Trigonometric Integrals

In this section we use trigonometric identities to integrate certain combinations of trigo-

nometric functions. We start with powers of sine and cosine.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate y cos x dx.

3

SOLUTION Simply substituting u cos x isn’t helpful, since then du sin x dx. In order
to integrate powers of cosine, we would need an extra sin x factor. Similarly, a power of
sine would require an extra cos x factor. Thus, here we can separate one cosine factor
and convert the remaining cos2x factor to an expression involving sine using the identity
sin2x cos2x 1:
cos3x cos2x cos x 1 sin2x cos x
We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u sin x, so du cos x dx and

y cos x dx y cos x
3 2
cos x dx y 1 sin2x cos x dx
1
y 1 u2 du u u3 C3
1
sin x sin33x C

In general, we try to write an integrand involving powers of sine and cosine in a form
where we have only one sine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms
of cosine) or only one cosine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of sine).
The identity sin2x cos2x 1 enables us to convert back and forth between even powers of
sine and cosine.

EXAMPLE 2 Find y sin x cos x dx

5 2

SOLUTION We could convert cos2x to 1 sin2x, but we would be left with an expression
in terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor. Instead, we separate a single sine factor and
rewrite the remaining sin4x factor in terms of cos x:
sin5x cos2x sin2x 2 cos2x sin x 1 cos2x 2 cos2x sin x

Figure 1 shows the graphs of the

Substituting u cos x, we have du sin x dx and so
integrand sin5x cos2x in Example 2 and its
indefinite inte- gral (with C 0). Which is y sin x cos x dx y
5 2
sin2x 2 cos2x sin x dx
which?
0.2
y 1 cos2x 2 cos2x sin x dx

_π π
y 1 u2 2 u2 du y u2 2u4 u6 du

u u u
2 C
_0.2 3 5 7

3 5 7
1 3 2 5 1
FIGURE cos
3 x cos x5 cos7x7 C
1
1
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 3

In the preceding examples, an odd power of sine or cosine enabled us to separate a single
factor and convert the remaining even power. If the integrand contains even powers of both
sine and cosine, this strategy fails. In this case, we can take advantage of the fol- lowing
half-angle identities (see Equations 17b and 17a in Appendix C):
1 1
sin2x2 1 cos 2x and cos2x 12 cos 2x

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate y0
sin2x dx.

SOLUTION If we write sin2x 1 cos2x, the integral is no simpler to evaluate. Using the
half-angle formula for sin2x, however, we have

y sin2 x dx 2
1
y 1 cos 2x dx 2 (x 2 sin 2x) [ 1 1
] 0
0 1
2 (
0
2 sin 2 ) 2 (0 2 sin 0) 2
1 1 1 1

Notice that we mentally made the substitution u 2x when integrating cos 2x. Another
method for evaluating this integral was given in Exercise 33 in Section 5.6.
1.5

y=sin@ x

Example 3 shows that the area of

the

region shown in Figure 2.

2 is
0 π

FIGURE _0.5
2

EXAMPLE 4 Find y sin x dx.

4

SOLUTION We could evaluate this integral using the reduction formula for x sinnx dx
(Equation 5.6.7) together with Example 3 (as in Exercise 33 in Section 5.6), but a better
method is to write sin4x sin2x 2 and use a half-angle formula:

y sin x dx y 4
sin2x 2 dx
2
1 cos 2 x
y 2
dx
1
4 y 1 2 cos 2x cos2 2x dx

Since cos2 2x occurs, we must use another half-angle formula

1
cos2 2x 12 cos 4x
This gives
1
y sin x dx y
4
4 1 2 cos 2x 2 1 1 cos 4x dx

1
4 y( 3
2 2 cos 2x 2 cos 4x) dx
1

1 3
4 2 ( x sin 2x 8 sin 4x) C
1

To summarize, we list guidelines to follow when evaluating integrals of the

form
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 4
x sinmx cosnx dx, where m 0 and n 0 are integers.
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 5

Strategy for Evaluating y sinmx cosnx dx

(a) If the power of cosine is odd n 2k 1 , save one cosine factor and use
cos2x 1 sin2x to express the remaining factors in terms of sine:

y sin x cos
m 2k 1
x dx y sin x m
cos2x k cos x dx

y sin x m
1 sin2x k cos x dx

Then substitute u sin x.

(b) If the power of sine is odd m 2k 1 , save one sine factor and use
sin2x 1 cos2x to express the remaining factors in terms of cosine:

y sin 2k 1
x cosnx dx y sin2x k cosnx sin x dx

y 1 cos2x k cosnx sin x dx

Then substitute u cos x. [Note that if the powers of both sine and cosine are
odd, either (a) or (b) can be used.]
(c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the half-angle identities
1 1
sin2x2 1 cos 2x cos2x 12 cos 2x

It is sometimes helpful to use the identity

1
sin x cos x sin
2 2x

We can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form x tanmx secnx dx. Since
d dx tan x sec2x, we can separate a sec2x factor and convert the remaining (even)
power of secant to an expression involving tangent using the identity sec 2x 1 tan2x. Or,
since d dx sec x sec x tan x, we can separate a sec x tan x factor and convert the remaining
(even) power of tangent to secant.

EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate y tan x sec x dx.

6 4

SOLUTION If we separate one sec2x factor, we can express the remaining sec2x factor in
terms of tangent using the identity sec2x 1 tan2x. We can then evaluate the integral by
substituting u tan x with du sec2x dx:

y tan x sec x dx y tan x sec x sec x dx

6 4 6 2 2

y tan x 6
1 tan2x sec2x dx

yu 6
1 u2 du y u6 u8 du

u7 u9
C
7 9
1 1
7 tan7x 9 tan9x C
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 6

EXAMPLE 6 Find y sec7 d .

tan5

SOLUTION If we separate a factor, as in the preceding example, we are left with

sec2

a sec5 factor, which isn’t easily converted to tangent. However, if we separate a

sec tan factor, we can convert the remaining power of tangent to an expression

involving only secant using the identity tan2 sec2 1. We can then evaluate the

integral by substituting u sec , so du sec tan d :

y tan 5
sec7 d y tan 4
sec6 sec tan d

y sec2 1 2 sec6 sec tan d

y u2 1 2 u6 du y u10 2u8 u6 du

u11 u9 u7
2 C
11 9 7
1 11 2 9 1 7
11 sec sec
9 sec
7 C

The preceding examples demonstrate strategies for evaluating integrals of the

form
x tanmx secnx dx for two cases, which we summarize here.

Strategy for Evaluating y tanmx secnx dx

(a) If the power of secant is even n 2k, k 2 , save a factor of sec2x and use
sec2x 1 tan2x to express the remaining factors in terms of tan x:

y tan x sec
m 2k
x dx y tan x m
sec2x k 1 sec2x dx

y tan x m
1 tan2x k 1 sec2x dx

Then substitute u tan x.

(b) If the power of tangent is odd m 2k 1 , save a factor of sec x tan x and use
tan2x sec2x 1 to express the remaining factors in terms of sec x:

y tan 2k 1
x secnx dx y tan2x k secn 1x sec x tan x dx

y sec2x 1 k secn 1x sec x tan x dx

Then substitute u sec x.

 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 7

For other cases, the guidelines are not as clear-cut. We may need to use identities, inte-
gration by parts, and occasionally a little ingenuity. We will sometimes need to be able to
integrate tan x by using the formula established in Example 5 in Section 5.5:

y tan x dx ln sec x C
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 8

We will also need the indefinite integral of secant:

1 y sec x dx ln sec x tan x C

We could verify Formula 1 by differentiating the right side, or as follows. First we multi-
ply numerator and denominator by sec x tan x:

sec x tan x
y sec x dx y sec x sec x tan x
dx

sec2x sec x tan x

y sec x tan x
dx

If we substitute u sec x tan x, then du sec x tan x sec2x dx, so the integral
becomes x 1 u du ln u C. Thus, we have

y sec x dx ln sec x tan x C

EXAMPLE 7 Find y tan x dx.

3

SOLUTION Here only tan x occurs, so we use tan2x sec2x 1 to rewrite a tan2x factor in
terms of sec2x:

y tan x dx y tan x tan x dx

3 2

y tan x sec2x 1 dx

y tan x sec x dx y tan x dx

2

tan2x
ln sec x C
2
In the first integral we mentally substituted u tan x so that du sec2x dx.

If an even power of tangent appears with an odd power of secant, it is helpful to express
the integrand completely in terms of sec x. Powers of sec x may require integration
by parts, as shown in the following example.

EXAMPLE 8 Find y sec x dx.

3

SOLUTION Here we integrate by parts with

u sec x dv sec2x dx du
sec x tan x dx v tan x
Then y 3
sec x dx sec x tan x y sec x tan x dx
2

sec x tan x y sec x sec2x 1 dx

sec x tan x y sec x dx y sec x dx

3
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 9

6 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Using Formula 1 and solving for the required integral, we get

y sec x dx (sec x tan x

3
2
1
ln sec x tan x ) C

Integrals such as the one in the preceding example may seem very special but
they occur frequently in applications of integration, as we will see in Chapter 6. Integrals
of
the form x cotmx cscnx dx can be found by similar methods because of the identity

1 cot2x csc2x.
Finally, we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:

2 To evaluate the integrals (a) x sin mx cos nx dx, (b) x sin mx sin nx dx, or
(c) x cos mx cos nx dx, use the corresponding identity:
1
These product identities are (a) sin A cos B sin
2 A B sin A B
discussed in 1
Appendix C. (b) sin A sin B cos
2 A B cos A B

1
(c) cos A cos B cos
2 A B cos A B

EXAMPLE 9 Evaluate y sin 4x cos 5x dx.

SOLUTION This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but it’s easier to
use the identity in Equation 2(a) as follows:
1
y sin 4x cos 5x dx y 2 sin x sin 9x dx

1
2 y sin x sin 9x dx

1
2 (cos x 1
9 cos 9x C

Exercises

A Click here for S Click here for

15. y sin3x scos x dx 16. y cos cos5 sin d
answers. solutions.

1–47 Evaluate the integral. 17. y cos2x tan3x dx 18. y cot5 sin4 d

1. y sin3x cos2x dx 2. y sin6x cos3x dx 1 sin x

19. y cos x
dx 20. y cos2x sin 2x dx
3 4 2
5 3 5

3. y 2
sin x cos x dx 4. y0 cos x dx
21. y sec2x tan x dx 22. y
2
sec4 t 2 dt

5. y cos x sin x dx
5 4
6. y sin 3
mx dx
23. y tan2x dx 24. y tan4x dx
2 2
2 2 4
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 10
7. y0 cos d 8. y0 sin 2 d 25. y sec6t dt 26. y0 sec4 tan4 d

9. y0 sin4 3t dt 10. y0 cos6 d 27.

3
tan5 x sec4 x dx 28. y tan3 2x sec5 2x dx
y0

3
11. y 1 cos 2
d 12. y x cos2x dx 29. y tan3x sec x dx 30. y0 tan5x sec6x dx

4 2 5 6
4 2 2 2
13. y0 sin x cos x dx 14. y0 sin x cos x dx 31. y tan x dx 32. y tan ay dy
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 11

tan 3 ; 57–58 Use a graph of the integrand to guess the value of the
33. y cos4 d 34. y tan2x sec x dx integral. Then use the methods of this section to prove that your
guess is correct.
2 2 2 3 2 2
3

35. y 6
cot x dx 36. y 4
cot x dx 57. cos x dx 58. y0 sin x cos 5 x dx
y0 2

37. y cot3 csc3 d 38. y csc4x cot6x dx

59–62 Find the volume obtained by rotating the region bounded
by the given curves about the specified axis.
3 3 59. y sin x, x 2, x , y 0; about the x-axis
39. y csc x dx 40. y 6
csc x dx
60. y tan2x, y 0, x 0, x 4; about the x-axis

41. y sin 5x sin 2x dx 42. y sin 3x cos x dx 61. y cos x, y 0, x 0, x 2; about y 1

62. y cos x, y 0, x 0, x 2; about y 1

cos x sin x 

43. y cos 7 cos 5 d 44. y sin 2x

dx
63. A particle moves on a straight line with velocity function
1 tan x 2
dx vt sin t cos 2 t. Find its position function s f t if
45. y
sec2x
dx 46. y cos x 1
f 0 0.

64. Household electricity is supplied in the form of alternating

current that varies from 155 V to 155 V with a frequency
47. y t sec2 t2 tan4 t2 dt of 60 cycles per second (Hz). The voltage is thus given by
the equation


E t 155 sin 120 t

48. If x 4
tan6x sec x dx I, express the value of
0 where t is the time in seconds. Voltmeters read the RMS (root-
x0 4 8
tan x sec x dx in terms of I. mean-square) voltage, which is the square root of the average
value of E t 2 over one cycle.
Evaluate the indefinite integral. Illustrate, and check that (a) Calculate the RMS voltage of household current.
; 49–52
your answer is reasonable, by graphing both the integrand and its (b) Many electric stoves require an RMS voltage of 220 V.
antiderivative (taking C 0 . Find the corresponding amplitude A needed for the voltage

Et A sin 120 t .

49. y sin5x dx 50. y sin4x cos4x dx 65–67 Prove the formula, where m and n are positive integers.

4 x 65. y sin mx cos nx dx 0

51. y sin 3x sin 6x dx y sec
52. dx

2 0 if m n

66. y sin mx sin nx dx
if m n

the interval , . 67. y cos mx cos nx dx

53. Find the average value of the function f x sin2x cos3x on 0 if m n

if m n
54. Evaluate x sin x cos x dx by four methods: (a) the substitution 

u cos x, (b) the substitution u sin x, (c) the identity 68. A finite Fourier series is given by the sum
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x, and (d) integration by parts. Explain the N
different appearances of the answers. f x an sin nx
n1

55–56 Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves. a1 sin x a2 sin 2x aN sin Nx
56. y 2 x 0,
55. y sin x, sin x, y sin3x, y 2 sin x, x 0,
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 12
x 2
Show that is given
x 2 the mth by the
coefficient formula
am
1


am y f x sin mx dx
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 13

8 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Answers
1 5 2 3
49. cos
5 x cos
3 x cos x C
S Click here for
1.1
solutions. ƒ
1 1 11
1. cos5x cos3x C 3. F
5 3 384

5.
1
sin5x 2
sin7x 1
sin9x C 7. 4 9. 3 8 _2π 2π
5 7 9
3 1
11. 2 2 sin sin 2
4 C 13. 3 4 192

15. (27 cos3x 2

cos
3 x)scos x C 1.1
2
51. sin 3x sin 9x C

1 1 1
17. cos2x ln cos x C 19. ln 1 sin x C 6 18

1
21. 2 tan2x C 23. tan x x C 1
1 5 2 3 117
25. tan t tan t tan t C 27.
5 3 8 ƒ
1
29. 3 sec3x sec x C F
1 _2 2
31. 4 sec4x tan2x ln sec x C

1 1
33. 6 tan6 tan4
4 C 35. s3 3

1 1
37. 3 csc3 csc5
5 C 39. ln csc x cot x C 1

1 1 1 1
41. sin 3x sin 7x C 43. sin 2 sin 12 C 1
6 14 4 24 2 2
53. 0 55. 3 57. 0 59. 4 61. 2 4
1 1 5 2
45. 2 sin 2x C 47. 10 tan t C 63. s 1 cos3 t 3
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 14

Solutions: Trigonometric Integrals

s c
The symbols = and = indicate the use of the substitutions {u = sin x, du = cos x dx} and {u = cos x, du = − sin x dx},
respectively.
R R R¡ ¢ R¡ ¢
1. sin3 x cos2 x dx = − 2 x cos2 x sin x dx =c
sin2 x cos2 x sin x dx = 1 cos 1 u−2 u2( du)−
R¡ ¢ R¡ ¢
= u2 − 1 u2 du = u4 − u2 du = 1 u5 −5 1 u3 +3C = 1 cos5 x5 − 1 cos3 x +
3 C
R 3π/4 5 3 3π/4 5 2 3π/4 5 2
3. R π/2 R π/2 ¡ ¢
π/2 sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx = sin x 1 − sin x cos x dx

s R √2/2 5
¡ ¢ 2
R √2/2 5 7
¢ £ 1 6 1 8¤ √2/2
= ¡u
1 u 1 − u du = 1 − u du = 6 u − 8 u 1

³ ´
1 ¢ 11 1/8 1/16 ¡1
=
− 8 = − 384 6 − 8 − 6
R R R ¡ ¢2 R s¡ ¢ 2
5. cos5 x sin4 x dx = cos4 x sin4 x cos x dx = 1 − sin2 x sin4 x cos x dx = 1 − u2 u4 du

R ¡ ¢ R ¡ 4 ¢
= 1 − 2u2 + u4 u4 du = u − 2u6 + u8 du = 1 u5 −52 u7 + 17 u9 + C9
1 5 2 7 1 9
=
5 sin x − 7 sin x + 9 sin x+C
R π/2 2 π/2 1
7. R
2 (1
0 cos θ dθ = + cos 2θ) dθ [half-angle identity]
0
£ ¤π/2 £¡ π ¢ ¤ π
= 1
2 θ + 1 2sin 2θ 0
= 1
2 +2 0 − (0 + 0) = 4

Rπ R π£ ¤2 ¤2
Rπ R π£ 1
9. 0 sin4(3t) dt = 0 sin2(3t) dt = 0 (1
2 − cos 6t) dt =
1 2
4(1 0− 2 cos 6t + cos 6t) dt
R £ ¤ R ¡ ¢
= 14 0π 1 − 2 cos 6t + 1 2(1 + cos 12t) dt = 1 4 π 03 −22 cos 6t + 1 cos2 12t dt
£3 ¤ π £¡ ¢ ¤ 3π
2t
= 1
4 − 3 1sin 6t + 24 sin
1
12t 0 = 4 1 2 − 0+ 0 − (0 − 0+ 0) =
3π
8

R R R
11. (1 + cos θ)2 dθ = (1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ) dθ = θ +2 sin θ + 1 (1
2
+ cos 2θ) dθ
= θ +2 sin θ + θ2+ sin
4 2θ + C =
1 1 3
θ +22 sin θ + 1 sin 2θ4 + C
R π/4 π/4 π/4 1
13. 4 2 R 2 2 R ¡1 ¢2
0 sin x cos x dx = sin x (sin x cos x) dx = 0
2
(1 − cos 2x) 2
sin 2x dx
0
1
R π/4 2 1 R π/4 2 1R π/4 2
= 8 0 (1 − cos 2x) sin 2x dx = 8 0
sin 2x dx − 8 0
sin 2x cos 2x dx

1
R π/4 1 1 3 π/4 1 1 1 3 π/4
= £ ¤ £ ¤
16 0
(1 − cos 4x) dx − 16 3
sin 2x 0 = 16 x− 4 sin 4x − 3sin 2x 0

1 π
¡ ¢
= 16 4
− 0 − 31 = 1
192
(3π − 4)
R √ R ¡ ¢√ Rc ¡ ¢ R ³ 5/2 ´
15. sin3 x cos x dx = 1 − cos2 x cos x sin x dx = 1 − u2 u1/2 (−du) = u − u1/2 du
2 7/2 2 3/2 2 7/2 2 3/2
=
7u − 3u +C= 7 (cos x) − 3 (cos x) +C

¢√
7 cos x − 3 cos x cos x + C
¡2 3 2
=
Z Z Z ¡ ¢ Z · ¸
2 3 sin3 x c 1 − u2 (−du) −1
17. cos x tan x dx = dx = = + u du
cos x u u
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 15

= − ln |u| + 1 u22 + C = 1
cos2 2 x − ln |cos x| + C
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 16
10 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

Z Z · ¸
1 − sin x by (1) and the boxed
19. dx = (sec x − tan x) dx = ln |sec x + tan x| − ln |sec x| + C
cos x formula above it

= ln |(sec x + tan x) cos x| + C = ln |1+ sin x| + C

= ln (1 + sin x)+ C since 1+ sin x ≥ 0
Z Z Z ¡ ¢ Z
1 − sin x 1 − sin x 1+ sin x 1 − sin2 x dx cos x dx
Or: dx = · dx = =
cos x cos x 1+ sin x cos x (1 + sin x) 1+ sin x
Z
dw
= [where w = 1 + sin x, dw = cos x dx]
w
= ln |w| + C = ln |1+ sin x| + C = ln (1 + sin x)+ C
R R
21. Let u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx. Then sec2 x tan x dx = u du = 1 u2 2+ C = 1 tan22x + C.
R R
Or: Let v = sec x, dv = sec x tan x dx. Then sec2 x tan x dx = v dv = 1 v2 2+ C = 1 sec22x + C.
R R ¡ 2 ¢
23. tan2 x dx = sec x − 1 dx = tan x − x + C
R R R R
25. sec6 t dt = sec4 t · sec2 t dt = (tan2 t + 1)2 sec2 t dt = (u2 + 1)2 du [u = tan t, du = sec2 t dt]
R
= (u4 + 2u2 + 1) du 5= 1
u5 3+ 2 u3 + u + C = 1
5 tan5 t + 2 tan
3
3
t + tan t + C
R π/3 π/3
27. 5 4 R 5 2 2

0 tan x sec x dx = 0 tan x (tan x + 1) sec x dx

√

R 3
= 0
u5 (u2 + 1) du [u = tan x, du = sec 2
x dx]
√ √

R 1 8 1 ¤ 81 27 81 9 81 36 117
3 7 5 8 6 3
=
£ 0
0 (u + u ) du = u + 6u 0
= 8 + 6 = 8 +2 = 8 + 8 = 8
Alternate solution:
R π/3 5 4 R π/3 4 R π/3
0 tan x sec x dx = tan x sec3 x sec x tan x dx = (sec
2
x − 1)2 sec
3
x sec x tan x dx
0
R2
= 1
(u2 − 1)2 u3 du [u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx]
R2 4 R 2
= 1 (u
− 2u2 + 1)u3 du = 1 (u
7
− 2u 5 + u3 ) du

£1 8 1 6 1
¤
4 2 64 1 1 1 117
=
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
8u − 3u + 4u 1 = 32 − 3
+4 − 8
−3 +4 = 8

R R R ¡ 2 ¢
29. tan3 x sec x dx = tan2 x sec x tan x dx = sec x − 1 sec x tan x dx
R
= (u2 − 1) du [u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx]
= 3u
1 3
−u+C= 3
1
sec 3
x − sec x + C

R R ¡ 2 ¢ 2 R R R
31. tan5 x dx = sec x − 1 tan x dx = sec4 x tan x dx − 2 sec2 x tan x dx + tan x dx

R R R
= sec3 x sec x tan x dx − 2 tan x sec2 x dx + tan x dx
1 4 2 1 4 2
= sec x − tan x + ln |sec x| + C [or 4 sec x − sec x + ln |sec x| + C ]
4

Z Z Z
tan3 θ
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 17
33. dθ = tan3 θ sec4 θ dθ = tan3 θ · (tan2 θ + 1) · sec2 θ dθ
cos4 θ

R
= u3(u2 + 1) du [u = tan θ, du = sec2 θ dθ]
R
= (u5 + u3) du = 1
u66 + 1 u44 + C = 1
tan66θ + 1 tan4 θ4+ C
R π/2 2 π/2 2 π/2 π
√ π
√ π
35. R π/6 ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
π/6 cot x dx = csc x − 1 dx = [− cot x − x]π/6 = 0− 2
− − 3− 6
= 3− 3

R R R
37. cot3 α csc3 α dα = cot2 α csc2 α · csc α cot α dα = (csc2 α − 1) csc2 α · csc α cot α dα
R
= (u2 − 1)u2 · (−du) [u = csc α, du = − csc α cot α dα]
R 2 4
= (u − u ) du = 1
u33 − u5 5+ C =
1 1
csc33 α − 1 csc5 α5 + C
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 18

Z Z Z
csc x (csc x − cot x) − csc x cot x + csc2 x
39. I = csc x dx = dx = dx. Let u = csc x − cot x ⇒
csc x − cot x csc x − cot x
¡ ¢ R
du = − csc x cot x + csc2 x dx. Then I = du/u = ln |u| = ln |csc x − cot x| + C.

41. Use Equation 2(b):

R R R
sin 5x sin 2x dx = 12 [cos(5x − 2x) − cos(5x + 2x)] dx = 1
2 (cos 3x − cos 7x) dx
= 1
6 sin 3x − 141 sin 7x + C

43. Use Equation 2(c):

R R R
cos 7θ cos 5θ dθ = 2 [cos(7θ
1
− 5θ)+ cos(7θ + 5θ)] dθ = 1 2 (cos 2θ + cos 12θ) dθ
¡ ¢
= 2
1 1
2
sin 2θ + 12 1sin 12θ + C = 4 sin
1
2θ + 24 sin
1
12θ + C
Z Z ¡ Z
1 − tan2 x ¢ 1
45. dx = cos2 x − sin2 x dx = cos 2x dx =
2
sin 2x + C
sec2 x

47. Let u = tan(t2) ⇒ du = 2t sec2(t2) dt. Then

R ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢ R ¡ ¢
t sec2 t2 tan4 t2 dt = u4 1 du2 = 1 u510+ C = 1
tan105(t2)+ C.

49. Let u = cos x ⇒ du = − sin x dx. Then

R R ¡ ¢2 R ¡ ¢2
sin5 x dx = 1 − cos2 x sin x dx = 1 − u2 (−du)
R¡ ¢
= −1+ 2u2 − u4 du = − 1 u5 + 2 u3 − u + C
5 3

1 5 2 3
= − 5cos x + cos
3 x − cos x + C
Notice that F is increasing when f (x) > 0, so the graphs serve as a
check on our work.
R R
2 [cos(3x − 6x) − cos(3x + 6x)] dx
1
51. sin 3x sin 6x dx =
R
= 1
2 (cos 3x − cos 9x) dx
= 1
6 sin 3x − 181 sin 9x + C
Notice that f(x) = 0 whenever F has a horizontal tangent.

1
Rπ 2 3 1
Rπ 2
¡ 2
¢
53. fave = x cos x dx = 1 − sin x cos x dx
2π −π sin 2π −π sin x

R0 ¡ ¢
= 1
2π 0 u2 1 − u2 du [where u = sin x]
=0

55. For 0 < x < π ,2 we have 0 < sin x < 1, so sin 3 x < sin x. Hence the area is
R π/2 ¡ ¢ R π/2 ¡ ¢ R π/2
0 sin x − sin3 x dx = 2
0sin x 1 − sin x dx = cos02 x sin x dx. Now let u = cos x ⇒
R0 2 R1 2 £ 1 3¤ 1
du = − sin x dx. Then area = u (−du) = u du = u = 1.
1 0 3 0 3
R 2π
57. It seems from the graph that 0
cos3 x dx = 0, since the area below the
x-axis and above the graph looks about equal to the area above the axis
and below the graph. By Example 1, the integral is
£ ¤2π
sin x − 1 3sin3 x 0 = 0. Note that due to symmetry, the integral of
any odd power of sin x or cos x between limits which differ by 2nπ
(n any integer) is 0.
 TRIGONOMETRIC
INTEGRALS 19

Rπ Rπ £ ¤π ¡π ¢ 2
59. V = π sin2 x dx = π 1
(1 − cos 2x) dx = π 1 x − 1 sin 2x =π −0−π +0 = π

π/2 π/2 2 2 4 π/2 2 4 4

R π/2 £ 2 ¤ R π/2 ¡ ¢
61. Volume = π 0 (1 + cos x) − 12 dx = π 2
0 2 cos x + cos x dx
£ ¤π/2 ¡ π¢ π2
= π 2 sin x + 1 x2 + 1 sin
4 2x 0= π 2+ = 2π4 + 4
Rt 2
63. s = f(t) = sin
0
ωu cos ωu du. Let y = cos ωu ⇒ dy = −ω sin ωu du. Then
R cos ωt 2 £1 1 3¤cos ωt 1 ¡ ¢
s=− 1
y dy = − y 1
3
= 3ω 1 − cos ωt .
ω 1 ω 3

65. Just note that the integrand is odd [f(−x) = −f(x)].

Or: If m = n, calculate
Rπ Rπ
−π 2 [sin(m
−π sin mx cos nx dx = 1
− n)x + sin(m + n)x] dx
· ¸ π
1 cos(m − n)x cos(m + n)x
= − − =0
2 m−n m+n −π

If m = n, then the first term in each set of brackets is zero.

R Rπ 1
67. cos mx cos nx dx = [cos(m − n)x + cos(m + n)x] dx. If m = n,
π

−π −π 2
· ¸ π
1 sin(m − n)x sin(m + n)x
this is equal to + = 0. If m = n, we get
2 m−n m+n −π
· ¸ π
Rπ 1
£ 1 ¤π sin(m + n)x
−π 2
[1 + cos(m + n)x] dx = x −π
2 + = π +0 = π.
2(m + n) −π