Physical properties- properties that can be
observes and measured without changing
the substance into another substance.
Intensive Properties- it depends on the
kind of matter regardless of its amount.
(density, boiling point, color, texture,
solubility, metallic properties like ductility
and malleability)
Extensive Properties- properties that
depends on the amount of matter. (mass,
volume, length, weight)
Volume- is the quantity of three-
dimensional space occupied by a liquid,
solid, or gas.
cube V= S
cylinder V= πr h
rectangle V= lwh
sphere V= 4/3πr
Density- is a measure of mass per unit of
volume.
D= m/V
Boiling Point- is the temperature at which a
liquid starts changing into gaseous phase.
Melting Point- is the temperature at which
solid begins to melt.
Metallic properties- are malleable and
ductile
Malleable- is the capability of a material to
be hammered into thin sheets.
Ductile- is the ability of a material to be
drawn into wires.
Hardness- is the property related to a
material’s resistance to being scratched
Chemical properties- properties that can
be identified when one substance reacts
with another substance.
Chemical properties
Ability to change in odor-
Ability to change in color-
Ability to form gases-
Ability to give off light and heat-
Ability to form precipitate-
Ability to change in temperature or energy-
Ability to change in form-
Mixture- consists of two or more
components that are physically combined.
Heterogenous mixture- is
a mixture having a non-uniform
composition.( ice cubes in a drink, sand and
sugar, salt and gravel, a basket of produce,
and a toy box filled with toys, orange juice
with pulp and chicken noodle soup.)
Homogenous mixture- refers to a
substance that is consistent or uniform
throughout its volume( air, alloys, vodka,
vinegar, and dishwashing liquid.
Solution- is a homogeneous mixture of two
or more substances
A solvent is the component of a solution
that is present in the greatest amount
A solute is defined as the substance that is
dissolved in a solution
Soluble- it can be dissolved (soap, salt,
sugar)
An insoluble substance is a substance
(solid) that will not dissolve in a solvent
even after mixing (sand, flour, stones,
gravel)
Immiscibility is the property where two
substances are not capable of combining to
form a homogeneous mixture.
Miscible is a word used by chemists to
explain why some liquids mix together well
Solubility is a chemical property referring
to the ability for a given substance, the
solute, to dissolve in a solvent.
A saturated solution is a chemical solution
containing the maximum concentration of a
solute dissolved in the solvent
An unsaturated solution is a and
chemical solution in which the solute
concentration is lower than its equilibrium
solubility.
Super saturated solution- in which solute
is dissolved in solvent after when it is
saturated or solvent is not able to dissolve
more solute simply. A super saturated
solution is made by heating the solvent and
after that solute is mixed in solvent
Concentration of a solution- is the ratio of
solute in a solution to either solvent or
total solution. Concentration usually is
expressed in terms of mass per unit volume.
Concentrated solution- contains a large
amount of solute.
Diluted solution- contains small amount of
solute.
Percent by mass= mass of solute/ mass of
solution x 100%
Percent by volume = volume of solute/
volume of solution x 100%
Suspension- A mixture that separates on
standing
A colloid is one of the three primary types
of mixtures, with the other two being
a solution and suspension.( whipped
cream, mayonnaise, milk, butter, gelatin,
jelly, muddy water, plaster, colored glass,
paper)
colloidal dispersions because the
substances remain dispersed and do not
settle to the bottom of the container
Properties of colloids
The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light
as a light beam passes through a colloid
Brownian motion is the continuous
random movement of small particles
suspended in a fluid, which arise from
collisions with the fluid molecules.
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions
or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved
solid to a surface.
Ferrous sulfide- when the mixture is
heated, two substances combined to form a
new substance.
Separating components of a mixture
Magnetic separation- is a process in which
magnetically susceptible material is
extracted from a mixture using a
magnetic force.
Decantation- Decanting is also
a chemical laboratory process used to
separate mixtures.
Evaporation is the process of a substance
in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state
due to an increase in temperature and/or
pressure.
Filtration is any of various mechanical,
physical or biological operations that
separates solids from fluids (liquids or
gases) by adding a medium through which
only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes
through is called the filtrate.
Distillation is the technique of heating a
liquid to create vapor which is collected
when cooled separate from the original
liquid.
Chromatography- the separation of a
mixture by passing it in solution or
suspension or as a vapor (as in gas
chromatography) through a medium in
which the components move at different
rates.
Substances- have components that are hard
to identify as they are chemically combined.
Element- is the simplified form of matter
which cannot be decomposed by ordinary
chemical means.
Metals used in jewelry making
SILVER
For jewelry, silver is used in the form of
sterling silver, which is 92.5 percent silver
and 7.5 percent copper.
GOLD
Gold is one of the finest metals used for
jewelry. Its intrinsic value is more
expensive than silver, because of its
characteristics. Gold is more malleable but
durable compare to silver and other metals,
and it is also hard to find, which is why it is
more precious.
 Yellow gold is the alloy of pure
gold, silver, and copper or zinc. The
metals are mixed in a jewelry is good for those people
predetermined proportion.
 White gold is the alloy of pure gold
and white metals, such as nickel,
silver, and palladium. It is grayish
in color and is plated with rhodium
to give it a whiter look. Today,
nickel is not preferred, as many
people are allergic to it.
 Rose gold is the alloy of pure gold
and a great proportion of copper.
The reddish hue is due to the
increased of copper in the alloy.
 PLATINUM
 Platinum is the rarest and most
expensive of the metals. Platinum
metal is hard to find and it will take
tons of indigenous soil to produce a
pound of platinum. It is incredibly
durable, way more durable than
titanium and steel.
 COSTUME METALS
 Costume metals such as iron,
nickel, copper, and titanium, are
used to make costume types of
jewelry. But as stated earlier, these
types of metals are used to mix with
the precious metals to gain
durability and hardness
 TITANIUM
 Titanium, which mentioned, is a
metal type that is completely
hypoallergenic. In fact, titanium is
the most hypoallergenic material
known to man. So, a titanium made
who have terrible allergies to other
types of metals.
 STAINLESS STEEL
 Stainless steel is an alloy of iron to
two or more costume metals
mentioned earlier. The term
“stainless” refers to the character of
the said alloy to not tarnish or
corrode. Stainless steel is also used
for surgical needles and ear pierces,
because it is also known to be one
of the hypoallergenic types of alloy
used in making jewelry and hospital
items.
Oxygen is the major gas necessary for
any combustion to take place
Cesium is considered the softest metal;
Lead is also considered among the softest
metals. Answer 3: Mercury is liquid
(molten) at room temperature. Gallium,
while solid (if soft) at room temperature, is
liquid at body temperature.
Liquid metals- bromine (Br) and mercury
(Hg). Although, elements caesium (Cs),
rubidium (Rb), Francium (Fr) and Gallium
(Ga) become liquid at or just above room
temperature.
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of
donating a proton (hydrogen ion H+)
Sulfuric acid- is widely used for the
manufacture of plastics, detergents,
batteries and metals.
Hydrochloric acid- found in stomach to aid
digestion.
Nitric acid- manufacture of explosive,
rubber, dyes, pharmaceuticals
Phosphoric acid- fertilizers, animal feeds,
detergents, ceramics.
Acetic acid- plastics and Food supplements
Binary acid- hydrogen and one of the
nonmetals
Oxyacid- hydrogen, oxygen, and a
nonmetal
 Bases- (alkaline substances)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or
caustic soda
 Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) or
limewater
 Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) or
ammonia water
  Magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH)2)
or milk of magnesia
 Many bleaches, soaps, toothpastes
and cleaning agents
 Key difference: Acids and bases a
re two types of corrosive
substances. Any substance with a
pH value between 0 up to 7 is
considered acidic, whereas a pH
value of 7 to 14 is a base. Acids are
ionic compounds that break apart in
water to form a hydrogen ion (H+)
Salt, in chemistry, substance produced by
the reaction of an acid with a base.
Water- Chemical Formula: H2O
Almost no living thing can survive without
water. Water is everywhere on our planet. It
is the reason we have an organic life on
earth. A water molecule consists of one
oxygen atom combined with two hydrogen
atoms. water is the most important
compound in our life.
common sugar which again forms the major
ingredient in baking and cooking
Soaps- Chemical Formula: RCOO–Na,
Where R is a long chain of carbon atoms
ranging from 16-18 in number.
We all start our daily routine after taking a
good bath.
Toothpaste-Chemical Formula: CaCO3
or NaF Brushing our teeth is first thought
come to our mind after we wake up.
Baking Powder- Chemical Formula:
NaHCO3 (Sodium-bi-carbonate ion)
Baking powder is the compound consisting
of sodium, hydrogen, and carbonate ions. It
is used in baking cakes and desserts.
Mouthwash- Chemical Formula: H2O2
(Hydrogen peroxide)
Mouth wash is an antiseptic solution which
is used to reduce the antibacterial load in our
oral cavity
as a preservative and for seasoning food and
salad.
Alcohol- Chemical Formula: CH3CH2OH
(Ethanol)
Alcohol is an addictive psychoactive drug,
widely used amongst adults and teenagers to
get high.
Aspirin- Chemical Formula: C9H8O4
(Acetylsalicylic acid)
Aspirin is one of the most common
medicines we have heard since childhood. It
is used to treat pain, fever, and
inflammations.
Calcium carbonate- (limestone) used in
building material, component of mortar.

Table Salt- Chemical Formula: NaCl Nail paint Remover- Chemical

Formula: CH3COCH3 (Acetone)
Nail paint remover is a widely used
We can find salt on almost every dining
cosmetic found on the dressing table of most
table, as the basic ingredient which can be
of the women
used in so many smart ways other than
seasoning your food and is also considered
as one of the most effective preservatives. Vinegar- Chemical Formula: CH3COOH
(Ethanoic Acid/Acetic Acid)
Vinegar is the chemical compound
Sucrose (Sugar)- Chemical
consisting, carboxylic acid. It is widely used
Formula: C12H22O11Sucrose is the
Mga Pangungusap na Walang Tiyak na May hinihintay pa yahoo!
Paksa
Walang sumasagot wow!
1. Penomenal- Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga
4. Modal- Nangangahulugan ito ng gusto, walastik!
pangungusap na tumutukoy sa mga nais, ibig, pwede, maaari, dapat, o
kailangan. PAGHANGA -Itoy parang ekspresyon na
kalagayan o pangyayaring pangkalikasan nagpapahayag ng paghanga.
Halimbawa: Puwede bang sabihin.
o pangkapaligiran. Ang ganda nya!
Maaari bang magdagdag?
Halimbawa: Umuulan
Ang talino mo!
Gusto kong magbigay.
Lilindol uli!
Galing!
Nais/ibig mo ba?
Maginaw ngayon.
PORMULARYONG PANLIPUNAN -Ito Ang Dula – ito ay isang paglalarawan ng
Makulimlim na naman. ang salitang sadyang inakda sa buhay na ginaganap sa isang tanghalan
2. Temporal- Nagsasaad ito ng mga sitwasyon:umaga tanghali gabi
kalagayan o panahong panandalian Bahagi ng Dula
Halimbawa:
karaniwan itong mga pang-abay na Magandang umaga po 1. Yugto – ito ang bahaging pinanghahati sa
nagsasabi ng… dula. Inilalahad and tabing bawat yugto
magandang gabi upang makapagpahinga ang mga
Halimbawa: Tanghali na
Magandang taanghali natatanghal gayon din ang mga nanonood.
Bukas ay Miyerkules
Paalam 2. Tanghal – kung kinakailangang
Alas singko pa lang ng umaga.
Adyos magbago and ayos ng tanghalan, ito ang
Todos los Santos sa Lunes ipinanghahati sa yugto
Tao po
Magbabakasyon lang
SAMBITLA -Itoy isa o dalwang pantig na 3. Tagpo – ito ang paglabas masok ng mga
3. Eksistensiyal- Nagsasaad ito ng “pagka tauhang gumaganap sa tanghalan
salita na nagpapaabot ng diwa o
mayroon” o pagka-wala”. Inilalagay sa
unahan nito ang mga salitang may o kaisipan.Kadalasan isa ang ekspresyon ng
mayroon at wala. ipinapahayag.
Mga Uri ng Dula:
Halimbawa: Wala pang bisita Halimbawa:
Trahedya- nagwawakas sa pagkasawi o
May nakakuha na yehe!
pagkamatay ng mga pangunahing tauhan
 Komedya - ang wakas ay kasiya-siya sa
mga manood dahil nagtatapos na masaya
sapagkat ang mga tauhan ay magkakasundo

Melodrama – kasiya-siya din ang wakas

nito bagamat ang uring ito’y may
malulungkot na bahagi

Parsa – ang layunin nito’y magpatawa at

ito’y sa pamamagitan ng mga pananalitang
katawatawa

Saynete – mga karaniwang ugali ang

pinaksa ditto.
Melodrama o Soap Opera- Kung ito’y
sadyang namimiga ng luha sa manonood na
parang wala ng masayang bahagi sa buhay
ng tahanan kundi pawang problema na
lamang ang nangyayari sa araw-araw. Ito’y
karaniwang mapanonood sa mga de seryeng
palabas.
Tragikomedya- Kung magkahalo ang
katatawanan at kasawian gaya ng mga dula
ni Shakespeare na laging may mga tauhang
katawa-tawa tulad ng payaso para
magsilbing tagapagpatawa, subalit sa huli’y
nagiging malungkot na dahil nasasawi o
namamatay ang bida o ang mga bida.