• Natural numbers:

• Used for counting purposes

• Made up off all possible rational and irrational numbers
• Integer:
• A whole number
• Prime numbers:
• Divisible only by itself and one
• 1 is not a prime number
• Rational numbers:
• Can be written as a fraction
• Irrational numbers:
• Cannot be written as a fraction e.g. 𝜋

Page 2
• Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple:

• HCF = product of common factors of x and y

• LCM = product of all items in Venn diagram
• Prime Factorization: finding which prime numbers
multiply together to make the original number

Page 3
• Limits of accuracy:
• The degree of rounding of a number
• E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p. 2.05 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.15
• Standard form:
• 104 = 10000 10−1 = 0.1
• 103 = 1000 10−2 = 0.01
• 102 = 100 10−3 = 0.001
• 101 = 10 10−4 = 0.0001
• 100 = 1 10−5 = 0.00001

Page 4
• Ratio
• Used to describe a fraction
• E.g. 3 : 1
• Foreign exchange
• Money changed from one currency to another using proportion
• E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars
$1 : 0.30KD
$22.50 : 6.75KD
• Map scales
• Using proportion to work out map scales
1km = 1000m
1m = 100cm
1cm = 10mm
Page 5
• Direct variation:
• 𝑦 is proportional to 𝑥
• 𝑦∝𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
• Inverse variation:
• 𝑦 is inversely proportional to 𝑥
1 𝑘
• 𝑦∝ 𝑦=
𝑥 𝑥

Page 6
• Percentage:
• Convenient way of expressing fractions
• Percent means per 100
• Percentage increase or decrease:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
• 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
• Simple interest:
𝑃𝑅𝑇
• 𝐼=
100
• 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
• Compound interest:
𝑅 𝑛
• 𝐴 = 𝑃 1+
100
• 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Page 7
 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
• 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

• Units of speed: km/hr m/s

• Units of distance: km m
• Units of time: hr sec

5
• 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 × = 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
18

18
• 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 × = 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
5

Page 8
• Function notation:
• 𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 − 1
• Function 𝑓 such that 𝑥 maps onto 2𝑥 − 1
• Composite function
• Given two functions 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 , the composite function of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is the function
which maps 𝑥 onto 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
• 𝑓 2
• Substitute 𝑥 = 2 and solve for 𝑓 𝑥
• 𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
• Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥
• 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
• Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and make 𝑥 the subject

Page 9
Page 10
• General equation
• 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
• Solve quadratics by
• Trinomial factorization
• Quadratic formula
−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
• 𝑥=
2𝑎
• IMPORTANT!
• When question says “give your answer to two decimal places”, USE FORMULA!

Page 11
• Gradient of a Straight Line:
𝑦 −𝑦
• 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2 1
𝑥2 −𝑥1
• Equation of Line:
• 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
• Find the gradient, 𝑚
• Find the 𝑦-intercept, 𝑐
• Midpoint of Graph:
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
• ,
2 2
• Length between two points:
• 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 2

Page 12
𝑓 𝑥 =1 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 = Page 13
𝑥 𝑥2
• From O to A : Uniform speed
• From B to C : Uniform speed (return journey)
• From A to B : Stationery (speed = 0)

• Gradient = speed
Page 14
• From O to A : Uniform speed
• From A to B : Constant speed (acceleration = 0)
• From B to C : Uniform deceleration / retardation

• Area under a graph = distance travelled.

• Gradient = acceleration.
• If the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration or retardation. (The moving body is
slowing down.)
Page 15
• Sum of angles at a point =360 • Corresponding angles
• Angles on a straight line = 180
• Sum of angles in a triangle =180
• For regular polygon • Alternate angles
360
• External angles =
𝑛
360
• Internal angles = 180 −
𝑛
• For irregular polygon: • Co-interior angles
• Sum of exterior angles =360
• Sum of interior angles =180(n-2)
• Vertically opposite angles • Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠

Page 16
• A line of symmetry divides a two-dimensional shape into two congruent (identical) shapes.
• A plane of symmetry divides a three-dimensional shape into two congruent solid shapes.
• The number of times shape fits its outline during a complete revolution is called the order of
rotational symmetry.
Shape Number of Lines of Symmetry Order of Rotational Symmetry

Square 4 4

Rectangle 2 2

Parallelogram 0 2

Rhombus 2 2

Trapezium 0 1

Kite 1 1

Equilateral triangle 3 3

Regular hexagon 6 6

Page 17
• Rectangle: Opposite sides parallel and equal,
all angles 90°, diagonals bisect each other.
• Parallelogram : Opposite sides parallel and
equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals
bisect each other
• Rhombus: A parallelogram with all sides
equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals
bisect each other
• Trapezium: One pair of sides parallel

• Kite: Two pairs of adjacent sides equal,

diagonals meet at right angles bisecting one
of them
Page 18
 = universal set ∉ = does not belongs to
∪ (union) = all the elements ⊆ = Subset
∩ (intersection) = common elements 𝐴′ = compliment of A
Ø or { } = empty set n(A) = the number of elements in A.
∈ = belongs to

𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 is shaded 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is shaded ⊂ ‘is a subset of’

𝑏∈𝑋 = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded

Page 19
Angle at centre = twice Angle subtended by same arc Angles in semicircle
angle on circumference at circumference are equal are 90°

Opposite angles in a cyclic Tangents from one point are equal Alternate segment
quadrilateral = 180° ∠ between tangent and radius is 90° theorem
Page 20
• Right angled triangles:
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
• sin 𝑥 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
• cos 𝑥 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
• tan 𝑥 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

• For any other triangle:

• Sine rule: • Cosine rule
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
• = = • To find the angle given 3 sides
sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏 sin 𝑐
𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
One pair of information needed • cos 𝑎 =
2𝑏𝑐
• To find side given angle and two sides
• 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝑎
Page 21
• Pythagoras theorem
• To find hypotenuse
• 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
• To find one of the shorter sides
• 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2
• 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2

• Angle of elevation:
• Angle above the horizontal line.
• Angle of depression:
• Angle below the horizontal line.

1
• Area of a triangle: 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝑐
2
Page 22
• The bearing of a point B from another point A is:
• An angle measured from the north at A.
• In a clockwise direction.
• Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000 ° to 360°)

• Eg: The bearing of B from A is 050°

Page 23
• Area:
• Parallelogram = 𝑏 × ℎ OR 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
1
• Triangle= 𝑏 × ℎ
2
1
• Trapezium= 𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ
2
• Circle= 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜃
• Sector= 𝜋𝑟 2 ×
360
• Volume and surface area:
• Cylinder • Sphere
• 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ • 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
• 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ • 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
• Cone • Hemisphere
• 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 • 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
1 2
• 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ) • 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
Page 24
• Volume:

• Capacity and Mass:

• Connecting volume and capacity:

• 1𝑚𝑙 = 1𝑐𝑚3
• 1𝑘𝑙 = 1𝑚3
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
• Density =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Page 25
 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
• 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 • =
𝑏 𝑏𝑚

𝑚
• 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 • 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛

• 𝑎𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 • 𝑎× 𝑏= 𝑎×𝑏

𝑎 𝑎
• 𝑎0 = 1 • =
𝑏 𝑏

1
• 𝑎−𝑛 = • 𝑎 2 =𝑎
𝑎𝑛

• 𝑎×𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚

• Exponential equations:
• Equations involving unknown indices Page 26
• Condition 1: Given distance from a point • Condition 2: Given distance from a straight
line

• Condition 3: Equi-distant from two given • Condition 4: Equi-distant from two

points intersecting lines

Page 27
• A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
• E.g. Vectors a and b represented by the line segments can be added using the
parallelogram rule or the nose-to-tail method.
• Multiplication by a scalar:
• A scalar quantity has a magnitude but no direction
• The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector
• Column vector:
• Top number is the horizontal component and bottom number is the vertical component
• Parallel vectors:
• Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction
𝑎 𝑎
• In general the vector 𝑘 𝑏
is parallel to 𝑏
• Modulus of a vector:
𝑚
• In general, if 𝑥 = 𝑛
, 𝑥 = (𝑚2 + 𝑛2
Page 28
• Addition:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 𝑎+𝑝 𝑏+𝑞
• + =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 𝑐+𝑟 𝑑+𝑠
• Multiplication by scalar
𝑎 𝑏 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏
• 𝑘 =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑑
• Multiplication by vector:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 𝑎𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑏𝑠
• × =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 𝑐𝑝 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑐𝑞 + 𝑑𝑠
• You can only multiply if no. of columns in left equals to no. of rows in right
• Determinant:
• Determinant = leading diagonal – secondary diagonal
𝑎 𝑏
• A = 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 − (𝑏𝑐)
𝑐 𝑑
• Inverse:
1
• To work out inverse, switch leading diagonal, negate secondary diagonal, multiply by
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
• A = 𝐴−1 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎
Page 29
• Reflection:
• When describing a reflection, the position of the mirror line is essential.
• Rotation:
• To describe a rotation, the centre of rotation, the angle of rotation and the direction of
rotation are required.
• A clockwise rotation is negative and an anticlockwise rotation is positive.
• Translation:
• When describing a translation it is necessary to give the translation vector
• Enlargement:
• To describe an enlargement, state the scale factor, K and the centre of enlargement
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
• 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐾 2 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
• If K > 0, both object and image lie on same side of the centre of enlargement.
• If K < 0, object and image lie on opposite side of the centre of enlargement.
Page 30
• Shear:
• To describe a shear, state; the shear factor, the invariant line and the direction of the
shear
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎
• 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

• Stretch:
• To describe a stretch, state; the stretch factor, the invariant line and the direction of the
stretch
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 ′ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐵
• 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝐵
• 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

Page 31
• Reflection:
1 0
• Reflection in the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
0 −1

−1 0
• Reflection in the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
0 1

0 1
• Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥
1 0

0 −1
• Reflection in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥
−1 0

• Enlargement:
𝑘 0
• where k=scale factor and centre of enlargement = (0,0)
0 𝑘

Page 32
• Rotation:
0 −1
• Rotation 90° anticlockwise, centre (0,0)
1 0

0 1
• Rotation 90° clockwise, centre (0,0)
−1 0

−1 0
• Rotation 180° clockwise/anticlockwise, centre (0,0)
0 −1

• Stretch:
1 0
• Stretch factor k, invariant line x-axis & parallel to y-axis
0 𝑘

𝑘 0
• Stretch factor k, invariant line y-axis & parallel to y-axis
0 1

Page 33
• Shear:
1 𝑘
• Shear factor k, invariant line x-axis & parallel to x-axis
0 1

1 0
• Shear factor k, invariant line y-axis & parallel to y-axis
𝑘 1

Page 34
• Histograms:
• A histogram displays the frequency of either continuous or grouped discrete data in the
form of bars.
• The bars are joined together.
• The bars can be of varying width.
• The frequency of the data is represented by the area of the bar and not the height.
• When class intervals are different it is the area of the bar which represents the
frequency not the
• height
• Instead of frequency being plotted on the vertical axis, frequency density is plotted.
• Class width = Interval
• Frequency density = Height
• 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
Page 35
• Mean:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
•
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
• Median:
• The middle value when the data has been written in ascending or descending order
5+1
• Odd no. of values = 3𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
6+1
• Even no. of values = 3.5𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (add two values divide by 2)
2
• Mode:
• Most frequently occurring value
• Range:
• Difference between highest and lowest values
• Estimated mean of grouped data:
• Work out midpoints of each group and multiply by frequency
• Divide by number of values
Page 36
• Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given point.
• Inter-quartile range = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒

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• Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an event happening.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
• Probability of an event =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
• If probability = 0, the event is impossible and if probability =1, the event is certain to happen
• All probabilities lie between 0 and 1.
• Exclusive events:
• Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time.
• The OR Rule:
• For exclusive events A and B
• p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B)
• Independent events:
• Two events are independent if occurrence of one is unaffected by occurrence of other.
• The AND Rule:
• p(A and B) = p(A) × p(B)
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• Linear sequences:
• Find common difference e.g. 3 then multiply by 𝑛 and work out what needs to be added
• Quadratic sequences:
• Format: 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 =
3𝑎 + 𝑏 =
2𝑎 =
• Work out the values and then place into formula to work out nth term formula
• Geometric progression:
• Sequence where term has been multiplied by a constant to form next term
• 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐺. 𝑃. = 𝑎𝑟 (𝑛−1)
• a = 1st term r = common difference

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