the smaller circle. Find TQ : TR.
(A) 8 : 7
(B) 7 : 8
(C) 5 : 4
(D) 1 : 1
17. In the given figure, PAQ is the tangent. BC is the diameter of

the circle. m BAQ  60o , find m ABC :
(A) 25o
(B) 30o
(C) 45o
(D) 60o
18. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral PQ is a tangent at B. If

DBQ  65o , then BCD is :
(A) 35o
(B) 85o
(C) 115o
(D) 90o
19. In the given figure, AP = 2cm, BP = 6 cm and CP = 3cm. Find

DP:
(A) 6 cm
(B) 4 cm
(C) 2 cm
(D) 3 cm
20. In the given figure, AP = 3cm, BA = 5 cm and CP = 2 cm. Find

CD :
(A) 12 cm
(B) 10 cm
(C) 9 cm
(D) 6 cm
21. In the given figure, tangent PT = 5 cm, PA = 4 cm, find AB:
7
(A) cm
4
11
(B) cm
4
9
(C) cm
4
22. Two circles of radii 13 cm and 5 cm touch internally each other. Find the distance between their
centres:
(A) 18 cm
(B) 12 cm
(C) 9 cm
(D) 8 cm
23. Three circle touch each other externally. The distance between their centre is 5 cm, 6 cm and 7
cm. Find the radii of the circle:
(A) 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm
(B) 3 cm, 4 cm, 1 cm
(C) 1 cm, 2.5 cm, 3.5 cm
(D) 1 cm, 2 cm, 4cm
24. A circle touches a quadrilateral ABCD. Find the true

statement:
(A) AB  BC  CD  AD
(B) AB  CD  BC  AD
(C) BD = AC
(D) none of the above
25. O and O’ are the centres of two circles which touch each other externally at P. AB is a common
tangent. Find APO:
(A) 90o (B) 120o
(C) 60o (D) data insufficient
26. If AB is a chord of a circle, P and Q are two points on the circle different from A and B, then :
(A) the angle subtended by AB at P and Q are either equal or supplementary.
(B) the sum of the angles subtended by AB at P and Q is always equal two right angles.
(C) the angles subtended at P and Q by AB are always equal.
(D) the sum of the angles subtended at P and Q is equal to four right angles.
27. In the given figure, AB and CD are two common tangents to

the two touching circle. If CD = 6 cm, then AB is equal to:
(A) 9 cm D
(B) 15 cm
(C) 12 cm
A C B
(D) none of these
28. In the given figure, CD is a direct common tangent to two

circles intersecting each other at A and B, then:
CAD  CBD  ?
(A) 1200
(B) 90o
(C) 360o
(D) 180o
29. O and O’ are the centres of circle of radii 20 cm and 37 cm.

AB = 24. What is the distance OO’?
(A) 51 cm
(B) 45 cm
(C) 35 cm
(D) 48 cm
30. In a circle of radius 5cm, AB and AC are the two chords such that AB = AC = 6 cm. Find the
length of the chord BC:
(A) 4.8 cm (B) 10.8 cm
(C) 9.6 cm (D) none of these
Answer Key
1. B 9. C 17. B 25. A
2. B 10. B 18. C 26. A
3. C 11. B 19. B 27. C
4. C 12. B 20. B 28. D
5. B 13. C 21. C 29. A
6. B 14. C 22. D 30. C
7. B 15. C 23. A
8. A 16. D 24. B
Hints & Solutions

1. B
1 1 1
CAB  BOC   40o 
2 2 2
2. B
 180o  80o 
OBA  OAB    50
o
 2 
 180o  120o 
And OCA  BAC    30
o
 2 
 BAC  BAO  OAC  50o  30o  80o
3. C
180o
ADC   50o
2
 ABC  180o  50o  130o
mADC 50 5
  
ABC 130 o
13
4. C
 1 
APB  50o  mAPB  2 mAOB 
 
 ACB  180o  50o  130o
 BCD  180o  130o  50o
5. B
ABC  180o  120o  60o
ACB  90o
 CAB  180o  (90o  60o )  30o
180o  70o
 OCD   55o
2
6. B
COD  AOB  70o
7. B
ABK  180o  (105  40o )  35o
 ACD  ABD  35o
8. A
BAC  80o ( ABC  ACB  50o )
 BDC  BAC  80o
PHASE-1_PHYSICS_GENESIS PACKAGE_53
9. C
ADB  90o
 DBA  20o
 CBA  30o  20o  50o
 CDA  180o  50o  130o
 CDB  130o  90o  40o
10. B
BAD  80o
 DCE  80o
11. B
AOC  2  50  100o
100
 ABC   50o
2
12. B
AOB  2ACB  2  25  50o
13. C
1
APB  180o   90o  135o
2
 1 o 
 ACB  45   2  90  
o
  
and APB+ACB=180o 
14. C
OA  (OB)2  (AB)2
 OA  169  144  5
15. C
PN  PR  PQ2
PN  25  (15)2
 PN  9cm
16. D
TQ  TP and TP = TR
 TQ = TP = TR
17. B
BCA  90o
BCA  60o
 ABC  180o  (90o  60o )
ABC  30o
18. C
DBQ  65o
 DAB  65o
 DCB  180o  65o  115o
19. B
AP  BP  DP  CP
2  6  DP  3
 DP  4 cm
20. B
PA  PB  PC  PD
3(3  5)  2  PD
 PD  12 cm
 CD = PD – PC
 12  2  10 cm
21. C
PT 2  PA  PB
5  5  4  (4  x)
9
x  cm
4
22. D
Let they touch each other at O and A, B be the
centres of the two circles, then OA = 13 cm and OB
= 5 cm
 AB = OA – OB = 8 cm.
23. A
AB = 5 cm x  y
BC = 6 cm  y  z
AC = 7 cm  z  x
 2(x  y  z)  5  6  7  18cm
 x  y  z  9cm
 x  (x  y  z)  (y z)  9  6  3cm
 x  y  5cm
 y  5  x  5  3  2cm
 z  6  y  6  2  4cm
 x  3 cm
y  2 cm and z  4 cm
24. B
Prove with the help of property of tangents: “Tangents drawn from the same point on a circle are
always equal.”
25. A
Tangent is always perpendicular to the radius.
26. A
APB  AQB
When APB  AQB  90o then they are
supplementary. Also they are supplementary when
the are in different segments.
27. C
DC = 6 cm
 AC = 6 cm and BC = 6 cm
( AC = CD and BC = CD. Two tangents from the same point are always equal.)
 AB = 12 cm
28. D
CAB  BCD and DAB  BDC
CAD  CAB  DAB  BCD  BDC
CAD  BCD  BDC
 CAD  CBD  BCD  BDC  CBD  180o
29. A
AB = 24 cm
 AC = BC = 12 cm
OA = 20 cm
 OC  (OA)2  (AC)2
 400  144  16cm
And O’A = 37 cm
O’C  (37)2  (12)2  35cm
 '  OC  CO'  16  35  51 cm
30. C
AB = AC, OB = OC and BC is common and OA is common also
BOA  COA
BOA  COA
 BC and OA are perpendicular bisector to each other
[Area of   s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) ]
abc 556
s   8cm
2 2
Area of BOA  8  3  3  2  12cm2
1 1
Again area of BOA  OA  BP   5  BP
2 2
1
12   5  BP
2
 BP  4.8 cm
 BC = 2BP

Genesis Crash Course JSTSE (2018 19) - Phase 1 - Mathematics

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PHASE-1_MATHEMATICS _GENESIS PACKAGE_1

 General Rules for solving problems in Arithmetic

(b) 5673: 5 + 6 + 7 + 3 = 21: therefore divisible by 3.

(c) 89612: 8 + 9 + 6 + 1 + 2 = 26: 2 + 6 = 8 is not divisible by 3, therefore the number is not

Illustrations (Solved Examples)

Case (ii)  1   1   1  1  1  1  3

 abc  5  11 2  110

3. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers where a + b + c = 53; b + c + d = 51; c + d + a = 57 and d + a +

6. There are 11 squares in the diagram,

8. The largest number from those given below is

9. If x  y  11 and x3  y3  428.12, then x 2  y 2 equals

18. The quotient of 100100 and 5050 is

21. If 60a  3 and 60b  5 then value of 12 21b  is equal to

23. The smallest positive integer ‘x’ such that x  x  1  0.01 is

24. If x  y  5xy, y  z  6xz, z  x  7zx, then find the value of x  y  z.

27. Evaluate : 32 2  32 2

 428.12  1331  33xy

 121  54.72  66.28

(A) On the basis of degree -

Linear Polynomial- having degree one e.g., 3x  5

(B) On the basis of Number of terms –

Monomial – having only one term e.g., 5x

Constant Polynomial – The polynomial having degree zero.

Identity I : (x  y)2  x 2  2xy  y 2

Use of Pascal’s triangle

Some More Identities -

Illustrations (Solved Examples)

2. Which of the following is the factor of 4a2  b2  4ab  2b  4a  1?

(C) (x  y  3xy)(y  x  3 xy) (D) (x  y  3xy)(x  y  3 xy)

6. If x  y  2 and xy  1, then find x 4  y 4 .

7. The factor of the expression a  b  c  2 ab  2 bc  2 ca are

9. Find the value of a3  b3  c3  3abc if a  b  c  15, a2  b2  c2  105.

10. Factorise: 1  x 4  (x  1)4

11. The value of 442  452  19802

13. Value of (x  y)1(x 1  y 1 ) is

Find the square root of  3a  2b  3c    2a  3b  2c   5b2

(A)  a  b   b  c   c  a  (B) a  ba  bb  c b  c c  ac  a

16. If x  22/3  21/3 then

18. If x  y  8,xy  15 then the value of x 4  y 4 is

20. Factors of (3m2  2m)(6m  3m2  2m)  5 are

21. If 3a  2b  c  0, then the value of 9a2  4b2  c  6ac is

28. Factorise: p3 (q  r)3  q3 (r  p)3  r 3 (p  q)3 is equal to

30. If a  2012,b  2011,c  2010 , then value of a2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca

Hints & Solutions

 Square root of given expression

Remainder  p(3)  27a  36  9  4

 3(4a  6b)(6b  8c)(8c  4a)

Now let A  p(q  r)  pq  pr

 LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLE

 SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

A pair of linear equations in two variables is called a system of linear equations

Conditions for solvability of a system of linear equations in two variables

(a) Elimination method : (By equating coefficients)

e.g. To solve the following pair of equations

(b) Elimination method (By substitution)

(c) Cross Multiplication Method

EQUATIONS OF THE FORM

To solve the above type of equations, following algorithm may be used.

Equations of the form ax + by =c and bx + ay = d where a  b.

2. What is the solution for the following system of equations ?

3. Let x, y be the solutions to the following system of equations :

4. What is the solution of the following system of equations ?

20. 2 = - y can be expressed in the form ax + by + c = 0 as