Past Simple

past simple: regular affirmative
Para formar el pasado del los verbos regulares, se añade "-ed" al infinitivo:
Infinitivo Verbo en pasado

to work worked
trabajar trabajé, trabajaste, trabajó, etc.
to walk walked
caminar caminé, caminaste, caminó, etc.
La forma es la misma para todas las personas:
I worked yesterday.
Yo trabajé ayer.
She worked last week.

Ella trabajó la semana pasada.
They worked this morning.

Ellos trabajaron esta mañana.
Si el infinitivo acaba en "-y", normalmente se quita la "y” y se añade "-ied":

to try tried
intentar intenté, intentaste, intentó, etc.
to study studied
estudiar estudié, estudiaste, estudió, etc.
Past simple: irregular verbs
Pasado simple: verbos irregulares
Los verbos irregulares tienen una forma en el pasado simple que no es la del "-ed"
estándar. A continuación presentamos una lista de verbos irregulares comunes:
Infinitivo Forma en pasado

to be
was / were
ser / estar
to buy
bought
comprar
to break
broke
romper(se)
to come came
venir
to do
did
hacer
to drink
drank
beber
to eat
ate
comer
to fall
fell
caer(se)
to find
found
encontrar
to fly
flew
volar
to get
got
conseguir / obtener
to give
gave
dar
to go
went
ir
to have
had
tener
to hear
heard
oír
to hurt
hurt
dañar
to know
knew
conocer / saber
to learn
learnt / learned
aprender
to leave
left
salir / dejar
to make
made
hacer
to meet
met
conocer / quedar
to read
read
leer
to ride
rode
montar
to run
ran
correr
to say
said
decir
to see saw
ver
to send
sent
enviar
to sing
sang
cantar
to sit
sat
sentarse
to speak
spoke
hablar
to spend
spent
gastar
to take
took
tomar
to teach
taught
enseñar
to think
thought
pensar
to wake (up)
woke (up)
despertarse
to wear
wore
llevar (puesto)
to write
wrote
escribir
Estas formas irregulares solo aparecen en frases afirmativas:
I ate chicken yesterday.

Ayer comí pollo.
I didn't eat chicken yesterday. (y NO I didn't ate chicken yesterday.)

Ayer no comí pollo.
Did you eat chicken yesterday? (y NO Did you ate chicken yesterday?)
¿Comiste pollo ayer?
Los pronombres interrogativos (y adjetivos / adverbios interrogativos) suelen ir al

principio de una pregunta. Cada uno se refiere a algo diferente:
What is this?
What - se refiere a cosas / objetos
¿Qué es esto?
Where is the chair?
Where - se refiere a lugares
¿Dónde está la silla?
When is the party?
When - se refiere al tiempo
¿Cuándo es la fiesta?
How - se refiere a la manera / al grado How do you say that?
¿Cómo se dice eso?
Who is she?
Who - se refiere a personas
¿Quién es ella?
Why - se refiere a la causa de o la razón por Why are you there?
algo ¿Porqué estás ahí?
Which chair do you
Which - se refiere a personas u objetos de want?
cantidad limitada ¿Cuál de las silla
quieres?
Whose is this?
Whose - se refiere a la posesión
¿De quién es esto?
where / camp / they / last Friday
Where did they camp last Friday?
Past simple: regular affirmative

to work worked
to walk walked
I worked yesterday.
Yo trabajé ayer.



to try tried
to study studied
Past simple: irregular verbs
Pasado simple: verbos irregulares
Los verbos irregulares tienen una forma en el pasado simple que no es la del "-ed"
estándar. A continuación presentamos una lista de verbos irregulares comunes:
Infinitivo Forma en pasado

to be
was / were
ser / estar
to buy
bought
comprar
to break
broke
romper(se)
to come
came
venir
to do
did
hacer
to drink
drank
beber
to eat
ate
comer
to fall
fell
caer(se)
to find
found
encontrar
to fly
flew
volar
to get
got
conseguir / obtener
to give
gave
dar
to go
went
ir
to have
had
tener
to hear
heard
oír
to hurt
hurt
dañar
to know knew
conocer / saber
to learn
learnt / learned
aprender
to leave
left
salir / dejar
to make
made
hacer
to meet
met
conocer / quedar
to read
read
leer
to ride
rode
montar
to run
ran
correr
to say
said
decir
to see
saw
ver
to send
sent
enviar
to sing
sang
cantar
to sit
sat
sentarse
to speak
spoke
hablar
to spend
spent
gastar
to take
took
tomar
to teach
taught
enseñar
to think
thought
pensar
to wake (up)
woke (up)
despertarse
to wear
wore
llevar (puesto)
to write
wrote
escribir
Estas formas irregulares solo aparecen en frases afirmativas:

I ate chicken yesterday.
Ayer comí pollo.
I didn't eat chicken yesterday. (y NO I didn't ate chicken yesterday.)

Ayer no comí pollo.
Did you eat chicken yesterday? (y NO Did you ate chicken yesterday?)
¿Comiste pollo ayer?
Solution:
1Please, don't make any noise. Sarah is studying.
2What do you do on weekends?
3Hurry up! The bus is coming.
4We usually have dinner in a restaurant.
5Can you drive a car? No, but I am learning to drive.
6I usually go to work by car.
7Look! Those children are playing in the street.
8Anne watches TV very often.
9Excuse me, I am looking for a bookstore. Is there a bookstore near here?
10The mechanic is repairing the car at the moment.
- She saw that movie. ... PAST
- They didn't come by train. ... PAST
- I am going sightseeing as soon as I arrive in Rome. ... FUTURE
- Is it raining outside? ... PRESENT
- Peter isn't going to the airport tomorrow night. ... FUTURE
- You're not listening to me, that's why you don't understand. ... PRESENT
- Go and join your dad, he's cleaning the car outside the house. ... PRESENT
- She went shopping in the morning. ... PAST
- He didn't understand his French lesson. ... PAST

- He's working with the computer and needs Wi-Fi connection. ... PRESENT
- The construction workers are building a new house. ... PRESENT
- They're going to take a vacation soon. ... FUTURE
Where did you meet them?
2. Are you going to eat a salad?
3. What does she like?
4. What are you cleaning?
5. What did you give her?
6. Who is studying law Who is going to study law?
7. Did you
a good time?
8. How does often she goes to work by bus How often does
she go to work by bus?
9. Who is speaking Swedish?
10. Is she going to be late?
Solution:
1Every day, Susan goes to work by train / Every day, Susan goes to
work by train.
2Last year, Gina went on vacation by plane / Last year, Gina went on
vacation by plane.
3Every day, Paul goes to school by bicycle / Every day, Paul goes to
school by bicycle.
4Tomorrow, Roger is going to go on a business trip by car / will go on a
business trip by car / is going on a business trip by car / 's going to go
on business by car / 's going on business by car / Tomorrow, Roger is
going to go on a business trip by car / Tomorrow, Roger will go on a
business trip by car / Tomorrow, Roger is going on a business trip by car
/ Tomorrow, Roger's going to go on business by car / Tomorrow, Roger's
going on business by car.
5Tomorrow, Mary is going to go shopping on foot / will go shopping on
foot / is going shopping on foot / 's going to go shopping on foot / 's
going shopping on foot / Tomorrow, Mary is going to go shopping on
foot / Tomorrow, Mary will go shopping on foot / Tomorrow, Mary is
going shopping on foot / Tomorrow, Mary's going to go shopping on foot
/ Tomorrow, Mary's going shopping on foot.
Possessive pronouns
Los adjetivos posesivos nos dicen a que o a quien pertenece un sustantivo.

Los pronombres posesivos sustituyen a sustantivos y se utilizan para expresar
posesión o pertenencia.
adjetivo posesivo pronombre posesivo

That is my cell phone. That's mine.
Ése es mi móvil. Ése es el mío.
Is that your car? Is that yours?
Ése es tu coche. Ése es el tuyo.
That isn't his book. That isn't his.
Ése no es su libro (el libro de él). Ése no es el suyo (de él).
These are her dogs. These are hers.
Estos son sus perros (de ella). Estos son suyos (de ella).
These are its legs. They are its.
Éstas son sus piernas (de ello referido a Éstas son suyas (poco
cosa/animal). común).
Those are our parents. Those are ours.
Ellos son nuestros padres. Ellos son los nuestros.
They are your friends. They are yours.
Ellos son vuestros amigos. Ellos son los vuestros.
Theirs is really big.
Their house is really big.
La suya es muy grande (de
Su casa es muy grande (de ellos).
ellos).
Possessive adjectives
Los adjetivos posesivos nos dicen a que o a quien pertenece un sustantivo:
my book / my books
mi libro / mis libros
your book / your books
tu, su (de usted, ustedes),
vuestro libro / tus libros
his book / his books

su libro (de él) / sus libros
her book / her books

su libro (de ella) / sus libros
its book / its books

su libro / sus libros
(de ello referido a cosa / animal)
our book / our books

nuestro libro / nuestros libros
their book / their books

su libro (de ellos / as) / sus libros
Possessive pronouns
Los adjetivos posesivos nos dicen a que o a quien pertenece un sustantivo.

Los pronombres posesivos sustituyen a sustantivos y se utilizan para expresar
posesión o pertenencia.
adjetivo posesivo pronombre posesivo

That is my cell phone. That's mine.
Ése es mi móvil. Ése es el mío.
Is that your car? Is that yours?
Ése es tu coche. Ése es el tuyo.
That isn't his book. That isn't his.
Ése no es su libro (el libro de él). Ése no es el suyo (de él).
These are her dogs. These are hers.
Estos son sus perros (de ella). Estos son suyos (de ella).
These are its legs. They are its.
Éstas son sus piernas (de ello referido a Éstas son suyas (poco
cosa/animal). común).
Those are our parents. Those are ours.
Ellos son nuestros padres. Ellos son los nuestros.
They are your friends. They are yours.
Ellos son vuestros amigos. Ellos son los vuestros.
Their house is really big.
Su casa es muy grande (de ellos).
Possessive adjectives
Los adjetivos posesivos nos dicen a que o a quien pertenece un sustantivo:
my book / my books
mi libro / mis libros
your book / your books

tu, su (de usted, ustedes),
vuestro libro / tus libros
his book / his books

su libro (de él) / sus libros
her book / her books

su libro (de ella) / sus libros
its book / its books

su libro / sus libros
(de ello referido a cosa / animal)
our book / our books

nuestro libro / nuestros libros
their book / their books

su libro (de ellos / as) / sus libros
Talking about the weather
Las frases más comunes para preguntar por el tiempo en inglés son:
What is / What's the weather like?

¿Qué tiempo hace?
How is / How's the weather?

¿Que tal / Cómo es el tiempo?
Para responder utilizamos el pronombre impersonal “it” siempre con el verbo en

tercera persona del singular, seguido del adjetivo que describe el tiempo o bien de
la forma continua de un verbo que describa el tiempo:
It is sunny. Está soleado.

It is windy. Hace viento.
It is raining. Está lloviendo.
It is snowing. Está nevando.
It is foggy. Hay niebla.
It is cloudy. Está nublado.
It is hot. Hace calor.
It is cold. Hace frío.
Present perfect
Forma: El presente perfecto se forma con el auxiliar "have" o "has" y el participio

pasado del verbo principal:
Respuesta
Afirmativo Negativo Interrogativo
corta
Yes, I / you /
they / we have
I / you / they / I / you / they / Have I / you /
we have we haven't they /
No, I / you /
visited visited we visited?
they /
we haven't
Yes, he / she /
he / she / it has
he / she / Has he / she /
it hasn't
it has visited it visited?
visited No, he / she /
it hasn't
Uso: Esta construcción normalmente se utiliza para referirse a algún tipo de

relación entre el pasado y el presente:
I can't drive you to the airport. I have sold my car.

No te puede llevar al aeropuerto. He venido mi coche. (el coche se vendió en
el pasado, but hay una consecuencia en el presente)
Podemos utilizar el presente perfecto para referirnos a acciones en el pasado

cuando no decimos exactamente cuando. Compara:
I have been to London.

He estado en Londres.
I went to London last year.

Fui a Londres el año pasado.
También se utiliza el presente perfecto con "just" para expresar una acción recién
acabada*:
I’ve just had breakfast.
Acabo de desayunar (lit. He desayunado hace un momento.)
* Esta construcción es menos común en el inglés norteamericano. En su lugar, se

puede utilizar el pasado simple.
Present perfect

Respuesta
corta
Yes, I / you /
they / we have
No, I / you /
they /
we haven't
Yes, he / she /
he / she / it has
it hasn't
it hasn't





acabada*:

Present simple: affirmative
El presente simple se usa para hablar de cosas que se hacen habitualmente,

situaciones permanentes, o verdades universales. La mayoría de los verbos en el
presente simple se basan en el infinitivo sin "to":
to eat
Infinitivo
comer
I eat
yo como
you eat
tú comes
he, she, it eats
él, ella, ello come
we eat
nosotros comemos
you eat
vosotros coméis
they eat
ellos comen
Los verbos en el presente simple sólo cambian en la tercera persona singular

añadiendo, en estos casos, una -s:
to make he makes
hacer él hace
to read she reads
leer ella lee
to eat it eats
comer ello (animal o cosa) come
Los verbos acabados en -s, -x, -sh, -ch, y -o añaden -es:
to watch he watches
mirar él mira
to go it goes
ir ello va
to mix she mixes
mezclar ella mezcla
to wash he washes
lavar él lava
Con los verbos acabados en consonante + -y, se quita la -y y se añade -ies:
to study he studies
estudiar él estudia
to reply she replies
responder ella responde
Algunos verbos son irregulares:
to have she has

tener ella tiene
to do it does
hacer ello hace
to be he is
ser / estar él es / está
Present simple: negative
Para formar el presente simple en negativo de cualquier verbo en inglés que no

sea auxiliar, se utiliza la partícula "do" or "does" + "not" + infinitivo (sin "to")
I do not eat yo no como

you do not eat tú no comes
he does not eat él no come
she does not eat ella no come
it does not eat ello no come (animal o cosa)
we do not eat nosotros no comemos
you do not eat vosotros no coméis
they do not eat ellos no comen
Es muy común en el inglés hablado y cuando escribimos en situaciones informales

combinar el auxiliar "to / does" con "not" para crear las formas cortas:
I / you / we / they don't

eat
he / she / it doesn't
Se pueden añadir complementos:

We don't eat meat on Sundays.
No comemos carne los domingos.
She doesn't usually eat a lot.

Ella no come demasiado normalmente.
I don't always eat lunch at work.

No siempre como en el trabajo.
Present continuous
Para formar el presente continuo (también conocido como el presente progresivo)

se utiliza la forma en presente de "to be" + el verbo principal en forma "-ing":
verbo en -
Sujeto to be
ing
I am
yo estoy
you / we / they are
tú / vosotros / nosotros / estás / estáis / estamos / swimming
ellos están nadando
he / she / it
is
él / ella / ello (cosa o
está
animal)
Usamos el presente continuo cuando:
• las acciones que están pasando en este momento:
Look! It's snowing!

¡Mira! ¡Está nevando!
• situaciones temporales:
I can't talk now. I'm having lunch.

No puedo hablar ahora. Estoy comiendo.
• Hábitos nuevos o temporales:
I'm taking yoga classes.

Estoy yendo a clases de yoga.
• Hábitos molestos:
The neighbours' dog is always barking.
El perro de los vecinos siempre está ladrando.
• Planes en el futuro:
I'm having dinner with my friends tomorrow.

Como con mis amigas mañana.
• Situaciones en proceso de cambio:
The climate is getting warmer.

Hace cada vez más calor.
Respuesta
corta
Yes, I am
I am eating I am not eating am I eating?
No, I'm not
Yes, you / we /
they are
you / we / they you / we / they are you / we /
are eating are not eating they eating?
No, you / we /
they aren't
Yes, he / she /
it is
he / she / it is he / she / it is is he / she / it
eating not eating eating?
No, he / she /
it isn't
Participio presente (-ing) - Reglas
Con la mayoría de los verbos solo se añade "-ing" al infinitivo:
to look looking
mirar mirando
to go going
ir yendo
Para los verbos acabados en "-e", se la pierden:
to hope hoping
esperar esperando
to have having
tener teniendo
Muchas veces se dobla el último consonante en los verbos acabados en consonante
+ vocal + consonante:
to stop stopping
parar parando
to run running
correr corriendo
to swim swimming
nadar nadando
to sit sitting
sentarse sentándose
to dig digging
excavar excavando
to add adding
añadir añadiendo
Sin embargo, hay algunas excepciones. Por ejemplo, en el inglés norteamericano,

se escribe "traveling" . En el inglés británico, la forma "travelling" es la adecuada.
Past simple: regular affirmative

to work worked
to walk walked
I worked yesterday.
Yo trabajé ayer.



to try tried
to study studied
'To be going to + infinitive'
Se utiliza la construcción "to be going to" + infinitivo para expresar intenciones,

planes, y predicciones basadas en pruebas reales:
I am going to see a movie tonight.

Voy a ver una película esta noche. (plan o intención)
They aren't going to win the match.

No van a ganar el partido. (predicción basada en pruebas reales)
Are you going (to go*) on vacation this year?

¿Te vas (a ir*) de vacaciones este año?(plan o intención)
* cuando el verbo en infinitivo es "to go", se suele omitir para no repetir el mismo
verbo.
Para las respuestas corta, so las mismas que las de "to be":
Yes, I am.
Sí (que voy a hacerlo / que es mí intención).
No, she's not.

No, (que no va a hacerlo / que no es su intención).
Uses of 'to be going to'
La construcción "to be going to + infinitivo" se puede utilizar para expresar

intenciones, planes, y predicciones basadas en evidencia:
I am going to see a film tonight. (plan o intención)

Voy a ver una película esta noche.
They aren't going to win the match. (predicción)

No van a ganar el partido.
Are you going (to go*) on vacation this year? (plan o intención)
¿Vais a ir de vacaciones este año?
* cuando el verbo en infinitivo es "to go", muchas veces se omite para evitar
repetirnos.
Las respuestas cortas de "to be going to + infinitivo" son las mismas que las de "to
be" en presente:
Yes, I am.
No, she's not. Have been' vs. 'have gone'
Cuando se utilizan los tiempos verbales perfectos, los participios pasados "been" y
"gone" pueden crear confusión para los estudiantes del inglés. Compara:
Se usa "been" cuando el sujeto se va a algún sitio y vuelve:
He has been to the gym this morning. (He went this morning and he returned)
Él ha ido al gimnasio esta mañana. (Fue esta mañana y regresó.)
Se usa "gone" cuando el sujeto se va a algún sitio y no ha vuelto todavía:
He has gone to gym this morning. (He went to this morning and he is still there)
Él ha ido al gimnasio esta mañana. (Fue esta mañana y sigue allí.)
Se utiliza la partícula "to" con las dos construcciones:
I have been to Germany twice. (y NO I have been in Germany twice.)

He estado en Alemania dos veces.
Prepositions of movement
Las palabras cortas como up, down, past, under, etc. pueden ser o
preposiciones o una partículas adverbiales:
She stood up.(partículas adverbiales: no hay complemento)

Ella se levantó.
She walked up the stairs. (preposición: sí hay complemento - stairs)

Ella subió las escaleras.
Estas palabras suelen modificar el verbo o el complemento de la frase. Por

ejemplo, con "to go" (ir), pueden expresar distintas maneras de movimiento:
Preposición / Partícula
Idea / concepto Ejemplo
adverbial
Go up the hill.
UP arriba
(Sube la colina.)
Go down the hill.
DOWN bajar
(Baja la colina.)
Go past the hotel.
pasar (sin
PAST Pasa por delante del
detenerse)
hotel.
Go under the bridge.
UNDER por debajo de Pasa por debajo del
puente.
Go around the traffic
AROUND alrededor de circle.
Rodea la rotonda.
Go through the
pasar de un lado a
THROUGH tunnel.
otro
Atraviesa el túnel.
Go over the bridge.
OVER por encima de Pasa por encima del
puente.
A continuación vemos otras preposiciones y partículas adverbiales que suelen

acompañar a verbos de movimiento:
Preposición /
Idea / concepto Ejemplo
Partícula adverbial
Go from the
station.
FROM indica el origen (desde)
Ve desde la
estación.
Go to/towards
TO / TOWARDS hacía the house.
Ve hacía la casa.
Go into the
hacía el centro / entrar en store.
INTO
un lugar cerrado / cubierto Entra en la
tienda.
Go out of the
hacía fuera / salir de en un
OUT (OF) store.
lugar cerrado / cubierto
Sal de la tienda.
Go across the
ACROSS cruzar park.
Cruza el parque.
OFF alejarse de / fuera
Agreeing and disagreeing with an opinion

Existen frases cortas que se pueden utilizar para expresar que estamos de acuerdo
con la oración anterior. Estas frases pueden ser positivas o negativas, y evitan
repetir el verbo de la oración original. Las siguientes construcciones pueden
expresar que estamos de acuerdo con una frase afirmativa:
SO + AUXILIAR + SUJETO
SUJETO + AUXILIAR + TOO
SUJETO + TOO (INFORMAL)
El auxiliar que usamos está relacionado con el verbo de la frase original :
A: I play football. (Yo juego a football.)
B: "So do I." or "I do too." or "Me too.". (Y yo. / Yo también.)
A: I can swim. (Yo puedo nadar.)
B: "So can I." or "I can too." or "Me too.". (Y yo. / Yo también.)
A: I am hungry. (Tengo hambre.)
B: "So are we." or "We are too." or "Us too."*. (Y yo. / Yo también.)
A: I've been to London. (He estado en Londres.)
B: "So has she." or "She has too." or "Her too."*. (Y ella. / Ella también.)
A: My brother failed his driving test. (Mi hermano suspendió el examen práctico
de conducir.)
B: "So did you." or "You did too." or "You too."*. (Y tú. / tú también.)
Las siguientes construcciones pueden expresar que estamos de acuerdo con una
frase negativa:
NEITHER / NOR + AUXILIAR + SUJETO

SUJETO + AUXILIAR NEGATIVO + EITHER
SUJETO + NEITHER (INFORMAL)
A: I don't play football. (No juego a fútbol.)
B: "Neither/Nor do I." or "I don't either." or "Me neither.". (Yo tampoco. /

Ni yo.)
A: I can't swim. (No puedo nadar.)

B: "Neither/Nor can I." or "I can't either." or "Me neither.". (Yo tampoco. /
Ni yo.)
A: I'm not hungry. (No tengo hambre.)
B: "Neither/Nor are we." or "We aren't either."or "Us neither."*. (Yo

tampoco. / Ni yo.)
A: I've not been to London. (No he estado en Londres.)
B: "Neither/Nor has she." or "She hasn't either."or "Her neither."*. (Ella

tampoco. / Ni ella.)
A: My brother didn't fail his driving test. (Mi hermano no suspendió el examen
práctico de conducir.)
B: "Neither/Nor did you." or "You didn't either."or "You neither."*. (Tú

tampoco. / Ni tú.)
* Cuidado con la forma "sujeto + too/neither". Es poca común y a veces no resulta

natural.
/iː/ or /aɪ/ ?
En el inglés norteamericano, "either" and "neither" normalmente se pronuncian

con el fonema /iː/ (de "tree"):
Neither: /ˈniːðə/
Either: /ˈiːðə/
En el inglés británico, los fonemas /iː/ (de "tree") y /aɪ/ (de "try") son
intercambiables en estas palabras:
Neither: /ˈniːðə/ o /ˈnaɪðə/
Either: /ˈiːðə/ o /ˈaɪðə/
1. I haven't slept since yesterday.
2. The population has decreased dangerously for 500 years.
3. I haven't been to my English class since last Thursday.
4. How long has she been working for that company? She has
been working for that company since last week.
5. How long has your brother lived in New York? My brother has
lived in New York for eleven years.
6. I have been waiting for you for since ten o'clock.
7. We haven't gone out for dinner since last January.
8. My parents have been married for twenty years.
9. He has been playing the piano for six years.
10. How long has she been studying English? She has been
studying English since she was 10 years old.
11. They have lived in New York for ten months.
12. How long have you known him? I've only known
him since last week.
13. I haven't seen your sister since for weeks.
1. seen We other weeks for each haven't
We haven't seen weeks for each other We haven't seen each

other for weeks.
2. lived since was old in have I ten Scotland years I
I lived in scotland since I was have ten years old I have lived in
Scotland since I was ten years old.
3. studying since started he My has university been brother

German
My brother German has studying since started university My

brother has been studying German since he started university.
4. been for have years two Janet and Mark divorced
Janet and Mark have been divorced for two years.
5. had since summer last that beautiful They house have

They have had beautiful house since that last summer They
have had that beautiful house since last summer.
6. anything lunchtime since haven't You eaten
You haven't eaten anything since lunchtime!
7. since year Sally boyfriend hasn't last had a
Sally hasn't had a boyfriend since last year.
8. playing for years has ten tennis been He
He has been playing tennis for ten years.
1. Jill is not here. She has gone to the airport to meet a friend.
2. I've been swimming this morning. Now I'm having lunch.
3. My sister has gone to Hawaii on holiday. She's coming back

next Thursday.
4. I've been to Italy twice and I'd like to visit it again.
5. I've been to the library. Here are the books you wanted.
6. The refrigerator is full because we've been shopping this

morning.
7. Anne has been gone to the dentist. She'll be back soon.
8. Anne's toothache is gone. She's gone been to the dentist.
Jim lives in the country

a) So does Jenny.
b) So do I. (Same)
5Jim is going to buy a car.
a) So is Jenny.
b) I am not / I'm not. (Different)
6Jim has eaten his breakfast.
a) So has Jenny.
b) So have I. (Same)
7Jenny isn't learning Japanese.
a) Neither is Jim.
b) Neither am I. (Same)
8Jim is ill.
a) So is Jenny.
b) I am not / I'm not. (Different)
9Jenny hasn't lived abroad.
a) Neither has Jim.
b) Neither have I. (Same)
10Jenny didn't enjoy last night's movie.
a) Neither did Jim.
b) Neither did I. (Same)
11Jim knows a lot of people.
a) So does Jenny.
b) I don't / I do not. (Different)
12Jenny doesn't work in a hospital.
a) Neither does Jim.
b) Neither do I. (Same)
13Jenny can speak Spanish.
a) So can Jim.
b) I can't / I can not / I cannot. (Different)
Solución:
1Alan called last Friday.
(Today is Monday): Alan called three days ago / 3 days ago.
2Robin visited us last March.

(It's November now): Robin visited eight months ago / 8 months
us ago.
3I saw Rod in June.

two months ago / 2 months
(It's August now): I saw Rod
ago.
The use of 'ever' and 'never' in the present perfect
"Ever" y "Never"
Cuando se utiliza “ever” con tiempo verbal perfecto, quiere decir "en algún
momento hasta ahora/entonces". Se suele colocar antes del participio pasado:
Have you ever eaten French fries?

¿Alguna vez has comido (probado) las patatas fritas?
This is the best food I've ever had.
Esto es la mejor comida que he probado nunca.
Has he ever been there?

¿Ha estado él alguna vez?
“Never” se coloca en la misma posición y se usa con un verbo en positivo con el

significado "nunca hasta ahora / entonces":
I have never eaten French fries.

Nunca he probado las patatas fritas.
I've never had better food than this.

Nunca he probado comida mejor que esto.
We have never been to New York.

Nunca hemos estado en Nueva York.
"Ever" se puede utilizar con un auxiliar negativo para para tener un significado
negativo. Recuerda que no se usa "never" con el auxiliar negativo ni "ever" con el
auxiliar positivo:
I haven't ever seen him before. (y NO I haven't never seen him before.)
Nunca le he visto antes.
I have never seen him before (y NO I have ever seen him before.)
Nunca le he visto antes.
Present perfect

Respuesta
corta
Yes, I / you /
they / we have
No, I / you /
they /
we haven't
Yes, he / she /
he / she /
he / she / Has he / she / it has
it hasn't
visited
No, he / she /
it hasn't





acabada*:


The use of 'yet' and 'already' in the present perfect
Presente perfecto + "yet" / "already"
Presente perfecto + "yet":
“Yet” se utiliza con el presente perfecto para referirse a algo esperado que puede
haber pasado ya (o no). "Yet" suele aparecer al final de las frases negativas y
interrogativas:
Have you eaten yet?

¿Has comido ya?
I haven’t eaten yet.

No he comido todavía.
En situaciones muy formales, "yet" se puede colocar justo después de "not":
I have not yet eaten.

Todavía no he comido.
Presente perfecto + "already":
“Already” se refiere a una acción que ha ocurrido pronto o más pronto de lo

esperado. Se utiliza con frases afirmativas y interrogativas. En tiempos verbales
perfectos normalmente se coloca entre en auxiliar y el participio:
Have + "already" + participio pasado
I have already eaten.

Ya he comido.
He has already arrived.

Él ha llegado ya.
En las frases interrogativas, "already" insinúa que el hablante ya sabe que ha

pasado:
Have you already washed the car?

¿Ya has lavado el coche? (creo que lo has lavado ya)
"Already" también puede colocarse al final de la frase para enfatizar:
Have you eaten already?

¿Has comido ya? (creo que has comido ya y me sorprende)
Inglés norteamericano
En el inglés norteamericano, es común usar "yet" y "already" con tiempos verbales

pasados en lugar de perfectos:
Have you had lunch yet? (Br.E)

¿Has comido ya?
Did you have lunch yet? (Am.E)

(lit.) ¿Comiste ya?
I've already eaten. (Br.E)

Ya he comido.
I already ate. (Am.E)

(lit.) Ya comí.
Present perfect

Respuesta
corta
Yes, I / you /
they / we have
No, I / you /
they /
we haven't
Yes, he / she /
he / she / it has
it hasn't
it hasn't





acabada*:


Quantifiers: too much / too many / not enough
Too much / Too many
“Too much” quiere decir "más que la cantidad deseada / más que es bueno". El
equivalente en castellano sería "demasiado/a(s)". Se utiliza en conjunto con
los sustantivos no contables:
I ate too much chocolate. (Now I feel sick.)
Comí demasiado chocolate. (Ahora me encuentro mal.)
There is too much salt in this soup. (It doesn't taste good.)
Hay demasiada sal en en esta sopa. (No me gusta el sabor.)
“Too many” tiene un significado parecido, pero se utiliza con los sustantivos
contables:
I've eaten fast food too many times this month. (It's not good for my health.)
Este mes he comido muchísima comida basura. (No es bueno para mi salud.)
There are too many cars on the road today. (It's inconvenient / annoying.)
Hay demasiado tráfico en la carretera hoy. (Es inconveniente.)
Not enough
“Not enough” se usa para expresar que no hay suficiente de algo, o que se
necesita más de algo.
There isn't enough milk. (We need to buy some more.)

No hay suficiente leche. (Tenemos que comprar más.)
There aren't enough eggs to make a an omelet. (We need three eggs and there
are only two.)
No hay suficientes huevos para hacer una tortilla. (Nos hacen falta tres y solo
hay dos.)
Si tenemos una construcción con auxiliar, la partícula "not" se puede añadir a él:
We haven’t got enough water.

No tenemos suficiente agua.
There won't be enough food for everyone.

No habrá suficiente comida para todo el mundo.
She hasn't mend her blouse yet hasn't mended

1. Mend her blouse:
her blouse yet.
2. Send a letter to She has already send to letter to robert has
Robert: already sent a letter to Robert.
She has already wash her hair has already
3. Wash her hair:
washed her hair.
4. Go to the She hasn't cook dinner yet hasn't gone to the
supermarket: supermarket yet.
5. Give Mary the She hasn't give mary the present yet hasn't
present: given Mary the present yet.
She has already take the car to the
6. Take the car to the
mechanic has already taken the car to the
mechanic:
mechanic.
1. Have their parents ever been on a safari Have your parents

ever been on a safari?
Yes, my parents have been on a safari once.
2. Has your brother ever tried rafting?
Yes, my brother has tried rafting once.
3. Have you ever been abroad on your own?
No, I have never been abroad on my own.
4. Has your sister ever been camping on her own?
No, my sister has never been camping on her own.
5. Has John ever appeared on a TV show?
Yes, John has appeared on a TV show many times.
6. Have they ever sent an opinion to a newspaper?
Yes, they have sent an opinion to a newspaper several times.
7. Have ever taken part in a demonstrations Have you ever

taken part in a demonstration?
Yes, I have taken part in a few demonstrations.
8. Have their friends ever have flown Have your friends ever
flown?
Yes, my friends have flown many times.
9. Has Sally ever been alone in an old house?
No, Sally has never been alone in an old house.

1There aren't enough plates for everyone.
2There isn't enough sugar to make a cake.
3She has too many problems.
4We have too much work to do today.
5There aren't enough players for this game.
6There is too much milk in my cup of coffee.
7There aren't enough fries on my plate.
8I have got too much homework to do.
9I can't do that. I haven't got enough information.
Present perfect vs. past simple
a) Forma:
PRESENTE PERFECTO PASADO SIMPLE

I talked to him
I have travelled /
yesterday.
traveled a lot.
Afirmativo Hablé con él ayer.
He viajadomucho.
(+) She asked him for the
She has read many books.
time.
Ella ha leídomuchos libros.
Ella le pidió la hora
They haven’t seen that film I didn't believe him.
yet. Yo no le creía.
Negativo No han visto esa película
todavía. She didn't answer my
(-) question.
He has not been to Italy. Ella no respondió a mi
Él no ha estado en Italia. pregunta.
Have you talked to him Did you enjoy the
today? party?
¿Has hablado con él hoy? ¿Te lo pasaste bien en la
Interrogativo
fiesta?
Has she spent all of her
(?)
money already? Did you take the train
¿Ya ha gastadotodo su yesterday?
dinero? ¿Fuiste en tren ayer?
Pasado vs. participio pasado
El pasado y el participio pasado de los verbos regulares tienen la misma forma

con "-ed". Los verbos irregulares tienen formas diferentes:
Participio
Infinitivo Pasado
pasado
to ask asked asked
pedir / pedí, preguntaste, pedido,
preguntar etc. preguntado
travelled / traveled travelled /
to travel
regular viajé, viajaste, viajó, traveled
viajar
etc. viajado
enjoyed
to enjoy enjoyed
disfruté, disfrutaste,
disfrutar disfrutado
etc.
was / were
to be been
fuí, era, estuvimos,
ser / estar estado, sido
etc.
irregular to see saw seen
ver vi, viste, vio, etc. visto
to read read read
leer leí, leíste, leyó, etc. leído
b) Uso:
PRESENTE PERFECTO PASADO SIMPLE

- Para expresar una acción en el pasado - Para expresar una acción
cuando no decimos exactamente en el pasado y decimos
cuando: cuando:
I have been to the USA twice. I went to the USA in 2017.

He estado en los estados unidos dos Fui a los estados unidos en
veces. el 2017.
- Para expresar una acción que empezó - Para expresar una acción
en el pasado pero no ha terminado terminada:
todavía:
I learned to write when I
I've been married for two years. was six.
Llevo dos años casados. Aprendí a escribir cuando
tenía seis años.
- Con “ever, never, before, already, yet,
this week, this year”, etc.: - Con “yesterday, then, ago,
last week, last year”, etc.:
Have you ever read this book?
¿Alguna vez has leído este libro? I read it last year.
Lo leí el año pasado.
The use of 'just' in the present perfect
Just
Se utiliza “just” para referirse a una acción que ocurrió hace muy poco tiempo. Se
coloca entre el auxiliar y el participio en los tiempos verbales perfectos:
Have + just + participio pasado
I have just eaten.

Acabo de comer (lit. Justo he comido.)
I have just returned from Austria.

Acabo de volver de Austria. (lit. Justo he vuelto de Austria.)
Inglés norteamericano
Es común usar "just" con los tiempos verbales pasados en lugar de perfectos en el
inglés norteamericano, manteniendo el mismo significado:
I just ate.
Acabo de comer (lit. Justo comí.)
I just returned from Austria.

Acabo de volver de Austria. (lit. Justo volví de Austria.)

Past Simple

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past simple: regular affirmative

Infinitivo Verbo en pasado

La forma es la misma para todas las personas:

She worked last week.

They worked this morning.

Si el infinitivo acaba en "-y", normalmente se quita la "y” y se añade "-ied":

Infinitivo Verbo en pasado

Past simple: irregular verbs

Pasado simple: verbos irregulares

Infinitivo Forma en pasado

Estas formas irregulares solo aparecen en frases afirmativas:

I ate chicken yesterday.

I didn't eat chicken yesterday. (y NO I didn't ate chicken yesterday.)

Los pronombres interrogativos (y adjetivos / adverbios interrogativos) suelen ir al

where / camp / they / last Friday

Where did they camp last Friday?

Past simple: regular affirmative

Infinitivo Verbo en pasado

La forma es la misma para todas las personas:

She worked last week.

They worked this morning.

Si el infinitivo acaba en "-y", normalmente se quita la "y” y se añade "-ied":

Infinitivo Verbo en pasado

Past simple: irregular verbs

Pasado simple: verbos irregulares

Infinitivo Forma en pasado

Estas formas irregulares solo aparecen en frases afirmativas:

I didn't eat chicken yesterday. (y NO I didn't ate chicken yesterday.)

1Please, don't make any noise. Sarah is studying.

2What do you do on weekends?

3Hurry up! The bus is coming.

4We usually have dinner in a restaurant.

5Can you drive a car? No, but I am learning to drive.

6I usually go to work by car.

7Look! Those children are playing in the street.

8Anne watches TV very often.

9Excuse me, I am looking for a bookstore. Is there a bookstore near here?

10The mechanic is repairing the car at the moment.

- She saw that movie. ... PAST

- They didn't come by train. ... PAST

- I am going sightseeing as soon as I arrive in Rome. ... FUTURE

- Is it raining outside? ... PRESENT

- Peter isn't going to the airport tomorrow night. ... FUTURE

- She went shopping in the morning. ... PAST

- He didn't understand his French lesson. ... PAST

- The construction workers are building a new house. ... PRESENT

- They're going to take a vacation soon. ... FUTURE

Where did you meet them?

2. Are you going to eat a salad?

3. What does she like?

4. What are you cleaning?

5. What did you give her?

6. Who is studying law Who is going to study law?

9. Who is speaking Swedish?

10. Is she going to be late?

Los adjetivos posesivos nos dicen a que o a quien pertenece un sustantivo.

adjetivo posesivo pronombre posesivo

Los adjetivos posesivos nos dicen a que o a quien pertenece un sustantivo:

his book / his books

her book / her books

its book / its books

our book / our books

their book / their books

Los adjetivos posesivos nos dicen a que o a quien pertenece un sustantivo.