CASE 9: INFERTILITY
INFERTILITY
 Failure to conceive of 1 year of unprotected sexual
contact meaning the couple is not practicing any
artificial or natural form of family planning
 IF >35: investigation should begin AFTER 6 months
Classification:
1. Primary - Never had any pregnancy
2. Secondary – Had been pregnant either abnormal or
normal as G1P0 (0010) or G1P1 (1001)
 As long as the woman got pregnant regardless of the
outcome of the pregnancy labeled as GRAVIDITY.
Regardless of whether it is primary or secondary, it will
follow a similar pattern.
History Taking:
 First visit: Ideally should be a couple,
 First part: Investigative: who is at fault?
 First explain: Physiology
 IMPT: Correct attitude of the couple – PATIENCE
 The past history may give inkling, like if the
menstrual history is very erratic chances are the
woman in anovulatory. Even if by menstrual history,
I know she is anovulatory, I cannot give outright
anovulatory drugs. Why? I will make her ovulate but
if her tubes are obstructed, ovulation is useless.
General Data:
 Age
 Female: Fertility rate by age 30 goes down by 50%
 Male: Perhaps on the 60’s related to erectile
dysfunction, esp. if diabetic becoming impotent
 Occupation: Male (Hot Seats, OFW – gone for
several years)
HPI:
 It’s not about how long have you been married but
how long have you been together? How long have
you indulge in sexual activity?
 What do you do to try to get pregnant?
Sexual Hx:
 Frequency of sexual contact. The normal average
should be 2 – 3x/week due to the 72 hours lifespan
of the sperm inside the uterine cavity for continuous
supply of sperm. It must be per week because you
are actually given a day to get pregnant in a month
(time the woman ovulates). So if you have contact
day before ovulation, the sperm is expected to live
until the day of ovulation.
 Problem: Dyspareunia (Sx: Endometriosis)
 After sexual contact the seminal fluid has nowhere
to go except to come out from the vagina on the
premise the sperm cells have already migrated into
the uterine cavity & perhaps into the fallopian tube.
The seminal fluid is not expected to go inside the
cervix.
 OFW: be discrete in asking questions. Have you had
a child with another or STID?
Menstrual Hx:
 Menarche, succeeding menstruation, interval
between the cycle (28 , 28 – 32, 32 – 35)
 IMPT to know: interval of the cycles to be able to
predict when ovulation will occur.
o In 28 day cycle: Expected ovulation D14
nd
because the 2 half of the cycle is more
constant due to lifespan of Corpus luteum.
o In 35 day cycle: Expected ovulation D21
Past Personal History
 Especially for the male, ask for childhood diseases
particularly "MUMPS ORCHITIS"
Past Medical History:
 Previous abdominal & pelvic surgeries
(appendectomy, ovarian surgery, laparoscopy):
Assess risk for adhesions (Peritoneal factor)
Physical Exam:
Aside from pelvic examination, is there any particular
organ needed to check?
Breasts:
 Breast changes During Menses
 Breast changes are affected by which hormone is
predominant. Right after the menstrual cycle the
breast are non-tender & less engorged. But as you
go to the secretory phase, with the effects of E + P,
breasts become fuller & tender.
 That’s why during PE, do not examine the breast
pre-menstrual. Take note when was the LMP?
 Example: LMP - June 25. Today - July 23 Perhaps in a
day or so, she is expected to get her period. If she
has OVULATORY cycles, you will expect to feel more
engorged tender breast.
 IMPT: PREMENSTRUAL gives inkling that her cycles
are OVULATORY.
Thyroid Gland:
 HYPO/ HYPERTHYROIDISM
 Ask for PMH, Signs & Symptoms
There are 3 basic work-up for infertility:
1. Male Factor: Semen Analysis
2. Tubal Factor: Test for Tubal Patency
3. Ovarian Factor: Documentation of Ovulation
MALE FACTOR (Semen Analysis):
 Male Factor: 40% cause of infertility (Dr. PPP & PGH)
th
25% (Katz Book 6 Ed)
 Mumps – Adults: Swelling of Testes
 Infections – STD: Testes, vas deferens, epididymis
 Diabetes – Affects the nerves
 Exposure to radiation & chemotherapeutic agents

st
1 thing to do: Semen Analysis (volume, sperm
count, motility & morphology)
Table 41-4 Lower Fifth Percentile Values in Fertile Men
Parameter Value Problems
Semen volume (mL) 1.5
Sperm concentration (million/mL) 15
Total number (million/ejaculate) 39 Oligo/Azoospermia
Total motility (%) 40 Asthenospermia
Progressive motility (%) 32
Normal forms (%) 4 Teratospermia
 Requirement: 2- 3 days of abstinence (natural:
sexual contact & artificial: masturbation)
 GOOD: 30 M, 50% motile
 NOT GOOD: 50 M, 10% motile
 If abnormal: REFER to URO (Infertility Specialist)
http://www.rrc.com/docs/Testing_Male-Fact.pdf
Book:
Best to examine within 2 hours
Liquefaction: 15 – 20 minutes after ejaculation
Sperm morphology: Kruger Criteria
TUBAL FACTOR (Tubal Patency):
 History needed for tubal patency: previous
operation like appendectomy (formation of
adhesions) or endometriosis (peritubal adhesions)
 PID, Thyroid Fever, TB Salphingitis
Test for Tubal patency:
1. Hysterosalphingography, a radiologic procedure by
introduction (injection under fluoroscopy) of
contrast material (black dye) through the cervix, fill
up the uterus, traverse to the tube & out to the
pelvic cavity
Done a week AFTER menstruation
Give prophylactic antibiotics at time of HSG:
Doxycycline 100mg BID for 3 days (will last for 4
days)
http://www.rrc.com/docs/hsg.pdf
2. Sonohysterogram or sonohysterography: inject
saline to the cervix, filling up the endometrial cavity.
What will you see will be the turbulence due to the
exit of saline through the tube
UTZ: Fluid in the cul de sac
3. Laparoscopy + Chromotubation
 Chromotubation is very similar to hysterogram
except the dye is a colored dye usually methylene
blue (need to have a vision of pelvic cavity directly)
 Can also be: Laparotomy + Chromotubation- Open
abdomen
Among the 3 tests for tubal patency, the most basic
test used is HSG.
But if patient is OLDER: Age 35 – 36, do a more
aggressive work up, proceed straightforward to L + C to
be able demonstrate peri-tubal adhesions & outright lyse
the adhesions.
Other Notes:
 If tubes are patent: IUI
 If tubes are not patent: Microsurgery, Salphingectomy, IVF
OVARIAN FACTOR (Documentation of Ovulation)
Presumptive Evidences of Ovulation:
1. Menstrual History
To know if the cycle is ovulatory: Start by Menstrual Hx
 If the cycles are regular, periodic & predictable,
these are usually preceded with PREMENSTRUAL
MOLIMINA which predicts the impending ovulation &
subsequent menstruation.
 Premenstrual Molimina: are the symptoms,
sensations, feelings, & observations, such as
bloating, headaches, nausea, ovulatory pain, &
breast tenderness that many women experience
during the premenstrual phase of their cycles.
2. Changes in Cervical Mucus: Spinnbarkeit & Ferning
 There are certain predictors of ovulation. Looking
back at physiology:
 After menstruation there will be a rise in estrogen in
FOLLICULAR PHASE under the effect of FSH. The
follicles will start producing Estrogen causing
proliferation of endometrium. Because of the peak
in E just before the menses (D12-D13) there will be
CHANGES IN THE CERVICAL MUCUS. The cervical mucus
will undergo 2 changes:
Spinnbarkeit reaction Ferning test
Pre- Mucus is clear, watery & easily Estrogen
ovulatory stretched
Post- Mucus is whitish/ opaque, can Progesterone
ovulatory break, beaded
 If you notice these changes, then most likely you
might be having ovulatory cycles so this is the time
to schedule for contact.
 These will not tell that a woman, she is going to
ovulate. It will only tell the presence of high E level
that will be the trigger for the secretion of LH.
Remember, ovulation is the effect of LH surge.
3. Biphasic Basal Body Temperature
 Not used anymore

O O
After menses: 36.8 C - 36.9 C
 After ovulation: rise due to thermogenic effect of
PROGESTERONE,
O
If the woman will have her menses: DROP in C
If the woman will be pregnant: continuous rise
because of the progesterone coming from the
Corpus Luteum & eventually to be taken over
by the placenta
 Presence of Biphasic rise in temperature will tell
most likely she has ovulatory cycle
 Use: Ovulation thermometer which only have 36 -
O
38 C. As soon as the patient wakes up, sticks it
under the tongue & document daily (D1 to Last Day
of menses)
Documentation of Ovulation:
4. Serial Follicular Monitoring
 Most practical (Sonographic)
 In a patient with a regular cycle, try to look at the
ovary starting D12. UTZ will tell if there is a
dominant follicle which measures: 16 mm to 18.5
mm at D14. Then if at D16: < 10 mm, that will tell
that the woman must have ovulated.
 If you know at what diameter the follicle will
rupture, you’ll be able to predict when she is going
to ovulate. A dominant follicle measuring 18 - 22
mm will most likely ovulate.
 Take note of:
i. ↓ in Size of the Dominant Follicle
ii. Presence of the Fluid in the Cul de sac because
with the extrusion of the egg from the ovary,
there will be a leakage of the antrum folliculi
that will stay in the cul de sac.
iii. Change in the Endometrial Lining. If the woman
ovulated in D14 – 15, by D16 observe the
changes in the endometrial lining from
Proliferative to SECRETORY PHASE.
5. Endometrial biopsy
 The presence of secretory endometrium telling that
a woman had ovulated because a woman will never
have a secretory endometrium in the absence of
progesterone.
6. Serum progesterone assay
 ↑ Progesterone: woman must have ovulated
Most will use serial follicular monitoring to
determine whether ovulation has taken place or not.
Ovulation
 TVS: Antral Follicle Count (>5 follicle/ ovary)
 AMH – Most sensitive, secreted by granulosa
 ↑ Age: ↑ FSH ↓ AMH
 LH Level: Urine Kit
Unexplained infertility/ Idiopathic
 IF Normal Basic work – ups
 Do Laparoscopy + Chromopertubation: Check for Lesions
 TX: Clomiphene, IUI, IVF (IF >35: do IVF Right Away)
TREATMENT:
If the 3 basic work–ups results are normal, the treatment
may simply start by telling the couple when the RIGHT
time to have contact is/ TIMING of sexual contact.
IF Ovarian Factor: Anovulation
 PCOS (Rotterdam Criteria 2/3: Infertility,
Hyperandrogenism, Chronic Anovulation)
 Thyroid, Hyperprolactinemia
 TX: Induction of ovulation, Ovulatory drugs
1. Clomiphene Citrate (ANTI-ESTROGEN)
 Most popular drug to induce ovulation
 Family of Tamoxifen
 Works if there is ENOUGH Estrogen
 Will not work IF lacks E2
 Easy to administer:, 50 mg - 150 mg taken on D3 -
D7 of the cycle per orem (worth: P280)
 Do an UTZ to monitor the response
Hypothalamus
•GnRH
Pituitary
•FSH & LH
Ovarian
•Estrogen & Progesterone
 Pituitary Glands will produce the gonadotropic
hormones: FSH & LH which will act on the ovaries
for the stimulation & development of the follicles.
These follicles would produce E.
 Too much E would trigger the Negative Feedback
mechanism to stop the production of FSH.
Clomiphene Citrate Stimulation:
 No negative feedback mechanism
 Level of E will not be increase due to the anti-
estrogenic effect. So the hypothalamus cannot
sense the level of E & will keep producing GnRH,
increasing both FSH & LH.
 Result: ↑ in the # of follicles ↑ chance of
ovulation
 Drawback: Multi-fetal Pregnancy, Twinning
2. Gonadotropins
 Given if with Pituitary Failure
 Exogenous FSH & LH

O
1 indicated: HYPOGONADOTROPIC (Lack FSH & LH)
 Administer: Parenteral (IM/SC), No oral preparation
 In practice, cannot be given to any general GYNE but
only the infertility specialist because the problem is
development of OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION
SYNDROME wherein the ovaries grow in size.
 Usually drugs for those who will undergo IVF
 SE: Multi-fetal pregnancy, TWINNING
Other Notes:
 Metformin – An Adjunct Insulin Sensitizer
 GnRH – Given if Hypothalamus is not working
 PCOS – oral/injectable  Last Resort: Surgery IVF
Among the factors in infertility, the easiest factor to
treat is the OVARIAN factor.
IF Turner's Syndrome (Ovarian Agenesis)
 Can get pregnant but not of her own
 Does not have primordial follicles (atrophied)
IF Tubal Factor:
 IF Distal tubal obstruction
 TX: Tubal Plastic Surgery (Micro)
Salphingostomy (Ostomy: opening)
 Try to open the fimbriae by invert the end of the
tube (Like a bulb becoming a flower)
 If with HSG, you see part of the tube is
normal but it ends in the middle (obstruction)
TX: Supplement HSG + Laparoscopy & do anastomosis
IVF:
 Nowadays. IVF discovered primarily for a patient
whose tubes are obstructed.
 In Vitro (Outside), Layman: Test Tube Baby
 Success Rate: 30% chance to be able to get
pregnancy
Procedure:
1. Ovarian Hyperstimulation - to produce a lot of eggs
2. Oocyte Retrieval
 Via UTZ – try to get an egg from the ovary then
place in the TT or petri dish with sperm (the seminal
fluid will have to undergo sperm washing or sperm
swim –up) & make them fertilized on their own
3. Fertilization
4. Embryo Transfer – Back into the endometrium
ICSI: Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
 If there is failure of IVF
 Cryopreservation
 Do the fertilization directly by introducing the sperm
into the cytoplasm of the egg
 This may be also the option if the problem is the
peritoneal factor. A lot of patients with
endometriosis do IVF to attain pregnancy.
OTHER FACTORS:
CERVICAL FACTOR
 Character of Cervical Mucus
 IF maybe laden with macrophages because of an
infection in the lower genital tract, this may be
hostile to the sperm. It will kill the sperm & none
would swim – up the endometrium.
 Sometimes the cervical factor is being alluded as the
cause of a woman who seems to be normal after
evaluating the 3 basic factors (Male, Tubal &
Ovarian). We may think of the wife developing
antibodies against the sperms of the husband
Test: Post-coital Test (SIM HUHNER'S TEST)
 No longer used
 Ask the couple to have contact at 7 am, by 10 am
retrieval of some seminal fluid from the vagina &
placed in a slide. Check whether there are still
motile sperms present
 IF all the sperms are dead, most likely the cervical
factor is involved.
Treatment:
 The only way is to change your husband 
 Try to lower the antibodies in the female by
abstinence or use condoms
 Nowadays, the sperms will no longer be deposited
in the vagina but directly into the endometrial cavity
called INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI) – the
seminal fluid collected will have to go to a
processing called: sperm wash or sperm swim up
which means trying to clear the seminal fluid of
debris & will only collect best sperm cells. This is
part of ART.
UTERINE FACTOR
 Presence of polyp, submucous myoma
 Remember after fertilization, in a few days the egg
will go down into the endometrium which is now
going to termed as the DECIDUA for implantation.
Sometimes this endometrial lining is not fertile for
implantation If this endometrium is not suitable for
implantation, no pregnancy will happen.
Test: Endometrial Biopsy
 Most common problem as a Luteal Phase Defect.
PERITONEAL FACTOR
 The ability of the distal end of the tube to pick up
the egg. The distal end of the tube has fimbriae
(finger like projections), when the woman ovulates
this fimbriae will detect that there is an egg
available for pick-up. So at the time of ovulation this
fimbriae will keep on moving, trying to pick the egg
termed as TUBAL PICK-UP MECHJANISM
 So if there is anything here (adhesions) that the tube
cannot move, that egg will not find its place inside the
fallopian tube
 When will you suspect? In patients with
Endometriosis (adhesions around the tube) or
previous PID
CASE 9
31 year old, married G1P1 (1001), vendor, wants to be
st
pregnant. She has been married for 3 years. Her 1 child was
with another partner. Her husband is a 33 y/o, truck driver. He
also has a 10 y/o child with a previous partner. She has regular
menses. PMH: 2008 – diagnosed with PID, treated as an
outpatient. PPE: Speculum: cervix pink, smooth. IE: cervix –
firm, long, closed; uterus – normal size: adnexa – no mass/
tenderness
Category: Secondary Infertility
Possible Cause: PID
Factors involved:
 Tubal: Obstructed tube from intraluminal infection
 Peritoneal: Adhesions from the distal end of the
tube
Test: Laparoscopy
 Look into the pelvic cavity
 The tubes may be patent but if they don’t move,
that egg will never find its place in the tube.
 Only after knowing the cause that you will be ready
to treat the patient, otherwise you’ll fail.
Work-ups
 Do Semen analysis (sperm count changes every 72
days)
 Do HSG.
Additional Notes from Dr. Dee 2013 (KQ )
For those who will be under Dr. PPP, please hide this. She likes to
browse thru your reviewer if she sees it on your table