Basic

Dictionary of Japanese Grammar Series Checklist

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Grammatical Concept Usage
あげる (1) gives s.t. to s.o
あげる (2) gives some action as a favor
間・あいだ(に) space between two temporal or physical points
あまり (not) very much; (not) very
ある (1) be; exist; have -inanimate
ある (2) have been done; be done
あとで take place after
ば preceding clause expresses a condition
only; just; be ready to do s.t.; have just done s.t.;
ばかり just did s.t.; be just going s.t.; about
ばよかった speaker's regret
だい WH-question - informal male
だけ limit upon something growing, expanding
だけで(は)なく～(も) Not only X but also Y
conjecture not based on particular information,
だろう evidence
出す・だす Something latent is realized.
で (1) location- not location of existence.
で (2) use of something for doing something.
で (3) weak casual relationship
time something terminates or amount of time
で (4) activity has taken
でも even
asks about state of someone/something or way
どう of doing something
へ direction toward which movement or action
が (1) subject
が (2) combines two sentences
がる person other than the speaker show signs of ~
ごろ approximately
regularly in succession after temporal, spatial
ごとに interval
始める・はじめる begins to do something or be in some state
 expectation something will take place or took
はず place or s.o./s.t. is or was in some state
ほど extent or degree s.o./s.t. does s.t. or is in some
state
ほうがいい strongly suggested someone do something
comparing two, one is in some state or does
~ほうが~より something more
欲しい・ほしい (1) something desired
someone (who is not higher in status than the
欲しい・ほしい (2) speaker) to do something.
一番・いちばん superlative
someone or something moves away from
行く・いく (1) speaker or speaker's viewpoint
action or state keeps changing from the point in
行く・いく (2) time speaker first describes action
いる (1) animate exists
S.o. or s.t. is doing s.t. started some time ago, or
いる (2) is in state created by an action some time ago
要る・いる (3) Someone, something needs something
refers (back) to human subject speaker is
自分・じぶん (1) empathizing
refers (back) to human subject speaker is
自分・じぶん (2) empathizing
か (1) alternative
か (2) preceding sentence is interrogative
か(どうか) embedded yes-no question
かい yes-no question informal male speech
かもしれない Can't tell if ~
から (1) starting point or source
から (2) After/since s.t. takes place
から (3) reason or a cause
かしら idea female speaker wonders about s.t.
方・かた way or a manner one does s.t
かわりに s.t. (including an action) replaces s.t. else
けれども combines two sentences
聞こえる・きこえる s.t. is passively, spontaneously audible
嫌いだ・きらいだ s.t. or s.o. is what s.o. does not like
こと (1) thing which is intangible.
speaker's relative lack of empathy with the
こと (2) content of the sentence he/she is nominalizing
ことがある (1) there was a time when ~
ことがある (2) there are times when ~
ことが出来る・できる doing s.t. is possible
event takes places as if spontaneously,
ことになる irrespective of the speaker's volition
ことにする volitional decision to do s.t. is made / decide to
indeed one does s.t. Alright, (but ~); indeed ~
ことは (but ~); do ~(but ~)
下さい・ください polite request
suffix attached to the first/last name of a male
君・くん equal or first/last name of person status/rank
lower than speaker's
くらい approximately; about
呉れる・くれる (1) give
do s.t. (for me or s.o.); do me or s.o. a favour by
呉れる・くれる (2) doing s.t.
来る・くる (1) come; visit; show up
来る・くる (2) come about; grow; come to; begin to
まだ still; (not) yet
まで as far as; till; up to; until; through; even
までに by; by the time (when)
前に・まえに before; in front of
毎・まい every; per
まま as it is; unchanged; undisturbed; leave as is;
remain
~ましょう I/We will do s.t.; Let's do s.t.
見える・みえる s.o. or s.t. is passively/spontaneously visible
見る・みる do s.t. to see what it's like or what will happen
も (1) X is also true
even; as many/much/long/...as; (not) even
も (2) (one); (not) any
もう (not) anymore; (not) any longer; already; yet;
now
~も~も both ~ and ~; neither ~ nor
 because; how could~!; used to; should like to;
もの（だ） should
もらう (1) get; receive; be given
もらう (2) get; receive; be given
な don't do ~
など and so on; and the like; for example; things like~
ながら while; over; with
~ないで do not do s.t. and; without doing ~
~なければならない have to; must; need
なくなる not ~ any more
なくて indicates a cause/reason for a state or action
なら if
～なさい polite imperative
request for confirmation or agreement from
ね hearer about some shared knowledge
に (1) point of time s.t. takes place
に (2) indirect object
に (3) agent or source in passive, causative
constructions
に (4) on; onto
に (5) to do s.t.; in order to do s.t.
に (6) in; at; on
に (7) place toward which s.o. or s.t moves
に違いない・にちがいない there is no mistake
難い・にくい s.t. or s.o. is hard to ~
～にしては contrary to generally agreed upon standard
～にする s.o. has decided on s.t
の (1) 's; of; in; at; for; by; from
の (2) one
の (3) that ~; to do s.t.; doing s.t
の (4) it is that ~
The explanation is that ~; The reason is that ~;
のだ The fact is that ~; It is that ~
ので so; since; because
even though; despite the fact that ~; although;
のに (1) but; in spite of the fact that ~
 in the process of doing ~; (in order) to do ~; for
のに (2) the purpose of ~
it is ~ that ~; the one who ~ is ~; the place where
～のは～だ ~ is ~; the reason why ~ is ~; the time when ~ is ~;
what ~ is ~
お prefix expresses politeness
を (1) direct object
を (2) in; on; across; through; along; over
を (3) location from which some movement begins
を (4) cause of some human emotion
多い・おおい a lot
おく do s.t. in advance for the future convenience
speaker's respect for someone when describing
お～になる person's action or state
speaker's politeness to someone when
お～する describing the speaker's action or state that
involves or affects that person
終わる・おわる finish doing ~
られる (1) state or an action cannot be controlled by s.o. or
s.t
be able to do s.t.; can do s.t.; be -able; ~ can be
られる (2) done
~ish; like a ~; typical of ~; appropriate for~;
らしい becoming of ~
Relative Clause Relative Clause
-さ -ness; -ly
A suffix (originally meaning 'appearance') that
-様・-さま indicates the speaker's / writer's politeness
towards s.o.
させる to make (someone) do; to allow (someone) to
せっかく with effort; at great pain; take the trouble to do ~
し and what's more; not only ~ but also ~; so
attached to the stem of an Adj (い) to indicate s.t.
-しい that one cannot objectively measure on any
scale (e.g. human emotion)
 attached to the stem of an Adj (い) to indicate s.t.
--しい that one cannot objectively measure on any
scale (e.g. human emotion)
しか nothing/nobody/no ~ but; only
しまう have done s.t.; finish doing s.t.; finish s.t. up
知る・しる get to know
そうだ (1) I hear that ~; I heard that ~; People say that ~
～そうだ (2) look; look like; appear; seem; feel like
それで and; because of that; that is why; therefore; so
それでは If that is the case, / if so; then; well then
それから after that; and then; in addition to that
それなら If that is the case, / then; in that case
それとも or; either ~ or ~
そして and; and then
過ぎる・すぎる too; do s.t. too much/often; over-
好きだ・すきだ like; be fond of
少ない・すくない few; a small number of; little; a small quantity of
~
する (1) do; make; play; play the role of ~; wear
する (2) have
する (3) fear; smell; hear
する (4) cost; lapse
すると thereupon ~; then ~; and ~
desire to do s.t. / want (to do s.t.); would like (to
たい do s.t.)
堪らない・たまらない unbearable ~; extremely; be dying to do ~
on account of ~; for the benefit of ~; for the good
為（に）・ため（に） of ~; for the sake of ~; on behalf of ~; for the
purpose of ~; in order to ~; because of ~; owing
to ~
～たら if; when; after
～たらどうですか Why don't you do ~?; What about doing ~?
do things like ~ and ~; sometimes ~ and
～たり～たりする sometimes ~
-たって even if ~
-て and; -ing
ても even if; although
～てもいい may; It is all right if
と (1) and
と (2) with; as; from
と (3) that; with the sound of; in the manner of
A subordinate conjunction which marks a
と (4) condition that brings about an noncontrollable
event or state.
～と言えば・～といえば speaking of ~
～という called; that says ~; that
とか and; or
時・とき at the time when; when
ところだ (1) ~ is (in) a place where it takes ~ to get to
state where just about to/ has done s.t., or has
ところだ (2) been doing s.t
～として as; in the capacity of
～としては for
intend to ~; be convinced that ~; believe; feel
積もり・つもり sure about ~; be going to; mean
-って (1) speaking of ~ (colloquial)
-って (2) that
うちに while; before; during
は (1) talking about ~; as for ~; the
わ (2) weak assertive or volitional by female speaker
～は～だ X~is
relates a non-controllable state of s.t. or s.o. to a
～は～が topic
cannot do s.t.; must not do s.t.; Don't do s.t.;
～はいけない should not do s.t.
分かる・わかる be comprehensible; understand; can tell; figure
out
no wonder; so it means that ~; that's why; should
わけだ ~; I take is that ~; naturally
suffix attached to names of stores, inns and
-屋・-や Japanese-style restaurants or to persons
engaged in certain occupations
や and -in-exhaustive
やはり still; also; after all; as expected; you know
-易い・-やすい easy to; ready to; be apt to; prone to; do s.t.
easily
 I tell you; I'm tell you; you know; contrary to
よ what you think
ようだ look like; look as if; be like; appear; seem
ように (1) so that
ように (2) as; like
～ように言う・～ようにいう tell ~ to ~; say ~ in such a way

reach the point where ~; come to ~; it has come

～ようになる to be that ~; have finally become
do ~ in such a way that ~; see to it that ~; make
～ようにする sure that ~; bring it about that ~
より (1) than; rather ~ than ~; more ~ than ~
より (2) in ~ of; inside; outside; before; after
～ようと思う・～ようとおもう ~that ~ will
ずつ by; at a time.
A structure indicating that s.t. happens in
~ば~ほど proportion to the increase of extent/degree of
action or state.
compound/conjunction used to connect two
nouns/two sentences, first of which s.t. normally
~ばかりか~（さえ） expected and second of which s.t. normally
unexpected.
auxiliary expresses speaker's judgment s.o./s.t.
べきだ should do s.t. or should be in some state
－分 A suffix which indicates the amount of s.t.
conjunction expresses s.t. contrasted with what
だが is expressed in previous sentence - but;
however; yet; nevertheless

coordinate conjunction indicating even if one

accepts premise expressed in preceding
だからと言って sentence(s) one cannot jump to expected
conclusion from the premise
A phrase which expresses that idea that just
だけで doing s.t. is enough for s.t.
A suffix that indicates that s.t./s.o. is covered or
－だらけ filled with s.t. Undesirable
 A particle which indicates a basic quantity, for
で each of which certain amount is associated
auxiliary indicates writer's conjecture not based
であろう on any particular information or evidence
A copula which is used in formal writing and
である formal speech.
A conjunction indicating that s.o./s.t. is very far
どころか from an expected state
An adverb to indicate that one cannot make a
どうも definite statement about s.t. due to lack of hard
evidence
A structure that indicated an exlamation about
どんなに－（こと）か the degree to which an action or state
takes/took place
adverb indicates speaker/writer's feeling that no
どうせ matter what she/he does or how he/she does it,
the situation will not change
風に With an appearance/style/tone/manner of
A suffix to express an undesirable tendency in
－がち s.o or s.t.
auxiliary adjective expresses the idea that for s.o.
－がたい to do s.t. is virtually impossible or impossible
adverb introduce event which takes place
逆に contrary to expectation/intention, or
action/event which is converse to stated in
preceding sentence/clause
A dependent noun which means "s.t. / s.o. other
以外 than"
conjunction indicating speaker/writer's feeling
that there should be a very strong logical/natural
以上（は） connection between what precedes the
conjunction and what follows it
An adverb that indicates the speaker/writer's
いかにも emotive conviction
Imperative Verb forms which indicate commands or
requests
A structure used to describe two concurring,
一方で（は）－他方で（は） contrastive actions / states of s.o. or s.t.
 suffix which indicates the idea of "from the
－上 viewpoint of," "for the sake of," "for the reason,"
or "in terms of”
Contrary to one's expectation an opposite result
かえって comes about
conjunction expresses idea “as long as (a
限り certain condition is met)” or “as long as (=to the
extent)”
A suffix which expresses the idea of "(last) only
限り (2) until" or "limited"
structure to mark two choices/possibilities
－か－か about which speaker/writer is not sure
sentence final particle indicates self-addressed
かな question or a question addresses to an ingroup
member
An adverb that indicates that the proposition
必ずしも expressed in the sentence is not always true
An auxiliary expressing that s.o. cannot do s.t.
－かねる even if she/he wants to do it
－から－に至るまで A structure that expresses a wide range of
things.
A structure that expresses coverage from one
－から－にかけて time / location into the other
conjunction which introduces reason for s.o.'s
からと言って action or for s.o.'s having some idea, and
conveys disapproval of the action or idea
auxiliary indicating writer's conjecture not based
かろう on any particular information or evidence
方をする A phrase to indicate a manner of doing s.t
A conjunction to indicate the speaker's assertion
かと言うと that a popular belief is not righ
action/state that is expressed in the subordinate
clause is balanced by another action/state
（の）代わりに expressed in the main clause, or s.t s.o. that is
replaced by s.t. / s.o. else
結果 A noun which expresses the idea of “as a result
of”
adverb indicates s.t. exceeds the speaker's and /
結構 or hearer's expectation to a considerable degree
 A demonstrative adjective which indicates a time
この or time period around the moment of speech
A demonstrative which refers to s.o. or s.t.
こうした mentioned as an example in previous discourse
A particle which emphasizes a word, phrase, or
こそ clause
こと An auxiliary noun to express a command
A compound particle which indicates a means or
ことで a cause
A phrase which is used to present an event as
ことによる the cause of s.t.
A phrase which expresses the idea that there is
ことはない no need to do s.t. or that there is no possibility
of doing s.t.
－く A continuative form of an i-type adjective
conjunction expresses speaker's contempt,
くせに anger, or disagreement about s.o.'s actions,
behavor, or state
までもない There is no point in going as far as to do s.t.
An auxiliary which expresses the speaker's
まい negative volition or conjecture
An adverb that indicates the speaker's strong
まさか belief that s.t. is not expected to (have) become
a reality
A phrase indicating that although s.o. / s.t. (or
ましだ some situation) is not satisfactory it is better
than s.o. / s.t. Else
A conjunction which connects two choices or
または possibilites expressed by noun phrases or
sentences
－目 A suffix which represents an ordinal number
A suffix which forms a compound that means a
－面 side of X, or an aspect of X
The speaker's strong determination to achieve
みせる s.t. for others to see
A particle which implies that s.t. else is also (not)
も the case
 A structure which expresses the idea that a
－も－ば certain amount of s.t. is sufficient to do s.t.
A structure which presents two states or actions
－も－も of s.o. or s.t.
An exclamatory sentence particle which is used
なあ in informal male speech
A compound particle that indicates an
などと approximate quote of words or ideas
A disjunctive conjunction used normally in
ながら（も） written Japanese with the meaning of 'although'
A double negative phrase used to make a
ないことも / はない conditional affirmative statement
An adverb used to indicate the speaker's feelings
なかなか that s.t. is impressive or his annoyance at
slowness in achieving s.t.

continuative form of nai in written Japanese (to

indicate a reason/cause for what follows if nai is
－なく attached to Adj(i / na) and contrast if it is
attached to N + Copula)
A phrase that indicates the speaker's uncertainty
何でも about s.t.
an adverb that indicates the speaker's emotive
何しろ feeling about some extreme state of affairs
A phrase that is used to express insurmountable
ならない psychological or physical feelings
A phrase to indicate two representative
－なり－なり choices / examples
－ねばならない A phrase that indicates duty, obligation or
necessity
なりに In a way / style that is proper to s.o. / s.t.
なしでは If s.t. / s.o. is missing – without
A sentence-final particle that expresses the
に speaker's feeling of great regret or sympathy
A compound particle that indicates occasion of
に当たって/当たり doing s.t. or of having done s.t. in formal
Japanese
に反して/反する Contrary to or in contrast to
 phrase used to indicate that an action / state
にほかならない mentioned in the topic phrase or clause is
nothing but s.t.
Not limiting s.t. to ~ not limited to ~ (but also);
に限らず not only ~(but also)
A compound particle to show that only X is
に限って different from others
に関して/関する Related to – concerning; with regard to; about;
on
A compound particle to express replacement of
に代わって substitution of a regular person / thing by s.o. /
s.t.
に比べると/比べて If we compare (it) with / to; comparing (it) with
にもかかわらず Without any relation to a preceding event /
situation
にも基づいて/基づく With s.t. as a basis
A phrase that expresses the time when an
になると uncontrollable state or a habitual action occurs
A compound particle which indicates the place
において/おける of an action / event, a state or time
S.t. spontaneously and gradually occurs in
に従って/従い accordance with some change
S.t. or s.o. is nothing more than what is stated in
に過ぎない terms of amount, degree, status, significance,
etc.
Regarding s.t. / s.o. one opposes, compares, or
に対して/対し shows interest in regarding s.t. / s.o. one
opposes, compares or shows interest in
From the standpoint of; so far as s.o. (or s.t.) is
にとって concerned
について Concerning s.t. / s.o.
につき A compound particle which expresses a rate or
ratio
A phrase used to indicate that a change occurs
につれて/つれ in accordance with another simultaneous
change
A conjunction / compound particle to indicate a
には purpose for doing s.t.
A particle that indicates means, cause, agent of
にとって/より passive sentence, or dependency on a situation
A phrase indicating that s.t. takes place or does
の関係で not take place because of s.t.
のこと things of / about
because it is a matter of X with which / whom s.t.
のことだから is habitually the case
A particle which expresses a limit imposed upon
のみ an action, event or a state
Under some object; under the control or
の下で influence of s.o. or s.t.
As far as ~ is concerned – as far as ~ is
の上では concerned; as far as ~ goes; from the viewpoint /
standpoint of; according to; in terms of
A structure which focuses on a time when s.t.
－のは－のことだ takes place
－ぬ An archaic auxiliary that indicates negation
A phrase which expreses the speaker's respect
お－だ for someone when describing that person's
action or state
をはじめ（として） A phrase that is used to give a primary example
お－下さい A phrase which expresses a highly polite request
A verb that indicates what the speaker / writer
思われる feels spontaneously or his / her hesitation about
asserting himself / herself
おり Vmasu of the auxiliary verb oru – be ~ and
A compound particle that is used to indicate a
を通して medium through which s.t. is done or time
through which s.t. takes place
An auxiliary which expresses the idea that s.o. or
っぱなし s.t. keeps doing s.t., or s.o. leaves s.t. in an
improper state
suffix indicates s.o./s.t. has some distinctive
っぽい characteristic or an attribute identified by a
noun. an adjective, or a verb to which the suffix
is attached
During a certain amount of time (s.t. has
来 continued up until the moment of speech or s.t.
has never been like the current state)
 phrase signals referent of the following noun
例の phrase is definite and that the speaker expects
the hearer to understand what the referent is
A question which functions as a forceful
Rhetorical Question statement with no expected response
A structure that is used to indicate that s.t.
ろくに－ない animate does not or cannot do s.t.
satisfactorily / sufficiently / properly

sentence-final particle in highly informal speech

by male speakers to express different degrees of
さ assertion ranging from a light touch comment up
to opposite or imposition
An emphatic particle which expresses the idea of
さえ “even” in non-conditional clauses (or
sentences) or the idea of “only” in conditional
clauses
際（に） On the special occasion of / when
An adverb that expresses the speaker / writer's
さすが strong feeling that s.t. has turned out as s/he
expected
A dependent noun expressing a cause which
せい brings about an undesirable result
An adverb that indicates the speaker / writer's
せめて minimally satisfactory level
conjunction/noun express action indicated by a
次第 preceding verb or an action implied by a
preceding noun is a prerequisite for another
action
A conjunction which is used to provide
しかも additional important information
A conjunction that is used to indicate that a
したがって result / situation follows necessarily from the
forefoing situation

structure expresses speaker/ writer cannot

easily accept the corollary from the preceding
そうかと言って statement owing to some circumstances,
although he feels like accepting it
 A conjunction which connects a situation
そこで presented as a reason and an action taken
because of that situation
A conjunction which connects an event and an
そこで (2) action taken at the time of the event
conjunction to indicate in spite of the negative
そこを situation mentioned in the previous part of the
sentence/discourse some positive effort is made
そうになる A phrase expressing that s.t. almost happens
A conjunction which introduces an additional,
その上 emphatic statement
In spite of the circumstance expressed in the
それでも preceding sentence
conjunction used to indicate the level/degree of
a fact or a situation expressed in the second
それどころか sentence is far above or below the level/degree
of a fact or a situation expressed in the first
sentence
An interjection which signals that the speaker is
それが going to provide an unexpected response to a
question
A conjunction which is used to add more
それも specific information to information about a
rather uncommon action or state
A conjunction which introduces an additional
それに item or statement
conjunction introduces additional item or
それと statement – and; also; in addition; as well
An interjection which is used when the speaker
それは emphatically provides an expected response to a
question
それぞれ Each of two or more things / persons
すぐ Without having much temporal or physical
distance
A conjunction to express that each time s.o. / s.t.
たびに does s.t., s.t. else takes place
ただ An adverb which emphasizes the idea of “only”
ただの Not deserving to be mentioned
確かに－が A structure which expresses the idea “indeed”
たところで Even if an action or a state were realized
て After / since a point in time at which s.t. takes
place
A phrase which expresses the idea that s.o. does
て初めて s.t. or s.t. happens only after s.t. else happens or
s.t. else is done
A noun which expresses the idea of “a point of
点（で） argument; a point of evaluation; a point of view”
A conjunction which presents an action / state
ては as a topic about which a negative comment it
given
A particle which makes an adverbial clause, with
と a verb of saying / thinking / understood after it
phrase used to express idea that s.o. does s.t. or
s.t. takes place at the same time as another
と同時に action or event, or that s.o. or s.t. is in two states
simultaneously
A phrase which is used to clarify a statement in
と言っても the preceding discourse which might be
misleading
A phrase which expresses a manner or a way in
という風に which s.o. does s.t.
A phrase which changes a sentence into a topic
ということは noun clause
A conjunction to indicate that an action / state
というのに takes place quite contrary to one's expectation
A structure which is used in interpreting,
というのは－ことだ explaining, or defining a word, a phrase, or a
sentence
A phrase which is used when s.t. which s.o. has
と言うと mentioned causes an involuntary response
A phrase that is used to indicate more accurate
というより（は） characterization of s.o. or s.t.
A conjunction that is used to give an uncertain
とかで reason for s.t.
A dependent noun which is used to express the
ところ idea that when s.o. did s.t., s.t. took place as the
result
 conjunction used to present what happened or
ところが what is in fact the case when something else was
/ is expected
A conjunction is written Japanese that is used to
とも express a concession
A phrase which expresses the idea that s.o. or
となる s.t. becomes s.t.
A phrase which expresses the idea “when it
となると comes to” or “if it is true that”
dependent noun expresses the idea that s.o.
通り（に） does s.t. or s.t. takes place in the same way as
s.t. else
とする (1) A phrase indicating that s.o. assumes s.t.
To have a sensory or psychological experience –
とする (2) feel ~; look ~
A noun / adverb which expresses the idea that
途端（に） 's.t. occurred the moment s.o. did s.t. or s.t. took
place'
An adverb that is used to express the eventual
とうとう arrival of an expected situation
phrase used to express idea A and B share
common property or do same thing together,
と共に that two things take place at the same time, or
that s.o. or s.t. possesses two properties
とは限らない A phrase which expresses the idea “not
necessarily”
An adverb that is used ot summarize or rephrase
つまり what has been mentioned / stated in the
preceding context
(1) An auxiliary which expresses an action in
つつ progress; (2) a conjunction which is used to
present two concurrent actions
A compound particle that is used to express a
（の）上で preparatory action for a relatively important
action
A conjunction which introduces an additional,
上（に） emphatic statement
得る　（うる・える） An auxiliary verb that expresses possibility
Vmasu A continuative form of a verb which means “V
and...”
Vmasu as a Noun Vmasu used as a regular noun
 A particle which emphatically affirms or negates
は the proposition represented by the preceding
verbal and other related elements
An adverbial phrase that conveys the meaning of
は言うまでもなく 'not to speak of s.t. / s.o.
A phrase which is used to deny what is implied
わけではない in the previous or following statement
phrase negates existence of reason to believe
s.o. does s.t. or is in some state, or s.t. takes
わけがない place; or which negatives a possibility of s.o.'s
doing s.t. or being in some state, or s.t.'s taking
place
A phrase which is used to indicate that one
わけにはいかない cannot do s.t. due to an external circumstance
To cause s.t. / s.o. to move to a place or to do /
やる (1) eat / drink s.t.
auxiliary verb expresses idea that s.o. does s.t.
やる (2) undersirable to s.o. else when he/she knows
his/her action will cause hardship or trouble
adverb to indicate s.t. desirable has been finally
やっと achieved or will be eventually achieved though
with great difficulty
A noun-forming suffix which means a way (of
－よう (1) doing s.t.)
An auxiliary verb that expresses the writer's
－よう (2) conjecture about some potentiality or his
certainty about a given state of affairs
An adverb which forms the comparative of an
より adjective or an adverb to mean 'more”
An auxiliary indicating that there is no other
ざるを得ない choice but to do s.t.
A sentence-final particle that emphasizes a male
ぞ speaker's emotion about s.t. in his monolouge or
his strong desire to draw s.o. else's attention
an adverb that expresses the speaker's/writer's
あえて desire or will to dare to do s.t. in spite of
difficulty, danger or opposition.
 an adverb/conjunction indicating that one
あげく（に） spends an extended period of time before
reaching a result.
An adverb that represents the idea of "to the
あくまでも utmost degree".
a structure that indicates that s.t. is not
あながち～ない　 necessarily the way the speaker/writer thought.
a structure that indicates that s.t. is not
あながち～ない necessarily the way the speaker/writer thought.
あるいは a conjunction that marks alternatives
an adverb used to present a counter as if factual
あたかも statement emphatically
a conjunction indicating that a single factor
ばかりに causes a negative situation
conjunction emphasizes it is precisely because
ばこそ that; reason only because; to the extent that
べからず・べからざる an auxiliary verb that indicates a strong
prohibition
the verb modification form of the auxiliary
べく bekida, which is used to indicate a purpose or
aim.
べくもない a phrase meaning “it is impossible to do s.t.”
a phrase used when s.t. occurs/occur exactly as
べくして expected
a conjunction to indicate that what follows is
ちなみに additional information related to the previously
stated main theme
a phrase that means “and as one would expect”
だけあって or “for good reason”.
だけに a phrase that carries the idea “as one would
expect”.
a phrase expressing an evaluative comment
だけのことはある regarding how s.t. is contributing to an expected,
remarkable result.
a particle indicating that s.t. expressed by the
だに preceding verb alone produces a certain feeling
or the meaning (not) even doing s.t.
だの a conjunction that lists nouns/quotes
inexhaustively.
だって (1) a conjunction that indicates a reason.
だって (2) a particle meaning “too” or “even”.
 a conjunctive phrase that expresses the idea of
であれ concession.
a structure that means “no matter whether
～であれ～であれ which one is the case”
phrase expressing speaker’s belief that s.o.’s
action is based on mistaken identity of
でも・じゃあるまいし himself/herself and also expressing speaker’s
critical comments about s.o.’s behavior.

structure indicating what expressed in

～でも[Wh-word]でも main/subordinate clause is applicable to
anyone, anything, any place or any time.
a phrase indicating that the speaker/writer
どちらかと言うと chooses one alternative over another in a
tentative
an adverbway.
indicating a polite yet very strong
どうか
request.
a phrase indicating that an action/state is simply
どころではない impossible due to an adverse situation.
a conjunction that indicates concession based
ども on an actual state or action
a structure indicating that no matter how hard
どうにも～ない s.o. may try, s.t. is impossible.
a suffix that adds the meaning of “the same
同士 things/people”.
a conjunction indicating that as soon as s.t. else
が早いか happens.
structure presenting counter factual situation
～が～なら which indicates things would be better if s.t.
were really good or appropriate.
auxiliary adjective indicates resemblance of
ごとし s.t./s.o. to s.t./s.o. or indicates how s.t./s.o.
appears to speaker/writer.
a conjunction used to contrast the positive and
反面 negative sides of s.t./s.o.
an adverb indicating that s.t. occurred as the
はたして writer expected, or expressing in a concession
clause the writer’s strong doubt.
 an adverb indicating that s.t. is perceived to
ひいては eventually lead to a significant result.
一[Counter]として～ない a structure that means “not a single one".
adverb used when speaker intends to do s.t., or
ひとつ asks s.o. a favor, or makes suggestion or gives
advice to s.o.
adverb meaning “partly” in context where s.o.
一つには gives one or two objectives, benefits, examples
or reasons for s.t.
an adverb indicating that an action or state is
一応 only temporary or tentative or is super ficially
conceived.
a classic form of the adverb dono you ni “in
如何（だ） what way”.
a noun modifier that means either “what kind
いかなる of” or “no matter what”.
いかに an adverb meaning “how”.
いくら a Wh-word that asks about the amount of st.
an adverb indicating that s.o. feels that it is too
今更 late to do s.t..
a phrase indicating that “s.t. happens
一方（だ） continuously” or “so does s.t. Repeatedly”.
a conjunction used to present two concurrent
一方（で） actions/events/states or contrastive situations.
以来 an adverb meaning “since”
一切～ない a structure that means “not at all”.
一旦 an adverb meaning “once” or “for a short time”.
phrase signaling comparison (including use of
言ってみれば simile and metaphor), a definition, or an
explanation.
phrase indicating what speaker/writer expresses
言うまでもない is generally known but that he/she presents it as
a reminder.
an adverb that means “if I were to say it some
言わば way (or a different way)”.
a noun modifier that means “known generally by
いわゆる this term”.
 a dependent noun that is used to emphasize the
自体 referent of the preceding noun.
a phrase that indicates the extreme degree of
限りだ the speaker’s/writer’s emotion
a dependent noun that means s.t. is worth s.o.’s
甲斐 effort.
conjunctive phrase indicating speaker/writer
か否か wondering whether s.t. is the case or not.
conjunctive phrase forms adverbial clause which
かのように describes way s.o./s.t. appears to writer, contrary
to reality.
a phrase that means either “in terms of” or
から言って “judging from”.
a phrase indicating that s.t. consists of more
からなる than one member/constituent.
subordinate conjunction meaning “now that,”
からには “once s.o. does / has done st.” or “so long as”.
a phrase that singles out s.t. for emphasis or
からして presents s.t. as a basis for judgment.
an adverb that indicates the speaker’s/writer’s
仮に tentative supposition.
phrase indicating action or state in the
かと思うと dependent clause occurs very closely with
another action or state in the clause, or causes
another.
a conjunction meaning “and” that connects
且つ・かつ words, phrases and sentences.
a phrase indicating that s.o. or s.t. has an
からいがある undesirable tendency.
conjunction indicating since s.t. occurred,
nothing has happened and resultant situation
（っ）きり remains unchanged; particle indicating strict
limitation in terms of number/quantity.
a colloquial sentence-final particle marking a
っけ question
a phrase that indicates that something or
この上ない someone is in an extreme state.
 a sentence-final, exclamatory phrase used in
ことか written language.
ことから a phrase that expresses a reason or a cause.
a phrase that expresses the speaker’s/ writer’s
ことに emotion or subjective judgment.
a conjunction that means “in addition to what
加えて has just been mentioned”.
phrase indicating s.o.’s decision cope with a
まで（のこと）だ negative situation, or simple, straight forward
reason for his/ her action.
adverb expressing idea because one statement
まして（や） is true, the subsequent statement is naturally
true.
an adverb/conjunction that indicates repetition
また or addition.
滅多に～ない a structure that indicates extremely low
frequency.
a phrase indicating that s.t. can be (obviously)
見るからに recognized through visual cues.
structure to present typical examples of actions,
～も[V]ば～も[V] events, situations, people, or things among a
number of possibilities.
sentence-final phrase indicating one shouldn’t
ものではない do s.t., one could not possibly do s.t., or one
naturally cannot do s.t.
a rhetorical question marker that expresses a
ものか (1) strong negative intention or disagreement.
phrase indicating speaker wants to do s.t. or is
ものか (2) wondering what one he/she should choose.
conjunction indicating that preceding clause
ものなら presents hypothetical situation unlikely to
become a reality.
ものの a conjunction that means “although”.
disjunctive coordinate conjunction expressing
ものを meaning of “although” with speaker’s strong
feeling of discontent
a phrase used to mention something important
もさることながら and then introduce something more signi ficant.
 a conjunction to disjunctively connect two items
もしくは or ideas.
a conjunction used to add a comment indicating
もっとも that what the speaker/writer has just expressed
is not sufficient.
向け a suffix that adds the meaning of “aimed at”
adverb indicates one of two
things/people/characteristics has been chosen
むしろ rather than the other to express
speaker’s/writer’s desire, preference or
judgment
a phrase that indicates the speaker/ writer
ないでもない hesitantly feels or expresses that s.t. is the case.
a phrase that means “if s.t. has not taken place,
ないことには s.t. else won’t/can’t take place”.
adverbial phrase expressing speaker’s feeling
ないまでも although an ideal action or state isn’t possible,
least next best action or state is or should be
available.
particle presents two possible choices or
minimum/maximum possible
ないし（は） numbers/lengths/weights/etc. of something; or
conjunction that links two possible actions or
events.
phrase specifies space or time in/through which
中を s.o./s.t. does s.t. in the midst of; when; while;
through; among
なくして（は） a compound particle meaning “without s.t.”.
adverb indicating s.t. (including action/state)
なまじ（っか） has positive value which hasn’t been reached,
causing s.t. negative.
並み a noun suffix that adds the meaning “to match”.
何[(Number)+Counter]も a phrase that indicates there is a large number
of things, people, etc.
何～ない a structure indicating that s.t. exist at all.
a structure indicating that an action is taken for
何も～ない no good reason.
phrase to indicate the exact nature of s.t.
何らかの represented by noun cannot be speci fied.
 a structure that is used to express a strong
何ら～ない negative statement.
なんて (1) a phrase used as the colloquial version of nan to.
colloquial particle to express strong feeling such
なんて (2) as astonishment, incredulousness, envy, disdain,
dislike, happiness, etc. that; things like
an adverb expressing that s.o. somehow does
何とか s.t., or s.t. somehow occurs.
adverb indicates action or state is still going on
or degree of s.t. increases; conjunction
なお indicating additional comment follows what has
just been said in preceding sentence.
an adverb indicating that the degree of s.t.
なおさら increases due to an additional circumstance.
ならでは（の） a phrase indicating s.t. is “impossible if it’s not
X”.
a conjunction used to combine two nouns or
並びに noun phrases.
なり a conjunction meaning “soon after”.
adverb indicating speaker/writer af firms
なるほど correctness of s.t. he/she has
heard/read/observed.
an adverbial phrase meaning “without (doing)
なしに
s.t.”.
なす a verb that means “to cause st. to happen”
an adverb indicating that the speaker/writer
なぜか doesn’t know the cause of/reason for s.t.
a structure used to introduce a reason for the
なぜなら（ば）～からだ statement in the preceding.
adverbial phrase used when situation looks as if
んばかり（に） s.o. were about to do s.t. or as if s.t. were about
to occur literally or figuratively.
願う・願います a verb that expresses a polite request.
にひきかえ a phrase that indicates a sharp contrast.
a compound particle that indicates an extreme
にいたっては example.
に関・拘・係わらず a compound particle that means “regardless of”
a compound particle that marks s.t. in which s.o.
にかけては excels or has confidence.
 a phrase that indicates that it is not hard to
に難くない imagine or guess a situation.
a phrase indicating the speaker’s/writer’s strong
に決まっている conviction or motivation.
a phrase used to indicate that a state or action is
に越したことはない more desirable.
a phrase that is used when s.t. or some situation
に・ともなると is perceived to be special.
compound particle indicates
に向けて・に向けた destination/direction of movement, the
target/direction of an action, or goal/purpose of
an action.
a sentence structure meaning “s.o. cannot
～に～ない manage to do s.t.”
a phrase that means s.t. unusual happens or s.o.
に（も）なく does s.t. Unusual
に応じて・応じて a compound particle that means “in response
to”.
a conjunctive phrase that carries the meaning of
にしろ・せよ concession.
にしたところで a compound particle that means “even” or
“also”.
compound particle indicates period of
にして (1) time/stage (in life) which some surprising action
or state takes.
conjunction meaning “and”, used to combine
にして (2) two noun phrases or na-adjectives.
a compound particle indicating that s.t.
にしてからが Unexpected occurs.
Conjunction represents idea of “even if s.o.
にしても decides to do s.t.,” or “even if/though s.o.
decides that s.t. is true/the case”.
a phrase indicating that s.t. goes beyond a
にとどまらず spatial/temporal boundary.
conjunction indicating each time s.o. perceives
につけ s.t. he/she feels or thinks s.t. associated with it.
compound particle indicating s.t. Takes place
にわたって・わたる over a particular span of time or physical space.
a compound particle that means “without
によらず depending on”.
 compound particle used to identify source of
によると information provided in the sentence.
a phrase that is used in formal writing to mean
のみならず “not only”.
phrase emphasize that s.t./s.o. is/was in an
のなんのって extreme state or that s.o. so does/did s.t. to a
great extent
a phrase that indicates a state where s.t. is
の無さ
lacking.
structure states what is said by s.o. in order to
～の～のと express speaker’s disagreement or
dissatisfaction.
phrase meaning for “so. to try to do st.” or for
んとする “s.t. to be about to occur”.
を中心に a phrase that means “with s.t./s.o. at the
center”.
compound particle introduces a medium
を介して/介した through s.o. does s.t. or s.t. happens to s.o. or s.t.
a phrase that is used when one cannot control
を禁じ得ない emotions or reactions caused can by emotions.
compound particle meaning “concerning; over,”
をめぐって・めぐる used with issue over which different opinions,
ideas, etc., are expressed or exchanged.
adverb indicates feelings of nostalgia or regret
思えば when recollecting one’s past experiences.
phrase indicating s.o. does s.t. bravely/fearlessly
をものともせず in spite of unfavorable circumstances.
a phrase indicating that the subsequent
思うに statement is the speaker’s/writer’s personal
view.
をおいてほかに（は）～ない a phrase that means “there is nothing else
besides X”.
noun indicating special/uncommon and
primarily desirable occasions which s.o. takes
折(に) advantage of, or where s.o. is expected to do s.t.
or where s.t. desirable takes place
恐れがある a phrase that means “it is feared (that)".
a compound particle that means “without
を問わず questioning”.
及び a particle that connects two nouns or noun
phrases.
 an adverb representing the ideas “all; totally;
およそ mostly; approximately”.
compound particle expresses s.o.’s indifference
をよそに to warnings, criticism, advice, accusations,
opposition, anxiety, etc.
adverb meaning “truly,” when describing the
さも way s.o.’s action or behavior appears.
an adverb/conjunction that represents the idea
更に of “additionally” or “further”.
interjection indicating speaker/writer is going to
さて talk about something different.
an adverb that is used when the speaker thinks
さぞ（かし） that s.o. or s.t. is in an extreme state.
sentence-modifying adverb used when
そもそも（の） speaker/writer comments on or questions a
fundamental point.
a phrase used to refer strictly to the preceding
そのもの noun (phrase) or adjective.
adverbial phrase indicating degree of s.t. is
それだけ proportionate to degree of the state, action or
event mentioned in preceding sentence.
phrase representing idea s.o./ s.t. does s.t. or is
それなりに・の in a state in his/her/ its own way, or in way
suitable to situation or generally expected from
situation.
noun indicates end of period or time after long,
末（に） hard mental or physical work.
a verb that means “to be finished; to do (in the
済む sense of being enough)”.
conjunction indicating a condition, restriction,
但し proviso, etc., to the preceding statement..
noun modifier used when speaker thinks little of
たかが referent of modified noun/noun phrase.
a conjunction indicating that a situation or
たなり（で） condition remains unaltered.
a phrase that indicates the smallest amount,
単位で number or unit of s.t. (or people) involved.
単に an adverb that means “simply”
compound particle to present subtopic about
たるや which the writer provides of surprising or
impressive information.
the informal form of te mo. even if; if; whether;
（っ）たって (1) no matter what/who/how/etc.
the contracted form of to itte mo or shite mo. to
（っ）たって (2) even if (5.0. says that); even if s.o. tries to;
although
phrase representing idea that s.o. cannot just
てばかりはいられない keep doing st. or waste time being consumed by
some emotion.
a structure meaning “even if s.o. does s.t.
～ても～ても repeatedly”.
a phrase that represents emotions the
て仕方がない speaker/writer cannot control or
sensations/situations he/she cannot bear.
a phrase that is used when s.o. cannot be doing
てはいられない s.t. or be in some state due to a given situation.
phrase introduces reason when speaker/writer
とあって considers it natural that s.o. does s.t. or is in
some state, or that s.t. takes place for that
reason.
a conditional phrase that indirectly presents a
とあっては factual situation as a reason.
a phrase that indicates that s.o. does s.t. in order
とばかりに to convey s.t. or in such a way that s.o. is
convinced that s.t. is the case.
phrase introduces noun (or noun phrase) to
とでも言うべき describe nature of s.o. or s.t. which could/may
be called; which can/could be described as
a conjunction that expresses the idea of “even
といえども (though)”.
a structure that introduces multiple perspectives
～といい～といい when describing a person or a thing.
といった a compound particle that introduces examples.
phrase the speaker/writer uses to explain s.t. in
といったところだ a brief/rough manner.
 conjunction used at the beginning of a sentence
と言って to convey the idea of “however”.
phrase to restate what was just said in order to
と言うか be more accurate or appropriate.
phrase introduces reason for what has just been
と言うのは said.
structure indicating s.t. is the case not only for A
~言わず~と言わず and B but also for many other places, things,
etc., of X,to which A and B belong
phrase that introduces origins of names,
ところから theories, ideas and events.
phrase indicating subject does s.t. without
ともなく paying much attention, or that when, where, to
whom, etc., s.t. took place is unclear.
ともすると phrase expresses idea s.t. is likely to take place
phrase that presents content of the referent of
との the following noun (e.g., a report, notice, news,
view).
structure used to deny emphatically ability of
とても～ない s.o/s.t. or possibility of an event, state or action
compound particle marking event, action or
とは state speaker/writer does not expect and that
causes him/her to feel some emotion
とは言え conjunctive phrase meaning “although it is said
that”
adverb to describe s.o. doing s.t. without being
つい able to control himself/herself or used to
indicate the closeness of a time or a place.
phrase to express idea that s.o. does a second
ついでに thing at the same time as the first because it
takes less time or effort.
sentence-initial conjunction means “with regard
ついては to this,” referring to what is stated in the
preceding sentence.
(と言）ったらない Phrase to express strong sensation or emotion.
phrase expressing the idea “even though there
はあれ is s.t.”
 phrase used to present exception or an issue the
は別として speaker/writer does not intend to cover as part
of a larger statement
phrase conveys meaning “even if I/we accept
はいいとしても s.t., s.t. else is not acceptable”.
phrase used when s.t. is not only true with one
はおろか thing or person, but also with another thing or
person that is less expected or understandable.
phrase expresses idea s.t. is not in proportion to
割に（は） what one would normally expect.
structure emphatically presents actions, events
～わ～わ or states as examples or reasons, or indicates
that s.o does s.t. or s.t. happens to a great
extent.
conjunction expresses idea s.t. happened or s.o.
や否や・やいなや did something immediately following another
event or action.
sentence-final particle marks self-addressed
やら question. I wonder (if)
structure to present things, events, actions, etc.,
～やら～やら as examples, reasons or possibilities.
conjunction presents undesirable situation,
ようでは which is assumed factual. if; if it is true that; if it
is the case that
conjunctive phrase presents undesirable
ようものなら hypothetical situation. if ~ happen to; if ~ at all; if
~ choose to
conjunctive phrase indicates concession: “even
ようにも（～ない） though s.o. tries to do s.t., he/she cannot do it
for some reason”.
phrase conveys idea there is no other choice
より・のほか（に）（は）～な than to do s.t., or that s.t. is true of only one of a
い select few things.
dependent noun marks content of what writer
由 has learned. (I heard / It is said / etc.) that
conjunctive phrase expresses idea of
ようと・が concession. even if; whatever/whoever/ etc.
故に conjunction presents reason or a cause.
phrase expresses idea s.o./s.t. necessarily or
ずにはおかない naturally causes s.t. to happen.
ずして phrase meaning “without doing s.t.”.
conjunctive phrase indicates negative
ずとも concession: “even if ~ not”. without ~ing; even if
~ not; if ~ not
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531 Basic

535 Basic

536 Basic
538 Basic
541 Basic
543 Basic
547 Basic
553 Basic
554 Basic
557 Basic

559 Basic

562 Basic
564 Basic
567 Basic
569 Basic
572 Basic
Intermediat
6 e

Intermediat
8 e

Intermediat
11 e
16 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
18 e

Intermediat
21 e

Intermediat
23 e
Intermediat
25 e
 Intermediat
28 e
Intermediat
29 e
Intermediat
31 e
Intermediat
34 e

Intermediat
36 e

Intermediat
39 e

Intermediat
42 e

44 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
47 e
Intermediat
50 e

Intermediat
53 e

Intermediat
60 e

Intermediat
64 e

Intermediat
67 e
70 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
74 e
 Intermediat
76 e

Intermediat
80 e
Intermediat
82 e
Intermediat
85 e
Intermediat
87 e

Intermediat
90 e

Intermediat
92 e
Intermediat
96 e
99 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
101 e

Intermediat
103 e

Intermediat
106 e
109 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
114 e

Intermediat
116 e

121 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
123 e
 Intermediat
128 e
Intermediat
130 e
Intermediat
132 e
135 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
137 e
Intermediat
143 e

Intermediat
146 e

148 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
155 e

159 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
161 e
Intermediat
165 e

Intermediat
169 e

Intermediat
172 e

174 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
176 e
Intermediat
177 e
Intermediat
179 e
 Intermediat
184 e
Intermediat
185 e
Intermediat
193 e
Intermediat
197 e
Intermediat
200 e
Intermediat
203 e

Intermediat
206 e

Intermediat
211 e

Intermediat
215 e
Intermediat
217 e
Intermediat
219 e
Intermediat
223 e
223 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
228
e
Intermediat
230
e
Intermediat
235 e
Intermediat
237 e
242 Intermediat
e
 Intermediat
246 e

Intermediat
249 e
Intermediat
250 e
252 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
254 e
256 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
258
e
Intermediat
261
e
Intermediat
263 e
Intermediat
265 e
Intermediat
269 e
Intermediat
271 e

Intermediat
275 e

Intermediat
278 e
280 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
283
e
Intermediat
285 e
Intermediat
289 e
Intermediat
292 e
Intermediat
302 e
304 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
306 e
Intermediat
308 e
Intermediat
310 e

Intermediat
312 e

Intermediat
313 e
315 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
318 e

321 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
322
e
Intermediat
325 e

329 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
330 e

Intermediat
333 e

Intermediat
337 e

Intermediat
343 e
 Intermediat
346 e

Intermediat
352 e

Intermediat
355 e

Intermediat
358 e

Intermediat
363 e

370 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
374 e

Intermediat
379 e
Intermediat
383 e

Intermediat
386 e

Intermediat
391 e

Intermediat
395 e

Intermediat
397 e
 Intermediat
401 e

Intermediat
406 e

Intermediat
408 e

410 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
414 e
Intermediat
418 e

Intermediat
421 e

Intermediat
423 e

Intermediat
425 e

Intermediat
428 e
Intermediat
431 e

Intermediat
435 e

437 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
440
e
Intermediat
442 e
445 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
449
e
451 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
452
e
Intermediat
455
e
Intermediat
457 e

Intermediat
458 e
Intermediat
462 e
Intermediat
464 e

Intermediat
471 e

Intermediat
475 e
Intermediat
478 e
Intermediat
481 e
Intermediat
484 e
Intermediat
487 e
Intermediat
492 e
Intermediat
495 e
Intermediat
498 e
Intermediat
500 e
 Intermediat
503 e

Intermediat
507 e
Intermediat
511 e
Intermediat
512 e
Intermediat
514 e
518 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
523 e
Intermediat
526 e
Intermediat
528 e

Intermediat
532 e

536 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
539 e

Intermediat
543 e

Intermediat
547 e
Intermediat
551 e
553 Intermediat
e
Intermediat
556
e
Intermediat
561
e
 Intermediat
564 e

Intermediat
568 e
Intermediat
575 e

Intermediat
578 e

Intermediat
581 e
Intermediat
584 e

Intermediat
589 e

Intermediat
591 e

Intermediat
596 e

Intermediat
599 e

Intermediat
602 e
Intermediat
606 e

Intermediat
609 e

3 Advanced
7 Advanced

11 Advanced

14 Advanced

14 Advanced
16 Advanced
21 Advanced

25 Advanced

27 Advanced
29 Advanced
32 Advanced
32 Advanced
32 Advanced

40 Advanced

45 Advanced
47 Advanced

51 Advanced

54 Advanced

57 Advanced
60 Advanced
63 Advanced
67 Advanced

70 Advanced

74 Advanced

76 Advanced

78 Advanced
82 Advanced
85 Advanced

88 Advanced

92 Advanced

94 Advanced

99 Advanced

101 Advanced

103 Advanced

107 Advanced

111 Advanced
114 Advanced
117 Advanced

119 Advanced

122 Advanced

126 Advanced

128 Advanced

132 Advanced
135 Advanced
138 Advanced
141 Advanced

146 Advanced

149 Advanced
154 Advanced
159 Advanced
161 Advanced
164 Advanced

167 Advanced

170 Advanced

172 Advanced
174 Advanced

177 Advanced

179 Advanced

182 Advanced

187 Advanced

190 Advanced

192 Advanced

195 Advanced

199 Advanced

201 Advanced

206 Advanced

209 Advanced

214 Advanced

219 Advanced

223 Advanced

226 Advanced
230 Advanced
233 Advanced
235 Advanced

240 Advanced

243 Advanced

245 Advanced

248 Advanced
252 Advanced
254 Advanced

258 Advanced

263 Advanced

266 Advanced

268 Advanced

272 Advanced

274 Advanced

279 Advanced

283 Advanced
285 Advanced

288 Advanced

291 Advanced

295 Advanced

300 Advanced

303 Advanced

305 Advanced

307 Advanced

312 Advanced

315 Advanced

318 Advanced

323 Advanced
326 Advanced
328 Advanced
331 Advanced

333 Advanced
334 Advanced
337 Advanced

339 Advanced

341 Advanced

344 Advanced

348 Advanced
350 Advanced
353 Advanced
355 Advanced
359 Advanced
362 Advanced
365 Advanced
370 Advanced

371 Advanced

374 Advanced

377 Advanced
380 Advanced
384 Advanced
386 Advanced
391 Advanced
393 Advanced

395 Advanced

398 Advanced

401 Advanced

404 Advanced

408 Advanced

411 Advanced
412 Advanced
418 Advanced
423 Advanced
426 Advanced

429 Advanced

432 Advanced

435 Advanced

440 Advanced

444 Advanced

447 Advanced

452 Advanced
459 Advanced

461 Advanced

465 Advanced
468 Advanced
470 Advanced

474 Advanced
477 Advanced
479 Advanced

483 Advanced

486 Advanced

492 Advanced

493 Advanced

496 Advanced

499 Advanced

502 Advanced

509 Advanced
514 Advanced
521 Advanced
526 Advanced

531 Advanced

534 Advanced

540 Advanced

543 Advanced

547 Advanced

550 Advanced

553 Advanced

557 Advanced

559 Advanced

562 Advanced

565 Advanced

573 Advanced

576 Advanced

580 Advanced

582 Advanced
586 Advanced

591 Advanced

594 Advanced

597 Advanced

600 Advanced

603 Advanced

605 Advanced

609 Advanced

612 Advanced

615 Advanced

618 Advanced

622 Advanced

624 Advanced

628 Advanced
629 Advanced
633 Advanced
635 Advanced

638 Advanced

640 Advanced

643 Advanced

645 Advanced

648 Advanced

651 Advanced
654 Advanced

658 Advanced

661 Advanced

664 Advanced

668 Advanced

671 Advanced

674 Advanced

678 Advanced
683 Advanced
685 Advanced

691 Advanced

694 Advanced

697 Advanced

701 Advanced

706 Advanced

715 Advanced

720 Advanced

725 Advanced

728 Advanced

730 Advanced

734 Advanced

738 Advanced

740 Advanced
745 Advanced
750 Advanced
753 Advanced
755 Advanced