1

TAQ 1-6

Institution

Student Name

Professor Name

Date
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TAQ 1:
Assessment criteria 1.1
With specific reference to named elements going across period 3 and down groups 1 and 7,
discuss trends in the Periodic Table. Include in your answer the changes in Atomic Radius,
Ionisation Energies, Melting and Boiling points. (500 words)

Trends across Period 3 –

In terms of the electronic structure across period three; the 3s and 3p orbitals are being filled with
electrons. The following short forms of electronic structures are displayed below - from Na to Ar.

The atomic radius generally decreases across period three, with sodium having the largest atomic radius
and argon the lowest. This is because across the period from sodium to argon, the number of energy
levels is constant, whereby outermost electrons remain in the same third energy level.

The atomic radius generally decreases across the period, from left to right, with sodium having
the largest atomic radius and argon the lowest. It is because across the period from sodium to
argon, the number of energy levels is constant, and the outermost electrons remain in the same
energy level. The first ionisation energy is defined as the energy necessary to remove a mole of
the valence electrons of an element from a mole of that element in its gaseous state. The
ionisation energy can be used to predict strength of chemical bonds and as an indicator of
reactivity, the general trend for the first ionisation energy across the period is for the value to
increase. Again, it is the nuclear charge effect causing a rise in the values of the first ionisation
energies. This increase in the first ionisation energyacross a period has a number of fluctuations
that run counter to the general trend. A closer look at period three Na Cl may help to explain
these anomalies::

Going across period 3 , the nuclear charge is increasing and again this is acting on the third
energy level. As the charge on the nucleus increases, the electrons experience a stronger
attraction to the nucleus and so require more energy to remove them from the atom and as a
consequence the first ionisation values increase.

The melting point and the boiling point across period 3 and across group 1and 7 increases. It
rises because of their strength on the metallic bond. The melting point and the boiling point
increases due to the number of electrons contributed by each atom to delocalise thus making the
atom smaller as they increase across the periodic table.
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DIAGRAM FOR IONISATION ENERGIES

DIAGRAM FOR MELTING

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DIAGRAM FOR BOILING POINTS

,
DIAGRAM FOR ATOMIC RADIUS.

Trends in group (I)

Down the group, the atoms of elements increase in size hence lithium has a smaller atomic radius
compared to Sodium. This is because down the group the number of electrons increase, thereby
the number of energy shells also increases. The nuclear charge does not affect the size of the
atoms down the group, since it is neutralised by the increase in energy shells and their
corresponding negative charges.

The ionisation energy decreases down the group as a result of the increase in the size of the
atoms. As the separation distance between the free electron and the nucleus increases, the nuclear
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attraction strength falls; therefore, it is easier for potassium to lose an electron compared to
sodium.

Going down a group, the tendency is for the first ionisation energies to decrease. The reason for
the decrease in values for first ionisation energy down a group is that the full inner energy levels
shield the outer electrons from the effect of the increasing nuclear charge.

Group 1 elements are all metals with low melting and boiling temperatures. When melted, their
metallic bonds are weakened thus making their atoms move freely. Then, when they reach
boiling point they are broken.

DIAGRAM FOR ATOMIC RADIUS.

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DIAGRAM FOR IONISATION ENERGIES,

DIAGRAM FOR MELTING

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DIAGRAM FOR BOILING POINTS,

Trends in group (VII)

The atomic radius increases down the group due to an increase in the number of electrons and
energy levels. Hence, an atom of chlorine is smaller in size compared to that of bromine, while
that of bromine has a smaller atomic radius compared to iodine.

The melting and boiling points increase with the growing size of the atoms. It is because the Van
der wall’s forces between the molecules increase in strength, which makes it difficult to break
the intermolecular forces.
The ionisation energy decreases down the group due to an increase in the atomic radius and
shielding effect, meaning that the electrons become weakly attracted by the nucleus down the
group; thus, they can easily be removed.

First ionisation energy decreases going down the group. The inner electrons in the full energy
levels shield the outer electrons from the charge of the nucleus. This shielding means these outer
electrons are not as strongly attracted to the nucleus, so require less energy to remove them from
the atom.
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DIAGRAM FOR MELTING

DIAGRAM FOR BOILING POINTS,

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DIAGRAM FOR IONISATION ENERGIES,

DIAGRAM FOR ATOMIC RADIUS.

References :

Bond, T., & Hughes, C. (2016). A-level Chemistry Critical Guide (Yellowreef). Yellowreef.

Potter, J., &Cann, P. (2015). Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Revision

Hunt, A., Curtis, G., & Hill, G. (2015). Edexcel a Level Chemistry Year 2 Student Book.

Norris, R. (2016). Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Workbook with CD-ROM.

Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

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TAQ 2:
Assessment criterion 2.1, 2.2
Are the following Redox reactions? If so state which reactants have been Oxidised and
which have been Reduced? (100 words) (97 words)

This task looks at reactions and it is important to be able to recognise a redox reaction and
identify what has occurred.

i) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

The above reaction cannot be considered redox since there is no change of the oxidation states
of the elements from the reactants to the products side. This is a neutralisation reaction.

ii) Mg(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Mg2 +(aq) + Cu(s)

Redox reaction
Mg has been oxidised from oxidation state 0 to +2
Cu2+ has been reduced from oxidation state +2 to 0.

iii) 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2FeCl3(s)

Redox reaction
Fe has been oxidised from oxidation state 0 to +3 in FeCl3
Cl has been reduced from oxidation state 0 to -1 in FeCl3

iv) 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

Redox reaction
Na has been oxidised from oxidation state 0 to +1 in NaCl
Cl has been reduced from oxidation state 0 to -1 in NaCl

Refrences
Hunt, A., Curtis, G., & Hill, G. (2015). Edexcel a Level Chemistry Year 2 Student Book.

Norris, R. (2016). Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Workbook with CD-ROM.

Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

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TAQ 3: (300 words)

Assessment criteria 3.1

a) Define the term transition metal. (73)

According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), a transition
metal is defined as an element that has a d-orbital that is partially filled in its ground state or
in any of its oxidation state. An example of a transition metal is Manganese.

b) Transition metals have a number of properties where they differ from other metals
in the Periodic Table. Discuss these differences in terms of High Densities, High
Melting and Boiling points, Ionisation Energies, Variable Oxidation states and
Complex Formation.

Variable oxidation states

Transition metals have multiple oxidation states compared to other none-transitional metals in the
periodic table, which have single oxidation states. Transition metals contain several electrons
with similar which has similar energies. Therefore, their electrons can be removed thus making
them have different oxidation states compared to other none-transitional metals on the periodic
table.

Melting and boiling points

The melting and the boiling points of transition metals increase across the group of the periodic
table. Transition metals have more free electrons which makes them increase while on the other
none-transitional metals, the melting and boiling points decreases because they contain unpaired
electrons.

Ionisation energy

Transition metal’s ionization energy increases from left to the right. Transition metals have high ionization
energies compared to the other none-transitional metals of the periodic table. This makes them resist from
oxidizing.

Density

Transition metals are much denser compared to none-transition metals. Transition metals increases their
density from scandium to copper. Transition metals has decreases in metallic radii couple due their increase in
the atomic mass.

c) [Cr(H2O)6]3+↔ [Cr(H2O)5(SO4)]+Pentaquasulfatechromium (III)

Blue coloured complex Green coloured complex

This complex ion is called Hexa-aqua chromium (III) ion.

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d) Why would a change in colour be expected in going from the blue Chromium
complex to the green Pentaquasulfatochromium III complex?

First the chromium complex in ethanol is green in colour. Then when pure water (H2O) is added to

saturated chromium complex it turns blue. Chromium complex, which is blue in colour, it

automatically changes to green pentaquasulfato chromium II complex. Adding of pure water the

changes solution back to green. The solution can change color several times by alternating the

addition of water and hydrochloric acid.

Halliwell, B., &Gutteridge, J. (2014). Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and

disease. Biochemical journal, 219(1), 1.

Anasori, B., Xie, Y., Beidaghi, M., Lu, J., Hosler, B. C., Hultman, L., ... &Barsoum, M. W.

(2015). Two-dimensional, ordered, double transition metals carbides (MXenes). ACS

nano, 9(10), 9507-9516.

TAQ 4: (300 words- no word count for equations)

Assessment criterion 4.1and 4.2

a) Define the term isomerism.

Isomerism can be defined as the existence of two or more compounds with the same molecular
formula but different physical or chemical properties.

b) Using the molecular formula C5H11Cl discuss the concept of both Chain and Positional
isomerism. Display the structure of isomers in full display formula to illustrate the
discussion. To demonstrate your understanding of the different isomers of C5H11Cl
(for part b) you are expected to include at least two Chain and two Positional examples.

Chain isomerism

Chain isomerism is a type of structural isomerism. In this type of isomerism, the compounds
have the same molecular formula, but the carbon atoms have a different arrangement. For
instance, C5 H11 Cl exhibits both chain and position isomerism. In the case of the chain
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isomerism, the carbon chain can be straight, or it can have branches giving several configurations
as the examples below show.

Positional Isomerism
In this type of isomerism, compounds have a similar structure of the carbon chain. However, the
position of the multiple bonds, the substituent group of the functional group varies. For instance,
if we consider the straight carbon chain forC5 H11 Cl, the chlorine atom can be placed on any
carbon atom along the chain giving rise to isomers such as 1-chloropentane and 2-chloropentane.
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c) Propanol C3H6O can display functional isomerism. Discuss the meaning of Functional
Group Isomerism and use Propanol (an aldehyde) to illustrate this property. Again, the
full display formula should be drawn to help illustrate the discussion.

you should include at least 3 examples of the functional isomers of propanol and highlight and
name the functional group for each one. Draw the different isomers (for b and c) and scan them
into your assessment. Use full display formula and don’t forget to name the structures.

Functional group isomerism arises when compounds have the same molecular formula, but
functional groups are different. For instance, propanol (C3H6O) has several functional group
isomers which include ketones such as acetone, -enols, and alcohols such as 2-propen-1-ol. Some
of these are shown in the diagram below.
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d) Given the first four members of the alkane homologous series, give the general formula
for the series and the formula of the fifth and ninth members of the series.

A homologous series is defined as a collection of chemical compounds exhibiting similar

chemical properties; hence, they can be represented by the same general formula. The first four
alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, and butane. They have the chemical formulae CH4, C2H6,
C3H8, and C4H10 respectively. It is evident that the number of carbon atoms grows by 1, while
the number of hydrogen atoms increases by 2 from one compound to the next. Therefore, the
general formula can be represented as:

CnH2n+2

Therefore, from this formula, the fifth compound will be C5H12.

Structural formula: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

Name is pentane.

Similarly, the ninth compound will be C9H20

Structural formula: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

Name is nonane.

TAQ 5:
Assessment criterion 5.1
A number of experiments were performed in which the concentration of reagents was
changed, and the rate of reaction was measured. The equation for the reaction is shown
below and the data from the experiments is given in the table. (400 words)

A+B→C

a) Give the order of reaction with respect to A

Order of reaction with respect to A is 1st order. From experiments 2 to 3 (from top to
bottom), the concentration of B has remained constant (0.04 mol dm-3). The concentration of
A has doubled, and the rate of reaction has also doubled.

b) Give the order of reaction with respect to B

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Order of reaction with respect to B is 2nd order. From experiment 1 to 2 (from top to bottom)
the concentration of A has remained constant (0.04 mol dm-3). The concentration of B has
doubled, and the rate of reaction has quadrupled.

c) Give the overall order of reaction

The overall order reaction is 3rd order. The overall order of reaction is the sum of the
individual orders of reaction with respect to the reagents.

d) Give the rate equation for the reaction.

Rate = k[A][B]2

Where k is the rate constant. This is constant at a particular temperature.

e) Calculate the value of the rate constant and give the correct units for "k".

Rate = k[A][B]2

Rearranging the above formula gives k= rate

[A][B]2

Using results of experiment 2,

[A] = 0.4 mol dm-3
[B] = 0.04 mol dm-3
Rate = 1.6 x 10-2

k = (1.6 x 10-2) = (1.6 x 10-2) = 25 mol-2 dm+6 s-1

0.4 x 0.042 (6.4 x 10-4)

Units of k will be as follows:

k = rate = mol dm-3s-1. = s-1
[A][B]2 (mol dm-3)(mol dm-3)2. (mol dm-3)2

So units are mol-2 dm+6 s-1

References
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Tan, Y. S., Sudlow, A. L., Molloy, K. C., Morishima, Y., Fujisawa, K., Jackson, W. J., ...
&Tiekink, E. R. (2013). Supramolecular isomerism in a cadmium bis (N-hydroxyethyl, N-
isopropyldithiocarbamate) compound: Physiochemical characterization of ball (n= 2) and chain
(n=∞) forms of {Cd [S2CN (iPr) CH2CH2OH] 2· solvent} n. Crystal Growth & Design, 13(7),
3046-3056.

TAQ 6: (400 words)

Assessment criterion 7.1

a) Define the term acid and base. (78 words)

An acid is a chemical species which is as a proton donor. All acids carry hydrogen. When
added to water, acids release this hydrogen as H+ ions (protons).

For example, when Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water it behaves as an acid due to
H+ ions being released.

HCl (g) + aq H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

A base is a proton H+ acceptor. Bases neutralise acids. Metal Oxides, Metal Hydroxides,
Metal Carbonates are all examples of bases.

b) Explain the difference between a strong and a weak acid using Hydrochloric (HCl)
Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) as examples.

A strong acid fully ionises (dissociates) in water. Hydrochloric acid is an example of a

strong acid. It fully ionises into H+ and Cl- ions as follows:

HCl (g) + aq H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

A weak acid only partially dissociates in an aqueous solution. An equilibrium is set up. Ethanoic
acid is a weak acid which dissociates as follows:

CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

The equilibrium position lies well to the left. There are only small concentrations of H+ and
CH3COO- compared with the concentration of the undissociated acid CH3COOH.

CH3COO- (aq) is the conjugate base of CH3COOH as it can accept a H+ ion to form CH3COOH.
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Weak acids have a higher pH value compared to strong acids at the same concentration.

c) With reference to Hydrogen ions and Hydronium Ions explain how a universal indicator
can be used to determine the pH of a solution.

Universal indicators are weak organic acids or bases thus can be used to determine PH of a solution.
Universal indicators are particularly beneficial in acid-base titrations, wherein a significant pH
exchange happens close to the equivalence point. Pick out a pH indicator whose pH range falls in
the pH alternate of the reaction. pH signs are also usually used to perform short assessments at
the pH of water samples (aquaria, pools, ingesting water). This approach of measuring pH is
quick, inexpensive, and clean.

HIn (aq) H+ (aq) + In- (aq)

𝑝𝐻 = −log⁡[𝐻3+ ]

[H+] [H3O+]

d) Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution ethanoic acid which has a dissociation
constant Ka of 1.8 x 10-5 mol dm-3 (show your working).

CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

This can be represented as follows: -

HA (aq) H+ (aq) + A- (aq)

The acid dissociation constant Ka can be calculated as follows: -

Ka = [H+][A-] for a weak acid [H+] = [A-] as there are equal moles

[HA]

So Ka = [H+]2. Rearranging gives: [H+]2 = Ka x [HA]

[HA]

Square rooting both sides gives [𝐇 +] = √(𝐊𝐚𝐱⁡[𝐇𝐀])

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[H+] = √((𝟏. 𝟖𝐗𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓)⁡𝐗𝟎. 𝟏)

[H+] = 1.34 X 10-3 mol dm-3

The formula for pH is as follows: pH = -log10[H+]

pH = -log10(1.34 x 10-3) = 2.87

[𝐻 + ][𝐴− ]
The dissociation constant Ka is given by 𝐾𝑎 = [𝐻𝐴]
−
Where [𝐴 ] is concentration of conjugate base ions, and [𝐻𝐴] is concentration of undissociated
acid molecules.
Let A denote the H+ concentration that dissociates from HA, then [HA] = C – a where C
represents the initial concentration. Substituting these values into the equation for Ka, we have:
𝑎×𝑎 𝑎2
𝐾𝑎 = =
𝐶−𝑎 𝐶−𝑎
𝑎2 = 𝐶𝐾𝑎 − 𝑎𝐾𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝐾𝑎 − 𝐶𝐾𝑎 = 0
−𝐾𝑎 ± √(𝐾𝑎 )2 + 4𝐶𝐾𝑎
𝑎 =⁡
2
−1.8×10−5 ±√(1.8×10−5 )2 +4×0.1×1.8×10−5
Substituting the values for C and Ka, we have: 𝑎 = ⁡ =
2
0.001333
𝑝𝐻 = − log(𝑎) = − log(0.001333) = 2.88

e) With the use of a named example explain how an acidic buffer solution is formed.
Explain the action of the buffer solution to resist the change of pH on the addition of small
quantities of acid

A buffer solution known as PH can be formed. For the formation of the buffer solution, an acid
and a base are required. The acid required is an acid dissociation constant (PKa) and a base
required is base dissociation constant (PKa). They make a buffer solution by controlling the ratio
of the salt and the base or acid and salt. It’s formed through mixing a weak acid and a base
conjugate. Still it can be formed by mixing a weak base and an acid conjugate.

An example
A buffer solution of phosphate is formed, and used in laboratory research. It consists of
a weak base (HPO42-) and its conjugate acid (H2PO4-). Its pH is usually maintained at 7.4.

Buffer solution always resist to the PH change. Buffer solutions contain equilibrium
between the acid (HA) and its conjugate base (A-). Strong acid (H+) shifts to the left
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when equilibrium mixture of weak acid and it conjugate base added to it. This affect
with an increase of hydrogen ion.

References
Anon, (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.creative-chemistry.org.uk/alevel/core-
inorganic/periodicity/trends8https://www.creative-chemistry.org.uk/alevel/core-
inorganic/periodicity/trends8 [Accessed 3 Aug. 2019].