Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger using nano fluid is a device in which the heat transfer takes place by
using nano fluid. In this the working fluid is nano fluid. Nano fluid is made by the suspending
nano particles in the fluid like water, ethylene glycol and oil, hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons
etc.
1.1Introduction to nano fluid
Nano fluids are dilute liquid suspended nano particles which have only one critical
dimension smaller than ~100nm. Much research work has been made in the past decade to
this new type of material because of its high rated properties and behaviour associated with
heat transfer (Masuda et al. 1993; Choi 1995), mass transfer (Krishnamurthy et al. 2006, Olle
et al. 2006). The thermal behaviour of nano fluids could provide a basis for an huge
innovation for heat transfer, which is a major importance to number of industrial sectors
including transportation, power generation, micro-manufacturing, thermal therapy for cancer
treatment, chemical and metallurgical sectors, as well as heating, cooling, ventilation and air-
conditioning. Nano fluids are also important for the production of nano structured materials
(Kinloch et al. 2002), for the engineering of complex fluids (Tohver et al. 2001), as well as
for cleaning oil from surfaces due to their excellent wetting and spreading behaviour (Wasan
& Nikolov 2003).

Figure 1.1.Thermal conductivities of various solids and liquids .

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

1.2 History of nano fluid

The twenty-first century is an era of technological development and has already seen
many changes in almost every industry. The introduction of nano science and technology is
based on the famous phrase "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" by the Nobel Prize-
winning physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. Feynman proposed this concept using a set of
conventional-sized robot arms to construct a replica of themselves but one-tenth the original
size then using that new set of arms to manufacture a even smaller set until the molecular
scale is reached.
1.3 History of heat exchanger
In the 1950s, aluminium heat exchangers made moderate inroad in the automobile
industry with the invention of the vacuum brazing technique, large scale production of
aluminium-based heat exchangers
began to raise and grow resulting from advantages of the controlled atmosphere brazing
process (Nocolok brazing process introduced by ALCAN). With increasing years
introduction of “long life” (highly corrosion resistant) alloys further improved performance
characteristics of aluminium heat exchangers. Extra demands for aluminium heat exchangers
increased mainly due to the growth of automobile air-conditioning systems.

1.4 Heat conduction mechanisms in nano fluid Nano fluid is nothing but
fluid particles
which are less than even a micron(nearly 10-9 times smaller) in diameter and highly
reactive and efficient material which can be used to increase factor like rate of reaction,
thermal conductivity of any metal or material, they are that much reactive and strong.
Keblinski presented four possible methods in nano fluids which may contribute to thermal
conduction.
(a) Brownian motion of nano particles.
(b) Liquid layering at the liquid/particle interface.
(c) Ballistic nature of heat transport in nano particles.
(d) Nano particle clustering in nano fluids.
Brownian motion
The Brownian motion of nano particles is too slow to transfer heat through a nano
fluid. This mechanism works well only when the particle clustering has both the positive and
negative effects of thermal conductivity which is obtained indirectly through convection.

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

Figure 1.2. Brownian motion

1.5 Type of nano fluid

There are different types of nano fluid; basically
Al2O3 + water
CuO + water
TiO + water
CH3CH2OH + water
Out of these we are going to use Al2O3 & water as our nano fluid in heat exchanger.
1.6 Thermal Conductivity of (Al2O3 + water) nano fluid
The effect of base fluid on thermal conductivity is shown in Figure 2. The result in
Figure 2 demonstrates that the thermal conductivity increment is least for the water-based
nano fluids compared with that to of other nano fluids. This result is quite encouraging as
heat transfer enhancement is often most required when poorer heat transfer fluids are
involved.

Figure 2 thus indicates that the thermal conductivity increment for the poorer heat transfer
fluids compared to the fluids with better thermal conductivity such as water.

Figure. 2. Effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of Al2O3-based nanofluids

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

1.7Advantages And Disadvantages of Nanofluids

Nanofluids cause drastic change in the properties of the base fluid so, the
following benefits are expected to get on.
Advantages
The advantages are as follows
 Due to nano size particles, pressure drop is minimum.

 Higher thermal conductivity of nanoparticles will increase the heat transfer rate.

 Successful employment of nanofluid will lead to lighter and smaller heat exchanger.

 Heat transfer rate increases due to large surface area of the nanoparticles in the base
fluid.

 Nanofluids are most suitable for rapid heating and cooling systems.

 Due to nano size particles, fluid is considered as integral fluid.

 Good mixture nanofluids will give better heat transfer. Microchannel cooling without
clogging. Nanofluids are not only a better medium for heat transfer in general but they
are also ideal for microchannel applications where high heat loads are needed.

 Cost and energy saving. Successful employment of nanofluids will result in

significant energy and cost savings because heat exchange systems can be made
smaller and lighter.

Disadvantages
The disadvantages are as follows
 At decrease warmth duty, there are extra compact warmth exchangers which
includes plate kind exchanger. additionally, the absence of hairpin bends reasons
STHEs to absorb more area than double pipe warmness exchangers in a few
instances.
 Cleaning of tubes is hard and fouling is always an problem at the same time as
average warmth switch coefficient is addressed.
 This calls for periodic cleaning of the shell similarly to the tubes. cleaning tubes
may be more tough if the pitch is triangular.

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

1.8 Application of Nanofluids

Nanofluids can be used to improve heat transfer and energy efficiency in a variety of
thermal systems. That’s means can be used as a cooling fluids in many application and there
are some common application:
 Engine cooling

 Nuclear cooling system

 Cooling of electronic circuit

 Refrigeration

 Enhancement of heat transfer exchange

 Thermal storage

 Biomedical application

 Cooling of microchips

 In defense and space application

 Transportation

 Petroleum industry

 Inkjet printing

 Environmental remediation

 Surface coating

 Fuel additives

 Lubricant

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

1.9 Specifications of (Al2O3) Nanoparticles

Table 1.1 Specifications of a Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) Nanoparticle

Properties Aluminum oxide

Chemical Formula Al203

Color White
Morphology Spherical

True Density 3890kg/m3

Bulk Density 1282 kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity 38.5 W/m K

Sp. Surface Area 10 m2/g

Average particle Size 30-50 nm

Specific Heat 955 J/kg. K

1.10 Specifications of Base Fluid (Demineralized Water)

Table 1.2 Specifications of Base fluid (Demineralized Water)

Properties Base fluid (Water)

Density 1000 kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity 0.6078 Watt/Mk

Specific Heat 4178 Joule/kg 0K
Ph 5.5-7

Table 1.1 and 1.2 shows the specifications of a Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
Nanoparticle and base fluid.

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Table 1.3 shows the thermal conductivity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Water
Nano fluid for dissimilar Volume Fraction.

Table 1.3 Thermal Conductivity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Water Nano fluid for

dissimilar Volume Fraction.

Thermal Conductivity ‘K’

Volume Fraction ‘ϕ’ (%) (W/mK)
0.02 0.6432
0.04 0.6801
0.06 0.7185
0.08 0.7585
0.1 0.8001

Viscosity
A capillary viscometer can be using quality to degree the viscosity of Newtonian
fluid, and it have become additionally hired for Nano fluids. The fluid flows thru a capillary
pipe and the glide fee is determined. The fluid can float underneath gravity, within the
gravity type viscometer, or below an outside strain. The time required for fluid to flow in a
predefined phase of the capillary is measured. The viscosity of Nano fluid is depending best
at the quantity fraction (ϕ) of Nanoparticles irrespective of the sort of Nanoparticles used.
Viscosity of nanofluid for unique volume fraction as proven in table 4.4.
In this gift paintings above equation is use to find the viscosity of Nano fluid of
various volume fraction.

Where, µbf = 0.89 Mpa/sec.

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Table 1.4 Calculated viscosity of Nano fluid of different volume fraction.

Volume Fraction ‘ϕ’ (%) Viscosity ‘ µnf’ (MPa-sec)

0.02 0.9367
0.04 0.9878
0.06 1.0434
0.08 1.1033
0.1 1.1677

Specific Heat
Specific warmth may be measured experimentally via using differential scanning
calorimeter and additionally the particular warmth ability of Nano fluid can be resolute from
subjective common of the bottom fluid along with the Nanoparticles.
This present paintings above equation is used to calculate the particular warmth of
Nano fluid of various extent fraction.

Where in (Cp)p = 955 J/kgk [Al2O3]

(Cp)bf =4181

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
A aggregate of Nano particle duration up to a hundred nm and a base liquid is
called Nano fluid. Metals oxides or carbides, these are commonly used Nanoparticles and
water, ethylene glycol or oil the ones are base fluids for making ready the Nano fluid. The
impact of Nano fluid to improve the warmth transfer price in different warmth exchangers is
tentatively assessed as of past due. the heat trade improvement using Nano fluid for the most
element is based on upon form of collecting of liquid. within the gift paper, a test exam is
finished to focus various collecting of Al2O3 a non-scattering blended in water as base liquid
on warmth change attributes of fold channel heat exchanger for equivalent circulate and
counter circulate exercise plan. the quantity fraction of Al2O3 Nano fluid organized is
zero.001 % to 0.01 %. the realization decided for the have a look at is that famous warmth
exchange coefficient increments with increment in quantity accumulating of Al2O3 name-
scattering contrasted with water as much as quantity convergence of zero.008% and later on
diminishes [1].

This paper compresses a number of our late studies cope with the union of Nano
fluids. inside the gift work, TiO2 Nano debris had been mixed with the aid of Sol-gel strategy.
The readied powders had been described by using using XRD, SEM. The crystalline length of
TiO2 powder as discovered to 6 nm for analyze at four 100 0C through controlling the
corrosiveness. TiO2 water Nano fluids with exclusive quantity fixations from 1% to 2% have
been then organized by means of scattering the orchestrated Nano particles in demonized
water [2].

A vast wide variety of investigations were achieved to assess the constrained

convective and nucleate move boiling warmness switch coefficient of Al2O3water based
Nano fluid. The applied take a look at circle offers conditions to analyze the impact of
operating parameters, as an instance, warmness flux, movement mass flux and volumetric
fraction of Nano fluids (0.5, 1 and 1.5%). results illustrate that two warmth change districts
are watched specifically confined convective and nucleate boiling area. Exploring at the
running parameters delineated that with expanding the heat flux and flow rate of Nano fluid,
warmness switch coefficient of Nano fluid considerably increments [3].

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This opinions a path have a take a look at the constrained convective warm
temperature trade and motion attributes of a Nano fluid of a nano fluid comprising of water
and numerous extent Convergences of Al2O3 Nano fluid (0.3–2) % streaming in a flat shell
and tube warm temperature exchanger counter circulate beneath turbulent movement
situations are researched.
The Al2O3Nanoparticles of spherical 30nm breadth are carried out as a part of the
existing take a look at. The results exhibit that the convective warmth exchange coefficient of
Nano fluid is marginally better than that of the bottom fluid at same mass waft charge and at
same bay temperature. the warmth alternate coefficient of the Nano fluid increments with an
increment in the mass stream fee, additionally the warmth alternate coefficient increments
with the increment of the quantity centralization of the Al2O3 Nano fluid, but increasing the
quantity awareness reason increment inside the consistency of the Nano fluid prompting
increment in grating element [4].

Inside the present observe, Convective heat trade coefficient and weight drop of Al2O3 water
Nano fluid in laminar water flow into control below constant warmth flux conditions interior
a roundabout tube have been tentatively explored. Al2O3 water Nano fluid with 0.five% and
1% quantity fixations with 15nm width Nanoparticles have been implemented as assembly
expectations liquid. The effect of diverse volume fixations on convective heat change
coefficient and grating detail changed into mulled over.
The consequences intensify that expanding Dept. of Thermal power Engineering,
VTU PG Centre, An Experimental technique to determine the Augmentation of heat switch
Coefficient by way of the use of the use of CuO Water Nano fluid 2014-2015 of molecule
volume consciousness activates decorate convective warm temperature exchange coefficient.
Estimations show the everyday heat alternate coefficient upgraded around eleven-20% with
0.five% volume fixation and accelerated spherical sixteen-27% with 1% quantity cognizance
contrasted with diffused water [5].

It is been theorize that the use of Nano fluid in proper frameworks should spark off
littler, smaller heat exchangers and decreases in fabric charge. however, couple of studies to
had been directed to which have exactly measure a thermo-bodily residences and heat
execution of that drinks and observe the framework degree influences of the usage of those
liquids as a part of conventional cooling frameworks.

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

Within the present art work, weaken suspensions of 10 nm aluminum oxide

Nanoparticles in propanol (zero.5,1, and 3 wt %) were find out. adjustments in thickness,
particular warmth, and thermal conductivity with molecule fixation had been measured and
positioned to be direct, on the same time as modifications in consistency were nonlinear and
elevated pointedly with molecule stacking [6].

Dept. of Thermal power Engineering, VTU PG Centre, Mysore 10 An Experimental

technique to decide the Augmentation of warmth switch Coefficient by means of the use of
CuO Water Nano fluid 2014-2015 heat flow upgrade in even annuli using variable residences
of Al2O3 water Nano fluid is examined.. the bottom case utilizes the Chon et al. expression
for conductivity and the Nguyen et al.exploratory information for consistency which take into
account the reliance of these houses on temperature and Nanoparticles quantity element. It
become watched that for Ra P104, the everyday Nusselt number become dwindled via
increasing the quantity part of Nanoparticles. however, for Ra = 103.The ordinary Nusselt
number accelerated by expandingthe quantity part of Nanoparticles. For RaP104, the Nusselt
number changed into weakened everywhere in the chamber surface specially at high
development percentage [7].

Nano fluids, fluids with suspended Nanoparticles, are of eagerness as a unique fabric
for improving warmth exchange capability. The traditional hypothesis of portion mixes can't
elucidate the incomprehensible alternate of thermal conductivity of a Nano liquid. it's miles
normal in general to the thermal conductivity of Nano liquid is associated by various
segments, as an instance, that effect of surfactants, scrambling of particles, convection or
Brownian development of Nanoparticles, for that reason on but the instrument is not
recognized. warmness conductivity of Al2O3 Nano fluid is centered on on this paintings and
differentiated and that of Fe Nano fluids. To examine the result of pH of the bottom liquid on
warmness conductivity, we measured the ‘K’ of Al2O3 Nano fluid with unmistakable pH
values[8].

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project phase 2 work are as follows
 To prepare the Alluminium oxide less than 50 microns
 To produce the AL2O3 nanoparticles by suitable methods.
 To prepare the naofluid using ultrasonification.

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CHAPTER 4
PREPARATION METHODS FOR NANOFLUID
Various methods have been tried to produce different kinds of nanoparticles and
nanosuspensions. There are two primary methods to prepare nanofluids: A two-step method
in which nanoparticles or nanotubes are first produced as a dry powder. The resulting
nanoparticles are then dispersed into a fluid in a second step and Single-step nanofluid
processing methods have also been developed and there are a novel methods also mentioned
in this section.
One-Step Method
The nanoparticles may agglomerate during the drying storage, and transportation
process, leading to difficulties in the following dispersion stage of two-step method.
Consequently, the stability and thermal conductivity of nanofluid are not ideal. In addition,
the production cost is high. To reduce the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, one-step
methods have been developed. There are some ways for preparing nanofluids using this
method including direct evaporation condensation chemical vapour condensation and single-
step chemical synthesis.
Two- step technique

Base fluids

Nano particles Dispersant

Nanoparticles
Suspension

Nano fluid

Figure 4.1.Two Step Technique

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This method is the most widely used for preparing nanofluids. Nanoparticles,
nanofibers, nanotubes, or other nanomaterials used in this method are first produced as dry
powders by chemical or physical methods. Then, the nano-sized powder will be dispersed
into a fluid in the second processing step with the help of intensive magnetic force agitation,
ultrasonic agitation, high-shear mixing, homogenizing, and ball milling. Two-step method is
the most economic method to produce nanofluids in large scale, because nanopowder
synthesis techniques have already been scaled up to industrial production levels. Due to the
high surface area and surface activity, nanoparticles have the tendency to aggregate. The
important technique to enhance the stability of nanoparticles in fluids is the use of
surfactants. However, the functionality of the surfactants under high temperature is also a big
concern, especially for high-temperature applications. Due to the difficulty in preparing
stable nanofluids by two-step method, several advanced techniques are developed to produce
nanofluids, including one-step method. In the following part, we will introduce single-step
method.

At the present work, exceptional volumetric concentrations of a nano fluid are

prepared the usage of step strategies. The Al2O3 Nanoparticles with average size of 30-50 nm
uniformly allotted keen on the base fluid for creating a stable Nano fluid. In gift paintings,
demineralized base fluid is taken as RO-water.

The preparations steps are.

 Weighing the Al2O3 with virtual electronic weigher.
 Combined with alluminium oxide ( Al2O3) nanoparticles in magnetic stirrer for
approximately 1hr.
 First of all, the weighed Al2O3 Nanoparticles were introduced into the regarded extent
of demineralized base fluid at the same time as it turned into agitated in a flask. The
magnetic stirrer became employed to agitate the Nanoparticles in the base
fluid.Ultrasonic Stirring of Nano Fluid gadget is as proven within the figures 4.2 and
4.3.

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Studies on Enhancement of Performance of Heat Exchangers Using Nano Particles 2018-19

Figure 4.2 Alluminium Oxide Figure 4.3 Digital Weighing Machine

Figure 4.4 500ML Flask Figure 4.5 Magnetic Stirrer

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0.5 Gm 1 Gm 1.5 Gm

Figure 4.6 Different volumetric concentrations of a nano fluid preparation.

Figure 4.7 Ultrasonic Stirring Fluid.

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CHAPTER5
CONCLUSIONS
The present papers gives a review about the enhancement of heat transfer by using nanofluids
by many authors that preformed an experimental and numerical investigations related to heat
transfer enhancement using nanofluids. So, we need to understanding the fundamentals of
heat transfer and wall friction from this review because has a significant importance for
developing nanofluids for a wide range of heat transfer applications and we can concluded
the following:
 Heat transfer rate is directly proportional to the Reynolds number and peclet number
of Nanofluid.
 Increasing volume Concentration of nanoparticles increases the pressure drop of
Nanofluids.
 Spherical shaped nanoparticles increases the heat transfer rate of Nanofluids
compared with other shaped nanoparticles.
 The fine grade of Nanoparticles increases the heat transfer rate but it’s having poor
stability.
 Increasing size of nanoparticales (diameter of NP) led to decreasing in heat transfer
because area per unit volume decreases.

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CHAPTER6

FUTURE SCOPE
In Future, the next steps in the nanofluids research are to concentrate on the heat
transfer enhancement and its physical mechanisms, taking into consideration such items as
the optimum particle size and shape, particle volume concentration, fluid additives, particle
coating and base fluid. Better characterization of nanofluids is also important for developing
engineering designs based on the work of multiple research groups, and fundamental theory
to guide this effort should be improved. Important features for commercialization must be
addressed, including particle settling, particle agglomeration, surface erosion, and large scale
nanofluid production at acceptable cost.
Nanofluids offer challenges related to production, properties, heat transfer, and applications.
In this section we highlight some future directions in each of these challenging areas.

1. Development of theoretical equations for thermo physical properties of CuO

nanofluids is the grey area to be explored.

2. The effect of nanoparticles size on heat transfer and friction characteristics of

nanofluids can be taken up for investigation.

3. Study on heat transfer investigation by changing the relative proportion in the base
fluid constituents can be taken up as future work.

4. The research work can be extended by considering the effect of thickness of the
twisted tape inserts.

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