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Factor on Effective stress 1.1 to 1.2 1.2 to 1.6 Not 1.2 This method is empirical.
embedment, Fd (usually 1.2) (usually 1.5) recommended It should always be
checked against one of
the other methods
Total stressa 2.0 – –
Strength factor Effective stress 1.1 to 1.2 1.2 to 1.5 1.0 1.2 The mobilized angle of
method, Fs (usually 1.2 (usually 1.5 wall friction m and wall
except for except for adhesion cwm should also
0 > 308 when 0 > 308 when be reduced
lower value lower value
may be used) may be used)
Total stressa 1.5 – – –
Factor on moments: Effective stress 1.2 to 1.5 1.5 to 2.0 1.0 1.2 to 1.5 These recommended Fp
CP2 method, Fp 0 308 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 values vary with 0 to be
0 ¼ 20 to 308 1.2 to 1.5 1.5 to 2.0 1.0 1.2 to 1.5 generally consistent with
208 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.2 usual values of Fs and Fr
Total stressa 2.0 – – –
Factor on moments: Effective stress 1.3 to 1.5 1.5 to 2.0 1.0 1.5 Not yet tested for
Burland–Potts (usually 1.5) (usually 2.0) cantilevers. A relatively
method, Fr new method with which
little design experience
has been obtained
Total stressa 2.0 – – –
a
Speculative, treat with caution.
Note 1. In any situation where significant uncertainty exists, whether design approach A or B is adopted, a sensitivity study is always recommended, so that an
appreciation of the importance of various parameters can be gained.
Note 2. Only a few of the factors of safety recommended are based on extensive practice experience, and even this experience is recent. At present, there is no
well-documented evidence of the long-term performance of walls constructed in stiff clays, particularly in relation to serviceability and movements. However,
the factors recommended are based on the present framework of current knowledge and good practice.
Note 3. Of the four factors of safety recommended, only Fp depends on the value of 0 .
Cofferdam design 265
Non-cohesive soils
Sand, loose, round 18 10 30 – – 20–50
Sand, loose, angular 18 10 32.5 – – 40–80
Sand, medium dense, round 19 11 32.5 – – 50–100
Sand, medium dense, 19 11 35 – – 80–150
angular
Gravel without sand 16 10 37.5 – – 100–200
Coarse gravel, sharp edged 18 11 40 – – 150–300
Sand, dense, angular 19 11 37.5 – – 150–250
Cohesive soils (Empirical values for undisturbed samples from the North German Area)
Clay, semi-firm 19 9 25 25 50–100 5–10
Clay, difficult to knead, stiff 18 8 20 20 25–50 2.5–5
Clay, easy to knead, soft 17 7 17.5 10 10–25 1–2.5
Boulder clay, solid 22 12 30 25 200–700 30–100
Loam, semi-firm 21 11 27.5 10 50–100 5–20
Loam, soft 10 9 27.5 – 10–25 4–8
Silt 18 8 27.5 – 10–50 3–10
Soft, org. slightly clayey sea 17 7 20 10 10–25 2–5
silt
Soft, very org. strongly 14 4 15 15 10–20 0.5–3
clayey sea silt
Peat 11 1 15 5 – 0.4–1
Peat under moderate initial 13 3 15 10 – 0.8–2
loading
cal 0 ¼ calculation value of the angle of internal friction in cohesive and non-cohesive soils
cal c0 ¼ calculation value of the cohesion, corresponding to cal 0
cal cu ¼ calculation value of the shear strength from undrained tests in saturated cohesive soils
Appertaining angle of internal friction is to be assumed at cal 0u