ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is often said that life is mixture of achievements, failure, experience exposures

efforts to make your dream come true there are people around you who help you
realize your dream I acquire this opportunity with much pleasure to
acknowledgement the invaluable assistance of all people who have helped me
through the course of my journey is successful completion of this project.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. Amit Avasthi sir Yard Engineer
and his Team of power grid Agra substation for their active support and
continuous guidance without which it would have been difficult for me to
complete the project they were generous enough to take time out of their regular
work to lead a helping hand whenever I needed one and enabling me to complete
this project.

I would also like to mention the generous guidance of Mr. Satyaprkash sir
engineer of the substation yard in charge of substation who helped me settle
down in organization and successfully complete my project within the relatively
short time of 4 weeks from 1 July, 2019 to 28 July, 2019 they supporting enough
to give me an opportunity to be a part of such prestigious organization For
1month and learn the day to day functioning .

Last but not the least I am grateful to the of Mr. Kishor Kumar sir HR and of the
substation for providing a quick turnaround time for all the request.
CONTENTS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION ABOUT POWER GRID
 NEED OF HVDC
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
 CONROL ROOM
 INTRODUCTION OF SWITCH YARD EQUIPMENTS
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 CVT
 ISOLATOR
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
 BUS BAR
 CAPACITOR BANK
 AC FILTER
 REACTOR
 CORONA RING
 INSULATOR
 EARTH SWITCH
 INDUCTOR
 WAVE TRAP
 CONVERTER TRANSFORMER
 TRANSMISSION CABLE
 OCT
 LIGHTNING ARRESTER
 THYRISTORS
 INTRODUCTION ABOUT POWER GRID
An electrical grid , electric or power grid ,is an interconnected network for
delivering electricity from producers to consumers. It consists of

 Generating station that produce electrical power

 High voltage transmission line that carry power from distant sources to
demand centers
 Distribution line that connect individual customers . power stations may be
located near a fuel source. At a dam site. The electric power which is
generated is stepped up to a higher voltage at which it connects to the
electric power transmission net.
 ABOUT AGRA STATION :-
Agra substation construction started during 1984 -85 under singrauli
transmission system

 400 kV switching station commissioned during 1986.

 Expansion of station from time to time to meet the load demand .
 765 kV commissioned during 2011- 12 .
 220 kV station commissioned during 2015-16.
 800 Kv HVDC stage 1 commissioned during 2015-16

One of the largest grid stations in Asia

 HVDC ( HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT)
A high- voltage , direct current(HVDC) electric power transmission
system (also called a power superhighway or an electrical
superhighway) uses direct current for the bulk transmission of electrical
power, in contrast with the more common alternating current
(AC)system. For long distance transmission , HVDC systems may be less
expensive and suffer lower electrical losses

NEED OF HVDV ( WHY 800KV HVDC):

 Need for bulk power evacuation over very long distances

 Less right of way requirements
 Lower power losses

HVDC currently uses voltages between 100kv and 800kv with an

1100kv link in china due to become operation in 2019.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)
A Current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to
reduce or multiply an alternating current (AC).It produces a current in
its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary. When
a current in a circuit is too high to directly to apply measuring
instruments a current transformer produce a reduced current
accurately proportional to the current in the circuit .

USAGE :-
 Current transformer are used extensively for measuring current
and monitoring the operation of the power grid .Along with
voltage leads .
 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage
transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step
down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for
measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form
the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device
to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step
down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The
device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high
voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which
connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be
uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack
of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage
drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.
 LIGHTENING ARRESTER

Lightning has been a source of wonder to mankind for thousands of

years. Some of the accepted facts about thunder cloud and lightning
phenomenon:

1. The height of the cloud base above the surrounding ground level may
vary from
500 to 30000 ft. the charged centres which are responsible for lightning
are in the
range of 1000 to 5000 ft.

2. The maximum charge on a cloud is of the order of 10 coulombs

which is built up exponentially over a period of perhaps many second or
even minutes.

3. The maximum potential of a cloud lies approximately within the

range of 10 MV
to 100 MV
 ELECTRIC ISOLATOR
The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit
from the system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part
of the system from rest for safe maintenance works. So the definition
of isolator can be rewritten as an isolator is a manually operated
mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power.
Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to
isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to
be opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally
used on both ends of the breaker so that repair or replacement of
circuit breaker can be done without any danger
 BUS BARS
In electric power distribution, a bus bar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip
or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and bus way
enclosures for local high current power distribution. They are also used
to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low
voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally uninsulated,
and have sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars.
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch
designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess
current from an overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse, which
operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.

Types of circuit breakers :

According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be
divided as-
1. Oil circuit breaker.
2. Air circuit breaker.
3. SF6 circuit breaker.
4. Vacuum circuit breaker.

SF6 type of circuit breaker are used in HVDC Terminal. Sulfur

hexafluoride circuit breakers protect
electrical power stations and distribution systems by interrupting
electric currents, when tripped by a protective relay. Instead of oil, air,
or a vacuum, a sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas to cool and quench the arc on opening a circuit.
 REACTORS
Reactor is a coil which has high inductive reactance as compared to its
reactance and is used to limit short circuit currents during fault
conditions. To perform this function it is essential that magnetic
saturation at high current does not reduce the coil reactance. If an iron
cored inductor is expected to costly and heavy. Therefore air cored coils
having constant inductance are generally used for current limiting
reactors.
Air-cored reactors are normally of two types:
1. Oil immersed type
2. Dry type

When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the

time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.m.f.)
(voltage) in the conductor, described by Faraday's law of induction.
According to Lenz's law, the induced voltage has a polarity (direction)
which opposes the change in current that created it. As a result,
inductors oppose any changes in current through them.
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL REACTORS

Reactor has many roles to play in electrical power system. The reactors
are normally classified according to their modes of applications. Such
as,
1. Shunt Reactor
2. Current Limiting and Neutral Earthing Reactor
3. Damping Reactor
4. Tuning Reactor
5. Earthing Transformer
6. Arc Suppression Reactor

Three phase shunt reactor is generally connected to 400KV or above

electrical bus system for capacitive reactive power compensation of the
power system and to control dynamic over voltage occurring in the
system due to load rejection. The shunt reactor should be capable of
withstanding maximum continuous operating voltage (5% higher the
rated voltage in case of 400 KV system) under normal
power frequency variation without exceeding the top spot temperature
of 150oC at any part of the shunt reactor.
 AC FILTER
Electronic filters are a type of signal processing filter in the form of
electrical circuits consisting of discrete (lumped) electronic
components. Such filters remove unwanted frequency components
from the applied signal, enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic
filters can be:
• passive or active
• analog or digital
• high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, band-stop (band-rejection; notch),
or all-pass.
• discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time
• linear or non-linear
• infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR
type)

The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters,

regardless of other aspects of their design.
 WAVE TRAP
Wave trap is used to create high impedance to the carrier wave high
frequency communication entering in to unwanted destinations
typically substation. Carrier wave communication uses up to 150kHz to
800kHz frequency to send the all the communication. These high
frequency damages the power system components which are designed
to operate 50 or 60 Hz. Wave traps are also called as line traps. It
consists of an inductor coil which is connected in series with the high
voltage power system.
It is also called "Wave trap". It is connected in series with the power
(transmission) line. It blocks the high frequency carrier waves (24 KHz
to 500 KHz) and let power waves (50Hz - 60Hz) to pass through. It is
basically an inductor of rating in milihenry.
 EARTH SWITCH
Even after isolator operation there may be some residual charges on
the bus which may harm the personnel going for maintenance. So
before commencing maintenance we have to ground the isolated bus
too to avoid any miss happenings.
Main function of earth switch is to ground the isolated bus/conductor.
It is interlinked with isolator, when isolator opens the circuit, earth
switch is closed & when isolator closes the circuit, earth switch is
opened. So, earth switches provides extra safety to the working
personnel.

ISOLATOR AND EARTH SWITCH

 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
Air handling units (AHU) are the lungs of any HVAC system. An air
handling unit is a device used to regulate and circulate air as part of the
heating, ventilation and air conditioning system. The AHU takes in
outside air, reconditions (filtered and either heated or cooled) it and
supplies it as fresh air to the air-conditioned room.

AIR HANDLING UNIT FUNCTIONS :

 Installed on a common base frame the dual air handling unit has
the following functions :
 filtering function with EU class filter
 pre- heating function with electrical heaters or central
heating coil .
 droplet separator for removal of water drop lets from
humidifier or air cooler.
 Fan function with V – belt driven centrifugal high –pressure
fan.
 Heating function with electrical heater or central heating coil

AHU IN HVDC CONSISTS OF THREE KIND OF FILTER

 PRE –FILTER(thickness 300mm)
 FINE FILTER(thickness 150mm)
 HEPA FILTER(thickness 0.3 micrometer)
VALVE HALL
A valve hall is a building which contains the valves of the static
inverters of a high-voltage direct current plant. The valves consist of
thyristors, or at older plants, mercury arc rectifiers. Mercury arc
rectifiers are usually supported by insulators mounted on the
floor, while thyristor valves may be either supported by insulators or
hung from the roof of the valve hall. The latter required a stronger
ceiling structure, however the hall and the static inverter can better
survive earthquakes compared to valve structures standing on the
floor.
A valve hall is equipped with heating and cooling equipment to control
the temperature of the mercury arc rectifiers (which operate best over
a narrow temperature range) or thyristors. The valve hall also protects
the valves from weather and dust.[1] Several valve assemblies,
connected in series for the required terminal voltage, may be installed
in the valve hall building .

THYRISTOR ARRANGEMENTS IN VALVE HALL

THYRISTOR
A thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of
alternating P- and N-type materials. It acts exclusively as a bistable
switch , conducting when the stage receives a current trigger and
continuing to conduct until the voltage across the device is reverse
biased ,or until the voltage is removed .A three lead thyristor is
designed to control the larger current of the anode to cathode path by
controlling that current with smaller currents of its other leads know as
gate.

Some source define silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) and thyristor as

synonymous other sources thyristors as more ornately constructed
device that incorporate at least four layers of alternating N type and P
type substrate.
 VALVE COOLING SYSTEM

In order to ensure the HVDC convertor valve works properly, the heat
produced from the valve must be dissipated into the atmosphere to
keep the device within the normal temperature range. However,
efficiency of the valve cooling system is affected by environment
temperature. In water deficient areas, the traditional circulating water-
cooling tower is not normally adopted. And the heat dissipation
capacity of the conventional water-air exchanger system is insufficient
in summer as the ambient temperature is higher than 40 o C.
Therefore, a cold storage system combined with air cooling system was
presented. This study and test show that the proposed cold storage
system can maintain the temperature entering into the HVDC thyristor
valve within the designed range.

SOME PARTS OF VALVE COOLING SYSTEM

 MAIN PUMP
 ION EXCHANGE TANK
 COOLING TOWER
 SAILENT FEATURE OF HVDC
➢World's First Multi-Terminal at ± 800 kV DC ➢First 800 kV
indoor dc yard 77x77x38m at Agra, largest ever

➢Longest transmission line in India , 1775 Km

➢Continuous Overload Capacity of 1.33 PU

➢Normal Power Direction (BNC & APD -→ AGR)

➢In case of outage of any one pole at Agra rest three healthy
pole can continuously work at

At Agra
Per Pole – 1500 MW
No. Of Poles at Agra- 4
Total Power – 1500X4 = 6000 MW
Continuous Overload Capacity at Agra = 1.33 PU

 In case of outage of any one pole at Agra rest three

healthy pole can continuously work at 1.33 x1500 ~ 2000
MW per pole.
 MAJOR EQUIPMENTS

 Thyristor :
 Double valve hanging structure
 Voltage Rating 8.5 kv
 Nominal current :1875 A
 Size :4 inch
 No. of thyristor per valve rectifier :5184 (108 x12 per pole)
 Inverter at AGRA : 5040 (105x 12 per pole)

TYPES OF TESTS ON EACH EQUIPMENTS

 Circuit Breaker Test

 Current Transformer Test
 Isolator Test
 CVT(capacitor voltage Transformer) Test