Mark Kevin R.

Adversalo

BSce-3

Activity #1
Water is required as an ingredient in our beverages and water is required to manufacture our
beverages. In fact, most all products well beyond beverages require water in their
manufacturing process. Our water-involved production activities include processing, cleaning,
and returning treated water back to communities and nature. We refer to these production
activities as our wastewater management program.

Meeting our global water goal requires:

Replenish the water used in our global sales volume back to communities and nature through
water projects outside our manufacturing plant boundaries, and

Return the water used to make our beverages back to communities and nature after we've
appropriately treated it.

The manufacturing community calls the latter, wastewater. So, we refer to our processing,
cleaning and returning that water back to communities and nature as our wastewater
management program.

The majority of the water we source to make our beverages is from established municipal
systems (think tap water at home for many) or from other sources like rivers, reservoirs, wells,
aquifers—each governed by local authorities and stringent, internal requirements. The water
that does not go into our beverages but is instead used in our manufacturing process
(approximately 0.96 liters of water per liter of product produced in 2015) is treated to our
comprehensive global quality standards and then returned to nature and municipalities.

We set an industry leading system-wide goal to require all of our plants to implement strict
standards to treat and return the water we use in our manufacturing process back to nature at
a level that supports aquatic life, even when not required or requested by local governments
and communities. In many cases, this goal drove our bottling plants to adopt processes and
technologies for comprehensive wastewater treatment within our facilities – a sizeable
commitment and investment of approximately $1 billion across our system.

This intense focus has moved wastewater treatment from a goal to a standard operating
requirement adopted by the Coca-Cola system. We continue to strive for full compliance with
our stringent internal guidelines, as new facilities are constructed or join our system through
acquisitions, as well as in existing facilities.

Out of 804 Coca-Cola system facilities, there are four facilities in areas of civil strife where we
are currently unable to construct a wastewater treatment plant, three wastewater treatment
plants are under design and construction, and two are in the planning phase. We are working
with noncompliant plants to ensure they are able to align as local conditions allow and
supporting their adoption of standards and upgrades their systems require. Having only nine
noncompliant plants is a considerable win for our system and for the environment with 173
billion liters of water being fully treated and returned directly from our bottling plants, all over
the world. In many places, our wastewater treatment was one of the first and sometimes still
one of few in a given country.

Additionally, we are maturing our governance and technical support programs for wastewater
toward a performance-based model that focuses on further optimizing efficiency and improving
the quality of water we discharge to the environment.
Mark Kevin R. Adversalo BSCE 3
Microorganism Present in Wastewater

First, before we know who they are, we need to understand the parameters that influence
their growth. Firstly, geographical location. Secondly, the type of pond in which bacteria
will be grown. Thirdly, the characteristics of the wastewater entering the plant. Finally,
the operating parameters of the system, such as aeration, agitation, chemical injection. All
of these factors create quantitative changes between autotrophic and heterotrophic
bacteria. In municipal wastewater treatment plants, for example, gram-negative bacteria
of the proteobacteria type are predominant (21-65%) of which Betaproteobacteria is the
most abundant class, largely responsible for the elimination of organic elements and
nutrients. The other branches are Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi (Nielsen
et al., 2010; Nguyen et al., 2011; Wan et al., 2011; Hu et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012).
The most numerous types of bacteria are Tetrasphaera, Trichococcus, Candidatus
Microthrix, Rhodoferax, Rhodobacter, Hyphomicrobium (McIllory et al., 2015).

Among fungi, Ascomycetes are the most common, accounting for 6.3 to 7.4% of micro-
organisms. Then come the archaeobacteria, with Euryarcheota (1.5% of micro-organisms,
Wang et al., 2014b). In addition, in presence of ammonia and oxygen, Nitrosomonas is
very present. Finally, a high sludge age allows protozoa and rotifers to colonize the
environment.

Temperature affects the presence of certain species. Thus, the effect of geographic
location affects species composition. On the other hand, in industry, for example, the
presence of predominantly well-defined micro-organisms can be explained by their
ability to biodegrade specific components of industrial wastewater.

Bacteria are further categorized by how they get oxygen. In wastewater treatment, there
are three types of bacteria used to treat wastewater entering the treatment plant: aerobic,
anaerobic and facultative.

Solving the presence of undesirable bacteria

On activated sludge plants, the presence of filamentous bacteria is a real problem. First,
the solution consists of extracting as much sludge as possible and increasing aeration.
The good bacteria can take several days to recover the environment. If this does not
work, then it is possible to destroy these bacteria with chlorine. The problem is that it
kills all bacteria. Then it will take a few weeks for normal conditions to be reached again.

While the majority of operators continue to inject chlorine, we recommend the injection
of dedicated bacteria. As for the accelerated start-up of a plant, the massive addition of
these good populations makes it possible to quickly restore the balance in the tanks.