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OCCUPATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Pamugas, I.
BRIEF BACKGROUND
- Japan Rising in Power
(1906-1940’s)
- Creation of USAFFE (Jan, 1941)
- “Peaceful” Negotiations
(Sept - Dec 1941)
POLITICS
POLITICS
- Jorge B. Vargas was issued to be the
Chairman of the Executive
Commission.
- The national government was
re-named the Central Administrative
Organization
Aguilar, N.
POLITICS
POLITICS
Aguilar, N.
POLITICS
● KALIBAPI
- On June 20, 1943, political parties
were abolished and a service
association called Kapisanan sa
Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas.
- A mass movement designed to
support the Japanese occupation
while taking advantage of Filipino
nationalism in the region.
Aguilar, N.
POLITICS
● KALIBAPI
- Headed by Benigno S. Aquino,
KALIBAPI is also intended to bring
into realization national unification.
- It strives to inculcate pride into our
very own native culture and undue
dependence on the Western culture.
Aguilar, N.
POLITICS
● KALIBAPI
POLITICS
● KALIBAPI
- The movement was active in initiatives to
promote the Tagalog language as a
central Filipino identity which further
strengthens the sense of nationalism of
the Filipinos.
Aguilar, N.
POLITICS
● KALIBAPI
- KALIBAPI aims to bring back to the fold of
the Orient.
- Benigno S. Aquino calls upon the youth to
ponder on the great task that lies before
the Filipinos.
Aguilar, N.
POLITICS
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
● Transportation and Shipping
- During the Battle of Bataan in 1942, all
inter-island fleet that were docked at Manila
Harbor and Pasig River were either sunk or
destroyed by the USAFFE (United States Armed
Forces in the Far East) for defensive purposes.
- The USAFFE also destroyed and rendered
inoperable a lot of equipment and railway
bridges.
- Horses, trucks, cars, and other means of
transportation were confiscated by the
Japanese.
Mendoza, R.
ECONOMY
● Transportation and Shipping
- An acute shortage of fuel
developed and as time went on,
the only fuel that could be used
was alcohol or charcoal as
gasoline became unavailable.
- Tricycles became more widely
used while bicycles became the
mode of travel for those with
personal vehicles.
Mendoza, R.
ECONOMY
- The Japanese gave high priority to the repairs needed and
the labor was taken mainly from Filipino and American war
prisoners.
ECONOMY
● Food and Crops
Rice and other food items were scarce due to the following reasons:
1. Farmers fled their fields as these became battlegrounds during the war;
2. importation could not take place due to lack of logistics;
3. the food, especially the rice, was sold at very high prices; and
4. the available stocks of food would first be prioritized to the military forces.
Mendoza, R.
ECONOMY
● Food and Crops
- Self-sufficiency in food crops.
- In the later 1942, the Japanese introduced the cultivation of the “Horai” variety of
rice which is a fast-maturing strain from Taiwan.
- Free distribution of seeds and some agricultural implements while also providing
agricultural experts from Japan. They promoted vegetable gardening,
encouraged meat and dairy production, and extolled promotion of fishing
But these attempts fell short and the food situation became scarce and critical as
time went on.
Mendoza, R.
ECONOMY
● Food and Crops
- October 14, 1943: President Jose P. Laurel appealed to the people to plant every
inch of ground with vegetables, and soon, the sidewalks of Manila bloomed with
these.
- Kangkong
Mendoza, R.
ECONOMY
● Food and Crops
ECONOMY
● Communication
- Organized communications in the Philippines was virtually paralyzed by the
onset of the war and this continued over time. The Electrical Communication
Bureau of the Japanese Army was given charge of restoring the
communications infrastructure. This was mainly to enhance the military
aspects of communications.
- Restoration of telephone and telegraph service was hampered by an acute
lack of wires. No replacement of wiring supply could be acquired under the
war conditions especially when shipping had become tight. As a result, the
repairs were confined mainly to important centers of population and activity
which were the military.
Pamugas, I.
ECONOMY
● Communication
ECONOMY
● Currency & Banking In October 1943, the
Japanese authorities
ordered all local banks (such
Military notes ranging from 1 as Philippine National Bank
centavo to 20 pesos were issued as and Bank of the Philippine
legal tender for all transactions Islands) to transfer all
while prohibiting the use of the US American and other national
Dollar. The number of war notes in deposits to the Bank of
circulation were so substantial as Taiwan.
to force the rapid loss of value of
the peso currency.
Pamugas, I.
ECONOMY
● Currency
ECONOMY
● Currency
Pamugas, I.
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
ECONOMY
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
- Life under enemy occupation was most trying and
dangerous.
- War hysteria made men unreasonable, making escapes
unlikely in these circumstances.
- Anything that could have been anti-Japanese in any nature
was eliminated.
- FIVE MORTAL ENEMIES: The Japanese Military, Diseases,
Guerillas, Hunger, and Japanese-paid Filipino Spies
Tan, J.
EDUCATION
Military Order No. 2
June 1942
EDUCATION
EDUCATION
March 1943
Factors:
EDUCATION
October 14, 1943
EDUCATION
Products of the Public and Private Schools were expected to contain the following
virtues:
1. Respect for the dignity of labor and endurance for hard work
2. Preference for simple and frugal life to a life of ostentation and
extravagance
3. Adherence to the moral principles of honesty, sincerity, and
righteousness
4. Abhorrence for materialism and greed
5. Reverence for old age and sympathy for the poor and unfortunate
6. Obedience to the law and respect for constituted authorities
7. Deep sense of consciousness as Orientals and as Filipinos
RELIGION
Sofia Marie Espanillo
Espanillo, S.
RELIGION
1942 - Filipino churchmen spoke out in favor of
cooperation with the Japanese Military
Administration (JMA)
Bishop Cesar Ma. Guerrero (Auxiliary Bishop
Manila)
“Now Almighty God has decreed that our country should
pass into the hands of a sister oriental nation. The
Nipponese empire has offered us a chance to reform our
national life...”
RELIGION
Bishop N.S. Binstead of the Episcopal Church
drafted pledge:
“I freely acknowledge the authority in all things temporal of
the Imperial Japanese Army High Command… I do hereby
promise to conform to all commands, orders, and
regulations, issued by the said constituted authorities...”
RELIGION
Japanese failed to win the Christian
Community
RELIGION
January 17, 1942:
Archbishop Michael O’Doherty in a
meeting with Japanese Military
Administration (JMA) said he was
pleased that religion would be respected
and protected by the Japanese Army.
RELIGION
The Western presence among the Christian
community is one of the reasons why
Japanese failed to convince Filipino christian
community to cooperate with them.
“Separation of Church and State”
- Western, democratic innovation.
RELIGION
Post War Investigations
● Extracts were taken from a file of “Manila
Navy Defense force” and “South Western
Area Fleet Operation Orders”, dated from
December 23, 1944 to February 14, 1945.
“When killing Filipinos, assemble them together in
one place…”
Intramuros
was a Japanese warrant officer.
“We are ordered to kill all the males we find… Our
aim is to kill or wound all the men and collect
information...”
May 1945
Espanillo, S.
RELIGION
April 19, 1945:
Msgr. Piani, Apostolic Delegate was able
to talk to Rome about the sufferings of
the churches in the Philippines.
AWIT SA PAGLIKHA NG
BAGONG PILIPINAS
TIME HOLIDAYS
Japanese central time Japanese holidays
(one hour ahead of replaced American
CHANGE IN CULTURE
Philippine time) holidays
58
LANGUAGE
Because the English language
was prohibited, the native
language, Tagalog, flourished
and developed
De los Santos, Y.
MANILA TRIBUNE
- Was the morning paper in
Manila before the war
- Propaganda mouthpiece for the
Japanese
- Japanese discouraged the
Filipinos from writing in English
- Manila Tribune newspaper was
suppressed
De los Santos, Y.
PEOPLE’S REACTIONS
- While the press carried many speeches in support of the new order, Filipinos
found ways to express their skepticism about the Japanese plans.
- Orchestrated shouts of “Banzai” for Prime Minister Tojo instead became
“Bangkay!” by some Filipinos
- Manuel (6 years old): “Mabuti pa ang ako’y mamatay kaysa masakop ng Japon.”
- There was a systematic but subtle attempt to subject the Filipinos to mass
discipline
- At the Theaters, move goers were required to uncover and observe silence
whenever the Japanese Emperor or any member of the Imperial Household would
appear on the screen.
- “Radio Taiso” - daily mass calisthenics exercises conducted over the radio
De los Santos, Y.
PEOPLE’S REACTIONS
- Early resistance before Bataan fell known
as the “Fighters for Freedom”
- The Japanese had put up posters saying
“For every Japanese killed, ten Filipinos
will be killed.”
- Posters were replaced with text changed
to: “For every Filipino, ten Japs will be
killed.”
- Each new poster was signed with the
letters “F.F.F.”
De los Santos, Y.
PEOPLE’S REACTIONS
- Some Filipinos spoke of the Japanese as the “Sakang” or “Singkit”
(Bowleged or Slit-eyed)
- “Greatest East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” → “Sama-samang
Kasaganaan sa Lalong Malaking Silangang Asya” → “Sama-samang
Pangnanakawan sa Lalong Malaking Silangang Asya” (Greater East Asia
Robbery Sphere)
- Kalibapi → Kalibabi (babi meaning pig in Pampango) or Sa Kabila Pa (Still
on the Other Side)
De los Santos, Y.
PEOPLE’S REACTIONS
Neighborhood Association
PEOPLE’S REACTIONS
- Filipino POWs (Prisoners of War) later on were the authorized to bark out
the merits of the Japanese East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
- Everybody should bow every morning in the direction of the Hirohito and
sing the Japanese Kimigayo
- The Japanese wanted the Filipino people to work for them in
concentration camps
- POWS were not proud of working under order of Japs
- Feign sickness or inability one way or another
PEOPLE’S REACTIONS
- The Japanese threatened that for every
Japanese killed, ten Filipinos would have to
pay with their lives
- Response in San Nicolas: For every Filipino
life taken by the Japanese twenty Japanese
lives will answer
- It was dangerous to speak one’s mind in the
occupied areas
- In Manila 1942, Spies sprang like
mushrooms. Psuedo-patriots minced
unsavory words against the United States
- Bagong Pagkakaisa Resolution
De los Santos, Y.
- Jose, R. (2006). World War II and the Japanese occupation. Quezon City: University of the
Philippines Press.
- Parpan, A. (1989). The Japanese and the Philippine Church, 1942-45. Retrieved from
https://www.jstor.org/stable/42633149?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents
- Sicat, G. (2003). The Philippine economy during the Japanese occupation, 1941-1945.
Retrieved from http://www.econ.upd.edu.ph/dp/index.php/dp/article/view/109/161