CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

T h i s c h a p t e r p r e s e n t s t h e r e l a t e d s t u d
i e s a n d literatures about that provided a b
a c k g r o u n d f o r t h e development of the present study
and bring the readers up-to-date. It includes both conceptual
and research literaturefrom the filipino and foreign authors.
Foreign Studies and Literature
Good quality water is essential, whether you are
usingwater for survival and health or for cooling and
productionprocesses.According to the orld !ealth "rgani#ation
$!"%, about&'(,))) people die annually from water-related
diseases.*urrently, &&' million people in the world do not
haveaccess to a safe source of drinking water, and (.+
billionpeople are without access to adequate sanitation
facilities. e c a u s e t h e s e c h a l l e n g e s a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y p
olitical, the r o  e c t o n G l o b a l  a t e r  o l i c y e / p l
ores the governancec h a l l e n g e s a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s
i n h e r e n t i n e n s u r i n g t h e sustainable use and stewardship
of this critical resource indiverse world conte/ts.
9

10
hether in the confines of the International 0pac
e0 t a t i o n o r a t i n y h u t v i l l a g e i n s u b -
0 a h a r a n A f r i c a , drinkable water is vital for
human survival. 1nfortunately,m a n y p e o p l e a r o u n d
the world lack access
to clean water.1 s i n g t e c h n o l o g y , a t - r i s k a r e a s
c a n n o w g a i n a c c e s s t o advanced water filtration and
purification systems, making alife-saving difference in these
communities.T h e n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i # a t i o n * o n c e r n
for 2ids, hasprovided aid and disaster relief
to countries such as3alaysia, Iraq and Indon
e s i a s i n c e 4 5 5 ( . A m o n g o t h e r services, the group
raises funds to install water
deliverys y s t e m s a n d w a t e r s t o r a g e t a n k s i n
a t - r i s k r e g i o n s . 6ears later, *oncern for 2ids represen
tatives learnedabout a deep-water well failure in the tiny
2urdish villageof 2endala, Iraq, which left its residents
without access todrinkable water. The population quickly
dwindled from 4,)))residents to a mere 47). Those
remaining were forced
to usea n e a r b y c r e e k t h a t c o n t a i n e d w a t e r
c o n t a m i n a t e d b y livestock, which they sifted through
fabric to remove dirtand debris according to 8oshi, ()47.
Local Studies and Literature

11
0ome economic studies have already been done t
h a t reviewed or analy#ed the potable water situati
o n i n t h e hilippines.According to the orld !ealth
"rgani#ation $!"%,
abouta m i l l i o n 9 i l i p i n o s g e t s i c k w i t h w a t e r - b o r n e
diseasesy e a r l y . A n d t h e s e a r e d i a r r h e a c a s e s a
lone. They don:ti n c l u d e o t h e r w a t e r - b o r n e
d i s e a s e l i k e a m o e b i a s i s , cryptosporidiosis and
cholera. These problems are accreditedt o t h e p o o r w a t e r
s y s t e m i n t h e  h i l i p p i n e s . ; v e n i n t h e capital 3anila,
only about three fourths of the populationreceives piped
water from the municipal authority.
"utside3 a n i l a f a r f e w e r p e o p l e h a v e a c c e s s
t o c l e a n w a t e r distribution. In both locations,
these families must
finda l t e r n a t e w a t e r s o u r c e s i f t h e y a r e t o
a v o i d c h o l e r a epidemics and other health problems s
p a w n e d b y t h e f o u l , contaminated water available in their
neighborhoods. In theprovinces, the scenario is worse.The
 orld ank Group $())<% further indicated that
upt o 7 & p e r c e n t o f t h e g r o u n d w a t e r s u p p l y i n t
h e c o u n t r y intended were drinking are contaminated wi
th coliform andneeded treatment. It further
asserted that <4 percent
ofillnesses monitored during a five-year period were
w a t e r - related diseases.