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GENESIS - MATHEMATICS
[CRASH COURSE – JSTSE]
[PHASE – 2]
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QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Introduction
A quadratic equation is a second-degree polynomial in x usually equated to zero. In other words, for an
equation to be a quadratic, the coefficient of x2 should not be zero and the coefficients of any higher
power of x should be 0.
The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 bx c 0, where a 0 (and a, b, c are real).
1. x2 5x 6 0
2. x2 x 6 0
3. 2x2 3x 2 0
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Notes
Whenever the roots of the quadratic equation are irrational (a, b, c being rational), are of the form a b
and a b, i.e., whenever a b is one root of a quadratic equation, a b is the other root of the
quadratic equation and vice-versa. In other words, if the roots of a quadratic equation are irrational, then
they are conjugate to each other.
Case 1: If the roots of the quadratic equation are and , then its equation can be written as (x
(x 0 , i.e., x x(
2
Case 2: If p is the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation and q is their product, then the equation can
be written as x px q 0 .
2
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Illustrations 2
Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients, one of whose roots is 3 5.
Solution
If (3 5) is one root, then the other root is (3 5)
Sum of the roots = 6
Product of the roots = 4
Thus, the required equation is x2 6x 4 0.
Illustrations 3
If and are the roots of the equation, x2 6x 8 0, then find the value of
(a) 2 2
1 1
(b)
(c)
Solution
From the given equation, we get and 8.
(a) ( 2 6) 2(8) 20
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 6 3
(b)
8 4
(c) ( ( 4
2 2
( ( 2 4
62 4(8)
( 2.
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Illustrations 4
Solve for x: 3x 1 32x 1 270.
Solution
3 x 1 32x 1 270
3.3 x 32x 3 270
3 x 32x 90.
Substituting 3 x a, , we get,
a a2 90
a2 a 90 0
a2 10a 9a 90 0
(a 10)(a 9) 0
a 9 or a 10.
If 3 9, then x = 2.
x
Illustrations 5
2
Solve x 7 x 12 0.
Solution
2
Given equation is x 7 x 12 0
( x 3)( x 4) 0
x 3 or x 4
x 3 or x 4
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PRACTICE QUESTION
p q
1. If the roots of the equation 2x2 7x 4 0 are in the ratio p : q, then find the value of .
q p
7 7 2 7 2
(A) (B) 7 2 (C) (D)
7 16 4
2. In a forest, a certain number of apes equal to the square of one-eighth of the total number of their
group are playing and having great fun. The rest of them are twelve in number and are on an
adjoining hill. The echo of their shrieks from the hills frightens them. They come and join the apes
in the forest and play with enthusiasm. What is the total number of apes in the forest.
(A) 16 (B) 48 (C) both (A) and (B) (D) 64
3. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 2kx 2k2 4 0 are real, then the range of the values
of k is
(A) [-2, 2] (B) [, 2] [2, ] (C) [0, 2] (D) None of these
Find the values of x for which the expression x (log5 2 log2 5)x 1 is always positive.
2
4.
(A) x log2 5 or x log2 5 (B) log5 2 x log2 5
(C) log5 2 x log2 5 (D) x log5 2 or x log2 5
2
5. Find the values of x which satisfy the quadratic inequation x 2 x 8 0.
(A) [-4, 4] (B) [0, 4] (C) [-4, 0] (D) [-4, 2]
The roots of the equation x px q 0 are consecutive integers. Find the discriminant of the
2
6.
equation
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
7. Rohan and Sohan were attempting to solve the quadratic equation, x2 ax b 0. Rohan copied
the coefficient of x wrongly and obtained the roots as 4 and 12. Sohan copied the constant term
wrongly and obtained the roots as -19 and 3. Find the correct roots.
(A) -2 and -24 (B) 2 and 24 (C) 4 and 12 (D) -4 and -12
1
The difference of the roots of 2y ky 16 0 is
2
9. . Find k.
3
32 34 38 40
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
Find the condition to be satisfied by the coefficients of the equation px qx r 0, so that the
2
10.
roots are in the ratio 3 : 4.
(A) 12q 49pr (B) 12q 49pr (C) 49q 12pr (D) 49q 12pr
2 2 2 2
m n
11. If the roots of the equation 3x2 9x 2 0 are in the ratio m : n, then find .
n m
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
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2
13. Which of the following are the roots of y y 12 0 ?
(1) 4 (2) -4 (3) 3 (4) -3
(A) Both (1) and (2) (B) Both (3) and (4) (C) Both (1) and (3) (D) (1), (2), (3) and (4)
16. The students of a class contributed for a programme. Each student contributed the same amount.
Had there been 15 more students in the class and each student had contributed Rs. 40 less, the
total amount contributed would have increased from Rs. 3000 to Rs. 3200. Find the strength of
the class.
(A) 25 (B) 15 (C) 10 (D) 20
The graphs of y 2x and y ax b intersect at two points (2, 8) and (6, 72). Find the quadratic
2
17.
b
equation in x whose roots are a + 2 and 1.
4
(A) x2 11x 126 0 (B) x2 11x 126 0 (C) x2 11x 126 0 (D) x2 11x 126 0
The equation 9y (m 3) 6(m 3)y (m 3) 0, where m is real, has real roots. Which of the
2
18.
following is true?
(A) m = 0 (B) m < 0 (C) either (A) or (B) (D) Neither (A) nor (B)
1 1
19. , are the roots of ax2 bx c 0, then the value is is
a b a b
a b c
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
bc ac ab
20. Two students were solving a quadratic equation in x, one copied the constant term incorrectly and
2
got the roots 3 and 2. The other copied the constant term and the coefficient of x correctly as -6
and 1 respectively. The correct roots are
(A) 3, -2 (B) -3, 2 (C) -6, -6 (D) 6, -1
22. If , are the roots of ax2 2bx c 0 and that of Ax2 2Bx C 0 be then the
b2 ac
value of is
B2 AC
2 2
a A
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
A a
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23. If the root of the equation ax2 bx c 0 are in the ratio m : n, then
(A) mna2 (m n)c 2 (B) mnb2 (m n)ac (C) mnb2 (m n)2ac (D) none of these
24. If one root of the x2 x k 0 be the square of the other, then k is equal to
(A) 2 3 (B) 3 2 (C) 2 5 (D) 5 2
25. If sum of the roots of ax2 bx c 0 be equal to the sum of the squares, then
(A) ab b2 2ac (B) bc c2 2ab (C) ac c2 2bc (D) None of these
26. If sin and cos are the roots of the equation lx2 mx n 0, then
(A) l2 m2 21n 0 (B) l2 m2 21n 0 (C) l2 m2 21n 0 (D) l2 m2 21n 0
27. The number of real roots of the equation (x 1)2 (x 2)2 (x 3)2 0 is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 3
28. If p and q are non-zero constants, the equation x 2 px q 0 has roots and , the equation
qx 2 px 1 0 has roots
1 1 1 1
(A) and (B) and (C) and (D) None of these
29. If the ratio of the roots of equation x 2 px q 0 be equal to the ratio of the roots of
x2 lx m 0, then
(A) p2m q2l (B) pm2 q2l (c) p2l q2m (D) p2m l2 q
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Answer Key
1. A 9. B 17. D 25. A
2. A 10. A 18. C 26. A
3. A 11. A 19. B 27. C
4. A 12. B 20. D 28. C
5. A 13. A 21. B 29. D
6. A 14. A 22. A 30. C
7. D 15. D 23. C
8. B 16. A 24. C
2. A
(i) Let the number apes be equal to n.
n2
(ii) The number of apes which are on the adjoining hills is n , which is equal to 12.
64
3. A
Discriminant 0.
4. A
(i) x (log5 2 log2 5)x 1 0.
2
5. A
(i) Put x y.
(ii) From a quadratic inequation in terms of y.
(iii) If (x a)(x b) 0 then x (a,b).
6. A
Let the roots be and +1.
( p, i.e, 2 1 p.
q
( 1) q.
1
Discriminant p 4q (2 1) 4( 1)
2 2
7. D
Rohan copied only the coefficient of x wrongly.
He must have copied the constant term correctly.
b
Correct product of the roots 4(12)
1
b 48
Sohan copied only the constant term wrongly.
He must have copied the coefficient of x correctly.
Correct sum of the roots a 19 3 16
Correct equation is x ( 16)x 48 0
2
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x 2 16x 48 0
(x 4(x 12) 0
x 4 or 12.
Correct roots are -4 and -12.
8. B
As x is an integer.
x 2,x 4,x 6 and x 8 are four consecutive odd/even integers. Their product = 945, which
is odd.
x 2,x 4,x 6 and x 8 must be odd.
Factorizing 945 as a product of 4 consecutive odd integers.
We have, 945 3(5)(7)(9) (3)(5)(7)(9)
The smallest, i.e., x 2 3 or 9.
x 1 or x 11.
9. B
k
Let the roots of 2y ky 16 0 be and , where with and
2
2
Difference of its roots > 0. b
1
Difference of its roots
3
( 2 ( 2 4
2 2
1 k
3 2 4(8)
2 3
k 289 17
2 9 3
k 17 34
k .
2 3 3
10. A
Let the common factor for the roots by y.
q
The roots are 3y and 4y,3y 4y
p
q
y
7p
r r
(3y)(4y) y2
p 12p
q r
y2 12q2 49pr.
7p 12p
11. A
Let the common factor for the roots be y.
The roots are my and ny.
my ny 3 (m n) y 3
We can take m, n as positive and y as negative
2
(my)(ny) .
3
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m n mn
Now,
n m mn
Multiplying the numerator denominator by y, we have
mn y(m n) y(m n)
mn y mn (my)(ny)
3 3 3
.
2 2
3
12. B
(p2 q2 )x 2 (q2 r 2 )x (r 2 p2 ) 0 ..(1)
The sum of the coefficients (p q ) (q r ) (r p ) 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
13. A
2
y y 12 0
( y 4)( y 3) 0
y 4 or 3
But |y| must be non-negative.
y 4, i.e., y 4.
14. A
x 30 x
Squaring on both sides, we get x2 30 x
x2 x 30 0
(x 6)(x 5) 0
x 6 or 5.
But x must be positive.
x = 6.
15. D
Let the common root be c.
c2 6c 3m 0 and c2 3c m 0
That is, 3m c2 6c and m 3c c2
3m c 2 6c 3(3c c 2 )
c2 6c 9c 3c2
4c2 3c 0
c 0 or 3
4
3 27
If c ,m .
4 16
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16. A
Let the strength of the class be x.
Let the amount each student contributed be Rs. y.
xy 3000 ..(1)
(x 15)(y 40) 3200
That is, xy 15y 40x 600 3200
From Eq. (1),
3000
15 40x 800 0
x
x 2 20x 1125 0
(x 45)(x 25) 0
x 45 or 25.
But x > 0 x = 25.
17. D
At (2, 8) and (6, 72), y 2x 2 ax b
8 2a b and 72 6a b.
Solving for a and b, a = 16 and b 24.
The required equation is that whose roots are 18 and -7.
Sum of its roots = 11
Product of its roots = -126
The Required equation is x2 11x 126 0.
18. C
Discriminant (6(m 3))2 4[9(m 3)(m 3)]
36[(m 3)2 (m 3)2 ]
36((m2 6m 9 (m2 6m 9))
36(12m). This must be non-negative for the roots to be real.
36(12m) 0,i.e., 2m 0,i.e.,m 0.
19. B
Since a and b are the roots of ax2 bx c 0
a2 b c 0 i.e. a c 0
c c
a b . Similarly, a b
1 1
a b a b
1 b
(
c c c ac
20. D
c 6
S = 5 is correct and p 6
a 1
equation is x2 5x 6 0 so x = 6, -1
21. B
3 3 (a b)3 3ab(a b)
7 33 3
20
9
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20
Thus, the equation is x 3x 0
2
9
22. A
( 2 4Gab [( 2 ] 4(
23. C
m
i.e., km, nk are the roots of ax2 bx c 0
n
b c
k(m n) ;k 2 .mn
a a
(m n)2 b2 c
2
mn a a
i.e. mnb (m n)2 ac
2
24. C
25. A
a b 2 2
26. A
m n
sin cos and sin cos ,
1 1
Squaring,
2n m2
1 2 or l2 m2 21n 0
1 l
27. C
The equation is true if (x 1)2 0, (x 2)2 0 and (x 3)2 0
i.e., x 1,2,3 at the same time. Hence no value of x exists, so as to satisfy the given equation.
28. C
1
Changing x to , we get the required equation so the roots of the second equation are reciprocal.
x
29. D
30. C
Given equation is written as
3x 2 2x(a b c) (ab bc ca) 0
Discriminant is 4(a b c)2 12(ab bc ca)
4(a2 b2 c 2 ab ca)
2[(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 ]
ve
Roots are real.
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
An arithmetic progression is that list of numbers in which the first term is given and each term, other than
the first term is obtained by adding a fixed number ‘d’ to the preceding term.
The fixed term ‘d’ is known as the common difference of the arithmetic progression. It’s value can be
positive, negative or zero. The first term is denoted by ‘a’ or ‘a1’ and the last term by '' .
Symbolical form : Let us denote the first term of an AP by a1, second term by a2,….nth term by an and
the common difference by d. Then the AP becomes a1, a2, a3,…….an.
So, a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = ... = an – an – 1 = d.
General form : In general form, an arithmetic progression with first term ‘a’ and common difference ‘d’
can be represented as follows :
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d,….
Finite AP : An AP in which there are only a finite number of terms is called a finite AP. It may be
noted that each such AP has a last term.
Ex. (a) The heights (in cm) of some students of school standing in a queue in the morning assembly
are
147, 148, 149,…., 157.
(b) The minimum temperatures (in degree Celsius) recorded for a week in the month of January
in a city arranged in ascending order are – 3.1, - 3.0, - 2.9, - 2.8, - 2.7, - 2.6, - 2.5
Infinite AP : An AP in which the number of terms is not finite is called infinite AP. It is note worthy
that such APs do not have a last term.
Least Information Required : To know about an AP, the minimum information we need to know is to
know both – the first term a and the common difference d.
For instance if the first term a is 6 and the common difference d is 3, then AP is 6, 9, 12, 15,…
Similarly, when
Ex. In which of the following situations, does the list of numbers involved make an arithmetic
progression, and why?
(i) The taxi fare after each km when the fare is Rs. 15 for the first km and Rs 8 for each additional
km.
1
(ii) The amount of air present in a cylinder when a vacuum pump removes of the air remaining in
4
the cylinder at a time.
(iii) The cost of digging a well after every metre of digging, when it costs Rs.150 for the first metre and
rises by Rs. 50 for each subsequent metre.
(iv) The amount of money in the account every year, when Rs. 10000 is deposited at compound
interest 8% per annum.
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units = x units = a3
4 4 4 4 16 16 4
Amount of air present in the cylinder after three times removal of air by the vacuum pump
2 2 2 2 3
3 13 1 3 3 3 3
x x 1 x x x units = a4 and so on.
4 44 4 4 4 4 4
3x x
a2 – a1 = -x= units
4 4
2
3 3 3
a3 – a2 = x x x units
4 4 16
As a2 – a1 a3 – a2, this list of numbers does not form an AP.
(iii) Cost of digging the well after 1 metre of digging = Rs. 150 = a 1
Cost of digging the well after 2 metres of digging = Rs. 150 + 50 = Rs 200 = a 2
Cost of digging the well after 3 metres of digging = Rs. 200 + 50 = Rs 250 = a 3
Cost of digging the well after 4 metres of digging = Rs. 250 + 50 = Rs 300 = a 4
and so on.
a2 – a1 = Rs 200 – 150 = 50
a3 – a2 = Rs 250 – 200 = 50
a4 – a3 = Rs 300 – 250 = 50
i.e., ak-1 – ak is the same everytime. So this list of numbers forms an AP with the first term
a = Rs. 150 and the common difference d = Rs.50
8
(iv) Amount of money after 1 year = Rs. 10000 1 = a1
100
2
8
Amount of money after 2 year = Rs. 10000 1 = a2
100
3
8
Amount of money after 3 year = Rs. 10000 1 = a3
100
4
8
Amount of money after 4 years = Rs. 10000 1 = a4
100
2
8 8
a2 – a1 = Rs. 10000 1 - Rs. 10000 1
100 100
8 8 8 8
= Rs. 10000 1 1 1 Rs. 10000 1
100 100 100 100
3 2
8 8
a3 – a2 = Rs. 10000 1 - Rs. 10000 1
100 100
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2 2
8 8 8 8
Rs. 10000 1 1 1 = Rs. 10000 1
100 100 100 100
As a2 – a1 a3 – a2, this list of numbers does not form an AP.
Ex. Write first four terms of the AP, when the first term a and the common difference d are given as
follows
(i) a = 4, d = 5 (ii) a = - 1.25, d = - 0.25
Sol. (i) a = 4, d = 5
First term, a=4
Second term =4+d=4+5=9
Third term = 9 + d = 9 + 5 = 14
Fourth term = 14 + d = 14 + 15 = 19
Hence, first four terms of the given AP are 4, 9, 14, 19.
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Find the 41st term of the progression 3, 8 13, 18, …..
(A) 102 (B) 203
(C) 304 (D) none of these
2. Find the 25th term of the A.P. 10, 6, 2, -2, -6, -10…..
(A) -86 (B) 106
(C) 96 (D) none of these
5. If the 3rd and 7th terms of an A.P. are 17 and 27 respectively. Find the first term of the A.P.:
(A) 9 (B) 12
(C) 14 (D) none of these
6. Find the nth term of an A.P. whose 6th and 8th terms are 12 and 22 respectively:
(B) n 24
2
(A) 7n – 30
(C) 5n 18 (D) none of these
7. If 7 times the seventh term of an A.P. is equal to 11 times its eleventh term, the value of
eighteenth term of the A.P. is:
(A) 0 (B) -8
(C) 18 (D) 77
8. If the pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P. are a, b, c respectively, then the value of
a(q r) b(r p) c(p q) is :
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) abc (D) pqr
9. If the pth term of an A.P. is q and its qth term is p then its mth term is:
pq
(A) (B) pq m
m
(C) p q m (D) pqm
10. Find the sum of the A.P. 11, 13, 15, …., 99
(A) 2475 (B) 2500
(C) 1122 (D) 1580
11. Find the number of terms in the A.P. 22, 28, 34,.., 616:
(A) 80 (B) 78
(C) 99 (D) 100
13. If the second and seventh terms of an A.P. are 2 and 22 respectively. Find the sum of first 35
terms:
(A) 2110 (B) 3210
(C) 2130 (d) none of these
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14. The 12th term of an A.P. is -13 and the sum of the first four terms of it is 24. Find the sum of its
first ten terms:
(A) -48 (B) -26
(C) 0 (D) 52
1 1
15. The third term of an A.P. is and the 5th term is . Find the sum to 15 terms of the A.P.
5 3
(A) 1/15 (B) 3/5
(C) 8 (D) 15
16. How many terms of the A.P. 1, 4, 7, … are needed to given the sum 925?
(A) 20 (B) 22
(C) 24 (D) 25
18. p, q, r, s, t are first five terms of an A.P. such that p r t 12 and p.q.r 8. Find the first term
of the above A.P.
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 4 (D) -4
19. The sum of all the terms of the A.P. 7, 10, 13, ….. / is 1242, where / is the last term of the A.P.
Find the value of /.
(A) 67 (B) 79
(C) 85 (D) 102
20. Find the sum of all the integers between 55 and 5555 which are divisible by 7:
(A) 678 (B) 786
(C) 876 (D) none of these
21. How many terms are there in A.P. whose first and fifth terms are – 14 and 2 respectively and the
sum is 40:
(A) 12 (B) 10
(C) 16 (D) 8
22. The first and last terms of an A.P. are -7 and 233 and the sum of the A.P. is 9153. Find the
number of terms in the A.P.
(A) 83 (B) 81
(C) 49 (D) 90
23. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 12 and sum of their cubes is 408. Find the product of the
numbers:
(A) 17 (B) 35
(C) 28 (D) 36
25. If you save Rs. 1 today, Rs. 2 the next day, Rs. 3 the succeeding day and so on, what will be your
total savings in 365 days?
(A) 66579 (B) 66795
(C) 56795 (D) none of these
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26. The ratio of the 7th to the 3rd terms of an A.P. is 12 : 5, find the ratio of the 13th to 4th term:
(A) 13 : 7 (B) 4 : 3
(C) 10 : 3 (D) none of these
27. Find the sum of the first hundred even natural numbers divisible by 5:
(A) 50500 (B) 55000
(C) 50050 (D) 50005
28. If m times the mth term of an A.P. is equal to n times its nth term, find (m + n)th term of the A.P.
(A) -1 (B) 0
(C) mn (D) 4
29. The sum of the first fifteen terms of an A.P. is 105 and the sum of the next fifteen terms is 780.
Find the common difference of A.P.
(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 6 (D) 5
30. If the first term of an A.P. is 2 and the sum of the first five term is equal to one-fourth of the sum of
the next five terms, then find the 20th term?
(A) -114 (B) -82
(C) -112 (D) none of these
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Answer Key
1. B 9. C 17. D 25. B
2. A 10. A 18. B 26. C
3. C 11. D 19. C 27. A
4. D 12. A 20. D 28. B
5. B 13. A 21. B 29. B
6. C 14. C 22. B 30. C
7. A 15. C 23. C
8. A 16. D 24. C
2. A
T25 10 24( 4) 86
3. C
Tn a (n 1)d
2 (n 1)3 56
3(n 1)56 2
n 19
4. D
Since there are only two consecutive terms so we cannot find the pattern of the sequence that
whether it is a non-progression sequence of A.P. or G.P. or H.P. etc. Hence (D)
5. B
T3 a 2d 17 ..(1)
T7 a 6d 27 ..(2)
subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we get
4d 10 d 2.5
a 2 2.5 17
a 12
6. C
T6 a 5d 12 ..(1)
T8 a 7d 22
2d 10 or d 5
a 25 12 [from eq. (1)]
a 13
Tn 13 (n 1)5
Tn 5n 18
Alternatively:-
Check the options
5n 18 5 6 18 12
And 5 8 18 22
Hence option (c) is correct.
7. A
T7 a 6d
T11 a 10d
7.T7 11.T11
7(a 6d) 11(a 10d)
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4a 68d
a 17d
Now T18 a 17d
T18 17d 17d
T18 0
8. A
Tp a1 (p 1)d
Tq a1 (q 1)d
Tr a1 (r 1)d
L.H.S. a(q r) b(r p) c(p q)
{a1 (p q)d}(q r) {a1 (q 1)d}(r p) {a1 (r 1)d}(p q)
a1.(q r r p p q) d[(p 1)(q r) (q 1)(r p) (r 1)(p q)]
=0
9. C
Tp a (p 1)d q ..(1)
and Tq a (q 1)d p ...(2)
and Tm a (m 1) ...(3)
From (1) and (2)
a q (p 1)d And a p (q 1)d
q (p 1)d p (q 1)d
(q p) d[(q 1) (p 1)]
d 1
Again, a (p 1)d q
a (p 1) 1 q
a p q 1
Tm (p q 1) (m 1) 1
Tm p q m
10. A
11 13 15 ... 99
Here number of terms = 50 – 5 = 45
99 11
Or Number of terms 1 45
2
Note: when both the extremes of a sequence are counted then number of terms =
99 11
2 1 45
al
Now the sum of the progression n
2
11 99
45 2475
2
Alternatively:-
11 13 .... 99
(1 3 5 .... 99) (1 3 .... 9)
(50)2 (5)2 2475
11. D
616 22
Number of terms 1
6
594
1 100
6
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12. A
888 222
Number of terms 1 334
2
222 888
S334 334
2
555 334 185370
13. A
T2 a d 2 ..(1)
T7 a 6d 22 ..(2)
5d 20 [Subtracting (1) from (2)]
d4
l T35 2 34 4 134
2 134
S35 35 2310
2
14. C
T12 a 11d 13 ...(1)
a T4 al
S4 24 4 Sn n
2 2
a T4 12
a a 3d 12
2a 3d 12
From equations (1) and (2)
2a 22d 26
2a 3d 12
19d 38
d 2
a9
a T10
Hence S10 10
2
9 (9)
10 0 T10 9
2
15. C
1
T3 a 2d ..(1)
5
1
T5 a 4d ..(2)
3
1 1 2
2d
3 5 15
1 1
d a
15 15
a T15
S15 15
2
1/ 15 1
15 T15 1
2
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16
15
15 8
2
16. D
n
Sn 925 [2 1 (n 1)3]
2
1850 2n 3n2 3n
3n2 n 1850 0
3n2 75n 74n 1850 0
3n(n 25) 74(n 25) 0
74
n 25 or n = -
3
The only admissible value of n = 25
Since number of terms cannot be negative and as a fraction too.
Hence (D)
17. D
Best way is to go through options
20 16 12 48 ,
Hence number of terms = 3
Again 20 + 16 + 12 + 8 + 4 + 0 + (-4) +(-8) = 48
Hence number of terms = 8
Thus choice (D) is most appropriate answer.
18. B
p(r 2d),q(r d), r r
s (r d),t (r 2d)
p r t 3r 12
r 4
Again, p.q.r = 8
p.q 2
(r 2d)(r d) 2
( 4 2d)( 4 d) 2
(2 d)(4 d) 1
d2 6d 9 0
(d 3)2 0
d 3
p (r 2d) 4 2 (3) 2
19. C
n
Sn [2a (n 1)d]
2
n
1242 [14 (n 1)3]
2
n(3n 11) 2484
3n2 11n 2484 0
3n(n 27) 92(n 27)
92
n 27 or n
3
Hence n = 27 is the only admissible value
l a (n 1)d 7 26 3 85
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20. D
The required numbers are 56, 63, 70, …, 5551
Number of terms = 786
Sequence, Series and Progressions
S786 56 63 .... 5551
56 5551
786 2203551
2
21. B
T1 a 14
T5 a 4d 2
d4
n
Now, Sn [2a (n 1)d]
2
n2 8n 20 0
n 10 or n 2
Since number of terms cannot be negative, hence n = 10
22. B
al
Sn n
2
7 233
91 n
2
9153 113 n
n 81
23. C
p q r 12
q4 ( q is A.M. of p, q, r)
pr 8
and p3 q3 r 3 408
p3 r 3 344 ( q3 64)
Now, (p r) p r 3 3pr(p r)
3 3
24. C
Go through options.
Let us consider choice (C)
For n =1 S1 (1)3 (1 1)3 1
For n = 2 S2 (2)3 (2 1)3 9
For n = 3 S3 (3)3 (3 1)3 35
Hence choice (C) is correct.
25. B
365 366 n(n 1)
S365 Sn
2 2
Or S365 66795
26. C
T7 a 6d 12
T3 a 2d 5
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27. A
The numbers which are even and divisible by 5 also are 10, 20, 30, …1000.
S100 10 20 30 .... 1000
10(1 2 3 .... 100)
100 101
10 50500
2
28. B
m.Tm n.Tn
m[a (m 1)d n[a (n 1)d]
m[a md d] n[a nd d]
ma m2 d md na n2d nd
(m n)a (n2 m2 )d (m n)d
(m n)a (m n)(m n)d (m n)d
(m n)a (m n)d[1 (m n)]
a [1 (m n)]d
Now T(m n) a [(m n) 1]d
[1 (m n)]d [(m n) 1]d 0
29. B
15
S15 [2a 14d] 105
2
2a 14d 14 ..(1)
30
And S30 [2a 29d] 105 780 885
2
2a 29d 59
from equation (1) and (2)
15d 45 d 3
30. C
1
a 2 and S5 (S10 S5 )
4
5(S5 ) S10
5 10
5 (4 4d) [4 9d]
2 2
d 6
T20 a 19d
2 19 (6) 112
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PROBABILITY
INTRODUCTION
In nature, there are two kinds of phenomena – deterministic and in-deterministic. Examples of
deterministic phenomena are :
1. The next vehicle that we see on a road going west to east may be headed east or west.
Probability theory is the study of in-deterministic phenomena. While the theory has widespread
applications in all walks of life. It is best to confine ourselves to certain simple kind of in -deterministic
phenomena in the initial stage. Examples are tossing of coins, rolling dice, picking cards from well-
shuffled decks and drawing objects from different containers, containing different objects.
SAMPLE SPACE
The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called its sample space. It is usually denoted
by S.
Examples :
1. When we roll the dice, it can fall with any of its faces facing up. So, the number on each of its
faces is a possible outcome.
Hence, the sample space (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. When we toss an unbiased coin, the result can be a head(H) or a tail(T). So the sample space(S)
= {H, T}.
EVENT
The outcomes or a combination of the outcomes is called an event. The probability of an event
(E) is a measure of our belief that the event will occur. This may be zero, i.e., we do not expect
the event to occur at all.
Examples :
PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
Let E be an event of a certain experiment whose outcomes are equally likely. Then, the
probability of the event E, denoted by P(E), is defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to E
P E .
Total number of possible outcomes
Notes
1. For any event E, 0 P(E) 1.
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Let a random experiment have n possible outcomes – all equally likely. Say m of these are favourable for
an event E. Then, there are (n – m) outcomes which are not favourable to the event E.
CLASSICAL PROBABILITY :
m nm
Then odds in favour of an event A and odds against the event A
nm m
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Solution :
When a dice is rolled, the total number of possible outcomes is 6.
Let E be the event of getting an even number. Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 2, 4 and 6,
i.e., 3 outcomes are favourable.
3 1
Hence, P E .
6 2
Illustration : 2
When a fair dice is rolled, what is the probability of getting a number less than 5 ?
Solution :
When a fair dice is rolled, the total number of possible outcomes is 6.
Let E be the required event. Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 1, 2, 3 and 4,
i.e., 4 favourable outcomes.
4 2
P E .
6 3
2
Hence, the probability of getting a number less that 5 is .
3
Illustration : 3
A number is chosen randomly from the set of integers from 1 to 20. What is the probability that it
will be divisible by 5 ?
Solution :
There are 20 integers from 1 to 20.
So, an integer can be selected from 1 to 20 in 20 ways.
Let E be the required event. Then, then numbers favourable to E are 5, 10, 15 and 20, i.e., 4
favourable numbers.
4 1
P E .
20 5
1
Hence, the probability that the number selected is divisible by 5 is .
5
Illustration : 4
A bag contains 3 blue and 7 red balls. Find the probability that a ball selected at random from the
bag will be a blue ball.
Solution :
Total number of balls in the bag = 3 + 7 = 10.
So, a ball can be selected from the bag in 10 ways.
Now, there are 3 blue balls in the bag.
So, a blue ball can be selected from the bag in 3 ways.
3
Hence, the required probability = .
10
Illustration : 5
Find the probability of a card that is selected at random from a pack of cards will be a red honour.
Solution :
Total number of ways of selecting a card = 52.
There are 8 honours in the 26 red cards.
So, a red honour can be selected in 8 ways.
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8 2
The required probability .
52 13
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A box contains 5 apples, 6 oranges and ‘x’ bananas. If the probability of selecting an apple from
the box is 1/3 then the number of bananas in the box is
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 5
2. A number is selected from first 50 natural numbers. What is the probability that it is a multiple of 3
or 5?
13 21 12 23
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 50 25 50
3. Sunny and Bunny go to an ice-cream parlour where they find 5 different varieties of ice-creams. If
they order one ice-cream each, what is the probability that they both order the same variety of ice-
creams?
1 4 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 2 10
4. If a letter is selected at random from the letters of the word LOGARITHMS, then what is the
probability that it will be a consonant?
3 7 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 10 10 10
5. A number is selected from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. What is the probability that it will be a root
of the equation x2 6x 8 0 ?
1 2 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 4 4
6. If two dice are thrown, then find the probability that the total score on the two dice is 5.
2 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 8 6 9
7. A bag contains 8 balls numbered 1 to 8. If 2 balls are picked at random, then find the probability of
the two balls being 2 and 3.
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
28 27 14 7
8. If two dice are rolled together, then find the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two
dice is less than or equal to 10.
11 1 7 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 12 12 9
9. One ticket is drawn from a bag containing 70 tickets numbered 1 to 70. Find the probability that it
is a multiple of 5 or 7.
1 1 6 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
10 70 70 35
10. If a coin is tossed two times, then what is the probability of getting a head at least once?
1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 4 2
11. A bag contains 4 red chips, 2 blue chips, and 3 white chips. If one chip is drawn at random, what
is the probability that the chip will not be red?
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5 7 1 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 3 9
12. There are 2 blue marbles, 6 yellow marbles, and 5 green marbles in a bag. One at a time, two
marbles are drawn randomly from the bag, with replacement after each drawing. What is the
probability that all two are green?
5 25 5 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 169 169 169
13. What is the probability that exactly two heads will come up when three coins are flipped?
3 1 1 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 4 8 8
14. Three concentric circles have radii of 1, 4, and 9. If a point is randomly selected from the interior
of the largest circle, what is the probability that it is in the region bounded by the two smaller
circles?
5 4 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27 9 3 9
15. In the figure shown, four circles are tangent to each other and to the sides of the square as
shown. A dart randomly hits the figure. What is the probability that it lands inside one of the
circular regions?
(A) (B)
8 10
(C) (D)
16 4
16. A point E is chosen at random from within square ABCD. What is the probability that ABE is
obtuse?
3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 4 16 16
17. Three coins are flipped. What is the probability, expressed as a common fraction, that all are
heads or all are tails?
3 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 6 4
2
18. The probability that Chris will win the first set of a tennis match is and that he will win the
5
1
second is . Assuming independence of the two sets, what is the probability that he wins both
2
sets?
1 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 6 3 10
19. Fifty cards numbered from 1 to 30 are placed in a box. If a card is selected at random, what is the
probability that the card is a prime number and a multiple of seven?
7 1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
30 10 25 30
20. In the figure shown, the circle with center O has a radius of 8 and the square has side length of
16. If a point is selected at random from within the region determined by the circle and the
square, what is the probability that it will be within the shaded region?
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(A) (B)
3 4
(C) (D)
16 3 16
21. Darts thrown at a board are equally likely to hit anywhere within a region on the board. If 75% of
the darts land inside the small square, what is the value of y?
(A) 4 3 8
(B) 3 3 y
(C) 2 3 y 8
(D) 3
22. A box contains wood beads, red glass beads, and blue glass beads. The number of glass beads
is 7 times the number of wood beads. If one bead is to be chosen at random from the box, the
probability that a red glass bead will be chosen is 6 times the probability that a blue glass bead
will be chosen. If there are 24 red glass beads in the box, what is the total number of beads in the
box?
(A) 32 (B) 42 (C) 48 (D) 60
23. There are x (either hardback or paperback) books on a shelf. If one book is to be selected at
5
random, the probability that a paperback will be selected is . In terms of x, how many of the
12
books are hardbacks?
5x 7x 12x 12x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 12 5 7
24. A bag contains 50 tickets numbered 1, 2, 3, …..50 of which five are drawn at random and
arranged in ascending order of magnitude x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 . Find the probability that
x3 = 30.
551 553 555 541
(A) (B) (C) (D)
15134 15134 15134 15134
25. Five marbles are drawn from a bag which contains 7 blue marbles and 4 black marbles. What is
the probability that all will be blue ?
1 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
11 22 33 22
26. Find the probability that when a hand of 7 cards is dealt from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, it
contains exactly 3 kings
8 9 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1547 1547 1547 1547
27. The odds in favour of an event are 3 : 5. Find the probability of occurrence of this event.
5 1 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 8 4
28. A, B, C are three mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random experiment.
3 1
Find P(A), it being given that P B P A and P C P B .
2 2
3 2 5 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 13 13 13
and P A , find P A B .
1 2
29. If A and B are any two events such that P A B
2 3
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5 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 6 3
30. The probability of two events A and B are 0.25 and 0.50 respectively. The probability of their
simultaneous occurrence is 0.14. Find the probability that neither A nor B occurs.
(A) 0.39 (B) 0.38 (C) 0.37 (D) 0.36
Answer key
1. A 9. D 17. D 25. B
2. D 10. B 18. A 26. B
3. A 11. A 19. D 27. C
4. B 12. B 20. D 28. D
5. D 13. A 21. A 29. C
6. D 14. A 22. A 30. A
7. A 15. D 23. B
8. A 16. A 24. A
Hints & Solution
1. A
5 1
P(selection apple) = ,
56x 3
5 3 5 6 x 1
15 5 6 x
11 x 15
x 4
2. D
P(either multiple of 3 or of 5) = P(multiple of 3) + P(multiple of 5) – P (multiple 3 and 5).
16 10 3
50 50 50
16 10 3 23
50 50
3. A
(i) Let the five different ice-creams be a, b, c, d and e.
(ii) Favourable outcomes are (a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d) and (e, e).
(iii) Total number of outcomes = 25.
So
Probability of order the same variety of
5 1
Ice creams =
25 5
4. B
The total number of letters is 10.
The number of consonants = 7
7
Required probability .
10
5. D
There are 8 numbers.
The roots of the equation x2 6x 8 0 are 2 and 4.
The number of favourable outcomes is 2.
2 1
the required probability .
8 4
6. D
If two dice are rolled together, then the total number of outcomes 62 36.
Favourable outcomes that the sum of the numbers is 5 : (4, 1), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2).
4 1
The required probability = .
36 9
7. A
The total number of ways of selecting two balls from 8 balls 8 C2 28 .
Number of favourable cases that one ball is 2 and other is 3, is 1.
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1
Required probability .
28
8. A
If two dice are rolled together, then total number of outcomes 62 36.
Required probability = 1-(the probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the two dice is
greater than 10)
Sum of the number is 11, 12
Now cases for 11 : (6, 5), (5, 6)
Cases for 12 : (6, 6)
Now total 3 case out of 36 so
3 1
The probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the two dice is greater than 10 =
36 12
1 11
Now required probability = 1
12 12
9. D
Total number of tickets are 70.
Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, ......,70.
There are 14 numbers, which are multiples of 5.
Multiples of 7 are 7, 14,...,70, i.e.,
There are 10 numbers, which are multiples of 7.
There are two numbers, which are multiple of both 7 and 5. Total number of numbers which are
multiples of 5 or 6 = 14 + 10 – 2.
22 11
The required probability .
70 35
10. B
If two coins are tossed, then the total outcomes:
{HH, HT, TH, TT}
The favourable outcomes of getting at least one head: {HH, HT, TH}
3
The required probability = .
4
11. A
There are total 4 +3 + 2 = 9 chips. There are 4 red chips. The probability to draw a red chip is
then 4/9. By property 4, the probability that the chip will not be red is 1 - 4/9 = 5/9.
12. B
There are total 2 + 6 + 5 = 13 marbles. There are 5 green marbles. The probability to draw a
green marble is then 5/13. By the fundamental counting principle, the probability that all two are
green is
(5 / 13) (5 / 13) 25 / 169.
13. A
The total number of outcomes is 2 2 2 = 8.
We have three cases that exactly two heads will come up when three coins are flipped:
HHT, THH, and HTH.
The probability is 3/8.
14. A
measure of area of favourable region
P
measure of area of total region
Area of ring r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2 16 1 15 5
P 1 2 2 1 2 2
Area of largest circle r3 r3 81 81 27
15. D
measure of area of favourable region
P
measure of area of whole region
area of four circle 4 r 2 4r 2
P
Area of square (4r)2 16r 2 4
D C
16. A
If E is inside the semicircle that has AB as its diameter, then
ABE will be obtuse. E
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1 2
r
Area of the semicircle 2
P 2
Area of square (2r) 8
17. D
There are total 2 2 2 = 8 ways to flip three coins.
There is only 1 ways to flip three heads.
There is only 1 way to flip three tails.
The probability of all heads: 1/8
The probability of all tails: 1/8
Since the two events are mutually exclusive (you can’t flip a coin and get both head and tail),
P(A B) 0
The probability that all are heads or all are tails can be calculated using teh formula:
1 1 2 1
P(A or B) P(A B) P(A) P(B)
8 8 8 4
18. A
The probability that he wins both sets:
2 1 1
P(A and B) = P(A) P(B) .
5 2 5
19. D
There are 30 numbers and 10 of them are prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29).
There is one number that is both a prime number and a multiple of seven (7).
20. D
measure of area of favourable region
P
measure of area of total region
1
82
4 16
P .
3 3 16 2
3
82 162 O
4
21. A
8
y2 75 3 3 2
y 8
2
P 2
y
8 100 4 4
y4 3 y 8
22. A
Let the number of red glass beads be rg, and the number of blue glass beads be b g.
1
The number of wood beads will be (rg bg ).
7
rg bg
6 rg 6bg
1 1
rg bg (rg bg ) rg bg (rg bg )
7 7
We know that rg 24.
1 1 1
So b g 4, and (rg bg ) (rg bg ) (24 4) 4.
7 7 7
The answer is 24 + 4 + 4 = 32.
23. B
Let number of paperback books be p.
p 5 5
p x.
x 12 12
5 7
The number of paperback book is x p x x x.
12 12
24. A
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1 P A P A B
1
A B
2
1 P A B
1 2
A B
2 3
P A B
1
6
30. A
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STATISTICS
One of the most important objectives of statistical analysis is to get one single value that
describes the characteristics of entire mass of unwieldy data such a value is called central value
or the average. It is a single value, which represents a group of values.
Classification of Data:
(i) Discrete series (ii) Continuous series
TYPE OF AVERAGES
(a) Mean
(i) Arithmetic
(ii) Weighted arithmetic mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
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Median:
Median is defined as the middle most or the central value of the variables in a set of observations, when
the observations are arranged either in ascending or in descending order of their magnitudes. It divides
the arranged series in two equal parts. Median is a position average, whereas, the arithmetic mean is the
calculated average. When a series consists of an even number of terms, median is the arithmetic mean of
the two central items. It is generally denoted by M.
Mode:
Mode is defined as that value in a series which occurs most frequently. In a frequency distribution mode is
that variate which has the maximum frequency.
Sometimes it so happened that the above formula fails to give the mode. In this case, the modal value lies
in a class other than the one containing maximum frequency. In such cases we take the help of the
following formula:
f2
Mode = L i , where L, f1, f2, i have usual meanings.
f1 f2
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Asymmetrical Distribution:
A distribution in which mean, median and mode coincide is called symmetrical distribution. If the
distribution is moderately asymmetrical, then mean, median and mode are connected by the
formula.
Mode = 3 Median – 2Mean
Geometric Mean:
If x1, x2, x3, …, xn are n values of a variable x, none of them being zero, then the Geometric mean G is
defined as G = (x1, x2, x3, …, xn )1/n.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Dispersion means scatterness. The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average
value is called the dispersion of the data. There are four measures of dispersion.
Range:
Range = L – S, where L = largest value; S = smallest value.
Mean Deviation:
It is the average of the modulus of the deviations of the observations in a series taken form mean or
median.
Let x1, x2, x3, …, xn occur with frequencies f1, f2, f3, ,fn respectively and let f = n and M can be either Mean
or Median, then the mean deviation is given by the formula.
f | x M | f | d |
Mean Deviation =
f n
Where d = |x – M| and f = n.
Mean Deviation
Coefficient of Mean Deviation =
Median
Mean Deviation
or = (In case the deviations are taken from mean)
Mean
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Standard Deviation:
The Positive square root of the average of squared deviations of all observations taken from their mean is
called standard deviation. It is generally denoted by the Greek alphabet or s.
Variance:
The square of the standard deviation is called variance and is denoted by 2.
Direct method:
In case of individual series, the standard deviation can be obtained by the formula.
( x x)2 d2
[First Form]
n n
where d = x - x and x = value of the variable or observation, x = arithmetic mean, n = total number of
observations.
Short-cut Method:
This method is applied to calculate Standard deviation, when the mean of the data comes out to be a
fraction. In that case it is very difficult and tedious to find the deviations of all observations from the mean
by the earlier method. The formula used is
2
d 2 d
n n
[Second Form] where d = x – A, A = assumed mean, n = total number of observations.
Direct Method. The standard deviation in the case of continuous series is obtained by the following
formula.
f ( x x )2
[Fifth Form]
n
where x = mid-value, x = A.M., f = frequency, n = total frequency.
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Let 1 and 2 be the S.D. of the two groups containing n1 and n2 items respectively. Let x 1 and x 2 be
their respective A.M. Let x and be the A.M. and S.D. of the combined group respectively. Then
n x n2 x
x 1 1 .
n1 n 2
n112 n222 n1d12 n2d22
, where d1 x1 x and d2 x 2 x .
n1 n2
( x x )2
Variance = , or Variance = 2
n
= Variance
fd2 fd 2
Variance = i2 (Continuous Series)
n n
Standard Deviation of n Natural Number:
1/ 2
1 2
= (n 1)
12
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Illustration -2: The mean deviation about the median of the series of batsman in ten innings 54,
38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 56, 76 is
(A) 8.6 (B) 7.6
(C) 8 (D) none of these
Solution: The data is : 34, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 56, 76.
46 48
Median = the mean of 5th and 6th term = 47 M
2
Now x1’s M are 48, 54, 55, 63, 70
x1’s < M are 34, 38, 42, 44, 46 n1 = 5 and n2 = 5
s1 = 48 + 54 + 55 + 63 + 78 = 290
s2 = 34 + 38 + 42 + 46 = 204.
s1 s 2 (n1 n 2 )M 290 204
Mean deviation = 8.6.
n1 n 2 10
Illustration -3: For a set of 100 observations, taking assumed mean as 4, the sum of the deviations
is –11 cm, and the sum of the squares of these deviations is 275 cm 2. The
coefficient of variation is
(A) 41.13% (B) 40.13%
(C) 42.13% (D) None of these.
fd 11
Solution: xA 4 3.87
n 100
2 2
d 2 d 257 11
and = 1. 6 .
n n 100 100
1.6
Coefficient of Variation = 100 100 = 41.13%.
x 3.89
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Illustration-4: S.D of a data is 6. When each observation is increased by 1, then the S.D of new
data is
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 6 (D) 8
Solution: S.D (and variance) of a data is not changed when each observation is increased (or
decreased) by the same constant.
Illustration -5: The mean of the set of numbers x 1, x2, x3, ......xn is x , then the mean of the
numbers xi + 2i, 1 i n, is
(A) x + 2n (B) x + n + 1
(C) x + 2 (D) none of these
n
x i n n
x 2i
1
Solution: x i 1
x i nx and hence i
n i 1 n i 1
n
21 2 3 ..... n 2nn 1
x
1
= i = x x + (n + 1)
n i1 n 2n
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PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. The mean of 20 observations is 15. On checking, it was found that two observations were wrongly
copied as 3 and 6. If wrong observations are replaced by correct values 8 and 4, then the correct
mean is
(A) 15 (B) 15.15
(C) 15.35 (D) 16
4. The marks obtained by 13 students in a test are 10, 3, 10, 12, 9, 7, 9, 6, 7, 10, 8, 6 and 7, then
the median of this data is
(A) 7 (B) 8
(C) 9 (D) 10
6. The average marks obtained by the students in a class are 43. If the average marks obtained by
25 boys are 40 and the average marks obtained by the girl students are 48, then what is the
number of girl students in the class?
(A) 15 (B) 17
(C) 18 (D) 20
7. Marks obtained by 7 students in a subject are 30, 55, 75, 90, 50, 60, 39. The number of students
securing marks less than the mean marks is
(A) 7 (B) 6
(C) 5 (D) 4
9. The mean of 10 observations is 5. If 2 is added to each observation and then multiplied by 3, then
what will be the new mean?
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 15 (D) 21
10. The algebraic sum of the deviations of 20 observations measured from 30 is 2. What would be the
mean of the observation?
(A) 30 (B) 32
(C) 30.2 (D) 30.1
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11. The median of 27 observations of a variable is 18. If three more observations are made and the
values of these observations are 16, 18 and 50, then what is the median of these 30
observations?
(A) 18 (B) 19
(C) 25.5 (D) Can’t be determined
14. What is the mode for the data 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23,
23, 23, 24, 24, 24 and 25?
(A) 7 (B) 21
(C) 22 (d) 25
15. If a variate X takes values 2, 9, 3, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 10, then what is the median?
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 7 (d) 9
17. Students of three sections of a class, having 30, 30 and 40 students appeared for a test of 100
marks. If the arithmetic means of the marks of the three sections are 72.2, 69 and 64.1 in that
order, then what is the arithmetic mean of the marks of all the students of the three section?
(A) 66.6 (B) 67.3
(C) 68 (D) 70.6
18. If the variance of the data 2, 4, 5, 6 and 17 is v, then what is the variance of the data 4, 8, 10, 12
and 34?
(A) v (B) 4v
2
(C) v (D) 2v
20. The mean of 7 observations is 10 and that of 3 observations is 5. What is the mean of all the 10
observations?
(A) 15 (B) 10
(C) 8.5 (D) 7.5
21. What is the cumulative frequency curve of statistical data commonly called?
(A) Cartogram (B) Histogram
(C) Ogive (D) Pictogram
23. If a set of n values x1,x 2 ,......,xn has standard deviation then what is the standard deviation of n
values x1 k,x2 k,.....,xn k ?
(A) (B) + k
(C) - k (D) k
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24. If the distributions x and y with total number of observations 36, 64 and mean 4, 3 respectively are
combined, then what is the mean of the resulting distribution x + y?
(A) 3.26 (B) 3.32
(C) 3.36 (D) 3.42
25. A class consists of 3 sections A, B and C with 35, 35 and 30 students respectively. The arithmetic
means of the marks secured by students of sections A and B, who appeared for a test of 100
marks are 74 and 70 respectively. The arithmetic mean of the marks secured by students of
section C, who appeared for a test in the same subject which carried 75 marks is 51. What is the
average percentage of marks secured by all the 100 students of the three sections?
(A) 70 (B) 70.8
(C) 65 (D) 67.5
26. What is the least value of the standard deviation of 5 integers, no two of which are equal?
(A) 5 (B) 2
(C) 2 (D) No such least value can be computed
27. The average sales and standard deviation of sales for four months for a company are as follows
Month Month Month Month
1 2 3 4
Average sales 30 57 82 28
Standard deviation of sales 2 3 4 2
During which month are the sales most consistent?
(A) Month 1 (B) Month 2
(C) Month 3 (D) Month 4
28. In a factory, there are 30 men and 20 women employees. If the average salary of men is Rs. 4050
and the average salary of all of the employees is Rs. 3550, then what is the average salary of
women?
(A) Rs. 3800 (B) Rs. 3300
(C) Rs. 3000 (D) Rs. 2800
30. If the monthly expenditure pattern of a person who earns a monthly salary of Rs. 15000 is
represented in a pie diagram, then the sector angle of an item on transport expenses measure
15o. What is his monthly expenditure on transport?
(A) Rs. 450 (B) Rs. 625
(C) Rs. 675 (D) Can’t be determined
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Answer Key
1. B 9. D 17. C 25. B
2. C 10. D 18. B 26. C
3. A 11. A 19. A 28. D
4. B 12. D 20. C 29. C
5. C 13. D 21. C 30. B
6. A 14. C 22. B
7. D 15. B 23. A
8. A 16. A 24. C
2. C
Arithmetic mean of the squares of the first n natural numbers
12 22 32 ... n2
n
n(n 1)(2n 1) n(n 1)(2n 1)
6n
n2
6
(n 1)(2n 1)
6
3. A
We know that, the variance of the first n natural numbers
n2 1
12
Variance of the first 11 natural numbers
(11)2 1 121 1 120
10
12 12 12
4. B
First, we arrange the given data in ascending order, we get
3, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12
Total terms, n = 13 (odd)
n 1
Median th term
2
13 1
th term = 7 term
th
2
=8
5. C
Given that, sum of frequencies = 100
14 x 27 y 15 100
x y 57 100
x y 43 ..(i)
For mode fm 27,f1 x and f2 y,l1 20,h 10
Clearly, 20-30 is the modal class.
Since, mode lies between 20-30
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fm f1
Mode l1 h
2fm f1 f2
27 x
Given, 25 20 10
54 x y
270 10x
5 270 10x 5x 5y 270 5x 5y 0
54 x y
xy ...(ii)
6. A
Given that, average marks obtained by the students in a class (xBG ) 43
Total number of boys (nB ) 25
Average marks obtained by boys (xB ) 40
Average marks obtained by girls (xG ) 48
Let the total number of girls nG
Now, by formula
n .x nG .xG
xBG B B
nB nG
25.40 nG .48
43
25 nG
1075 43.nG 1000 48.nG
75 5nG
nG 15
Required number of girls = 15
7. D
Marks obtained by 7 students in a subject are 30, 55, 75, 90, 50, 60 and 39.
30 55 75 90 50 60 39 399
Mean marks 57
7 7
Hence, the number of students securing marks less than the mean marks is 4 i.e., {30, 39, 50,
55}.
8. A
Given that, observation are 5, 5, 5, 5 and 5.
5 5 5 5 5 25
Mean (x) 5
5 5
5
(x1 x)2
Now, SD =
i 1 N
(5 5)2 (5 5)2 (5 5)2 (5 5)2 (5 5)2
5
00000
0
5
Alternative Method
Since all the data are same, there is no deviation. Hence by definition, standard deviation = 0
9. D
Let observations are x1,x 2 ,.....x10
Given,
x1 x 2 x 3 ..... x10
5
10
x1 x 2 x 3 ..... x10 50
Again, according to the question
New mean
[(x1 2) (x 2 2) (x 3 2) ..... (x10 2)] 3
10
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x i
602
Mean i 1
30.1
20 20
11. A
Median of 27 observation = 18
27 1
Then, th observation = 18
2
14th observation = 18
The, observation whose value is 16 come before 18, i.e., 14th observation.
Now, number of observation is even 30 observations.
30 30
2 th 2 1 th
Median
2
15th observation + 16th observation
2
18 18
18
2
12. D
7 9 11 13 15 55
Mean (x) 11
5 5
Variable xi Deviation about mean di2
di xi x
7 7 – 11 = - 4 16
9 9 – 11 = -2 4
11 11 – 11 = 0 0
13 13 – 11 = 2 4
15 15 – 11 = 4 16
di 40
2
Variance (2 )
40
8
d 2
i
n 5
Standard deviation = 8 2.8
13. D
Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion.
14. C
The given observations are
3 times 5 times 7 times 5 times 2 times 1 time
20,20,20,21,21,21,21,21,22,22,22,22,22,22,22,23,23,23,23,23,24,24, 25
Mode = Higher frequency of observation = 22 (7 times)
15. B
The given observations are arranged in ascending order
2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10
Here, total term = 9
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9 1 10
Median th term = th term
2 2
= 5th term = 4
16. A
The values of variates 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1. The higher frequency value, which takes variate
is mode = 2
17. C
Let A, B and C be the sections of a class having 30, 30 and 40 students, respectively.
Also, given that the students of each section securing the arithmetic means of the marks 72.2, 69
and 64.1, respectively.
Now, the total marks secured by the students of section A
30 72.2 2166
The total marks secured by the students of section B
30 69 2070
And the total marks secured by the students of section C
40 64.1 2564
So, the arithmetic means of marks of all the students of three sections
(2166 2070 2564) 6800
68
100 100
18. B
We know that,
Var(x) 2 Var(x)
Given data,
x 2,4,56,17 and its variance,
Var(x) = v
Now, multiply by 2 in above data numbers,
x 4,8,10,12,34
Its variance, Var(2x) (2)2 Var(x) 4v
19. A
Firstly, we arrange the given observation in ascending order
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9
Total terms, n = 7
n 1 7 1
So, median th term th term
2 2
= 4th term = 5
20. C
Given mean of 7 observations = 10
7
x i 7
7 i 1
10
i 70, ..(i)
i 1
x
And the mean of 3 observation = 5
3
x i 3
3
i 1
i 1
5
i 15 x
...(ii)
xi xi 70 15 xi 85
i 1 i 1 i 1
10
x i
85
Mean of 10 observations i 1
8.5
10 10
21. C
The cumulative frequency curve of statistical data is called ogive.
22. B
2 9 9 3 6 9 4 42
Mean 6x
7 7
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xx
Mean deviation
n
26 3 96 36 66 46
7
4 9 3 0 2 18
2.57
7 7
23. A
We know that, if a number is added in values, then the standard deviation remains unaltered.
SD of new values =
24. C
36 4 64 3 144 192
Required mean
36 64 100
336 x n x2n2
3.36 x12 1 1
100 n1 n2
25. B
Since, section C carried 51 average marks of 75.
51
Section C carried 100 68 average marks out of 100
75
Average percentage marks
35 74 35 70 30 68
100
2590 2450 2040
70.80
100
26. C
Let us consider any five integers be 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
25
Its mean 5
5
(5 3)2 (5 4)2 (5 5)2 (5 6)2 (6 7)2
SD =
5
4 1 0 1 4
2
5
27. C
Month 1, CV 100
x
2
100 6.67
30
3
Month 2, CV 100 526
57
4
Month 3, CV 100 4.88
82
2
Month 4, CV 100 7.14
28
Hence, month 3, the sales are most consistent.
28. D
Here, n = 50, x = 3550,
n1 30,x1 4050 and n2 20
We know that, nx n1x1 n2 x2
FIITJEE Ltd., Plot No. 47, Sector – 12B, Opposite Bal Bhawan International School, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110 075,
Ph. : 011-28035963/64/65 website : www.fiitjee.com
PHASE-1_PHYSICS_GENESIS PACKAGE_52
29. C
7 9 11 13 15 55
x 11
5 5
Now,
(7 11)2 (9 11)2 (11 11)2 (13 11)2 (15 11)2 (x x)2
SD 8. SD
5 n
So, variance = 8
30. B
Since, monthly salary = Rs. 15000
And sector angle of expenses = 15o
15o
Required amount 15000 Rs.625
360o
FIITJEE Ltd., Plot No. 47, Sector – 12B, Opposite Bal Bhawan International School, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110 075,
Ph. : 011-28035963/64/65 website : www.fiitjee.com