Anti Bastos Law

SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE )

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES )
First Regular Session )
SENATE
S. B. No. 132G
Introduced by Senator Ana Theresia “ Risa” Hontiveros - Baraquel
AN ACT DEFINING GENDER-BASED STREET AND PUBLIC SPACES
HARASSMENT, PROVIDING PROTECTIVE MEASURES AND PRESCRIBING
PENALTIES THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
EXPLANATORY NOTE
An overwhelming 88% of women aged 18 to 24 years old experienced sexual harassment in the streets (SWS,
2016). While wolf-whistling and catcalling are the more common cases, other forms of sexual harassment
include lascivious language, stalking, rubbing or touching, indecent gestures, exhibitionism and public
masturbation. 58% of these incidents take place on the streets and small alleys, they have also been reported
to happen in public vehicles, public washrooms, schools, and workplaces. This phenomenon hampers freedom
of movement. Evidence compiled by the United Nations Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces Program
demonstrate indubitably harassment in public spaces reduces the ability to participate in school, work and
public life, and access to essential services and their enjoyment of cultural and recreational opportunities. It
also negatively impacts their health and well-being.Despite the fact that street harassment is a daily reality for
an overwhelming majority of Filipinas and LGBTs, there are no clear-cut laws that specifically address this
malaise. Provisions of the Revised Penal Code on unjust vexation do not cover with
exactitude gender-based, misogynistic and homophobic public spaces harassment, whilst provisions on sexual
harassment only at present cover harassment in the workplace between a superior and subordinate. Hence, a
law that penalizes gender-based street and public spaces harassment is long-overdue. This bill provides
penalties against unwanted comments, gestures, and actions forced on a person in a public place without
their consent and is directed at
them because of their actual or perceived sex, gender, gender expression, or sexual orientation and identity,
including but not limited to unwanted cursing, wolf-whistling, cat-calling, leering, sexist, homophobic or
transphobic slurs, persistent requests for someone’s name, number or destination after clear refusal,
persistent telling of sexual jokes, use of sexual names, comments and demands, following, flashing, public
masturbation, groping, and stalking. It contains specific provisions for harassment in schools, harassment in
streets, harassment in public utility vehicles,
and harassment in privately-owned spaces that are open to the public. It provides instances of 'qualified
gender-based street and public spaces harassment’, i.e., when the offense takes places in a public utility
vehicle and the perpetrator is the driver and the victim is a passenger, when the victim is a minor, when the
perpetrator is a member of the uniformed services, and lastly, when the offense takes place in the premises of
a government agency and the perpetrator is a government employee. Lastly, the bill provides for awareness-
raising programs and educational modules in
order to propagate awareness of and vigilance against gender-based street and public spaces harassment.
The passage of this bill is earnestly sought.
ANA THERESIA “ RISA” HONTIVEROS BARAQUEL
HACCP is a systematic approach to the identification, evaluation, and control of food safety hazards.
It embraces seven principles:

Principle 1: Conduct a hazard analysis.

Principle 2: Determine the critical control points (CCPs).
Principle 3: Establish critical limits.
Principle 4: Establish monitoring procedures.
Principle 5: Establish corrective actions.
Principle 6: Establish verification procedures.
Principle 7: Establish record-keeping and documentation procedures.

HACCP is a management system in which food safety is addressed through the analysis and control of
biological, chemical, and physical hazards from raw material production, procurement and handling, to
manufacturing, distribution and consumption of the finished product. For successful implementation of a
HACCP plan, management must be strongly committed to the HACCP concept. A firm commitment to HACCP
by top management provides company employees with a sense of the importance of producing safe food.

HACCP is designed for use in all segments of the food industry from growing, harvesting, processing,
manufacturing, distributing, and merchandising to preparing food for consumption. Prerequisite programs
such as current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs) are an essential foundation for the development and
implementation of successful HACCP plans. Food safety systems based on the HACCP principles have been
successfully applied in food processing plants, retail food stores, and food service operations. The seven
principles of HACCP have been universally accepted by government agencies, trade associations and the food
industry around the world.

HACCP Summary: Created on November 3rd, 2007. Last Modified on November 3rd, 2007
Why Human is a Living Organism?

1. They are made from structures called "cells."

2. They reproduce by genetic material called "DNA."
3. They respond to stimuli from the environment.
4. They synthesize an energy substance called "adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" from the
environment, and they live and grow using that energy.

Fig. 1-1. Four Characteristics of Living Organisms

Now let's look at these characteristics in more detail.

(1) All living organisms are made of cells, which are the units of life. A cell comprises a plasma
membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer (see Chapter 2, Fig. 2-4). There are various kinds of
cells, from liver cells, which are several dozen micrometers in diameter, to nerve cells, which are
several meters long.
The smallest size visible through the naked eye is generally about 0.1 mm (100 µm) and through a
light microscope is about 0.2 µm (200 nm); anything less than 1 µm cannot be seen clearly without an
electron microscope. However, living organisms cannot be observed using an electron microscope.
(2) Another obvious major characteristic of living organisms is that they produce offspring that are the
same as themselves. Unicellular organisms under normal nutrition conditions produce offspring
by asexual reproduction, such as by dividing(protozoa, etc.) or budding (baker's yeast). In
a sexual reproduction, the cells of the offspring have the same traits as the cells of their parents
(the characteristics that surface) as long as their DNA does not mutate. Multicellular organisms,
however, undergo sexual reproduction and produce offspring that inherits half of each parent's genes.
The genetic material (DNA) of both humans and bacteria is similar in that it consists of four bases—
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—which are the characters in the DNA code, but differences
between the DNA of these organisms are produced by the differences in the ratios of these bases.
The fact that these organisms share the same genetic material is evidence for the assertion that all
organisms on the earth evolved from a single organism.
However, if a mutation occurs in DNA during self-replication, it is sometimes expressed in the traits of
the offspring. The bases of DNA change randomly at a constant rate, and the resulting evolution can
also be considered a characteristic of living organisms (see Column at the bottom).
(3) The third characteristic of living organisms is their response to stimuli. The plasma membrane
contains proteins called "receptors," which receive stimuli from the outside environment
When outside stimuli such as chemical substances or heat reach the receptors, a series of various
chemical reactions occurs in the cytoplasm. Finally, DNA is transcribed and new proteins are
synthesized. This system of chain reactions is called "signal transduction" (see Chapter 7). Genes for
various receptors are present in the genes of all living organisms, from Escherichia coli bacteria to
humans. These organisms have many receptors in common, such as potassium channels through
which potassium ions travel. The abundance of common receptors also suggests that all living
organisms on the earth evolved from a single primitive organism.
(4) The final characteristic of living organisms is that they carry out metabolism (synthesis and
degradation of substances) in their cells (see Chapter 8). Metabolism is a process in which
organisms synthesize ATP to store energy, and then release that energy by hydrolysis, obtaining
heat in the process.

Is a Virus a Living Organism?

Viruses do not fit the definition of living organisms. Viruses are molecular aggregates of proteins and
nucleic acids (see Chapter 2) and lack cells or metabolic systems. Furthermore, although viruses
self-replicate, they can only do so by using materials from their hosts, and they are only able to
multiply inside host cells. Viruses also differ from normal living organisms in that their genetic material
is not limited to DNA but can also be RNA. Viruses that use RNA as genetic material are called "RNA
viruses." Some RNA viruses create DNA using a reverse transcriptase enzyme (an enzyme that
makes DNA from RNA), and then produce proteins in the usual manner.

Why Do Mutations Occur in the Bases of DNA?

DNA is made up of four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T), and
complementary pairs are formed between A and T and between C and G (see Chapter 2, Fig. 2-5).
Several Cs and Gs align at a site in a region upstream of each gene, and if a methyl group is added
(methylated) at the 5th C position of this site, the gene is inactivated. If the amine group is removed,
this 5-methylcytosine (Cm) becomes T, as shown in the figure. In other words, C changes into T.
When this happens, the C-G pair becomes T-G via Cm-G, and no complementary pair is formed. In
such a case, one of the bases is judged to be an error. If G is judged to be an error, a T-A
complementary pair is formed, and if T is judged to be an error, the T is removed and a C-G pair is
reformed. In the former case, a base substitution ultimately occurs (Column Fig. 1-1).

Column Fig. 1-1. Methylation of Cytosine and Changes in Bases