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Abstract— In the last few years, many buildings have been and energy performance of lighting control strategies. The
equipped with Building Automation and Control (BAC) systems. standard EN 15232 [1] provides a list of BAC and TBM
BAC systems can be used to achieve a significant reduction of the functions that can affect the energy performance of buildings
electrical consumption and to have all the well acknowledged and introduces four different BAC efficiency classes and the
benefits from the daylight (e.g. occupant comfort, health, well- simplified BAC factor method for estimating the energy savings
being and productivity). For this reason, Standard EN 15232 due to the application of BAC and TBM functions. Nevertheless,
“Energy performance of buildings - Impact of Building as Pellegrino et. Al. have underlined in their work [9],
Automation, Controls and Building Management” puts into sometimes the outcomes obtained from the monitored data can
evidence the importance of the presence of BAC and Technical
show some significant differences from the expected and
Building Management (TBM) systems, suggests a classification of
these systems, explains their main functionalities and presents a
previously estimated energy saving results.
simplified method to estimate their impact on the energy The aim of this paper is to check the soundness of this
consumption of the building. The aim of this paper is to verify this simplified BAC factor method using the results of an
simplified BAC factor method using the results of an experimental experimental measurements campaign. In the paper the BAC
measurements campaign. In the paper, the BAC factors are factors are evaluated for a residential and an office environment,
evaluated for a residential and an office environment, using a big using a big set of data measured for 8 months every 5 minutes at
set of data measured for one year every 5 minutes at the laboratory
the laboratory of the DEIM (University of Palermo), where a
of the DEIM (University of Palermo), where a BACs for lighting
BAC system for lighting control is installed.
control is installed.
II. THE LABORATORY SET-UP
Keywords— buildings controls; energy efficiency in buildings;
lighting; BAC factors. As well known, the characteristics of the space and of the
environment can highly influence the behavior of the light and
I. INTRODUCTION the performance of the lighting system. In this section, a short
EN Standard 15232 [1] deals with the effects of Building description of the characteristics of the laboratory, of the
Automation Control (BAC) and Technical Building environment and of the tested system are reported. More detailed
Management (TBM) systems on the final energy consumption information can be found in [10].
in buildings. The standard is in-line with the EPB Directive A. The laboratory
2010/31/EU [2], that recognizes the important role of The laboratory is located at the third floor of the DEIM
automation, control and monitoring systems in energy saving (Department of Energy, Information Engineering and
actions, and encourages the use of smart control and metering Mathematical Models) of the University of Palermo. The
systems for energy saving purposes. Also Directive 2012/27/EU building is located in Palermo in the climatic zone B, according
[3] refers to automation as a way to reduce the energy to the Decree DPR 412/93 [11] classification. It is characterized
consumption also having recourse to innovative demand by and area of 106 square meters in size and an height of 4.40
response (DR) strategies, and to the application of smart meters. m, including the false ceiling, and an height of 3.40 m high,
In addition, the most recent research literature [4]-[6] shows excluding the false ceiling.
that a great potential for energy savings in buildings is in the The room has four windows, equipped by double-glazing
control and interaction of air-conditioning systems, appliances with aluminum frames (without thermal break). They are located
and, in general, electric devices, also thanks to specific on the South East side overlooking the green roof (albedo
algorithms able to coordinate all the energy facilities in the average value= 0.25) and are 2.40 meters of width by 2.90
building. Many studies demonstrated the advantages of BAC meters of height. Medium height plants on the green roof cover
systems. Indeed, this kind of systems can play a key role to two windows. Furthermore, the façade is partially shaded by a
achieve a significant reduction of the electrical consumption for solar shelter of 2.70x19 meters on which an hybrid PV/Thermal
lighting and all the well-acknowledged benefits from the system is installed. This solar system is connected with the air-
daylight (e.g. occupant comfort, health, well-being and conditioning system (a solar thermally driven advanced DEC
productivity) [5]-[7]. Aste et. al. [8] proposed a method for system) and with the electric grid though a storage/management
optimizing BAC systems performance both in terms of energy system.
savings and of comfort and Shen et al. investigated both visual
The project has been funded by Italian Minister of University and
Research in the framework of the PON Smart Cities Smart Cities and
Communities and Social Innovation "I-Next".
IV. RESULTS For each scenario considered in Section III, the energy
consumption of the lighting system has been measured:
The experimental validation of the BAC factors for lighting
systems proposed in this paper, has been done starting from the • in absence of automatic control of all the lamps;
assumption that whichever realistic scenario includes automatic
control of some lamps as long as manual control of other lamps. • in presence of automatic ON/OFF control of
Therefore, the manual control of lamps i1-i4 in Table II has been luminaries S1-S3 as function of the established
considered as an acceptable condition for the experiments. illuminance set-point;
BAC factors are usually referred to a reference scenario with • in presence of dimming control of the artificial
a slight presence of automation (class C) and assume the values lighting.
in Table IV. However, for the aim of our study, BAC factors According to EN Standard 15232, in the first case the
have been calculated assuming class D (no automation) as lighting system is considered of class D, while in the other cases
reference. In this way, the values in Table V are obtained. the lighting system can be assumed of class C and A,
respectively.
TABLE IV. BAC FACTORS FOR ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN
RESIDENTIAL AND OFFICE BUILDINGS [1]. The actual BAC factor BF is calculated as the rate:
D C B A E AUT
Residential BF = (1)
1.08 1 0.93 0.92 ED
Buildings
Office
1.10 1 0.93 0.87 where EAUT is the daily energy consumption of the lighting
Buildings
system in presence of automation and ED is the theoretical
TABLE V. CORRECTED BAC FACTORS FOR ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
consumption that the lighting system would have in the same
IN RESIDENTIAL AND OFFICE BUILDINGS WITH REFERENCE CLASS D. day in absence of automatic control.
D C B A Tables VI and VII report for each season the average of the
Residential values calculated with (1). The two tables contain also the
1 0.93 0.86 0.85
Buildings average Daylight Autonomy (DA) and continuous Daylight
Office Autonomy (cDA) for each season. The first index is the
1 0.91 0.85 0.79
Buildings percentage of the time-in-use that a certain user-defined lux
threshold is reached through the use of just daylight. cDA
is similar to DA, but cDA awards partial credit for daylight
levels below a user-defined threshold in a linear fashion [14].
The comparison shows that, for the scenarios examined in schedules of the residential scenario considered the presence of
this study, the calculated BAC factors values for C and A classes people after twilight and therefore the control of the lamps as
are quite close to the theoretical values. In the case of residential function of natural daylight was very limited and the luminaires
scenarios tested during winter period, it can be noted that there were, for the most part of the time period, at 100% of their rated
are not significant energy savings with respect to the case power.
without automation. In fact, during winter, the occupancy
It is worth noticing that in the practice only comparing yearly REFERENCES
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