Introduction of The Strong Field Physics

Fundamentals of the strong field physics 1
Olga Smirnova
Max-Born Institute, Berlin
Lecture-1
PPT 1
(Popov, Perelomov, Terent’ev approach to strong field
ionization, JETP ,23,924,1966 )
Part 1
Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1
Outline 2
-Why bother? It works!

-Intro: Keldysh insight
-Tools: Quantum Propagators and Green functions
-Trajectories method
-Detailed derivation of PPT formula for short –range
potential and linearly polarized field.

Why bother? It works! 3
PPT vs TDSE for 800nm ground state of H
Volkova et al JETP,102,40,2006
TDSE PPT
BS
1/E a.u.
3.5 1014 W/cm2 3.5 1013 W/cm2

Classical electron in a laser field 4
E(t) =E cos ωt
m dv/dt=-e E(t)
E(t)=-∂A/ ∂t, φ =0
dv/dt=∂A/ ∂t
Then
v(t)-A(t)=P=const
v(t)=P+A(t)= P-(E/ω)sinωt f(t)
P is canonical momentum, different from kinetic (p=mv=v)

v(t’)=v(t)-A(t)+A(t’)
Volkov functions 5
r rr ⎧ 1 2 ⎫
Ψ ( r , t ) = (2π ) exp{iv r }exp ⎨− i v (t − t ' ) ⎬
−3 / 2
Free electron:
⎩ 2 ⎭
Oscillating electron: E(t) =E cos ωt A(t) =-A sin ωt
v=>v(t) v(t)=P+A(t)= P-(E/ω)sinωt
r r r ⎧⎪ 1 t ⎫⎪
ΨdE ( r , t ) = (2π ) exp{iv (t ) r }exp ⎨− i ∫ v (t ' ) dt '⎬
−3 / 2 2
⎪⎩ 2 ⎪⎭

Keldysh’ insight 6
Transition amplitude in time-dependent perturbation theory:

t
( )
a p (t ) = −i ∫ dt ' Ψ ( p ) f VL (t ' ) Ψi e
i E f − Ei t '
ti
Final state with

Initial (bound) state
momentum p at the
detector
p2
Ef =
2
Keldysh’ idea for final state – free electron in the laser field

Transition amplitude in time-dependent perturbation theory:

t
( )
a p (t ) = −i ∫ dt ' Ψ ( p ) f VL (t ' ) Ψi e
i E f − Ei t '
ti
Final state with

Initial (bound) state
momentum p at the
detector
p2
Ef =
2
Keldysh’ idea for final state – free electron in the laser field
r r r ⎧⎪ 1 t ⎫⎪
−3 / 2 2
⎪⎩ 2 ⎪⎭
Laser field included fully (in all orders of PT), scattering
potential is neglected
Transition amplitude in Keldysh’ approach:

t it
r r − ∫ v (τ ) 2 dτ
a p (t ) = −i ∫ dt ' e VL (t ' ) Ψi e
iv ( t ) r 2t' iI p t '
e
ti
Brief analysis with exponential accuracy:
∂S (t , t ' ) 1t
S ( t ,t' ) = − ∫ v( τ )2 dτ + I p t'
=0
∂t ' 2 t'
⎛ ⎞
sin (ωt )⎟ = −i
F
1 ⎜ p − 2I p
v(t0 ) 2 + I p = 0 ⎝ ω ⎠
( )
2 F
− sinh ωt0'' = −i 2 I p
Solution can be only complex t0 = it0 ' ' ω
( )
sinh ωt0'' = γ ωt0 ' ' = Arcsinh(γ )

Transition amplitude in Keldysh’ approach:

t it
r r − ∫ v (τ ) 2 dτ
a p (t ) = −i ∫ dt ' e VL (t ' ) Ψi e
iv ( t ) r 2t' iI p t '
e
ti
1t
t0 ' ' = Arcsinh(γ ) S ( t ,t' ) = − ∫ v( τ )2 dτ + I p t'
2 t'
Only imaginary part of action contributes to decay rate
Im t 1 0
Im S ( 0 ,t0' ' ) = ∫ v( iτ )2 dτ − I p t0' '
2 t 0 ''
t’’0
Re t

Ponderomotive potential
1 0 2 F 2
sinh( 2ω t ' ' ) F 2
∫ v (i τ ) d τ = −
0
t ''
2 t'' 4ω 2
2ω 4ω 2 0
r r r F
v (t) = p + A(t ) = p − sin(ωt )
ω
r r r F
v1(it) = p + A(it ) = p − i sinh(ωt )
ω
sinh( 2ωt0 ' ' ) = 2 sinh(ωt0 ' ' ) cosh(ωt0 ' ' ) = 2γ 1 + γ 2
F 2 γ 1+ γ 2 ⎛ I p F 2 ⎞
Im S ( 0 ,t0' ' ) = − ⎜⎜ + 3 ⎟⎟ Arcsinh(γ ) =
4ω 2
ω ⎝ ω 4ω ⎠
I p ⎛⎜ 1 + γ 2 ⎞⎟
( 1 + 2 ) Arcsinh(γ ) −
1
=−
ω⎝ ⎜ 2γ 2γ ⎟⎠
I p ⎛⎜ 1+ γ 2 ⎞
( 1 + 2 ) Arcsinh(γ ) −
1 ⎟
Im S ( 0 ,t0' ' ) = −
ω⎝ ⎜ 2γ 2γ ⎟
⎠
For γ<<1 Arcsinh γ ~ γ

For γ>>1 Arcsinh γ ~ ln2γ
For small γ<1 we get exp[–(2Ip)3/2/3F] – DC tunneling exponent
For large γ>>1 we get exp[–(Ip/ω) ln 2γ] =[1/2γ]Ip/ω~[F]Ip/ω

–MPI power law

Propagator=Evolution operator 12
Evolution operator propagates vector from t0 to t:

|k,t> = U(t,t0) |k,t0>
− iHˆ ( t − t 0 )
U (t , t0 ) = e
U (t , t0 ) = ∑ n e − iEn ( t −t0 ) n
n
k, t = ∑ n e − iE n ( t −t 0 )
n k , t0
n

Time-independent Hamiltonian 13
Time –evolution problem is solved once initial vector is

expanded in terms of eigenvectors of stationary problem
i∂ t Ψ = H 0 Ψ Ψ (t0 ) = Ψ0 H 0ϕ n = Enϕ n
Ψ ( x, t ) = ∑ ϕ n ( x )e − iEn ( t −t0 ) ϕ n Ψ0
n
x k,t =∑ ∫ dx ' x n e − iE n ( t − t 0 )
n x' x' k , t0
n
Ψ ( x ' ' , t ) = ∫ dx ' G ( x ' ' , t ; x ' , t0 ) Ψ0 ( x ' , t0 )

G ( x' ' , t ; x' , t0 ) = ∑ x ' ' n n x ' e − iEn ( t −t0 )
n
Let us construct propagator for electron in the laser field

Volkov functions as a basis 14
r r r ⎧
⎪
t ⎫⎪
−3 / 2 1 2
⎪⎩ 2 ⎪⎭
G ( x' ' , t ; x' , t0 ) = ∑ x ' ' n n x ' e − iEn ( t −t0 )

n
it
r r r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
θ ( t −t ' ) r r r
G ( r ' ' , t ; r ' , t ′) = 3 ∫ dp e
iv ( t ) r − iv ( t ') r ' 2t'
e
( 2π )

Property of Green’s function 15
Green’s function helps to solve inhomogenious equation
( H 0 − i∂ t )Ψ ( x ,t ) = −V ( x )Ψ ( x ,t )
General solution of homogenious equation
Ψ ( x ' ' , t ) = ∫ dx ' G ( x ' ' , t ; x ' , t0 ) Ψ0 ( x ' , t0 ) +
Particular solution of inhomogenious equation
⎛ t ⎞
+ ⎜ − i ∫ dt '∫ dx ' G ( x ' ' , t ; x ' , t ' )V ( x ' ) Ψ ( x ' , t ' ) ⎟
⎜ t ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠
Trajectories picture 16
t
r r r r r r
Ψ ( r , t ) = −i ∫ dt '∫ dr ' G ( r , t ; r ' , t ' )V (r ' ) Ψ (r ' , t ' )
t0
Let us re-write this integral via propagator

t
r r r r r
< r | Ψ (t ) >= −i ∫ dt '∫ dr ' < r | U (t ; t ' ) | r ' >< r ' | VΨ (t ' ) >
t0
One can use other representations, e.g.

r r
t r r r r r r r
< q + A(t ) | Ψ (t ) >= −i ∫ dt '∫ dk < q + A(t ) | U (t ; t ' ) | k + A(t ' ) >< k + A(t ' ) | VΨ (t ' ) >
t0

t
r r r r r r
t0

t
r r r r r
t0

r
t r r r r r r r
a (q ) = −i ∫ dt '∫ dk < q + A(t ) | U (t ; t ' ) | k + A(t ' ) >< k + A(t ' ) | VΨ (t ' ) >
t0

t
r r r r r r
t0

t
r r r r r
t0

r r
t r r r r r r r
< q + A(t ) | Ψ (t ) >= −i ∫ dt '∫ dk < q + A(t ) | U (t ; t ' ) | k + A(t ' ) >< k + A(t ' ) | VΨ (t ' ) >
t0
r r r
< q + A(t ) | Ψ (t ) >≡ a ( q ) amplitude of continuum states
r
t r r r r r r r
a (q ) = −i ∫ dt '∫ dk < q + A(t ) | U (t ; t ' ) | k + A(t ' ) >< k + A(t ' ) | VΨ (t ' ) >
t0
To get trajectories we need momenta and coordinates
r
t r r r r r r r r r r
a ( q ) = −i ∫ dt '∫ dk ∫ dr < q + A(t ) | r r U (t ; t ' ) | k + A(t ' ) >< k + A(t ' ) | VΨ (t ' ) >
t0
Yet another Green’s function propagating (k,t’) to (r,t)

-There are many quantum trajectories connecting these points
(Feynman’s paths), but only one satisfies classical equations.
-The phase is stationary along this path.
-The contribution of this path dominates the integral

Stationary trajectory 20
r
t r r r r r r r r r r
a ( q ) = −i ∫ dt '∫ dk ∫ dr < q + A(t ) | r r U (t ; t ' ) | k + A(t ' ) >< k + A(t ' ) | VΨ (t ' ) >
t0
Stationary phase analysis:
( ) ( )
r r r 1
t r r
S = − q − k r − ∫ dτ k + A(τ ) + I p t '
2
2 t'
(
∂S 1 r r 2
)
= k + A(t ' ) + I p = 0
∂t ' 2
Define (complex) starting time
∂S r r and initial velocity

r = −q + k = 0
∂r
( )
∂S r
t r r
r = r − ∫ dτ k + A(τ ) = 0 Defines overall classical trajectory
∂k t'
Leads to Keldysh exponent and time-domain tunneling perspective

Electron trajectories during tunneling 21
Imaginary time
2
(
1 r r 2
)
k + A(τ ) = − I p
Tunnel entrance t=τ
t τ
Real time Tunnel entrance Tunnel exit

Tunnel exit
( )
r
0 r r
r = i ∫ dτ k + A(iτ )
τ
Electron trajectory during tunneling: imaginary velocity & imaginary time
Technically easier than standard approach (described below)

PPT: Physical picture 22
t
r r r r r r
t0
Pˆ 2 Pˆ 2
Hˆ dE = + U ( x) Hˆ dE = + U ( x ) + xE (t )
2 2
1/κ 1/κ
r1 0 r1 r1 0 r1 r2
r
r ⎛r ⎞
ϕlm (r ) = Cκlκ (κr ) e Ylm ⎜ ⎟
3/ 2 n −1 −κr
Dec 20, 2010 ⎝r⎠ Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Derivation of PPT-1: short-range potential 23
t
r r r r r r
t0
r r
Main approximation: Ψ (r ' , t ' ) Ψ0 (r ' , t ' )
Polarized wave-function is substituted by the field-free wave-function
For small distances around the origin polarized = field-free wave-functions

Short-range potential acts as a spatial gate, selecting finite range of r.
Derivation of PPT-1 24
t
r r r r r r
t0
r r
Main approximation: Ψ (r ' , t ' ) Ψ0 (r ' , t ' )
Polarized wave-function is substituted by the field-free wave-function
r 1 2
( r iκ 2 t ' 2
V ( x' )Ψ0 (r ' , t ' ) = ∇ − κ ϕlm (r ' )e
2
2
)
Here we use stationary 1 2 r r r r
Schroedinger equation:
− ∇ ϕlm (r ) + V (r )ϕlm (r ) = −κ / 2ϕlm (r )
2
2
Derivation of PPT-1 25
t it
r r r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
i r r r
∫ dt '∫ dp ∫ dr ' e ( )
iv ( t ) r − iv ( t ') r ' iκ 2 t ' 2
Ψ (r , t ) = − e 2t' 1 2 2
∇ −κ ϕ lm ( r ' ) e
(2π ) 3
t0
2
We can evaluate integral over r’

r r ipr rr r
ϕlm ( p) = (2π ) ∫ dr e ϕlm (r )
−3 / 2
r r iprrr 2 r
− p ϕlm ( p) = (2π ) ∫ dr e ∇ ϕlm (r )
2 −3 / 2
t it
r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
i r r
∫ dt '∫ dpe ( )
iκ 2 t ' 2 1
Ψ (r , t ) = iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e r
v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
( 2π ) 32
t0
2

Ionization rate 26
Calculated for one direction,

(only for px>0) and then
Ionization rate: W ( F , w) = 2 lim J ( x, t ) multiplied by 2
x − >∞
r
J ( x ,t ) = ∫ dydz j x (r ,t )
i⎛ r ∂ r r ∂ r ⎞
j x ( x, t ) = ⎜ Ψ (r , t ) Ψ * (r , t ) − Ψ * (r , t ) Ψ (r , t )⎟
2⎝ ∂x ∂x ⎠
t it
r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
i r r
∫ dt '∫ dpe ( )
iκ 2 t ' 2 1
Ψ (r , t ) = iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e r
v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
( 2π ) 32
t0
2
r it
∂Ψ (r , t ) −1
t
r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
r r
( 2π ) 3 2 t∫0 ∫
= dt ' d p ( p + A(t ))e iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e iκ 2 t ' 2 1
( v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 )ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
r
∂x
x 2

Calculating current 27
t it
r r r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
i
∫ dt '∫ dpe ( )
iκ 2 t ' 2 1
Ψ (r , t ) = iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e r
v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
(2π ) 32
t0
2
r it
∂Ψ (r , t ) −1
t
r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
r r
32 ∫
= dt '∫ dp ( p x + A(t ))e iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e iκ 2 t ' 2 1
( v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 )ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
r
∂x (2π ) t0 2
∂Ψ *
Ψ =
∂x

t it
r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
i r r
∫ ∫ e ( )
iκ 2 t ' 2 1
Ψ (r , t ) = dt ' d p iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e r
v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
( 2π ) 32
t0
2
r it
∂Ψ ( r , t ) −1
t
r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
r r
( 2π ) 3 2 t∫0 ∫
= dt ' d p ( p + A( t ))e iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e iκ 2 t ' 2 1
( v ( t ' ) 2 +κ 2 )ϕ ( vr ( t ' ))
∂x
x 2 lm
it
∂Ψ * − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
t 2
i r r r
3 ∫
Ψ =− dt1 ∫ dp1e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 r
e e v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
∂x (2π ) t0 2
i t
t ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
2
r r r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p2 x + A(t ))e − iv 2 ( t ) r − iκ 2 t 2 2 1
( )
2 t2 r
e e 2
v2 ( t 2 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ *lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
t0

t it
r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
i r r
∫ ∫ e ( )
iκ 2 t ' 2 1
Ψ (r , t ) = dt ' d p iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e r
v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
( 2π ) 32
t0
2
r it
∂Ψ ( r , t ) −1
t
r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
r r
( 2π ) 3 2 t∫0 ∫
= dt ' d p ( p + A( t ))e iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e iκ 2 t ' 2 1
( v ( t ' ) 2 +κ 2 )ϕ ( vr ( t ' ))
∂x
x 2 lm
it
∂Ψ * − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
t 2
i r r r
3 ∫
Ψ =− dt1 ∫ dp1e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 r
e e v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
∂x (2π ) t0 2
i t
t ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
2
r r r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p2 x + A(t ))e − iv 2 ( t ) r − iκ 2 t 2 2 1
( )
2 t2 r
e e 2
v2 ( t 2 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ *lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
t0
∂Ψ
Ψ* =
∂x

t it
r r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
i r r
∫ ∫ e ( )
iκ 2 t ' 2 1
Ψ (r , t ) = dt ' d p iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e r
v ( t ') 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v ( t ' ))
( 2π ) 32
t0
2
r it
∂Ψ ( r , t ) −1
t
r − ∫ v (τ ) dτ
2
r r
( 2π ) 3 2 t∫0 ∫
= dt ' d p ( p + A( t ))e iv ( t ) r
e 2t'
e iκ 2 t ' 2 1
( v ( t ' ) 2 +κ 2 )ϕ ( vr ( t ' ))
∂x
x 2 lm
i t
∂Ψ ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
t 2
i r −ivr2 ( t ) rr
3 ∫
Ψ* = dt 2 ∫ dp2 e − iκ 2 t 2 2 1
( )
2 t2 r
e e v2 ( t 2 ) 2 −κ 2 ϕ *lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
∂x (2π ) t0 2
it
r − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
t 2
r r
* ∫ dt1 ∫ dp1 ( p1x + A(t ))e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 r
e e 2
v1 ( t1 ) 2 −κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
t0
Putting together the current 31
i⎛ r ∂ r r ∂ r ⎞
j x ( x, t ) = ⎜ Ψ (r , t ) Ψ * (r , t ) − Ψ * (r , t ) Ψ (r , t )⎟
2⎝ ∂x ∂x ⎠
i t
i ( −i ) − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
t 2
r r r
3 ∫
jx = dt1 ∫ dp1e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 ' r
e e v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
2( 2π ) t0 2
i t
t ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
2
r r r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t ))e − iv 2 ( t ) r − iκ 2 t 2 2 1
( )
2 t2 r
e e 2
v2 ( t 2 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ * lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
t0
Our next goal is time-integration
Let us first re-write the current in a more compact way:

Preparing to do time-integration 32
it
t − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
2
1 r r r
3 ∫
jx = dt1 ∫ dp1e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 r
e e v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
2( 2π ) t0 2
i t
t ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
2
r r r
( )
2 t2 r
e e 2
v2 ( t 2 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ *lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
t0

it
t − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
2
1 r r r
3 ∫
jx = dt1 ∫ dp1e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 r
e e v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
2( 2π ) t0 2
i t
t ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
2
r r r
( )
2 t2 r
e e 2
v2 ( t 2 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ *lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
t0

it
t − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
2
1 r r r
3 ∫
jx = dt1 ∫ dp1e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 r
e e v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
2( 2π ) t0 2
i t
t ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
2
r r r
( )
2 t2 r
e e 2
v2 ( t 2 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ *lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
t0
t
1t 2 ⎛ p2 F 2 ⎞ px F F 2 sin( 2ωτ )
∫ v (τ ) dτ = ⎜⎜ + ⎟τ + 2 cos(ωτ ) −
2 ⎟
2t ⎝ 2 4ω ⎠ ω 4ω 2
2ω t1
1
r r r
v1(t) = p1 + A(t )

it
t − ∫ v1 (τ ) dτ
2
1 r r r
3 ∫
jx = dt1 ∫ dp1e iκ 2 t1 2 1
( )
iv1 ( t ) r 2 t1 r
e e v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ lm ( v1 ( t1 ))
2( 2π ) t0 2
i t
t ∫ v2 (τ ) dτ
2
r r r
( )
2 t2 r
e e 2
v2 ( t 2 ) 2 +κ 2 ϕ *lm ( v 2 ( t 2 ))
t0
t
1t 2 ⎛ p2 F 2 ⎞ px F F 2 sin( 2ωτ )
∫ v (τ ) dτ = ⎜⎜ + ⎟τ + 2 cos(ωτ ) −
2 ⎟
2t ⎝ 2 4ω ⎠ ω 4ω 2
2ω t1
1
r r r ω0 ≡ κ 2 2 = I p γ ≡ κω F
v1(t) = p1 + A(t )
t
1t 2 ⎛ p 2
κ 2
⎞ ω ⎛ 2 p 1 sin( 2ωτ ) ⎞
∫ v (τ ) dτ = ⎜⎜ + 2 ⎟⎟τ + 0 ⎜⎜ x cos(ωτ ) − 2 ⎟⎟
2t
1
⎝ 2 4γ ⎠ ω ⎝ κγ 4γ 2ω ⎠
t 1
Doing a trick 36
We now collect all terms with complicated, but periodic time-dependence:
ω0 ⎛ 2 p x 1 sin( 2ωt1 ) ⎞
⎜ ω − ⎟
r 1 i
ω ⎜⎝ κγ
cos( t )
2ω ⎟
F ( p, t1 ) = ( v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 )ϕ lm ( vr1 ( t1 )) e
1
4γ 2 ⎠
2

Doing a trick 37
ω0 ⎛ 2 p x 1 sin( 2ωt1 ) ⎞
⎜ ω − ⎟
r 1 i
ω ⎜⎝ κγ
cos( t )
2ω ⎟
F ( p, t1 ) = ( v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 )ϕ lm ( vr1 ( t1 )) e
1
4γ 2 ⎠
2
…and expand them into the Fourier series:
∞ π
r r r 1 r
∑ n ∫
inωt1
F ( p, t1 ) = F ( p , ω ) e − inωt1
Fn ( p, ω ) = d (t ω ) F ( p , t ) e
2π
1 1
n = −∞ −π

Doing a trick 38
ω0 ⎛ 2 p x 1 sin( 2ωt1 ) ⎞
⎜ ω − ⎟
r 1 i
ω ⎜⎝ κγ
cos( t )
2ω ⎟
F ( p, t1 ) = ( v1 ( t1 ) 2 +κ 2 )ϕ lm ( vr1 ( t1 )) e
1
4γ 2 ⎠
2
…and expand them into the Fourier series:
∞ π
r r r 1 r
∑ n ∫
inωt1
F ( p, t1 ) = F ( p , ω ) e − inωt1
Fn ( p, ω ) = d (t ω ) F ( p , t ) e
2π
1 1
n = −∞ −π
⎛ p12 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞ ω 0 ⎛ 2 p1 x ⎞
∞ t − ⎜ + + − ω ⎟
1 ⎟ ( t − t1 ) − i ⎜⎜ cos(ωt ) ⎟⎟
1 r r r i
⎜
n
r
∑ ∫ 1 ∫ 1e ⎝ 2 4γ ω ⎝ κγ
Fn1 ( p1 , ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
2
jx = iv1 ( t ) r 2 ⎠ ⎠
dt d p e e
2( 2π ) 3 n1n2 = −∞ t 0
⎛ p2 2 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞ ω0 ⎛ 2 p2 x ⎞
⎜ ⎟
r ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 − n2ω ⎟ ( t − t 2 ) i ⎜⎜ cos( ωt ) ⎟⎟
t
r r i
r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t ))e
4γ ω ⎝ κγ
− iv 2 ( t ) r ⎝
e ⎠
e ⎠
F ( p2 , ω )
*
n2
t0
Let us simplify the integrand before time integration

Doing a trick 39
⎛ p12 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞
∞ t − ⎜ + 2 + − n1ω ⎟ ( t − t1 ) − i ω 0 ⎛⎜ 2 p1 x cos(ωt ) ⎞⎟
1 r r r i
⎜ 2 4γ ⎟ ω ⎜⎝ κγ ⎟ r
jx = ∑ ∫ dt1 ∫ dp1e Fn1 ( p1 , ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
iv1 ( t ) r ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠
e e
2( 2π ) 3 n1n2 = −∞ t 0
⎛ p2 2 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞
t ⎜ + + − ω ⎟ ( t − t 2 ) i ω 0 ⎛⎜ 2 p 2 x cos( ωt ) ⎞⎟
r r i
r ⎜ 2 n 2 ⎟ ω ⎜⎝ κγ ⎟ r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t ))e
4γ 2
− iv 2 ( t ) r ⎝
Fn*2 ( p2 , ω )
2 ⎠ ⎠
e e
t0
We can combine these terms

r r r
v1(t) = p1 + A(t )
r r r The amplitude of electron
v2(t) = p2 + A(t ) oscillations in the laser field
ω 2p ⎛
⎜
⎞
⎟
0 1x cos(ωt ) ⎟ = p E cos(ωt )
⎜
⎜ ⎟
ω κγ ⎜⎜
⎝
⎟⎟ 1x ω 2
⎠

Doing a trick 40
⎛ p12 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞
∞ t − ⎜ + + − ω ⎟
1 ⎟ ( t − t1 )
1 r r r r r i
⎜
n
r
∑ ∫ 1 ∫ 1e
i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p1 , ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
γ 2
jx = ⎝ 2 4 2 ⎠
dt d p e
2( 2π ) 3 n1n2 = −∞ t 0
⎛ p 2 κ2 κ2 ⎞
t i ⎜ 2 + 2 + − n2ω ⎟ ( t − t 2 )
r ⎜ 2 4γ ⎟ r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t ))e F ( p2 , ω )
⎝ 2 ⎠ *
n2
t0
r ⎛ E ⎞
ξ ( t ) = ⎜⎜ 2 cos(ωt ), 0 , 0 ⎟⎟
⎝ω ⎠
Now we are almost ready for time integration

Integration over t1 t2 41
⎛ p12 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞
∞ t − ⎜ + 2 + − n1ω ⎟ ( t −t1 )
1 r r r r r i
⎜ 2 4γ ⎟ r
jx = ∑ ∫ 1 ∫ 1e
i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p1 , ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
⎝ 2 ⎠
dt d p e
2( 2π ) 3 n1n2 = −∞ − ∞
⎛ p 2 κ2 κ2 ⎞
t i ⎜ 2 + 2 + − n2ω ⎟ ( t − t 2 )
r ⎜ 2 4γ ⎟ r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t ))e Fn*2 ( p2 , ω )
⎝ 2 ⎠
−∞
Adiabatic turn on of interaction at the infinity

⎛ p12 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞
∞ t − ⎜ + 2 + − n1ω ⎟ ( t −t1 )
1 r r r r r i
⎜ 2 4γ ⎟ r
jx = ∑ ∫ 1 ∫ 1e
i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p1 , ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
⎝ 2 ⎠
dt d p e
2( 2π ) 3 n1n2 = −∞ − ∞
⎛ p 2 κ2 κ2 ⎞
t i ⎜ 2 + 2 + − n2ω ⎟ ( t − t 2 )
r ⎜ 2 4γ ⎟ r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t ))e Fn*2 ( p2 , ω )
⎝ 2 ⎠
−∞
Infinitely large at -∞?
Standard regularization: introduce vanishingly small

“damping” constants δ−>0, and first evaluate the
integral, then take the limit lim δ−>0

Lim eδt1= e-i(-iδ)(t-t1)

δ →0 ⎛ p12 κ 2 κ 2 ⎞
∞ t − ⎜ + + − ω ⎟ ( t −t1 )
1 r r r r r i
⎜ 2 4γ 2 2
n
⎟ r
∑ i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p1 , ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
1
jx =
2( 2π ) 3 ∫ 1 ∫ 1e
dt
n1n2 = −∞ − ∞
d p e ⎝ ⎠
⎛ p 2 κ2 κ2 ⎞ eδt2= ei(+iδ)(t-t2)
t i ⎜ 2 + 2 + − n2ω ⎟ ( t − t 2 )
r ⎜ 2 4γ ⎟ r
* ∫ dt 2 ∫ dp2 ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t ))e F ( p2 , ω )
⎝ 2 ⎠ *
n2
−∞
Now we are really ready for time integration

Integration over t1 t2: Result 44
( )
∞ −1
1 r r r r r r r − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt ⎡ ⎤
jx =
2( 2π ) 3
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ d p1 d p 2 Lim
δ →0
e i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1
( p 1 , ω ) e
⎢
⎣
12 p12 +
κ2
2γ 2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎥⎦
( )
−1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) F ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2
*
p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
n2
⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦
Now we are done with integration over both times, but

have to do the limit
But first thing we will do - integrate over all perpendicular coordinates
r r
J ( x, t ) = ∫ dr⊥ j x (r , t )

Integration over r┴ 45
( )
∞ −1
1 r r r r r r r − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt ⎡ ⎤
jx =
2( 2π ) 3
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ d p1 d p 2 Lim
δ →0
e i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p 1 , ω ) e
⎢
⎣
12 p12 +
κ2
2γ 2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎥⎦
( )
−1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) Fn*2 ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2 p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦
The only term containing r┴:

r r r r r r r r r
i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t )) i ( p1⊥ − p2⊥ )r⊥ i ( p1 x − p2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
e =e e

( )
∞ −1
1 r r r r r r r − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt ⎡ ⎤
jx =
2( 2π ) 3
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ d p1 d p 2 Lim
δ →0
e i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p 1 , ω ) e
⎢
⎣
12 p12 +
κ2
2γ 2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎥⎦
( )
−1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) Fn*2 ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2 p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦

r r r r r r r r r
e =e e
∞
1 r r r i ( pr1⊥ − pr 2⊥ )rr⊥ r r r
J=
2( 2π ) 3
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ d p1 d p 2 d r⊥ e Lim e i ( p1 x − p 2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
δ →0
Fn1
( p 1 , ω ) e − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt
( ) ( )
−1 −1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) F ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2
*
p12 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎤ ⎡1 2 p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
n2
⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦
( )
∞ −1
1 r r r r r r r − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt ⎡ ⎤
jx =
2( 2π ) 3
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ d p1 d p 2 Lim
δ →0
e i ( p1 − p 2 )( r −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p 1 , ω ) e
⎢
⎣
12 p12 +
κ2
2γ 2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎥⎦
( )
−1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) Fn*2 ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2 p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦

r r r r r r r r r
e =e e
(2π )2 δ ( pr ⊥1 − pr ⊥2 )
∞
1 r r r i ( pr1⊥ − pr 2⊥ )rr⊥ r r r
J=
2( 2π ) 3
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ d p1 d p 2 d r⊥ e Lim e i ( p1 x − p 2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
δ →0
Fn1
( p 1 , ω ) e − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt
( ) ( )
−1 −1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) F ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2
*
p12 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎤ ⎡1 2 p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
n2
⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦
Integration over r┴: Result 48
∞
1 r r r r r r r
J=
4π
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ 1 2 ⊥1 ⊥2
d p d p δ ( p − p ) Lim e i ( p1 x − p 2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
δ →0
Fn1 ( p 1 , ω ) e − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt
( ) ( )
−1 −1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) F ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2
*
p12 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎤ ⎡1 2 p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
n2
⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦
Coincides with Eq. 41 of JETP ,23,924,1966
Now we can evaluate the limit

Limit δ->0 49
∞
1 r r r r r r r
J=
4π
∑
n1n2 = −∞
∫ 1 2 ⊥1 ⊥2
d p d p δ ( p − p ) Lim e i ( p1 x − p 2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
δ →0
Fn1 ( p 1 , ω ) e − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt
( ) ( )
−1 −1
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A(t )) F ( p2 , ω ) ⎡1 2
*
p12 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n1ω + iδ
⎤ ⎡1 2 p2 2 +
κ2
+κ 2 − n2ω − iδ
⎤
⎢⎣
n2
2γ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2γ 2 ⎥⎦
To calculate the limit δ->0 we will take into account the fact
that eventually we are only interested in x->inf. Consider
first an auxiliary integral I:
p2 p x2 p⊥2
= +
∞ ∞ 2 2 2
eipx dp eipx dp
I =∫ =∫ = ⎛ 1 ⎞
K1 = 2nω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p12⊥
0
p − a + iδ 0 ( p − a + iδ )( p + a )
2 2
⎝ 2γ ⎠
∞ ∞ ∞
1 e ipx dp 1 eipx dp 1 eipx dp
∫ ( = ∫) −
2 0 p1x − a + iδ ( p + a ) 2a 0 p − a + iδ 2a 0 p + a∫ =
∞
1 e ipx dp
2a ∫0 p − a + iδ
= Second integral does not contribute since
it does not have poles for positive p and
a: we consider only px>0 since we
calculate current in positive direction
Limit δ->0 50
We now calculate the integral I in the limit of large x.

∞ ∞ ∞
e ipx dp 1 iax ei( p − a ) x dp eip' x dp
= [ p' x = u ] =
1 1 iax
I= ∫
2 a 0 p − a + iδ 2 a
= e ∫
0
p − a + iδ 2 a
= e ∫
0
p' +iδ
∞ ∞
eiu du e iu du
= [x → ∞ ] =
1 iax 1 iax
= e ∫ e ∫
2a − ax
u + iδ 2a −∞
u + iδ ∞
si (x ) = − ∫
sin t
dt
∞ iu x
t
∫−∞u + iδ = ci(− ∞ ) + i * si(− ∞ ) = −πi − πi = −2πi
e du
∞
ci( x ) = − ∫
cos t
dt
x
t
We have slightly different integral in the expression for
the current:
∞
eipx dp
∞
e ipx dp
I = ∫ F ( p) F ( p)
1
0
p − a + iδ
2 2
0
=
2a ∫
− a + iδ p
=
∞ ∞ iu
⎛ u ⎞ eiu du π
= [x → ∞ ] = e F (a ) ∫ = − i eiax F (a ) ≡
1 iax 1 iax e du
= e ∫ F⎜a + ⎟
2a −∞ ⎝
x ⎠ u + iδ 2a −∞
u + iδ a
π
≡− i eiax F ( p )δ ( p − a )
a Olga Smirnova, PPT-1
Dec 20, 2010
Limit δ->0 51
∞
1 r r r r r r r
J= ∑
π n1n2 = −∞ ∫
dp1x dp 2x d p ⊥1 d p ⊥2δ ( p ⊥1 − p ⊥2 ) Lim
δ →0
e i ( p1 x − p 2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p 1 ,ω ) e − i ( n1 − n2 )ωt
r
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A( t ))Fn2 ( p2 ,ω )[ p1x 2 − K1 + iδ ]−1 [ p2 x 2 − K 2 −iδ ]−1
*
2 2 2
p p x p⊥
= +
2 2 2
Use the auxiliary integral: ⎛ 1 ⎞
K1 = 2nω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p12⊥
∞ ⎝ 2γ ⎠
e ipx dp π iax
I = ∫ F ( p) 2 = − i e F ( p )δ ( p − a )
0
p − a + iδ
2
a
r
In our case (e.g. for px1): F ( p ) = Fn ( p1 ,ω )( p1x + p2 x + 2 A( t ))1 / 2 a = K1
1
∞
r r r r r r r
J = π ∑ ∫ dp1x dp2 x dp⊥1dp⊥ 2δ ( p⊥1 − p⊥ 2 )e i ( p1 x − p 2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p1 ,ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
n1n2 = −∞
r −1 2 −1 2
* ( p1x + p2 x + 2 A( t ))Fn*2 ( p2 ,ω )K1 δ ( p1x − K1 )K 2 δ ( p2 x − K 2 )
12 12

Limit δ->0:Result 52
∞
r r r r r r r
J = π ∑ ∫ dp1dp2δ ( p⊥1 − p⊥ 2 )e i ( p1 x − p 2 x )( x −ξ ( t ))
Fn1 ( p1 ,ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
n1n2 = −∞
r −1 2 −1 2
12 12
Delta-functions allow easy integration over px:

Integrate over both px 53
Delta-functions allow easy integration over px:

∞
r r r r r
J = π ∑ ∫ dp1x dp2 x dp⊥1dp⊥ 2δ ( p⊥1 − p⊥ 2 )e i ( p1 x − p2 x )( x −ξ ( t )) Fn1 ( p1 ,ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
n1n2 = −∞
r −1 2 −1 2
12 12
p1x = K1 p2 x = K 2 we consider only px>0 since we

12 12
calculate current in positive
direction
∞
r r r r i (K11 2 − K 21 2 )( x −ξ ( t )) 12 r
J = π ∑ ∫ dp⊥1dp⊥ 2δ ( p⊥1 − p⊥ 2 )e Fn1 ( K1 , p⊥1ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
n1n2 = −∞
12 r −1 2 −1 2
* ( K1 + K 2 + 2 A( t ))Fn2 ( K 2 , p⊥ 2 ,ω )K1 K 2
12 12 *
⎛ 1 ⎞
K1 = 2n1ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p12⊥
⎝ 2γ ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
K 2 = 2n2ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p22⊥
Dec 20, 2010 ⎝ 2γ ⎠ Olga Smirnova, PPT-1
Integrate over p┴ 54
Delta-functions allow easy integration over p ┴ :

∞
r r r r i (K11 2 − K 21 2 )( x −ξ ( t )) 12 r
J = π ∑ ∫ dp⊥1dp⊥ 2δ ( p⊥1 − p⊥ 2 )e Fn1 ( K1 , p⊥1ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
n1n2 = −∞
12 r −1 2 −1 2
* ( K1 + K 2 + 2 A( t ))Fn*2 ( K 2 , p⊥ 2 ,ω )K1 K 2
12 12
r r r
p⊥1 = p⊥ 2 ≡ p⊥
∞
r i (K11 2 − K 21 2 )( x −ξ ( t )) 12 r
J = π ∑ ∫ dp ⊥ e Fn1 ( K1 , p⊥ω )e −i (n1 − n2 )ωt
n1n2 = −∞
12 r −1 2 −1 2
* ( K1 + K 2 + 2 A( t ))Fn*2 ( K 2 , p⊥ ,ω )K1 K 2
12 12
⎛ 1 ⎞
K1 = 2n1ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
Note that K1 and K2 are now only ⎝ 2γ ⎠
different because n1 and n2 different ⎛ 1 ⎞
K 2 = 2n2ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
Dec 20, 2010 ⎝ 2γ ⎠ Olga Smirnova, PPT-1
Take limit x−>∞ 55
Highly oscillating exponent will lead to J->0 for x−>∞ :
∞
r i (K11 2 − K 21 2 )( x −ξ ( t )) 12 r
n1n2 = −∞
12 r −1 2 −1 2
* ( K1 + K 2 + 2 A( t ))Fn*2 ( K 2 , p⊥ ,ω )K1 K 2
12 12
−1 2 −1 2
The only surviving part of J at x−>∞ corresponds to K1 = K2

∞
r i (K11 2 − K 21 2 )( x −ξ ( t )) 12 r
n1n2 = −∞
12 r −1 2 −1 2
* ( K1 + K 2 + 2 A( t ))Fn*2 ( K 2 , p⊥ ,ω )K1 K 2
12 12
−1 2 −1 2

∞
r i (K11 2 − K 21 2 )( x −ξ ( t )) 12 r
n1n2 = −∞
12 r −1 2 −1 2
* ( K1 + K 2 + 2 A( t ))Fn*2 ( K 2 , p⊥ ,ω )K1 K 2
12 12
−1 2 −1 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
K1 = 2n1ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2 K 2 = 2n2ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
⎝ 2γ ⎠ ⎝ 2γ ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
n1 = n 2 K = 2nω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
⎝ 2γ ⎠
∞
r i (K11 2 − K 21 2 )( x −ξ ( t )) 12 r
n1n2 = −∞
12 r −1 2 −1 2
* ( K1 + K 2 + 2 A( t ))Fn*2 ( K 2 , p⊥ ,ω )K1 K 2
12 12
−1 2 −1 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
K1 = 2n1ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2 K 2 = 2n2ω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
⎝ 2γ ⎠ ⎝ 2γ ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
n1 = n 2 K = 2nω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
⎝ 2γ ⎠
Limit x−>∞:Result 59
∞
r 12 r
∑ ∫
2
J =π d p ⊥ Fn ( K , p ⊥ ω ) ( 2 K 12
+ 2 A( t )) K −1
n = −∞
⎛ 1 ⎞
K = 2nω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
⎝ 2γ ⎠
Finally, we need to average over laser cycle

Averaging over cycle: Result 60
∞
r 12 r
∑ ∫
2
J =π d p ⊥ Fn ( K , p ⊥ ω ) ( 2 K 12
+ 2 A( t )) K −1
n = −∞
⎛ 1 ⎞
K = 2nω − κ 2 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − p⊥2
⎝ 2γ ⎠
∞
r 12 r
∑ ∫
2
J = 2π d p ⊥ Fn ( K , p ⊥ ω ) K −1 2
n = −∞
This formula can be rewritten in a more compact way:
∞ 2 ⎛1 ⎡ 2 κ ⎤ ⎞
2
r r
J = 2π ∑ ∫ dp Fn ( p ,ω ) δ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎢⎣ p + κ + 2γ 2 ⎥⎦ − nω ⎟⎟
2
n = −∞ ⎝ ⎠| p x >0
Note that only px >0 are included in the integration, since we have been
calculating the current only in one direction (x>0).
Ionization rate: Result 61
To obtain ionization rate we have to multiply the calculated current by 2.

Alternatively and equivalently we can simply extend our integration to
negative px:
∞ 2 ⎛1 ⎡ 2 κ ⎤ ⎞
2
r r
W = 2π ∑ ∫ dp Fn ( p ,ω ) δ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎢⎣ p + κ + 2γ 2 ⎥⎦ − nω ⎟⎟
2
n = −∞ ⎝ ⎠
Here integration is performed over all momenta!
This formula coincides with Eq.44 of JETP ,23,924,1966
Ionization rate is presented as a sum over different n-photon processes

∞ 2 ⎛1 ⎡ 2 κ ⎤ ⎞
2
r r
W = ∑ wn (F ,ω ) wn = 2π ∫ dp Fn ( p, ω ) δ ⎜⎜ ⎢ p + κ + 2 ⎥ − nω ⎟⎟
2
n ≥ν ⎝2⎣ 2γ ⎦ ⎠
ω ⎛ 1 ⎞
Minimal amount of photons required to ionize: ν = 0 ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟
ω ⎝ 2γ ⎠

Introduction of The Strong Field Physics

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Introduction of The Strong Field Physics

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Fundamentals of the strong field physics 1

-Why bother? It works!

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

PPT vs TDSE for 800nm ground state of H

3.5 1014 W/cm2 3.5 1013 W/cm2

v(t)=P+A(t)= P-(E/ω)sinωt f(t)

P is canonical momentum, different from kinetic (p=mv=v)

v=>v(t) v(t)=P+A(t)= P-(E/ω)sinωt

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Transition amplitude in time-dependent perturbation theory:

Final state with

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Transition amplitude in time-dependent perturbation theory:

Final state with

Transition amplitude in Keldysh’ approach:

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Transition amplitude in Keldysh’ approach:

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

For γ<<1 Arcsinh γ ~ γ

For small γ<1 we get exp[–(2Ip)3/2/3F] – DC tunneling exponent

For large γ>>1 we get exp[–(Ip/ω) ln 2γ] =[1/2γ]Ip/ω~[F]Ip/ω

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Evolution operator propagates vector from t0 to t:

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Time –evolution problem is solved once initial vector is

Ψ ( x ' ' , t ) = ∫ dx ' G ( x ' ' , t ; x ' , t0 ) Ψ0 ( x ' , t0 )

Let us construct propagator for electron in the laser field

G ( x' ' , t ; x' , t0 ) = ∑ x ' ' n n x ' e − iEn ( t −t0 )

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Green’s function helps to solve inhomogenious equation

Ψ ( x ' ' , t ) = ∫ dx ' G ( x ' ' , t ; x ' , t0 ) Ψ0 ( x ' , t0 ) +

Particular solution of inhomogenious equation

Let us re-write this integral via propagator

One can use other representations, e.g.

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Let us re-write this integral via propagator

One can use other representations, e.g.

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Let us re-write this integral via propagator

One can use other representations, e.g.

To get trajectories we need momenta and coordinates

Yet another Green’s function propagating (k,t’) to (r,t)

-The phase is stationary along this path.

-The contribution of this path dominates the integral

Stationary phase analysis:

∂S r r and initial velocity

Leads to Keldysh exponent and time-domain tunneling perspective

Real time Tunnel entrance Tunnel exit

Electron trajectory during tunneling: imaginary velocity & imaginary time

Technically easier than standard approach (described below)

Dec 20, 2010 ⎝r⎠ Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Polarized wave-function is substituted by the field-free wave-function

For small distances around the origin polarized = field-free wave-functions

Polarized wave-function is substituted by the field-free wave-function

We can evaluate integral over r’

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Calculated for one direction,

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Dec 20, 2010 Olga Smirnova, PPT-1

Our next goal is time-integration

Let us first re-write the current in a more compact way: