00 Chapter 1 Introduction.

Course Information What is the course all about?
Course: This course introduces the student about

Course name: Power Electronics motor characteristics, device characteristics,
power converters and controls for dc,
Year/Semester: 3/1 induction, synchronous, stepper and
Credit : 3 Credit Hours switched reluctance drives to provide
Status: Program Course knowledge of circuit protection and heat
sinks for power electronics
Contact Hours:
• Lecture : 3 Hours Students will be able to demonstrate
• Lab : 2 Hours knowledge and understanding of the
performance, characteristics and operation
• Tutorial : 1 Hour of a range of industrial drive systems and
the advantages and disadvantages of
different types of power converter and drive
systems.
tranvanhung@iuh.edu.vn 1 tranvanhung@iuh.edu.vn 2
Learning Outcomes Course Outline

The course will cover: (45 Hours)
At the end of the course, the students 1. Introduction (3 Hours)
are expected to: 2. Power semiconductor devices (9 Hours)
3. Rectifier (12 Hours)
• Differentiate different devices used in 4. AC to AC Converters (6 Hours)
power electronics 5. DC to DC Converters (9 Hours)
6. Inverters (6 Hours)
• Implement different type of rectifier.
7. Active filters (0 Hours)
• Implement different type of converters.
• Implement different type of inverters.
• Construct of ac and dc drives circuits.
References Policies
Attendance Policies
Any reliable sources
Each student is compulsory (100%) to attend all classes
Muhammad H. Rashid (2004), Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, including lectures, tutorials, laboratories, and fieldwork for
and Application, 3rd Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13- each registered class, including the first class session, in
122815-3 order to verify registration with instructors, and to
complete all work assigned for the course.
Mohan, Undeland, Robbins (2003), Power Electronics : Converters,
If students do not attend the class and do not give prior
Applications, and Design, 3rd Edition, New Jersey : John Wiley &
notification to the instructor of acceptable reasons for
Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-22693-9
absence, the student shall be dropped from the course or
R, Krishnan (2001) Electric Motor Drives : Modeling, Analysis, and ‘0’ marks will be granted for that particular courses.
Control, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-093067-9 Instructors of courses are not obligated to provide make-up
Muhammad H. Rashid, Ph.D., Power Electronics Handbook, opportunities for students who are absent, unless the
Academic Press, Third Edition, 2011, ISBN: 978-0-12-382036-5 absence has been officially approved. An officially approved
absence, however, merely gives the individual who missed
the class an opportunity to make up the work and in no way
excuses him from the work.
5
tranvanhung@iuh.edu.vn tranvanhung@iuh.edu.vn 6
Policies Policies
Classroom Conduct
Homework and assignments will
All students in the class must treat be given and it will be sure that
others with civility and respect and
conduct themselves during class sessions
they are handed on-time.
in a way that does not unreasonably
interfere with the opportunity of other
students to learn. A penalty of 50% deduction will
be imposed for any late
Failure to comply with this requirement assignment handed.
may result in points being deducted from
a student’s final numerical average/soft
skills.
Academic Honesty Course Assessment
Your written assignments, lab and Quizzes - 10%

The quizzes will be performed with / without prior notice
examinations must be your own work. For evaluation purposes or to check & balance
Test - 30%
Academic Misconduct will not be 2 or 3 regarding to the student’s performance/commitment
tolerated, and all cases will be
Presentation/Assignment - 10%
forwarded to the Board of Examination, Within group
for further actions.
Subject Laboratory - 10%
http://www.mediafire.com/d The lab will be scheduled once for every fortnight for each
section sandwich with tutorial
ownload/uk3x55ju6au2rc9/D
Final Examination - 40%
TCS_SV_E.rar Chapter 1 - 6
TOTAL 100%
10
tranvanhung@iuh.edu.vn 9 tranvanhung@iuh.edu.vn
Contents Introduction
1 What is Power Electronics?

Chapter 1: POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
2 Goal of Power Electronics

Chapter 2: POWER RECTIFIER
Chapter 3: AC CONVERTER 3 Power Processor
Chapter 4: INVERTER
4 Power Electronics Converters
Chapter 5: DC CONVERTER
5 Typical power sources and loads for a
power electronic
Chapter 6: PWM AND ACTIVE FILTERS
6 The interdisciplinary nature
What is Power Electronics? Goal of Power Electronics
Power electronics is the technology
associated with efficient conversion and Efficient conversion, conditioning, or
control of electric power by using power
processing and control of electric power
semiconductor devices.
Power electronics encompasses the use of using solid-state semiconductor devices in
electronic components, the application of
order to supply high quality power to the
circuit theory and design techniques, and
the development of analytical tools load causing minimum pollution of
toward efficient electronic conversion,
environment and the utility supply circuit.
control, and conditioning of electric
power. — Definition given by IEEE Power
Electronics Society.
Block Diagram of a Power

Example of a Power Processor
Processor
• Converter has power switching semiconductor

devices and energy storing elements like inductors
and capacitors.
• Resistive elements are avoided in converters
because they cause power loss and reduce • A power processor may have more than one stage
efficiency. of power conversion.
• Controller switches on/off the switching devices
present in the converter.
Power electronic system
Power Electronics Converters
Generic structure of a power electronic system
AC to DC: RECTIFIER
Power Power Power

input output
Converter
AC to AC: AC CONVERTER Control input

Feedforward/Feedback Feedback/Feedforward
Controller
( measurements of input signals ) ( measurements of output signals )
Reference
(commanding)
DC to AC: INVERTER
Control is invariably required.
Power converter along with its controller including the
corresponding measurement and interface circuits, is
DC to DC: DC CONVERTER
also called power electronic system.
Typical power sources and Relation with information

loads for a power electronic electronics
system A Classification of electronics by processing object
Power input Power Power output
Source Load
Vi ii Converter io Vo
Information electronics: to process information
-Electric utility -Electric Motor Electronics
Feedback/
-battery -light Power electronics: to process electric power
-other electric energy source Feed forward
-heating
-power converter Controller -power converter Other classifications of electronics
Reference -other electric or
electronic equipment Vacuum electronics: using vacuum devices,
e.g, vacuum tubes devices
Electronics
Solid (Solid state) electronics: using solid state devices,
The task of power electronics has been e.g, semiconductor devices
recently extended to also ensuring the
currents and power consumed by power Physical electronics: physics,material,fabrication,
converters and loads to meet the and manufacturing of electronic
Electronics
requirement of electric energy sources. devices
Applied electronics: application of electronic
devices to various areas
Multidisciplinary Nature of Power
The interdisciplinary nature
Electronics
Systems & Signal
William E. Newell’s description Control theory processing
Circuit
Simulation &
theory
Electronics Power computing
Electric Power
machines Electronics
Power electronics
Electronics
Continuous, Power Solid state
discrete systems physics
Control Electromagnetics
Power electronics is currently the most

active discipline in electric power
Power electronics is the interface between engineering worldwide.
electronics and power.
Power Computations Average (AV)
Root-Mean-Squares (RMS)
t 0 +T p
1
B dt
VAV = TP ∫ v(t )
t0
Average (AV) A C Power and TP : period of the power waveform

Energy
Concept
Fourier Series E D Inductors and

and harmonics Capacitors
Concept of AV Concept of RMS
Average of v
v(ωt)
ωt ωt
v Average
of v=0
Root-Mean-Squares (RMS) Root Mean Squares of f
2π
2 1
(.) Step 2: ∫ ( f ) 2 dωt
2π 0
2π 2
1 Step 1: (f)
∫ . dωt
2π 2π
0 1 2
Step 3: ( f
∫ dωt)
2π 0
Concept of RMS Power and Energy
Instantaneous Power: p(t ) = v(t ).i (t )

Average of v2 t2
v2
Energy: W = ∫ p (t ) dt
t1
Average Power:
t 0 +T p t 0 +T p
1 1
PAV = ∫ p (t ) dt = ∫ v(t ).i(t ) dt
TP t0
TP t0
Square root of the

ωt
W
average of v2 v Average ⇒ PAV =
of v=0 T
Inductors and capacitors Inductors and capacitors

Furthermore, from the voltage-current relationship
For periodic currents and voltages: for the inductor: t 0 +TP
1
i (t + T ) = i (t ) i (t0 + T ) = ∫ v(t ) dt + i (t0 )
L t0
v(t + T ) = v(t ) the same for periodic currents:
t 0 +TP
For an inductor, the stored energy is: 1
i (t0 + T ) − i (t0 ) = ∫ v(t ) dt = 0
1 t0
L
W = Li 2 (t ) The average voltage across the inductor over one
2 period:
t 0 +TP
If the inductor current is periodic: 1
avg[vL (t )] = VL = ∫ v(t ) dt = 0
PAV = 0 T t0
Inductors and capacitors Fourier Series and Harmonics
1 2 A nonsinusoidal periodic waveform that meets certain
For a capacitor, stored energy is: w(t ) = Cv (t ) conditions can be described by a Fourier series of
2 sinusoids:
∞
The average power absorbed by the capacitor is zero
f (t ) = a0 + ∑ [an cos(nω0t ) + bn sin (nω0t )]
PAV = 0 n =1
From the voltage-current relationship for the capacitor: T /2
t0 +TP 1
1 a0 = ∫ f (t )dt
v(t0 + T ) = ∫i C (t ) dt + v(t0 ) T −T / 2 T /2
C t0 1
t0 +TP
1 an = ∫ f (t ) cos(nω0t )dt
⇒ v(t0 + T ) − v(t0 ) = ∫i C (t ) dt = 0 T −T / 2
C t0
T /2
t 0 +TP 2
1 bn = f (t ) sin(nω0t )dt
avg[iC (t )] = I C = ∫i C (t ) dt = 0 T −T∫/ 2
T t0
Fourier Series and Harmonics Fourier Series and Harmonics

Sines and cosines of the same frequency can be
The rms value of f(t) can be computed from the Fourier
combined into one sinusoid, resulting in an alternative
series:
expression for a Fourier series: ∞ ∞ 2
∞ 2 2 C 
f (t ) = a0 + ∑ Cn cos(nω0t + θ n ) Frms = ∑F n , rms 0
= a + ∑ n 
n =0 n =1  2
n =1
 − bn  Average Power: ∞
Cn = an2 + bn2 and θ n = tan −1  
a
 n 
v(t ) = V0 + ∑ Vn cos(nω0t + θ n )
∞ n =1
or f (t ) = a0 + ∑ Cn sin (nω0t + θ n ) ∞
n =1 i (t ) = I 0 + ∑ I n cos(nω0t + θ n )
where n =1
2 2 a 
−1
T
Cn = a + b n n and θ n = tan  n  1
 bn  PAV = ∫ v(t ).i (t )dt
T 0
Fourier Series and Harmonics Fourier Series and Harmonics
Average power for nonsinusoidal periodic voltage and Limits of harmonic current content according to IEC
current waveforms is: 555-2:
∞ ∞
PAV = ∑ Pn = V0 I 0 + ∑ Vn ,rms .I n ,rms . cos(θ n − φn )
n =0 n =1
or
∞
.I
V 
PAV = V0 I 0 + ∑  n ,max n ,max . cos(θ n − φn )
n =1  2 
Fourier Series and Harmonics Application of Power Electronics
I  Major Applications
Distortion factor(DF): DF =  1,rms  • Motor Speed Control
 I rms  • Switch Mode Power Supply
Power factor is also expressed as:
• Electronic Ballasts
pf = [cos(θ1 − φ1 )]DF • Aerospace
Total harmonic distortion(THD): • Wind Power Generation
2
• Fuel Cell Power Generation
∑ I n2,rms ∑I n , rms • Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
n ≠1 n ≠1
THD = 2
= • Electric Cars, Hybrid Cars
I 1, rms I1,rms • Power Utilities
• And Much More
Application of Power Electronics Application of Power Electronics
Industrial Applications
• From MilliWatts
to MegaWatts
• Unlimited
Applications

Components of an AC Locomotive Motor Speed Control
•Applications
Ranging from very precise high- performance position controlled drives in robotics to
variable- speed flow rates adjustments in pumps .
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
Power supplies
• Applications:
• Used in hospitals, satellite control
To power computers, telecommunications
equipment, electronic instruments, TV sets, centers, military equipment, B
• UPS can provide continue power to
B
these critical places, even when the
• Features power system has a fault.
Small size, high efficiency and high power
• Topology: Converter + Batteries +
density Inverter

Wind Power Generation
• Feature
- No/Lower air pollution!
• Technical Challenges
- To develop motor speed controller
with a good dynamic performance and
high efficiency.
- To develop high-performance
For thousands of years, mankind has batteries and associated chargers.
used the power of the wind at sea. Mechanical load balance between
Today mankind has learned how to engine and motor.
use, efficiently and cleanly, the power
from the wind to generate electricity
Aerospace Fuel Cell Power Generation
Fluid drives will be replaced

by motor drives in the future
A clean and efficient way to generate electric power.

Electronic Ballasts
Features
–Lower power loss
–High Performance
–Small size
ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:
An Application of Power Electronics An Application of Power Electronics
Power Electronic Systems
CONTENTS What is Power Electronics ?
Power Electronic Systems A field of Electrical Engineering that deals with the application of
power semiconductor devices for the control and conversion of
electric power
Modern Electrical Drive Systems
Power Electronic Converters in Electrical Drives sensors

Input
: DC and AC Drives Source Power Electronics Load
- AC Converters
- DC Output
- unregulated - AC
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives - DC
POWER ELECTRONIC
CONVERTERS – the
heart of power a power
Reference Controller electronics system

Power Electronic Systems Power Electronic Systems
Why Power Electronics ?
Why Power Electronics ?
sensors Other factors:

Input
Source Power Electronics IDEALLY LOSSLESS
Load !
- AC Converters • Improvements in power semiconductors fabrication
- DC Output
- unregulated - AC • Power Integrated Module (PIM), Intelligent Power
- DC Modules (IPM)
• Decline cost in power semiconductor

Reference Controller
• Advancement in semiconductor fabrication
• ASICs • FPGA • DSPs
• Faster and cheaper to implement complex
algorithm
Power Electronic Systems Modern Electrical Drive Systems
Some Applications of Power Electronics : Classic Electrical Drive for Variable Speed Application :
Typically used in systems requiring efficient control and conversion of
electric energy:
Domestic and Commercial Applications
Industrial Applications
Telecommunications
Transportation
Generation, Transmission and Distribution of electrical energy
Power rating of < 1W (portable equipment) • Bulky

Tens or hundreds Watts (Power supplies for computers /office equipment) • Inefficient
kW to MW : drives • inflexible
Hundreds of MW in DC transmission system (HVDC)

Modern Electrical Drive Systems Modern Electrical Drive Systems
Example on VSD application Variable Speed Drives
Typical Modern Electric Drive Systems Constant speed
valve
Power Electronic Converters Electric Motor
Supply
Electric Energy Electric Energy Electric Mechanical motor pump
- Unregulated - - Regulated - Energy Energy
POWER IN Power
Electronic Motor Load
Converters Power out
Power
feedback In
Reference
Controller Power loss
Mainly in valve
Example on VSD application Example on VSD application
Constant speed Variable Speed Drives
valve
Electric motor consumes more than half of electrical energy in the US
Supply Supply
motor pump motor
PEC pump
Fixed speed Variable speed
Improvements in energy utilization in electric motors give large

impact to the overall energy consumption
Power out
Power out
Power HOW ?
Power
In
In Replacing fixed speed drives with variable speed drives
Using the high efficiency motors
Power loss
Power loss
Mainly in valve Improves the existing power converter–based drive systems

Overview of AC and DC drives
Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950)

DC drives: Electrical drives that use DC motors as the prime mover • AC motors for fixed speed applications
• DC motors for variable speed applications
Regular maintenance, heavy, expensive, speed limit
Easy control, decouple control of torque and flux After semiconductor devices were introduced (1960s)
• Variable frequency sources available – AC motors in variable
speed applications
AC drives: Electrical drives that use AC motors as the prime mover
Less maintenance, light, less expensive, high speed • Coupling between flux and torque control
• Application limited to medium performance applications –
Coupling between torque and flux – variable spatial angle fans, blowers, compressors – scalar control
between rotor and stator flux
• High performance applications dominated by DC motors –
tractions, elevators, servos, etc
After vector control drives were introduced (1980s)

• AC motors used in high performance applications – elevators,
tractions, servos
• AC motors favorable than DC motors – however control is
complex hence expensive
• Cost of microprocessor/semiconductors decreasing –predicted
30 years ago AC motors would take over DC motors

Converters for Motor Drives
Power Electronic (some possible configurations) Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
Converters in ED Systems
Converters for Motor Drives
DC Drives AC Drives
Configurations of Power Electronic Converters depend on:
Sources available
AC Source DC Source AC Source DC Source Type of Motors
Drive Performance - applications
DC-AC-DC DC-DC
- Braking
AC-DC AC-DC-DC AC-DC-AC AC-AC DC-AC DC-DC-AC - Response
- Ratings
Const. Variable NCC FCC
DC DC
DC DRIVES
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
AC-DC
400
DC DRIVES 200
-200
Available AC source to control DC motor (brushed) + 2 Vm -400

0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
Vo = cos α
π
10
AC-DC AC-DC-DC 50Hz Vo

5
1-phase Average voltage
over 10ms 0
− 0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
500
Uncontrolled Rectifier 50Hz

+ -500
Single-phase Control 3-phase 0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
Control
Three-phase 3VL − L , m
Vo Vo = cos α 30
Controlled Rectifier DC-DC Switched mode π

20
Single-phase 1-quadrant, 2-quadrant − Average voltage
Three-phase 4-quadrant 10
over 3.33 ms
0
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44

DC DRIVES Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
AC-DC
DC DRIVES
2 Vm
AC-DC
π
+ 2 Vm
Vo = cos α
π ia
50Hz Vo 90o 180o
1-phase Average voltage +
Vt
− over 10ms
2 Vm 3-phase
− Q1
π Vt Q2
supply
− Q3 Q4 Ia
3VL − L , m
π
50Hz
+
3-phase
3VL − L , m
Vo Vo = cos α
π 90o 180o - Operation in quadrant 1 and 4 only
− Average voltage
over 3.33 ms 3VL − L , m
−
π
DC DRIVES
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems DC DRIVES Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
AC-DC
AC-DC
+
F1 R1
3-
phase 3-phase
Vt supply
supply 3-phase
− supply
+ Va -
R2 F2
ω
ω
Q2 Q1
Q2 Q1
Q3 Q4
T
Q3 Q4
T

DC DRIVES
AC-DC
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
Cascade control structure with armature reversal (4-quadrant): DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC
iD
ω control
ωref + Speed
iD,ref + Current Firing
controller Controller Circuit
_
_
iD,ref
Armature
iD, reversal
DC DRIVES Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter Va
+ T1 D1
Va ia
Vdc Q2 Q1
+ T1 D1
ia + Ia
Vdc Q2 Q1 − D2
T2
Va
+ Ia
−
T2
D2 -
Va
-
D2 conducts → va = 0 T1 conducts → va = Vdc
T1 conducts → va = Vdc
Va Eb
Quadrant 1 The average voltage is made larger than the back emf

DC DRIVES Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
DC DRIVES
DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter Va
AC-DC-DC
+ T1 D1
ia
Va Vdc Q2 Q1
T1 D1
+ + Ia
ia −
T2 D2
Vdc Q2 Q1 Va
+ Ia -
− T2 D2
Va
- T2 conducts → va = 0 D1 conducts → va = Vdc
D1 conducts → va = Vdc
Va Eb
Quadrant 2 The average voltage is made smallerr than the back emf, thus
forcing the current to flow in the reverse direction
DC DRIVES
DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B
vc
2vtri
+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va −
+
Vdc
vA Vdc
− D4 D2
- Q4 Q2
0
+
vc
Positive current
va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON

DC DRIVES DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B leg A leg B
+ D1 D3 + D1 D3
Q1 Q3 Q1 Q3
+ Va − + Va −
Vdc Vdc
− D4 D2 − D4 D2
Q4 Q2 Q4 Q2
Positive current Positive current Negative current
va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON va = Vdc when D1 and D2 are ON
va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON
va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D
ELECTRICAL DRIVES: LOGO
An Application of Power Electronics
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B
+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va −
Vdc
− D4 D2
Q4 Q2
tranvanhung@iuh.edu.vn
Click to edit company slogan .
Positive current Negative current
va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON va = Vdc when D1 and D2 are ON

va = -Vdc when D3 and D4 are ON va = -Vdc when Q3 and Q4 are ON
va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D va = 0 when current freewheels through Q and D
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00 Chapter 1 Introduction.

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Course Information What is the course all about?

Course: This course introduces the student about

Learning Outcomes Course Outline

Your written assignments, lab and Quizzes - 10%

1 What is Power Electronics?

2 Goal of Power Electronics

Chapter 3: AC CONVERTER 3 Power Processor

Block Diagram of a Power

• Converter has power switching semiconductor

Power Power Power

AC to AC: AC CONVERTER Control input

Typical power sources and Relation with information

Power electronics is currently the most

Power Computations Average (AV)

Average (AV) A C Power and TP : period of the power waveform

Fourier Series E D Inductors and

Root-Mean-Squares (RMS) Root Mean Squares of f

Instantaneous Power: p(t ) = v(t ).i (t )

Square root of the

Inductors and capacitors Inductors and capacitors

Fourier Series and Harmonics Fourier Series and Harmonics

Fourier Series and Harmonics Application of Power Electronics

Application of Power Electronics Application of Power Electronics

Application of Power Electronics Application of Power Electronics

Aerospace Fuel Cell Power Generation

Fluid drives will be replaced

Application of Power Electronics Application of Power Electronics

Power Electronic Converters in Electrical Drives sensors

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

sensors Other factors:

• Decline cost in power semiconductor

Power rating of < 1W (portable equipment) • Bulky

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

Fixed speed Variable speed

Improvements in energy utilization in electric motors give large

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950)

After vector control drives were introduced (1980s)

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

Available AC source to control DC motor (brushed) + 2 Vm -400

AC-DC AC-DC-DC 50Hz Vo

Uncontrolled Rectifier 50Hz

Controlled Rectifier DC-DC Switched mode π

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

- T2 conducts → va = 0 D1 conducts → va = Vdc

va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON

ELECTRICAL DRIVES: ELECTRICAL DRIVES:

Positive current Positive current Negative current

va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON va = Vdc when D1 and D2 are ON

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