KING OF AWLIYA

“The purpose of education is not to

make a machine, but to make the
human being”

-Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani r.a.

10TH CBSE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
NOTES
GEOGRAPHY
SA-I

2016
SIKANDAR BAIG SIR
mirzasikandarbaig11@gmail.com
Chapter 1

Reesources and Development

Resources
 Substances available in our environment that can be used for specific purposes and are
technologically accessible,economically viable and culturally acceptable are referred too as
resources.

Classification of Resources
 Resources can be classified on the basis of
1.Origin: Biotic annd abiotic
2.Exhaaustibility: Renewable and non-rennewable
3.Ownership: Individual, community-ownned, national and international
4.Status of Development: Potential, developed and stock,reserves

Individual Resources
 Privately owned by individuals
 E.g. Individual ownership of land in the form of houses and agricultural fields

Community Owned Resources

 Accesssible to all members of a community
 E.g. Village,ponds, public parks, burial grounds etc.

National Resources
 Those resources that exist within the territory of a nation.
 All minerals, water bodies, forests, wild life etc. within the country and within 12 nautical
miles from the sea coast are called national resources.

International Resourcces
 Those oceanic resources that do not lie within the Exclusive Economic Zone of any nation.
 They are managed by international institutions and each country has an equal right
to access these resources.

Potential Resources
 Though they are in existence, they are not being completely utilized.
 E.g. Potential of wind and solar energy in Rajasthan

Developed Resources
 Those resources that have been surveyed and are ready for utilization.

Stock
 Resources that exist but have not been utilized owing to lack of technical expertise.
 E.g. Making hydrogen and oxygen from water

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 Reserves
 They are those resources for whose utilization man has the technical know-how
but has not started using them
 E.g. Use of river water for generating electricity

Problems Related to Resources

 Depletion of resources due to over-utilizattion.
 Accumulation in few hands
 Indiscriminate exploitation of resources resulting in ecological imbalances.

Sustainable Development
 It refers to thaat development which is lasting enough to be used by the future
generations.Development should be suuch that it dooes not compromise with the needs of
the coming generations.

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992

 Unitedd Nations Coonference on Environmennt and Development (UNCED)
 Held at a Rio de Janeiro in Braziil
 First ever International Earth Summit.
 Aimed at addressing the problem of environmental degradation and finding ways of
protecting the environment.
 The declaration on global climatic change and a biodiversity was signed.
 The Global Forest Principles were adopted.
 AGENNDA 21 was formulated.
1.Aims at achieving global sustainable developmeent.
2.For combating environmental damage, poverty and diseases through global
cooperation.
3.Every counntry is supposed to formulate its own Agenda 21.

Resource Planning
 It is necessary for making maximum utilization of the available resources
 It involves Identification of resources through surveys, mapping and measurement.
 Evolving a structure for utilizing resources by means of appropriate technology and skills.
 Synchronizing the resource development plans with the national development goals.
 Resource planning in India is done through the Five Year Plans.

Conservation of Resources
 Resources need to be conserved as they are vital for development.
 Over--utilization and irrational consumption of resources creates ecological imbalance.
 Brundtland Commmission Report of 1987 introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable
Development’ that focused on the conservation of resources for the future.

Land Resources
 Land is the basic natural resource on which all other resources exist.
 India’s total land area: 3.28 miillion sq. km

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 1.Plains: 43%
2.Mountains: 30%
3.Plateaus: 27%
 Uses of Land
1.Forests
2.Net sown area
3.Pastures
4.Housing
5.Roads
6.Barren and waste land
7.Culturable waste land
8.Fallow land
9.Area under miscellaneous trees, crops and groves
 National Forest Policy (1932) envisages 33% of the land area under forests in
India. However, it is only 22%

Land Degradation
 Causes
1.Deforestation
2.Over-grazing
3.Mining and quarrying
4.Over-irrigation
5.Mineral processing
6.Industrial effluents
 Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa arre the states where
deforestation, owiing to mining activities, has resulted in the degradation of land.
 In Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra, the main cause of land degradation is overgrazing.
 Methods for Stopping Land Degradation
1.Afforestatiion
2.Proper maanagement off grazing
3.Stabilizatioon of sand dunes
4.Control off mining activities
5.Proper discharge of industrial effluents

Soil
 Soil is a renewable natural resource.
 It takes millions of years to form.
 It is formed by the action of temperature, runing water, wind and glaciers.

Soil Erosion
The washing away of the top layer of soil by the action of wind and water is called soil
erosion.
 Soil formation andd soil erosion are simultanneous processes and a balance exists between
the two.
 Activities such as
1.Deforestation
2.Over-grazing

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 3.Mining
4.Construction
Increase the rate of soil erosion and disturb the natural balance.

Gully Erosion and Badlands

 Deep channels called gullies are formed when fast f running water cuts
through the soft clayley soil making deep ravines
 This type of land becomes unfit for cultivation and is called badland.
 E.g. Chambal basin in Madhya Pradesh
 Sheet Erosion: It is caused when off water flows as a sheet down a slope and washes the top
layer off soil. Winds can also blow-off the top layer of soil

Methods off Soil Conseervation

 Ploughing along the contour lines of slopes
 Terrace farming
 Planting strips of grass between crops restricts the flow of water and breaks wind
speed. This is called strip cropping.
 Planting lines of trees creates a shelter from the fast moving winds and prevents
erosion.These are called shelter beds.

Land Degradation
 Land degradation is a human induced or natural processs which negatively affects the land
to function effectively with in an ecosystemby accepting storingand recyclinngwater,energy
and nutrients.

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Chapter 2

Forest and Wildlife Resources

Biodiversity
 It refers to the diverse life-forms existing in nature. The various species of plants and
animals, interdependent on each other, constitute the biological diversity.
 India is home to nearly 8% of the world’s biodiversity.
 India has over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora.
 A large number of animal and plant species in India is in the endangered list.
 India has about 22% of its total area under forests. Half of its natural forests have
been destroyed.

Classification of Species
 Normal Species: Their population levels are normal for their survival.
E.g. Cattle, rodents etc.
 Endangered Species: They are in danger of extinction as their population is fast dwindling.
E.g. Black buck, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion, crocodile etc.
 Vulnerable Species: Their population has decreased to the level of being endangered in the
near future.
E.g. Asiatic elephant, blue sheep, Gangetic dolphin etc.
 Rare Species: Species those are very small in number. May become endangered or
vulnerable in future.
E.g. Hornbill, Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox etc.
 Endemic Species: The species that are found only in a particular region and are isolated by
natural barriers are called endemic species.
E.g. Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig etc.
 Extinct Species: These species no longer exist on Earth.
E.g. Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck etc.

Asiatic Cheetah
 World’s fastest land mammal
 Could run at a speed of 112 km/hr
 Declared extinct in 1952
 It was mainly found in Asia and Africa

Causes of Depletion of Biodiversity

 Over-exploitation of natural resources for meeting human needs.
 Large scale hunting of animals for their skin and other products such as antlers and fur.
 Expansion of agriculture.
 Expansion of railway network.
 Mining

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  Commercial and scientific forestry. E.g. Teak monoculture in South India, chir and pine
plantation in the Himalayas have replaced the oak and rhododendron forests.
 Over-grazing
 Environmental pollution
 Large scale infrastructural projects. E.g. Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh that has
submerged a large area under forests.
 Forest fires

Conservation of forest and wildlife

Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act
 An act for conservation of biodiversity of India.
 Passed in 1972.
 Contains a list of protected species in the country.
 Ban on hunting was imposed.
 Legal protection was provided to the habitats of endangered species.
 Restriction on trade in wildlife.
 Established national parks and wildlife sanctuaries throughout the country.
 Projects such as Project Tiger, Project Elephant etc. that were specific to a particular species
were formulated
Project Tiger
 Initiated in 1973.
 Tiger population has dwindled to about 1800 from 55000 in the early 20th century.
 The main reasons for decline in the number of tigers include
1.Poaching for trade in tiger skin
2.Shrinking habitat
3.Depletion of prey species
4.Growing human population
 There are 27 tiger reserves under the Project Tiger. Some major reserves are
1.Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand)
2.Sunderbans National Park (West Bengal)
3.Bandhavgarh National Park (Madhya Pradesh)
4.Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary (Rajasthan)
5.Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam)
6.Periyan Tiger Reserve (Kerala)

Sacred Groves
 They are a form of nature worship practised by the tribal people of India. Tribes consider
forests as gods and goddesses and preserve them in their pristine form. Any human
interference is banned in these sacred groves.

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 Nature Worship by Tribes

Tribe Region Revered tree/animal

Mundas and Santhal Chota Nagpur Plateau Mahua and Kadamba tress
Bishnoi tribe Rajasthan Blackbuck,Nilgai
Tribes of Orissa and Bihar Orissa and Bihar Tamarind and Mango Trees

Distribution of forests

Reserved Protected
Unclassed
1.More than half of the total 1.One-third of the total
1.other forests and
forests in india forest area in india
wastelands
2.Explicit permission of 2.Human activity is
2.Owned by government
government required for carrying permitted unless
and other private
out any human activity specifically prohibited by
individuals
the government

Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Chipko Movement
 Started in 1970s in Garhwal in Uttarakhand.
 Trees were prevented from being cut by forming a human circle around them.
 It spread across the country.

Beej Bachao Andolan

 Started in 1980s in Tehri region of Uttarakhand.
 Led by farmer and social activist Vijay Jardhari.Aimed at saving the traditional seeds of the
hills and promoting agricultural
 biodiversity, sustainable agriculture and local traditions.

Joint Forest Management

 Started in 1988 by the Government of India.
 First launched in Orissa.
 Involves local communities for conserving wildlife and restoring degraded forests.
 The members of the local communities

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 Chapter 3

Water Resources

 Water covers nearly 3/4th of the Earth’s surface.

 96.5% of the total water on Earth is in oceans.
 2.5% is freshwater that exists in rivers and glaciers.
 India receives 4% of the world’s rainfall and it ranks 133 in terms of water availability per
person in a year.

Reasons for Water Scarcity in India

 Low rainfall
 Unequal distribution of water resources
 Increasing demands because of the rapidly rising population
 Large scale industrialization
 Increased requirement of irrigation owing to the continuous expansion of
 agriculture
 Increasing urbanization
 Bad quality of water due to discharge of industrial wastes and chemicals

Multi-Purpose River Valley Projects

 These are those river valley projects that serve multiple purposes such as irrigation,
hydroelectric power generation and drinking water supply.
 Dams are built across rivers. These are big reservoirs that store river and rainwater that is
used for generating hydroelectricity and for irrigation.
 Major Multipurpose Projects of India
1.Bhakra Nangal Project on Sutluj river “The purpose of education is not to
2.Hirakud Project on river Mahanadi make a machine, but to make the
3.Damodar Valley Project on Damodar river human being”
4.Narmada Valley Project on Narmada river -Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani r.a.
 Disadvantages of Multi-Purpose Projects
1.Regulating the flow of rivers results in poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at
the bottom of the reservoir. This results in rockier stream beds that are not suitable for
sustaining the aquatic life.
2.Dams control the flow of rivers, which creates difficulty for the aquatic animals to migrate.
3.Dams also submerge the nearby vegetation and habitats.
4.Multipurpose projects cause large scale displacement of people.
5.Extensive irrigation causes the salinisation of soil.
6.The sedimentation at the base of the reservoir causes floods in the event of heavy rainfall.

Narmada Bachao Andolan

A non-governmental organization (NGO).

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  Against the Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river in Gujarat.
 Its focus is on environmental imbalance created by the dam and also on the
 rehabilitation of the displaced people.
 Mobilised tribes, farmers and environmentalists.
 Ms. Medha Patkar is the leader of this NGO.

Rainwater Harvesting
 The system of collecting and storing rainwater.
 Prevalent and useful in water deficient regions such as Rajasthan and dry parts of Gujarat.
 Uses
1.For recharging ground water
2.For domestic usage
3.For irrigating crops
 Roof-Top Rainwater Harvesting
1.Rainwater is collected in underground tanks connected to the rooftop through pipes.
2.Rain falling on rooftops travels down the pipes to the tanks and is stored for future usage.
3.Also used for recharging hand pumps and tube wells.
4.Most common is the desert districts of Rajasthan.

Bamboo Drip Irrigation System

 Practised in Meghalaya.
 A 200-year old system.
 Water from the streams is tapped using bamboo pipes and used for irrigating the roots of
plants.
 Long bamboo pipes are connected with each other to form a chain from the stream to the
crops.
 Water flows through the pipes and drops directly at the site of the plant.

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Chapter 4

Agriculture

Types of Farming
1.Primitive Subsistence Farming
1.Practiced on small patches of land.
2.Involves family/community labour.
3.Uses primitive tools such as hoe, digging sticks etc.
4.Predominance of manual labour.
5.Dependent on rainfall for irrigation.
6.Artificial fertilizers and technology is not used.
7.Slash and burn agriculture: It is a primitive system of farming in which a piece of land is
cleared of vegetation by slashing and burning and is then cultivated. When the fertility of
soil decreases, farmers leave that land and move to a new piece of land. This allows the left
land to regain its fertility naturally. It is widely prevalent among the tribes of Assam
Meghalaya, Chhattisgarh and Andaman Nicobar Islands. It is also called ‘jhumming’ or
shifting cultivation.

2.Intensive Subsistence Farming

1.Practiced in areas of high population density.
2.Maximum output is generated from a small piece of land for meeting the demands of a
large population.
3.Labour intensive farming.
4.High doses of chemical fertilizers and irrigation are used for increasing production.

3.Commercial Farming
1.Use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
2.Done for profit motive.
3.Cash crops instead of food crops are cultivated.
4.Plantation: It is a form of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown over a large
tract of land.
6.Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane etc. are all commercial crops.

Rice
 Staple diet of India.
 India ranks second in the world in terms of rice production after China.
Kharif crop.
 Temperature: Above 25° C and high humidity
 Rainfall: Above 100 cm
 Major rice producing areas are West Bengal, U.P., Bihar, Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
Wheat

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  Main food crop of northern India.
 Rabi crop.
 Requires cold climate and bright sunshine.
 Rainfall: 50 to 75 cm
 Major wheat producing areas are Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Bihar, Rajasthan and M.P.

Millets
Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets.
1.Jowar
 hird most important crop in terms of production.
 Grows well in moist areas.
 Largest producer is Maharashtra, followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and M.P.
2.Bajra
 Grows well on sandy soil and black soil.
 Largest producer is Rajasthan, followed by U.P., Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
3.Ragi
 Grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and black soil.
 Largest producer is Karnataka, followed by Tamil Nadu.
 Rich in iron and calcium.

Maize
 Used as both food and fodder.
 Temperature: 21°C to 27°C
 Grows well on old alluvial soil.
 Major producers are Karnataka, U.P., Bihar, M.P. and Andhra Pradesh.

Pulses
 India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses.
 Rich in proteins.
 Important pulses of India are tur, urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.Help in nitrogen
fixation, which improves the fertility of soil.
 Grown in M.P., U.P., Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka

Sugarcane
 Tropical as well as subtropical crop.
 Grows well in hot and humid climate.
 Temperature: 21° to 27°C
 Rainfall: 75 to 100 cm
 India is the second largest producer after Brazil.
 Sugar, jaggery and molasses are produced from sugarcane.
 Grown in U.P., Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,Punjab and
Haryana.

Oil Seeds
 India is the largest producer all over the world.
 Major oil seeds are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesame, soyabean, sunflower and cotton
seeds.

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  Used as cooking oil, ointment and in the production of soaps and cosmetics.
1.Groundnut
 Largest grown oil seed in India.
 Largest producer is Andhra Pradesh, followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,Gujarat and
Maharashtra.

Tea
 Plantation crop.
 Beverage crop introduced by the British.
 Grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climate on fertile soil.
 Labour intensive farming is required.
 Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
 India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of tea in the world.

Coffee
 India accounts for 4% of the world’s coffee production.
 Two varieties of coffee namely, Arabica and Robusta are grown in India.
 Grown in Nilgiri hills of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Horticulture Crops
India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables.
1.Mango
 Grown in Maharashtra, U.P., Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.
2.Oranges
 Grown in Nagpur and Cherapunjee.
3.Bananas
 Grown in Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
4.Apples, Pears And Apricots
 Grown in J&K and Himachal Pradesh.

Rubber
 Equatorial crop but can also grow in tropical climate.
 Requires moist and humid climate.
 Rainfall: Above 200 cm
 Temperature: Above 25°C
 Grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman.
 India is the fifth largest producer of natural rubber.

Fibre Crops
Cotton, jute, silk and hemp are the fibre crops grown in India.
1.Cotton
 India ranks third in terms of cotton production.
 Grown on black soil of the Deccan plateau.
 Requires high temperature and light rainfall for growing.
 Kharif crop.
 Matures in 6 to 8 months.
 Grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P., Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil

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  Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and U.P.
2.Jute
 Known as the golden fibre.
 Requires high temperature and well-irrigated fertile soil.
 Grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya.

Land Reforms in India

 Initiated in the first Five Year Plan.
 Major land reforms were
1.Collectivisation
2.Consolidation of land holdings
3.Abolition of zamindari system

Technological Reforms in India

Green Revolution
 Introduced in 1960s.
 Use of high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds to improve the overall production.
 Chemical fertilizers and pesticides were introduced.

White Revolution
 Known as ‘Operation Flood’.
 For improving milk production in the country.
 Hybrid varieties of cattle were bought.

Institutional Reforms in Agriculture

Land Development Programme
 Introduced in 1980s.
 Scheme of crop insurance against drought, flood, fire, disease etc.
 Grameen banks and cooperative societies were established for extending agricultural loans.
 Banks were inspired for priority sector lending i.e., lending to farmers at lower interest rates.

Kisan Credit Card (KCC)

 Started in 1998–99 by the Government of India in collaboration with the RBI and the
NABARD.
 A credit card with a limit of Rs. 50000/- is issued to farmers for availing instant credit.
 Repayment is done after the crops are harvested.
 Special programmes for farmers on agriculture were introduced on television and radio.

Bhoodan Movement
 Started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 in Andhra Pradesh.
 Refers to gifting of land by big landlords to the landless farmers.

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  The movement aimed at reducing unequal distribution of land among the farmers.
 Villages were also gifted (called the gramdan) by big zamindars.

Public Distribution System (PDS)

 It is a programme of the Government of India that provides food grains to poor people at
highly subsidized prices. Ration cards are issued to each household and food grains can be
purchased from fair price shops under this system.

Food Corporation Of India (FCI)

 It is the nodal agency for procurement and storage of food grains. It ensures food availability
for people of India.
 Minimum Support Price: The price at which the FCI procures food grains from farmers.

Organic Farming
It is a form of agriculture that employs only natural methods such as crop rotation, green
manure, biological pest control and mechanical cultivation for getting a higher yield. It does
not rely on chemical fertilizers or pesticides and hence, does not degrade the quality of soil.

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